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Saito M, Miyamoto K, Murakami I. Illumination by short-wavelength light inside the blind spot decreases light detectability. iScience 2024; 27:110612. [PMID: 39220265 PMCID: PMC11363485 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the optic disk corresponding to the blind spot contains no classical photoreceptors, it contains photopigment melanopsin. To clarify whether melanopsin is involved in light detection, we conducted detection tasks for light stimuli presented in the normal visual field, with and without another illumination inside the blind spot. We found that a blue blind-spot illumination decreased the light detectability on a dark background. This effect was replicable when it was determined immediately after the blind-spot illumination was turned off, suggesting the contribution of a sluggish system rather than scattering. Moreover, the aforementioned effect was not observed when the blind-spot illumination was in red, indicating wavelength specificity in favor of melanopsin's sensitivity profile. These findings suggest that melanopsin is activated by the blind-spot illumination and thereby interferes with light detection near the absolute threshold. Light detection originating from conventional photoreceptors is modulated by melanopsin-based computation presumably estimating a baseline noise level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Saito
- Department of Psychology, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
- Faculty of Design and Architecture, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Miyamoto
- Laboratory for Imagination and Executive Functions, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ikuya Murakami
- Department of Psychology, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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2
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He C, Peng J, Jin J, Shao W, Zheng Y, Zhong L. Comparison of retinal parameters between rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. Exp Anim 2024; 73:20-28. [PMID: 37460311 PMCID: PMC10877147 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.22-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are important research models for basic vision research, preclinical pathogenesis, and treatment studies due to strong similarities in retinal structure and function with humans. We compared retinal parameters between 10 healthy normal rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and 10 cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) by optical coherence tomography and electroretinography. The Heidelberg Spectralis® HRA+OCT and Roland multifocal electrophysiometer were used to analyze retinal morphology, multifocal electroretinograms (mfERGs), and full-field electroretinograms (ff-ERGs). Mean retinal thickness was lowest in the central fovea of macaques and did not differ significantly between species, but the retinal thicknesses of the nerve fiber ganglion cell layer and the inner plexiform layer were significantly different. The amplitude density of the N1 wave was lower in rhesus macaques than in cynomolgus macaques in ring and quadrant areas. Dark-adapted 3.0 oscillatory potentials (reflection of amacrine cell activity) and light-adapted 30-hz flicker ERG (a sensitive cone-pathway-driven response) waveforms of the ff-ERG were similar in both species, while the times to peaks in dark-adapted 0.01 ERG (the rod-driven response of bipolar cells) and dark-adapted 3.0 ERG (combined rod and cone system responses) as well as the implicit times of the a- and b-waves in light-adapted 3.0 ERG (the single-flash cone response) were substantially different. This study provides normative retinal parameters for nonhuman primate research on basic and clinical ophthalmology, as well as a reference for researchers in the appropriate selection of rhesus or cynomolgus macaques as models for ophthalmology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.7 Jinsui Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Jingyi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.7 Jinsui Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Jiayi Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.7 Jinsui Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Wanwen Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.7 Jinsui Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Yongxin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.7 Jinsui Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Liuxueying Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.7 Jinsui Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
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Chen AH, Rafiuddin MSM, Ahmad A, Rosli SA. A simplification of intricate multifocal electroretinogram understanding: A mini-review. Oman J Ophthalmol 2024; 17:11-18. [PMID: 38524335 PMCID: PMC10957048 DOI: 10.4103/ojo.ojo_48_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Variation of multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) data presentation in existing scientific publications is a challenge for eye care practitioners to apply the scientific information for evidence-based practice in patient management. This review offers an overview of the mfERG data presentation types. Eight types of data presentation in the form of a table, scatter plot, line graph, bar graph/box plot, single waveform/a group of waveforms, trace array topography, three-dimensional topography, and two-dimensional topography are identified. The table format is used to provide the exact values. Line graphs, scatter, and box plots offer information about the relationship of mfERG values. Waveforms are helpful for comparison between groups or conditions. Topographies outline the retinal, especially the specific localized retinal abnormalities. An infographic of fundamental mfERG electrical response with definitions and clinical indications is provided to bridge the gap between researchers and clinicians to facilitate efficient clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hong Chen
- Optometry, iROViS, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | | | - Azmir Ahmad
- Optometry, iROViS, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Azlan Rosli
- Optometry, iROViS, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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4
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Igawa Y, Amaki H, Kanno J, Tachibana M, Konno S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsumoto S, Shoji T, Makita J, Shinoda K. Evaluations of microvascular density by optical coherence tomography, angiography, and function by multifocal electroretinography of the macular area in eyes with branch retinal artery occlusion. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 3:1255098. [PMID: 38983019 PMCID: PMC11182117 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1255098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Introduction It is reported that eyes with a branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) had normal full-field electroretinography (ERG) but the response of the multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) was reduced in the area of the arterial occlusion. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a recently appeared modality that can evaluate microvascularizations in different retinal layers and in different regions of the retina. The purpose of this study was to determine the density of the microcirculation and the function of the macular area of eyes with BRAO, and to determine whether they are significantly correlated. Methods The OCTA and mfERG findings of 7 eyes of 6 patients (3 men, 3 women) were studied. The mean age of the patients was 71.7±10.6 years. The OCTA examinations were made with volume scans of 3 × 3 and 6 × 6 mm squares centered on the fovea. The macular vessel densities (mVD) in the superficial retinal layer (SRL) and deep retinal layer (DRL) were measured for the superior and inferior halves of 3 × 3 and 6 × 6 mm diameter concentric circles. The mfERGs were recorded with targets set to stimulate the focal areas of the retina corresponding to the areas examined by OCTA. Results The OCTA examinations showed that the mVD of the 3 mm concentric circle in the SRL was significantly lower on the affected side than on the unaffected side (P = 0.022). No such difference was observed in the DRL. The N1 amplitude of the 20.2° concentric circle and the N1-P1 amplitude of the 10.1° concentric circle of the mfERGs were significantly smaller on the affected side than on the unaffected side (P = 0.047 and 0.031). A significant positive correlation was found between the mVD of the 6 mm concentric circle in the DRL and the P1-N2 amplitude of the 20.2° concentric circle (ρ = -0.929 and p = 0.003). Discussion These findings indicate that OCTA images may be able to show changes in the density of the retinal macular microcirculation, and the mfERGs may be able to show alterations in the function of the macular area of the eyes with BRAO. A layer-by-layer analysis of the local retinal microcirculation and function should help in determining the pathogenesis of BRAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuro Igawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
| | - Haruna Amaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
| | - Junji Kanno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
| | - Midori Tachibana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satomi Konno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuji Yoshikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
| | - Soiti Matsumoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Matsumoto Eye Clinic, Awa, Japan
| | - Takuhei Shoji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Koedo Eye Institute, Kawagoei, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun Makita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kei Shinoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
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Borrelli E, Berni A, Mastropasqua L, Querques G, Sadda SR, Sarraf D, Bandello F. Pushing Retinal Imaging Forward: Innovations and Their Clinical Meaning - The 2022 Ophthalmologica Lecture. Ophthalmologica 2023; 246:278-294. [PMID: 37703839 DOI: 10.1159/000533910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Retinal imaging has greatly expanded our understanding of various pathological conditions. This article presents a summary of the key points covered during the 2022 Ophthalmologica Lecture held at the Euretina Congress in Hamburg. The first part of the article focuses on the use of optical coherence tomography angiography to examine and comprehend the choroid in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Subsequently, we delve into the discussion of the "postreceptor neuronal loss" theory in AMD, which was studied using en face structural optical coherence tomography (OCT). Following that, we explore pertinent findings obtained through cross-sectional OCT in retinal and optic nerve diseases, such as AMD, diabetic macular edema, pathologic myopia, central serous chorioretinopathy, and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Borrelli
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Milan, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Berni
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Milan, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mastropasqua
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, Ophthalmology Clinic, University G. D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Querques
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Milan, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Srinivas R Sadda
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Doheny Image Reading Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Sarraf
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Francesco Bandello
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Milan, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Bhatt Y, Hunt DM, Carvalho LS. The origins of the full-field flash electroretinogram b-wave. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1153934. [PMID: 37465364 PMCID: PMC10351385 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1153934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The electroretinogram (ERG) measures the electrical activity of retinal neurons and glial cells in response to a light stimulus. Amongst other techniques, clinicians utilize the ERG to diagnose various eye diseases, including inherited conditions such as cone-rod dystrophy, rod-cone dystrophy, retinitis pigmentosa and Usher syndrome, and to assess overall retinal health. An ERG measures the scotopic and photopic systems separately and mainly consists of an a-wave and a b-wave. The other major components of the dark-adapted ERG response include the oscillatory potentials, c-wave, and d-wave. The dark-adapted a-wave is the initial corneal negative wave that arises from the outer segments of the rod and cone photoreceptors hyperpolarizing in response to a light stimulus. This is followed by the slower, positive, and prolonged b-wave, whose origins remain elusive. Despite a large body of work, there remains controversy around the mechanisms involved in the generation of the b-wave. Several hypotheses attribute the origins of the b-wave to bipolar or Müller glial cells or a dual contribution from both cell types. This review will discuss the current hypothesis for the cellular origins of the dark-adapted ERG, with a focus on the b-wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashvi Bhatt
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute Ltd., Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - David M. Hunt
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute Ltd., Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Livia S. Carvalho
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute Ltd., Nedlands, WA, Australia
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7
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Comparison of DTL and gold cup skin electrodes for recordings of the multifocal electroretinogram. Doc Ophthalmol 2023; 146:67-78. [PMID: 36536110 PMCID: PMC9911471 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-022-09912-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare mfERG recordings with the Dawson-Trick-Litzkow (DTL) and gold cup skin electrode in healthy young and old adults and to test the sensitivity of both electrodes to age-related changes in the responses. METHODS Twenty participants aged 20-27 years ("young") and 20 participants aged 60-75 ("old") with a visual acuity of ≤ 0 logMAR were included. The mfERG responses were recorded simultaneously using DTL and skin electrodes. P1 amplitudes, peak times and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) were compared between both electrodes and across age groups, and correlation analyses were performed. The electrode's performance in discriminating between age groups was assessed via area under curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristics. RESULTS Both electrodes reflected the typical waveform of mfERG recordings. For the skin electrode, however, P1 amplitudes were significantly reduced (p < 0.001; reduction by over 70%), P1 peak times were significantly shorter (p < 0.001; by approx. 1.5 ms), and SNRs were reduced [(p < 0.001; logSNR ± SEM DTL young (old) vs gold cup: 0.79 ± 0.13 (0.71 ± 0.15) vs 0.37 ± 0.15 (0.34 ± 0.13)]. All mfERG components showed strong significant correlations (R2 ≥ 0.253, p < 0.001) between both electrodes for all eccentricities. Both electrodes allowed for the identification of age-related P1 changes, i.e., P1-amplitude reduction and peak-time delay in the older group. There was a trend to higher AUC for the DTL electrode to delineate these differences between age groups, which, however, failed to reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Both electrode types enable successful mfERG recordings. However, in compliant patients, the use of the DTL electrode appears preferable due to the larger amplitudes, higher signal-to-noise ratio and its better reflection of physiological changes, i.e., age effects. Nevertheless, skin electrodes appear a viable alternative for mfERG recordings in patients in whom the use of corneal electrodes is precluded, e.g., children and disabled patients.
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Vyas SA, Lakshmanan Y, Chan HHL, Leung TW, Kee CS. Experimentally induced myopia and myopic astigmatism alter retinal electrophysiology in chickens. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21180. [PMID: 36477183 PMCID: PMC9729572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia (or "short-sightedness") and astigmatism are major causes of visual impairment worldwide. Significant amounts of astigmatism are frequently observed in infants and have been associated with myopia development. Although it is well established that both myopia and astigmatism are associated with ocular structural changes from anterior to posterior segments, very little is known on how these refractive errors alter retinal functions. This study investigated the effects of experimentally induced myopia and myopic-astigmatism on retinal electrophysiology by using an image-guided, multifocal global flash stimulation in chickens, a widely used animal model for refractive error development. Myopia and myopic-astigmatism were experimentally induced, respectively, by wearing spherical (- 10 D, n = 12) and sphero-cylindrical lenses (- 6.00 DS/- 8.00 DCx90: Hyperopic With-The Rule, H-WTR, n = 15; - 6.00 DS/- 8.00 DCx180: Hyperopic Against-The-Rule, H-ATR, n = 11) monocularly for a week (post-hatching day 5 to 12). An aged-matched control group without any lens treatment provided normal data (n = 12). Multifocal electrophysiological results revealed significant regional variation in the amplitude of induced component (IC) (central greater than peripheral; both p < 0.05) in the normal and H-ATR groups, but not in the - 10 D and H-WTR groups. Most importantly, for the first time, our results showed that both H-WTR and H-ATR groups exhibited a significantly longer implicit time of the inner retinal response at the central region when compared to the normal and - 10 D groups, highlighting a significant role of astigmatism in retinal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Aswin Vyas
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yamunadevi Lakshmanan
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Henry Ho-Lung Chan
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz-Wing Leung
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chea-Su Kee
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China. .,Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Warner RL, Brainard DH, Morgan JIW. Repeatability and reciprocity of the cone optoretinogram. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:6561-6573. [PMID: 36589578 PMCID: PMC9774868 DOI: 10.1364/boe.471990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Optoretinography has enabled noninvasive visualization of physiological changes in cone photoreceptors exposed to light. Understanding the cone optoretinogram in healthy subjects is essential for establishing it as a biomarker for cone function in disease. Here, we measure the population cone intensity optoretinogram in healthy adults, for multiple irradiance/duration combinations of visible stimuli with equal energy. We study the within and between session repeatability and reciprocity of the ORG in five healthy subjects. We find the cone optoretinogram exhibits equivalent amplitudes for equal-energy stimuli. We also find good within-subject repeatability, which allows us to show differences across the five subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. L. Warner
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of
Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - D. H. Brainard
- Psychology Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J. I. W. Morgan
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of
Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular
Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Gupta SK, Chakraborty R, Verkicharla PK. Electroretinogram responses in myopia: a review. Doc Ophthalmol 2022; 145:77-95. [PMID: 34787722 PMCID: PMC9470726 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-021-09857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The stretching of a myopic eye is associated with several structural and functional changes in the retina and posterior segment of the eye. Recent research highlights the role of retinal signaling in ocular growth. Evidence from studies conducted on animal models and humans suggests that visual mechanisms regulating refractive development are primarily localized at the retina and that the visual signals from the retinal periphery are also critical for visually guided eye growth. Therefore, it is important to study the structural and functional changes in the retina in relation to refractive errors. This review will specifically focus on electroretinogram (ERG) changes in myopia and their implications in understanding the nature of retinal functioning in myopic eyes. Based on the available literature, we will discuss the fundamentals of retinal neurophysiology in the regulation of vision-dependent ocular growth, findings from various studies that investigated global and localized retinal functions in myopia using various types of ERGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar Gupta
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ranjay Chakraborty
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Optometry and Vision Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Pavan Kumar Verkicharla
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
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11
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Kremers J, Aher AJ, Parry NRA, Patel NB, Frishman LJ. Electroretinographic responses to luminance and cone-isolating white noise stimuli in macaques. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:925405. [PMID: 35968368 PMCID: PMC9372266 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.925405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroretinograms (ERGs) are mass potentials with a retinal origin that can be measured non-invasively. They can provide information about the physiology of the retina. Often, ERGs are measured to flashes that are highly unnatural stimuli. To obtain more information about the physiology of the retina, we measured ERGs with temporal white noise (TWN) stimuli that are more natural and keep the retina in a normal range of operation. The stimuli can be combined with the silent substitution stimulation technique with which the responses of single photoreceptor types can be isolated. We characterized electroretinogram (ERG) responses driven by luminance activity or by the L- or the M-cones. The ERGs were measured from five anesthetized macaques (two females) to luminance, to L-cone isolating and to M-cone isolating stimuli in which luminance or cone excitation were modulated with a TWN profile. The responses from different recordings were correlated with each other to study reproducibility and inter-individual variability. Impulse response functions (IRFs) were derived by cross-correlating the response with the stimulus. Modulation transfer functions (MTFs) were the IRFs in the frequency domain. The responses to luminance and L-cone isolating stimuli showed the largest reproducibility. The M-cone driven responses showed the smallest inter-individual variability. The IRFs and MTFs showed early (high frequency) components that were dominated by L-cone driven signals. A late component was equally driven by L- and M-cone activity. The IRFs showed characteristic similarities and differences relative to flash ERGs. The responses to TWN stimuli can be used to characterize the involvement of retinal cells and pathways to the ERG response. It can also be used to identify linear and non-linear processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kremers
- Section for Retinal Physiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jan Kremers,
| | - Avinash J. Aher
- Section for Retinal Physiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Neil R. A. Parry
- Vision Science Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nimesh B. Patel
- Department of Vision Sciences, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Laura J. Frishman
- Department of Vision Sciences, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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12
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Guo Y, Gan D, Hu F, Cheng Y, Yu J, Lei B, Shu Q, Gu R, Xu G. Intravitreal injection of mitochondrial DNA induces cell damage and retinal dysfunction in rats. Biol Res 2022; 55:22. [PMID: 35659309 PMCID: PMC9164539 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-022-00390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinal neurodegeneration is induced by a variety of environmental insults and stresses, but the exact mechanisms are unclear. In the present study, we explored the involvement of cytosolic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), resulting in the cGAS-STING dependent inflammatory response and apoptosis in retinal damage in vivo. Methods Retinal injury was induced with white light or intravitreal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After light- or LPS-induced injury, the amount of cytosolic mtDNA in the retina was detected by PCR. The mtDNA was isolated and used to transfect retinas in vivo. WB and real-time PCR were used to evaluate the activation of cGAS-STING pathway and the levels of apoptosis-associated protein at different times after mtDNA injection. Retinal cell apoptosis rate was detected by TUNEL staining. Full-field electroretinography (ERG) was used to assess the retinal function. Results Light injury and the intravitreal injection of LPS both caused the leakage of mtDNA into the cytoplasm in retinal tissue. After the transfection of mtDNA in vivo, the levels of cGAS, STING, and IFN-β mRNAs and the protein levels of STING, phosph-TBK1, phospho-IRF3, and IFN-β were upregulated. mtDNA injection also induced the activation of caspase 3 and caspase 9. BAX and BAK were increased at both the mRNA and protein levels. The release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol was increased after mtDNA injection. The wave amplitudes on ERG decreased and retinal cell apoptosis was detected after mtDNA injection. Conclusions Cytosolic mtDNA triggers an inflammatory response. It also promotes apoptosis and the dysfunction of the retina. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40659-022-00390-6.
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Fernandes P, Ferreira C, Domingues J, Amorim-de-Sousa A, Faria-Ribeiro M, Queirós A, González-Meijome JM. Short-term delay in neural response with multifocal contact lens might start at the retinal level. Doc Ophthalmol 2022; 145:37-51. [PMID: 35364776 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-022-09870-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multifocal simultaneous imaging challenges the visual system to process the multiple overlaps of focused and defocused images. Retinal image processing may be an important step in neuroadaptation to multifocal optical images. Our aims are, firstly to evaluate the short-term effect of different multifocal contact lenses (MF) on retinal activity in young healthy subjects (Experiment#1) and secondly, to evaluate any changes in retinal activity in presbyopic patients fitted with MF over a 15-day period (Experiment#2). METHODS In Experiment-#1, 10 emmetropic healthy young subjects were included to evaluate the short-term effect of different MFs designs. In Experiment #2, 4 presbyopic subjects were included to wear MF for 15 days. Following the ISCEV Standards, multifocal electroretinograms (mfERGs) were recorded to evaluate different retinal regions under different conditions: with single vision contact lens (SVCL) and with center-distance and center-near MF. RESULTS In Exp#1 the peak time of N1, P1 and N2 were found to be delayed with the MF (p ≤ 0.040). There was a significant reduction for N1 amplitude in all retinal regions (p < 0.001), while for P1 and N2 amplitudes this reduction was more significant in the peripheral regions (p < 0.005, ring 5 to 6). With center-near MF the mean response density (nV/deg2) showed a significant decrease in all wave components of the mfERGs response, particularly from Ring 3 to Ring 6 (p < 0.001, all Rings). In Exp#2, the mean mfERG response is similar between SVCL and center-distance MF, while center-near MF showed an increase in implicit time N1 and P1 on day 1 that tends to recover to baseline values after 15 days of MF wear. CONCLUSIONS significant changes in the mfERGs responses were found with the MF lens, being most noticeable with the center-near MF lens design. The present results suggest that the observed delay in cortical response described during the adaptation to multifocality may partially begin at the retina level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Fernandes
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, 4710-057 Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Cesarina Ferreira
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, 4710-057 Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Domingues
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, 4710-057 Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Amorim-de-Sousa
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, 4710-057 Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel Faria-Ribeiro
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, 4710-057 Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - António Queirós
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, 4710-057 Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - José M González-Meijome
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, 4710-057 Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
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Fragiotta S, Costanzo E, Viggiano P, De Geronimo D, Scuderi G, Varano M, Parravano M. Functional Correlates of Outer Retina Remodeling in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration Using Microperimetry. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:16. [PMID: 35289843 PMCID: PMC8934566 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.3.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the effect of drusen morphometric changes and choroidal vascular modifications on retinal sensitivity (RS) evaluated through microperimetry in intermediate age-related macular degeneration (iAMD). Methods A retrospective review of 18 iAMD patients (18 eyes) with a 12-month follow-up was performed. Eye-tracked spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was obtained, with automatic segmentation of the outer retinal layer (ORL) delineating the drusen area from the external limiting membrane to Bruch's membrane and outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness maps adjusted manually, as needed. Advanced retinal pigment epithelium analysis was also performed with a ZEISS PLEX Elite 900. Microperimetry obtained under mesopic conditions was overlaid with the corresponding thickness maps with Fiji software. The choroidal vascularity index (CVI) was calculated in the subfoveal b-scan and volumetric in the central 1-mm subfield. Results A reduced central ONL thickness was strongly associated with RS decline at the same region (r = 0.69, P = 0.002) and globally (r = 0.80, P < 0.001) at baseline, but also at 1 year in the central subfield (central: r = 0.70, P = 0.001). One-year subfoveal CVI variation, differently from volumetric CVI, directly influenced the central (r = 0.64, P = 0.004) and global RS (r = 0.59, P = 0.009), indicating that a CVI reduction negatively affected RS. A greater volumetric CVI within central 1-mm was associated with ORL thickening at 1 year (r = 0.61, P = 0.008). Conclusions Progressive degeneration of the ONL is related to irreversible photoreceptor dysfunction in iAMD. Likewise, choroidal vascular modifications are associated with a significant functional decline in the central region and diffusely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Fragiotta
- Ophthalmology Unit, "Sapienza" University of Rome, NESMOS Department, St. Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Gianluca Scuderi
- Ophthalmology Unit, "Sapienza" University of Rome, NESMOS Department, St. Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Srinivasan S, Sivaprasad S, Munusamy G, Rajalakshmi R, Anjana RM, Malik RA, Kulothungan V, Raman R, Bhende M. Zone-wise examination of optical coherence tomography features and their correspondence to multifocal electroretinography in eyes with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 260:827-837. [PMID: 34661732 PMCID: PMC7612750 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine (1) the retinal structure by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and function by means of multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) in eyes with and without nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) (2) for correspondence between local retinal function and OCT zones with retinal lesions. METHODS One hundred and thirty-two eligible participants (30 with nonproliferative DR (NPDR) and 102 with diabetes with no DR) underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination, optical coherence tomography for retinal thickness measures, mfERG, and ultra-wide field fundus photography. OCT Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grid was overlaid on to mfERG plots. RESULTS Those with NPDR had significantly thicker full retinal measures in the nine (ETDRS) zones compared to no DR. mfERG P1 latencies in rings 1-6 were significantly delayed, while the response densities in rings 4-6 were lower in the NPDR group. Significant negative correlation was noted between OCT thickness and mfERG P1 response densities in many ETDRS zones. Significant positive correlation was noted between P1 latencies and OCT thickness in a few zones. The combination of cystic spaces, microaneurysms, and hard exudates were present in all zones and were associated with a decrease in P1 response densities compared to no lesions. Reduced P1 response densities were associated with a sporadic delay in the mfERG latencies and vice versa. The number of lesions did not show correspondence to the mfERG measures. CONCLUSIONS In eyes with NPDR, retinal function is differentially correlated with the DR lesions on OCT and can be assessed using multimodal imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Girija Munusamy
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | | | - Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre and Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Rayaz A Malik
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Central Manchester University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Vaitheeswaran Kulothungan
- National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research (NCDIR) & Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Bangalore, India
| | - Rajiv Raman
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Muna Bhende
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
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16
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Bernardin F, Schwitzer T, Schwan R, Angioi-Duprez K, Ligier F, Bourion-Bedes S, Jansen C, Giersch A, Laprevote V. Altered central vision and amacrine cells dysfunction as marker of hypodopaminergic activity in treated patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2022; 239:134-141. [PMID: 34891077 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal dysfunction is widely documented in schizophrenia using flash (fERG) and pattern electroretinograms (PERG), but the role of dopamine transmission has seldom been explored. METHODS We explored the role of dopamine transmission by evaluating the spatial location of retinal anomalies using multifocal ERG (mfERG) in photopic condition and the oscillatory potentials (OPs) extracted from fERG measured in scotopic condition in 29 patients with schizophrenia and 29 healthy controls. RESULTS With the mfERG, our main results revealed reduced amplitudes in the center of the retina: P1 (p < .005) and N2 amplitudes (p < .01) in the <2° region, N1 (p < .0005) and P1 amplitudes (p < .001) in the 2-5° region and P1 amplitude (p < .05) in the 5-10° region. For OPs, our results showed a decrease in the O1 (p < .005), O2 (p < .005), O3 (p < .05) and overall O1, O2, O3 index amplitudes (p < .005) in patients with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Both the central location of retinal dysfunctions of the mfERG and OPs results could reflect a hypodopaminergic effect in patients with schizophrenia. In future studies, OPs should be considered as a measure to evaluate the hypodopaminergy in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Bernardin
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes et d'Addictologie du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Thomas Schwitzer
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes et d'Addictologie du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Raymund Schwan
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes et d'Addictologie du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Fabienne Ligier
- Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; Université de Lorraine, EA 4360 APEMAC, équipe MICS, France
| | - Stéphanie Bourion-Bedes
- Université de Lorraine, EA 4360 APEMAC, équipe MICS, France; Service Médico Psychologique Régional, Metz, France
| | - Claire Jansen
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes et d'Addictologie du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France
| | - Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Laprevote
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes et d'Addictologie du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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17
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Macular Morpho-Functional and Visual Pathways Functional Assessment in Patients with Spinocerebellar Type 1 Ataxia with or without Neurological Signs. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10225271. [PMID: 34830553 PMCID: PMC8625180 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10225271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA-ATXN1) is an autosomal dominant, neurodegenerative disease, caused by CAG repeat expansion in the ataxin-1 gene (ATXN1). In isolated reports of patients with neurological signs [symptomatic patients (SP)], macular abnormalities have been described. However, no reports exist about macular anomalies in SCA1 subjects carrying the ATXN1 mutation without neurological signs [not symptomatic carriers (NSC)]. Therefore, the main aim of our work was to evaluate whether the macular functional and morphological abnormalities could be detectable in SP, genetically confirmed and with neurological signs, as well as in SCA-ATXN1-NSC, harboring pathogenic CAG expansion in ATXN1. In addition, we investigated whether the macular involvement could be associated or not to an impairment of RGCs and of their fibers and of the neural conduction along the visual pathways. Herein, nine SCA-ATXN1 subjects (6 SP and 3 NSC) underwent the following examinations: visual acuity and chromatic test assessments, fundus oculi (FO) examination, macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL-T) analysis by Spectral domain-Optical Coherence Tomography (Sd-OCT) acquisition, multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG), pattern reversal electroretinogram (PERG) and visual evoked potentials (VEP) recordings. In four eyes of two SP, visual acuity reduction and chromatic abnormalities were observed; in three of them FO changes associated with macular thinning and outer retinal defects were also detected. In three NSC eyes, slight FO abnormalities were associated with qualitative macular morphological changes. By contrast, abnormal mfERG responses (exclusively from foveal and parafoveal areas) were detected in all SP and NSC (18 eyes). No abnormalities of PERG values, RNFL-T, and VEP responses were found, but in one SP, presenting abnormal papillo-macular bundle neural conduction. Results from our SCA-ATXN1 cohort suggest that a macular dysfunction, detectable by mfERG recordings, may occur in the overt disorder, and unexpectedly in the stage of the disease in which there is still an absence of neurological signs. In NSC, an exclusive dysfunction of preganglionic macular elements can be observed, and this is associated with both normal RGCs function and neural conduction along the visual pathways.
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18
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Pastor-Idoate S, Coco-Martin RM, Zabalza I, Lantigua Y, Fernández I, Pérez-Castrillón JL, Cuadrado R, de Lazaro JA, Morejon A, Dueñas-Laita A, Pastor JC. Long-term visual pathway alterations after elemental mercury poisoning: report of a series of 29 cases. J Occup Med Toxicol 2021; 16:49. [PMID: 34772411 PMCID: PMC8590381 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-021-00341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few clinical data on retinal involvement after acute exposure to high concentrations mercury and the available reports are based on a small number of patients suffering chronic exposure. The purpose of this paper is to report findings in workers acutely exposed to very high concentrations of mercury vapor with the aim of providing data on a possible direct retinal involvement. METHODS Twenty-nine patients and 16 controls were evaluated in a comparative case series. Mercury levels in blood and urine samples, visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity (CS), visual field (VF), color discrimination and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were recorded. The pattern reversal visual-evoked potentials (PRVEP), full-field and multifocal electroretinography (ffERG/mfERG), pattern electroretinography (PERG), systemic symptoms, presence of erethism, and electromyography (EMG) were also gathered. A descriptive analysis was performed. The correlations between variables also were studied. In addition, electrophysiological data from those patients with deeper VF defects (group 1) were compared with a normal control group. RESULTS Twenty-six workers exhibited symptoms of erethism. The EMG showed sensorimotor polyneuropathy and multiple mononeuropathy. The VA was slightly affected in 48.27% (n = 14) of subjects. Loss of CS in at least one of four spatial frequencies and color vision alterations occurred in 96.5% (n = 28) and 44.8% (n = 13), respectively. VF alterations were identified in 72.4% (n = 21) patients. No morphologic changes were seen in the OCT scans. Latencies over 100 milliseconds and reduced amplitudes of P100 were found in the PRVEP (p < 0.05). The reduced amplitude of the b wave at the ffERG, of the P50 at the PERG and of the P1 wave at the mfERG results (p < 0.05) suggested that the outer retina was involved. Significant negative correlations among blood mercury levels, VA, and ffERG were observed. CONCLUSIONS In this case series, showed that acute exposure to mercury vapor had a hazardous effect on the visual system. Although neurologic and visual pathway involvement was clearly demonstrated, the differences found compared to control support the existence of a direct functional retinal damage and participation in impaired vision in mercury poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Pastor-Idoate
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Eye Institute, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, P° de Belén n° 17, 47011, Valladolid, Spain.,Cooperative Health Network for Research in Ophthalmology Oftared, National Institute of Health Carlos III, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Clinic University Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rosa M Coco-Martin
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Eye Institute, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, P° de Belén n° 17, 47011, Valladolid, Spain. .,Cooperative Health Network for Research in Ophthalmology Oftared, National Institute of Health Carlos III, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Iratxe Zabalza
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Eye Institute, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, P° de Belén n° 17, 47011, Valladolid, Spain.,Puerta del Mar University Hospital of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Yrbani Lantigua
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Eye Institute, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, P° de Belén n° 17, 47011, Valladolid, Spain.,University Hospital of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Itziar Fernández
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Eye Institute, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, P° de Belén n° 17, 47011, Valladolid, Spain.,Cooperative Health Network for Research in Ophthalmology Oftared, National Institute of Health Carlos III, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L Pérez-Castrillón
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Eye Institute, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, P° de Belén n° 17, 47011, Valladolid, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, Río Hortega University Hospital, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ruben Cuadrado
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Eye Institute, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, P° de Belén n° 17, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jose A de Lazaro
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Eye Institute, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, P° de Belén n° 17, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Angela Morejon
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Eye Institute, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, P° de Belén n° 17, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Antonio Dueñas-Laita
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Eye Institute, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, P° de Belén n° 17, 47011, Valladolid, Spain.,Unit of Clinical Toxicology, Río Hortega University Hospital, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jose C Pastor
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Eye Institute, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, P° de Belén n° 17, 47011, Valladolid, Spain.,Cooperative Health Network for Research in Ophthalmology Oftared, National Institute of Health Carlos III, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Clinic University Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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Yang JJ, Huang CH, Yang CH, Yang CM, Lin CW, Ho TC, Lin CP, Hsieh YT, Yeh PT, Lai TT, Chen PL, Chen TC. The Clinical Contribution of Full-Field Electroretinography and 8-Year Experiences of Application in a Tertiary Medical Center. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11101022. [PMID: 34683163 PMCID: PMC8539721 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11101022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroretinography (ERG) is an important and well-established examination for retinal and visual pathway diseases. This study reviewed the medical records of patients who received full-field ERG (ffERG) at a single medical center between 2012 and 2019, which was an 8-year experience in the clinical contribution of ERG. Based on the indication for scheduling ffERG and the final diagnosis, patients could be classified into six groups: ‘retinal dystrophies’, ‘other retinal or macular diseases’, ‘optic neuropathies’, ‘visual complaints’, ‘systemic diseases’, and ‘others’. A total of 1921 full-field electroretinograms (ffERGs) (1655 patients) were included. The average number of ffERGs performed per year was 262 and the number of annual ffERGs was constant. The ‘retinal dystrophies’ group accounted for 36.5% of the studied population, followed by the ‘other retinal or macular diseases’ group (20.2%). The most common systemic disease was central nervous system disease. The rates of abnormal ffERGs in the ‘systemic diseases’, ‘optic neuropathies’, and ‘visual complaints’ groups were 27.3%, 22.6%, and 10.1%, respectively (p < 0.001). Higher rates were found in patients <20 years old in the ‘systemic diseases’ and ‘optic neuropathies’ groups; epilepsy and optic nerve atrophy were the most common diagnoses, respectively. In brief, by quantifying the functional response in the retina, ffERG is indispensable for diagnosis and prognosis in ophthalmologic and multidisciplinary practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Je Yang
- Department of Medical Education, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan;
| | - Chu-Hsuan Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan;
| | - Chang-Hao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-M.Y.); (C.-W.L.); (T.-C.H.); (C.-P.L.); (Y.-T.H.); (P.-T.Y.); (T.-T.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Chung-May Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-M.Y.); (C.-W.L.); (T.-C.H.); (C.-P.L.); (Y.-T.H.); (P.-T.Y.); (T.-T.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wen Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-M.Y.); (C.-W.L.); (T.-C.H.); (C.-P.L.); (Y.-T.H.); (P.-T.Y.); (T.-T.L.)
| | - Tzyy-Chang Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-M.Y.); (C.-W.L.); (T.-C.H.); (C.-P.L.); (Y.-T.H.); (P.-T.Y.); (T.-T.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ping Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-M.Y.); (C.-W.L.); (T.-C.H.); (C.-P.L.); (Y.-T.H.); (P.-T.Y.); (T.-T.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-M.Y.); (C.-W.L.); (T.-C.H.); (C.-P.L.); (Y.-T.H.); (P.-T.Y.); (T.-T.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ting Yeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-M.Y.); (C.-W.L.); (T.-C.H.); (C.-P.L.); (Y.-T.H.); (P.-T.Y.); (T.-T.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Tso-Ting Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-M.Y.); (C.-W.L.); (T.-C.H.); (C.-P.L.); (Y.-T.H.); (P.-T.Y.); (T.-T.L.)
| | - Pei-Lung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Ching Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-M.Y.); (C.-W.L.); (T.-C.H.); (C.-P.L.); (Y.-T.H.); (P.-T.Y.); (T.-T.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-23123456 (ext. 63783)
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20
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McAnany JJ, Persidina OS, Park JC. Clinical electroretinography in diabetic retinopathy: a review. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 67:712-722. [PMID: 34487740 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The electroretinogram (ERG) is a noninvasive, objective technique to evaluate retinal function that has become increasingly important in the study of diabetic retinopathy. We summarize the principles and rationale of the ERG, present findings from recent clinical studies that have used the full-field ERG, multifocal ERG, and pattern ERG to evaluate neural dysfunction in patients with diabetes, and weigh the strengths and limitations of the technique as it applies to clinical studies and management of patients with diabetic retinopathy. Taken together, ERG studies have provided convincing evidence for dysfunction of the neural retina in patients with diabetes, including those who have no clinically-apparent retinal vascular abnormalities. Recent full-field ERG findings have pointed to the intriguing possibility that photoreceptor function is abnormal in early-stage disease. Pattern ERG data, in conjunction with recently developed photopic negative response analyses, indicate inner retina dysfunction. In addition, multifocal ERG studies have shown spatially localized neural abnormalities that can predict the location of future microaneurysms. Given the insights provided by the ERG, it is likely to play a growing role in understanding the natural history of neural dysfunction in diabetes, as well as providing an attractive outcome measure for future clinical trials that target neural preservation in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jason McAnany
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Oksana S Persidina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason C Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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21
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Al-Nashar HY, Dabbour SA, Alnaimy MA. Retinal electrophysiological changes related to early versus late silicone oil removal. Int Ophthalmol 2021; 41:4075-4082. [PMID: 34297302 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-01980-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare between the effect of early (3 months) and late (6 months) silicone removal on the electroretinogram records. METHODS Thirty-four eyes with complex primary rhegmatogenous macula off retinal detachment undergone vitrectomy. Silicone oil was removed after 3 months in group I and after 6 months in group II. Scotopic and photopic ERGs, pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and multifocal ERG (mfERG) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were recorded for all eyes RESULTS: Preoperative mean best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measured was 0.93 ± 0.05 in group I and 0.9 ± 0.08 in group II. One month after silicone removal, mean BCVA was 0.20 ± 0.04 and 0.18 ± 0.02 in groups I and II respectively. Before silicone oil removal the electroretinographic a- and b-waves were greatly reduced in both groups with no significant difference between them. One month after removal of silicone oil, the electroretinographic a- and b-waves increased in both groups with no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.46 and 0.23 respectively). CONCLUSION The amplitudes of the ERGs increase after removal of silicone oil tamponade with no difference between early (3 months) and late (6 months) removal.
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22
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Masri RA, Weltzien F, Purushothuman S, Lee SCS, Martin PR, Grünert U. Composition of the Inner Nuclear Layer in Human Retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:22. [PMID: 34259817 PMCID: PMC8288061 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.9.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to measure the composition of the inner nuclear layer (INL) in the central and peripheral human retina as foundation data for interpreting INL function and dysfunction. Methods Six postmortem human donor retinas (male and female, aged 31–56 years) were sectioned along the temporal horizontal meridian. Sections were processed with immunofluorescent markers and imaged using high-resolution, multichannel fluorescence microscopy. The density of horizontal, bipolar, amacrine, and Müller cells was quantified between 1 and 12 mm eccentricity with appropriate adjustments for postreceptoral spatial displacements near the fovea. Results Cone bipolar cells dominate the INL a with density near 50,000 cells/mm2 at 1 mm eccentricity and integrated total ∼10 million cells up to 10 mm eccentricity. Outside central retina the spatial density of all cell populations falls but the neuronal makeup of the INL remains relatively constant: a decrease in the proportion of cone bipolar cells (from 52% at 1 mm to 37% at 10 mm) is balanced by an increasing proportion of rod bipolar cells (from 9% to 15%). The proportion of Müller cells near the fovea (17%) is lower than in the peripheral retina (27%). Conclusions Despite large changes in the absolute density of INL cell populations across the retina, their proportions remain relatively constant. These data may have relevance for interpreting diagnostic signals such as the electroretinogram and optical coherence tomogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania A Masri
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Save Sight Institute and Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, Sydney, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Felix Weltzien
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Save Sight Institute and Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sivaraman Purushothuman
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Save Sight Institute and Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sammy C S Lee
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Save Sight Institute and Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, Sydney, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul R Martin
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Save Sight Institute and Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, Sydney, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ulrike Grünert
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Save Sight Institute and Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, Sydney, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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23
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Grudzińska E, Modrzejewska M. Axial Length in Patients with Myopia and Interpretation of Pattern Electroretinogram Recordings. Clin Ophthalmol 2021; 15:2815-2821. [PMID: 34234404 PMCID: PMC8254556 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s308604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess pattern electroretinogram (PERG) recordings in patients with axial myopia with a special focus on the correct interpretation of findings. Patients and Methods Sixty patients divided into three groups according to the spherical equivalent of refractive error (group 1, error −3 D to −6 D; group 2, error > −6 D; and controls, error −1 D to +1 D) were examined. Data for the right eye of every patient were considered in the statistical analysis. All patients had a full ophthalmic examination including the measurement of visual acuity, intraocular pressure, degree of refractive error, axial length, biomicroscopic evaluation of the anterior segment, fundoscopy and PERG. The differences of basic parameters and P50 and N95 amplitudes as well as P50 implicit time between groups were studied. Correlations between P50 and N95 amplitudes and P50 implicit time were axial length and refractive error was established. Results The P50 amplitude, N95 amplitude and P50 peak time differed significantly between the groups (P<0.01). No significant differences were found for the N95/P50 ratio. Significantly lower P50 and N95 amplitudes (r=−0.42, P<0.01; r=−0.42, P<0.01) and increased P50 peak time (r=0.64, P<0.01) correlated with elongated axial length. A 1-mm increase in axial length corresponded with a 0.41 µV decrease in the P50 amplitude and 0.55 µV reduction of the N95 amplitude. There was also 1.11 ms increase of P50 wave peak time per 1 mm increase of axial length. Significantly lower amplitudes and longer peak times are associated with increased axial length and increased refractive error. Conclusion According to results observed in this study, the correct interpretation of PERG recordings requires the consideration of axial length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Grudzińska
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Modrzejewska
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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24
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The electroretinogram in the genomics era: outer retinal disorders. Eye (Lond) 2021; 35:2406-2418. [PMID: 34234290 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) have traditionally been described phenotypically with the description evolving to incorporate more sophisticated structural and functional assessments. In the last 25 years there has been considerable advances in the understanding of underlying genetic aetiologies. The role of the ophthalmologist is now to work in a multi-disciplinary team to identify the disease-causing genotype, which might be amenable to gene-directed intervention. Visual electrophysiology is an important tool to assist the ophthalmologist in guiding the clinical geneticist to reach a final molecular diagnosis. This review outlines the physiological basis for the ISCEV standard electrophysiology tests, the role of electrophysiology in localising the functional deficit, correlation with structural findings to guide diagnosis and finally management of IRDs in the era of genomics with emphasis on the outer retina.
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25
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Barbano L, Ziccardi L, Landi D, Nicoletti CG, Mataluni G, Falsini B, Centonze D, Marfia GA, Quaranta L, Parisi V. Assessment of Macular Function by Multifocal Electroretinogram in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Treated with Fingolimod. Adv Ther 2021; 38:3986-3996. [PMID: 34109558 PMCID: PMC8280030 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to evaluate whether treatment with fingolimod (FTY) may induce functional changes on the macular pre-ganglionic retinal elements in patients affected by relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS) without optic neuritis (ON). Methods This case–control observational and retrospective study assessed multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) responses from 35 healthy controls (mean age 43.58 ± 5.76 years), 41 patients with RR-MS without ON (mean age 40.64 ± 4.83 years, MS-noFTY group), and from 21 patients with RR-MS without ON (mean age 42.38 ± 12.34 years) and treated with fingolimod (Gilenya®, Novartis Europharm, 0.5 mg/day) (MS-FTY group). MfERG N1 and P1 implicit times (ITs), and N1–P1 response amplitude densities (RADs) were measured from concentric rings (R) with increasing foveal eccentricity: 0–5° (R1), 5–10° (R2), 10–15° (R3), 15–20° (R4), 20–25° (R5). We considered R1 and R2 as “central macular areas” and R3, R4 and R5 as “more eccentric retinal areas”. In the MS-FTY group, mfERG recordings were performed between 6 and 12 months (mean 7.2 ± 1.5 months) from the start of FTY. Results In the MS-FTY group, the mean values of mfERG N1 and P1 ITs and RADs detected in both central macular areas (R1 and R2) and in more eccentric retinal areas (R3, R4 and R5) were not significantly different (p > 0.01) with respect to those of control and MS-noFTY groups. Conclusions Our mfERG results suggest that the chronic use of FTY does not induce a dysfunction of pre-ganglionic retinal elements located in the 0–25° of central retina. Since FTY does not cause any retinal functional abnormality, we suggest that FTY treatment could not produce any toxic effect on pre-ganglionic retinal elements even in the absence of macular oedema.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Doriana Landi
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Gabri Nicoletti
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mataluni
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetto Falsini
- Ophthalmology Department, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Girolama Alessandra Marfia
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Luciano Quaranta
- Department of Surgical and Clinical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Ophthalmology, University of Pavia, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
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26
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Ou C, Jiang P, Tian Y, Yao Z, Yang Y, Peng J, Zeng M, Song H, Peng Q. Fructus Lycii and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge extract alleviate retinitis pigmentosa through Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 273:113993. [PMID: 33684515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fructus Lycii and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (FS) are popular Chinese herbs for the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). AIM OF THE STUDY This study was to evaluate protective effects of FS extract on RP and to explore whether FS extract exerts its protective effects via oxidative stress by regulating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. MATERIAL AND METHODS FS extract were identified by UPLC chromatographic analysis. Rd10 mice as the model of RP, followed by a 4-week FS extract treatment by intragastric administration. After the animal sacrifice, histopathological examination and Scotopic electroretinography (ERG) analysis were assessed. The oxidative stress markers were determined and the expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA were evaluated by qRT-PCR. The expression and distribution of Nrf2 and HO-1 protein were determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The morphological changes of Outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness and number of the ONL were observed with a significant increased, and the functional changes of a-amplitude and b-wave amplitude were measured with a markedly increased. Treatment with FS extract remarkably increased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and decreased level of malondialdehyde (MDA). Moreover, FS extract up-regulated mRNA and protein expression of Nrf2 and HO-1. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that FS extract can improve retinal morphology and function, which may have occurred through the regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to inhibit the oxidative reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Diseases with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Pengfei Jiang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Diseases with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Ye Tian
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Diseases with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Zhen Yao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Diseases with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Yijing Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Diseases with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China.
| | - Meiyan Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Houpan Song
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Diseases with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Qinghua Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Diseases with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
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27
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Byun MS, Park SW, Lee JH, Yi D, Jeon SY, Choi HJ, Joung H, Ghim UH, Park UC, Kim YK, Shin SA, Yu HG, Lee DY. Association of Retinal Changes With Alzheimer Disease Neuroimaging Biomarkers in Cognitively Normal Individuals. JAMA Ophthalmol 2021; 139:548-556. [PMID: 33764406 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Importance Retinal biomarkers reflecting in vivo brain Alzheimer disease (AD) pathologic abnormalities could be a useful tool for screening cognitively normal (CN) individuals at the preclinical stage of AD. Objectives To investigate the association of both functional and structural alterations of the retina with in vivo AD pathologic abnormalities in CN older adults and model a screening tool for detection of preclinical AD. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study included a total of 49 CN individuals, and all assessment was done at the Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea. All participants underwent complete ophthalmic examination, including swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and multifocal electroretinogram as well as amyloid-β (Aβ) positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Data were collected from January 1, 2016, through October 31, 2017, and analyzed from February 1, 2018, through June 30, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures For structural parameters of the retina, the thickness of the macula and layer-specific thicknesses, including peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer measured by SS-OCT, were used for analysis. For functional parameters of the retina, implicit time and amplitude of rings 1 to 6 measured by multifocal electroretinogram were used. Results Of the 49 participants, 25 were women (51.0%); mean (SD) age was 70.6 (9.4) years. Compared with 33 CN individuals without Aβ deposition (Aβ-CN), the 16 participants with Aβ (Aβ+CN) showed reduced inner nasal macular thickness (mean [SD], 308.9 [18.4] vs 286.1 [22.5] μm; P = .007) and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, particularly in the inferior quadrant (133.8 [17.9] vs 103.8 [43.5] μm; P = .003). In addition, the Aβ+CN group showed prolonged implicit time compared with the Aβ-CN group, particularly in ring 5 (41.3 [4.0] vs 38.2 [1.3] milliseconds; P = .002). AD-related neurodegeneration was correlated with the thickness of the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer only (r = 0.41, P = .005). The model to differentiate the Aβ+CN vs Aβ-CN groups derived from the results showed 90% accuracy. Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this study showing both functional as well as structural changes of retina measured by multifocal electroretinogram and SS-OCT in preclinical AD suggest the potential use of retinal biomarkers as a tool for early detection of in vivo AD pathologic abnormalities in CN older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Soo Byun
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wook Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Retinal Degeneration Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Seran Eye Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Yi
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Jeon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Choi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Haejung Joung
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Hyung Ghim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Retinal Degeneration Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Chul Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Retinal Degeneration Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyeong Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong A Shin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Gon Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Retinal Degeneration Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Lee
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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28
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Amorim-de-Sousa A, Macedo-de-Araújo R, Fernandes P, Queirós A, González-Méijome JM. Multifocal Electroretinogram in Keratoconus Patients without and with Scleral Lenses. Curr Eye Res 2021; 46:1732-1741. [PMID: 33823736 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1912781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate changes in the multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) response in eyes with keratoconus when corrected with scleral lenses (SL) compared with the best correction in glasses.Methods: The mfERG responses in 10 eyes with keratoconus were recorded with the best correction using both a trial frame (baseline) and a hexafocon A SL using an electrophysiological diagnostic system. Electrophysiologic measurements were performed with the pupils fully dilated with instillation of 1% phenylephrine. The implicit time (milliseconds), amplitude (nV), and response density (nV/deg2) of the peaks (N1, P1, and N2) were analyzed for the total mfERG response, six rings and four quadrants of the retina, and compared between the two conditions.Results: All eyes had a significant improvement in visual quality with the SL compared with baseline (mean differences, 0.26 ± 0.17 and 0.22 ± 0.13 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution for high- and low-contrast visual acuity, respectively). The peaks implicit times of the mfERG responses did not show significant differences (p > .05). The P1 amplitude decreased in all the retinal areas with the SL. Only the total retinal response and the nasal quadrants reached significance (p ≤ 0.044). The P1 response density in ring 1 was on average higher with the SL, but not significantly so. The decline in P1 response density from the center to the periphery was more abrupt with the SL, and was more similar to the response density distribution of a typical subject, without a corneal pathology.Conclusions: mfERG did not show any change associated with retinal disease in young patients with keratoconus. Although the improved visual performance was not associated with changes in the mfERG response, the correction of irregular astigmatism with the SL helps exclude the optical effect induced by keratoconus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Amorim-de-Sousa
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rute Macedo-de-Araújo
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paulo Fernandes
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - António Queirós
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - José M González-Méijome
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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29
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Abstract
This manuscript focuses on the pathogenesis of age-related maculopathy (ARM) and the documentation of new treatments in ARM. Ischaemia will be given special consideration, as it is believed to play a central role in both early ARM and late ARM or age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Reduced choroidal and retinal blood flow causes ischaemia of Bruch's membrane, retinal pigment epithelium and neuroretina in the early course of ARM. This is thought to be the primary trigger of the condition. Chronic ischaemia upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which induces abnormal vessel growth in neovascular AMD. The role of ischaemia in neovascular AMD is supported by the evidence of effective new treatments targeting VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Feigl
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Optometry, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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30
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Chan HHL. Detection of glaucomatous damage using multifocal ERG. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 88:410-4. [PMID: 16329750 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2005.tb05108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2003] [Revised: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 06/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The first-order kernel analysis in multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) using low contrast stimulation is suggested as a way to detect the inner retinal responses in animal studies. In this case report, this protocol is applied to human patients with glaucoma to demonstrate the possibility of using mfERG as a tool to detect glaucomatous damage. Two patients with glaucoma were recruited and had mfERG measurements with the 103-scaled hexagonal stimulus pattern at low (50 per cent) contrast. Their responses were analysed and compared with those from normal subjects with the mfERG measured under the same condition. In the normal subjects, there were obvious oscillatory components on the ascending and descending limbs of the first-order kernel response to 50 per cent contrast. In the glaucomatous patients, the oscillatory component on the descending limb was obviously diminished. In addition, this component was significantly diminished in the quadrant with a glaucomatous visual field defect. This suggests that the low-contrast stimulation condition in mfERG measurement may provide a good way to detect glaucomatous damage and this may help in clinical diagnosis of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Ho-Lung Chan
- School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Chan HL, Siu AW. Effect of optical defocus on multifocal ERG responses. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 86:317-22. [PMID: 14558853 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2003.tb03127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2002] [Revised: 04/07/2003] [Accepted: 04/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) is a sensitive technique to probe retinal function topographically. Various conditions such as macular degeneration decrease the first-order kernel (K1) response magnitude of mfERG. Previous studies have given inconsistent results on the effect of optical defocus due to poor controls. This study investigated the effect of optical defocus on the K1 response of the central retina using a well-controlled method. METHODS Twenty subjects were recruited to undergo mfERG measurement using the VERIS 4.0 system. A four millimetre artificial pupil was fitted before each fully-dilated right eye, optically corrected for the viewing distance. The implicit times and response amplitudes of n1 (first negative trough) and p1 (first positive peak) under three different optical defocus conditions (zero dioptres, +1.00 D and +3.00 D) were measured. RESULTS The implicit times of n1 and p1 did not demonstrate any significant variation from the central macula to para-macula under different optical defocus conditions. The response amplitude of n1 did not show any changes from the central macula to para-macula but the response amplitude of the central macular p1 showed a significant reduction by 12 per cent under +1.00 D defocus and +3.00 D defocus. CONCLUSIONS Optical defocus causes mild reduction in mfERG at the central macula but there are no significant changes in the periphery. A full optical correction is recommended for mfERG measurement to minimise the reduction of the macular response due to optical defocus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Lung Chan
- Department of Optometry and Radiography, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Chan HH, Ng Y, Chu PH. Applications of the multifocal electroretinogram in the detection of glaucoma. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 94:247-58. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2010.00571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Ho‐lung Chan
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China. E‐mail:
| | - Yui‐fai Ng
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China. E‐mail:
| | - Patrick Ho‐wai Chu
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China. E‐mail:
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Kosacki J, Gallice M, Palombi K, Labarere J, Creuzot-Garcher C, Berthemy-Pellet S, Aptel F, Chiquet C. MULTIFOCAL ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY AND SPECTRAL-DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IN MACULA-OFF RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT: A Prospective Cohort Study. Retina 2021; 41:744-752. [PMID: 32773606 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the temporal trends in structural changes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and functional changes using multifocal electroretinogram after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment surgery. METHODS This prospective cohort study enrolled 69 patients with macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment who underwent successful surgery. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study visual acuity, multifocal electroretinogram evaluation of the central 5°, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography were recorded at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months (M) after surgery. The fellow eye served as the control group for multifocal electroretinogram parameters. RESULTS Between M1 and M12, visual acuity improved from 64 to 75 letters (P = 0.001) and implicit time of N1 decreased from 27.8 to 25.2 milliseconds (P = 0.001), whereas the other parameters did not vary significantly. Amplitude and implicit time values did not reach normal values at M12. Alterations of the ellipsoid zone and the external limiting membrane decreased over time (P = 0.001). P1 implicit time correlated independently with the alteration of the external limiting membrane (P = 0.007). CONCLUSION Foveal wave amplitudes remain lower than normal values after successful surgery of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, whereas anatomical improvement was found for outer retinal abnormalities and subretinal edema fluid. Retinal recovery improves N1 implicit time over time. Disruption of external limiting membrane seems to be predictive of increased P1 implicit time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Kosacki
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
- Grenoble-Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Mathilde Gallice
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
- Grenoble-Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Karine Palombi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - José Labarere
- Grenoble-Alpes University, Grenoble, France
- Quality of Care Unit, CIC 1406 INSERM, University Hospital, Grenoble, France ; and
| | | | | | - Florent Aptel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
- Grenoble-Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Chiquet
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
- Grenoble-Alpes University, Grenoble, France
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Wu Y, Zheng X, Ding Y, Zhou M, Wei Z, Liu T, Liao K. The molecular chaperone Hsp90α deficiency causes retinal degeneration by disrupting Golgi organization and vesicle transportation in photoreceptors. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 12:216-229. [PMID: 31408169 PMCID: PMC7181719 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is an abundant molecular chaperone with two isoforms, Hsp90α and Hsp90β. Hsp90β deficiency causes embryonic lethality, whereas Hsp90α deficiency causes few abnormities except male sterility. In this paper, we reported that Hsp90α was exclusively expressed in the retina, testis, and brain. Its deficiency caused retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a disease leading to blindness. In Hsp90α-deficient mice, the retina was deteriorated and the outer segment of photoreceptor was deformed. Immunofluorescence staining and electron microscopic analysis revealed disintegrated Golgi and aberrant intersegmental vesicle transportation in Hsp90α-deficient photoreceptors. Proteomic analysis identified microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) as an Hsp90α-associated protein in photoreceptors. Hspα deficiency increased degradation of MAP1B by inducing its ubiquitination, causing α-tubulin deacetylation and microtubule destabilization. Furthermore, the treatment of wild-type mice with 17-DMAG, an Hsp90 inhibitor of geldanamycin derivative, induced the same retinal degeneration as Hsp90α deficiency. Taken together, the microtubule destabilization could be the underlying reason for Hsp90α deficiency-induced RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiudan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yubo Ding
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhuang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Son T, Kim TH, Ma G, Kim H, Yao X. Functional intrinsic optical signal imaging for objective optoretinography of human photoreceptors. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:639-643. [PMID: 33307802 PMCID: PMC7988726 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220978898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional mapping of photoreceptor physiology is important for better disease diagnosis and treatment assessment. Fast intrinsic optical signal (IOS), which arises before light-evoked pupillary response, promises a unique biomarker of photoreceptor physiology for objective optoretinography with high resolution. This study is to test the feasibility of non-mydriatic IOS mapping of retinal photoreceptors in awake human. Depth-resolved optical coherence tomography verified outer segment (OS) as the anatomic origin of fast photoreceptor-IOS. Dynamic IOS changes are primarily confined at OS boundaries connected with inner segment and retinal pigment epithelium, supporting transient OS shrinkage due to phototransduction process as the mechanism of the fast photoreceptor-IOS response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyoon Son
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Tae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Guangying Ma
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Hoonsup Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Xincheng Yao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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The spatial distribution of ERGs reflecting luminance and L-/M-cone-opponent signals. Doc Ophthalmol 2021; 142:329-342. [PMID: 33506285 PMCID: PMC8116310 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-020-09807-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the spatial retinal distribution of electroretinographic (ERG) responses that reflect signals in the L-/M-cone-opponent and luminance post-receptoral pathways. METHODS ERG recordings to heterochromatic stimuli (sinusoidal counter-phase modulation of red and green LED light sources) were performed, while varying fractions of red and green modulation. Two temporal frequencies of the stimuli were employed: 12 Hz to record ERGs that reflect L-/M-cone-opponent signal and 36 Hz for recording ERG signals sensitive to stimulus luminance. Stimuli were about 20° in diameter and projected on various retinal locations: the fovea and four eccentricities (10°, 19°, 28° and 35°), each presented nasally, temporally, inferiorly and superiorly from the fovea. RESULTS The 36 Hz stimuli elicited responses that strongly varied with red fraction and were minimal at iso-luminance. Moreover, response phases changed abruptly at the minimum by 180°. In contrast, the responses to the 12 Hz stimuli had amplitudes and phases that changed more gradually with red fraction. The 36 Hz response amplitudes were maximal close to the fovea and sharply decreased with increasing distance from the fovea. The responses to 12 Hz stimuli were more broadly distributed across the retina. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, it was found that retinal eccentricity and direction from the fovea have distinct effects on ERGs reflecting different post-receptoral mechanisms. The results are in accord with previous findings that ERGs to 12 Hz stimuli are predominantly determined by the red-green chromatic content of the stimuli, thus reflecting activation in the L-/M-cone-opponent pathway, while responses to 36 Hz stimuli manifest post-receptoral luminance-dependent activation. We found that the response in the cone-opponent pathway is broadly comparable across the retina; in comparison, response amplitude of the luminance pathway strongly depends on retinal stimulus position.
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Long-term full-field and multifocal electroretinographic changes after treatment with ranibizumab in patients with diabetic macular edema. Int Ophthalmol 2021; 41:1487-1501. [PMID: 33486648 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-01712-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate changes in macular and panretinal neuroretinal functions by electroretinographic examinations in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) treated with intravitreal ranibizumab. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty-four patients with DME were included in this prospective study. Patients were treated with ranibizumab injection according to the PRN regimen for over 12 months. Before treatment, all patients underwent fundus fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) assessment, full-field (ff-ERG), and multifocal electroretinography (mf-ERG). In monthly visits, BCVA and OCT were performed. Besides, mf-ERG recordings were obtained at months 3, 6, 9, and 12, and ff-ERG was performed at month 12. RESULTS Fifty-eight patients completed the study. The mean age was 61.1 ± 8.5 (39-80) years. The mean number of injections was 6.19 ± 1.9. The decimal BCVA improved from 0.30 to 0.45 during the 12-month follow-up (p < 0.05). Macular thickness decreased from 413.5 μm to 329.5 μm (p < 0.05). The mf-ERG recordings in the central macular region showed improvements N1 and P1 amplitudes at months 9 and 12. There was a positive correlation between the baseline central (p < 001; r: - 0.378 and p < 0.05; r:-0.335, respectively), the second ring (p < 0.05; r: - 0.260 and p < 0.05; r: - 0.270, respectively) P1- and N1-wave amplitudes, and the BCVA at month 12. Full-field ERG recordings showed that peripheral neuroretinal responses were maintained or improved at month 12. Statistically significant improvements in BCVA and macular thickness were observed at all follow-up visits. CONCLUSION Multifocal electroretinographic recording started to improve 6 months after the beginning of intravitreal ranibizumab treatment in eyes with DME. This improvement was significant at months 9 and 12. A significant improvement in ff-ERG was observed at month 12.
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Ziccardi L, Barbano L, Boffa L, Albanese M, Nicoletti CG, Landi D, Grzybowski A, Falsini B, Marfia GA, Centonze D, Parisi V. Functional Assessment of Outer and Middle Macular Layers in Multiple Sclerosis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3766. [PMID: 33266435 PMCID: PMC7700336 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of macular preganglionic elements' function, during the neurodegenerative process of multiple sclerosis (MS), is controversial. In this case-control observational and retrospective study, we assessed multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) responses from 41 healthy Controls, 41 relapsing-remitting MS patients without optic neuritis (ON) (MS-noON Group) and 47 MS patients with ON: 27 with full recovery of high-contrast best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (MS-ON-G Group) and 20 with poor recovery (between 0.2 and 1 LogMAR) of BCVA, (MS-ON-P Group). In the latter Group, Sd-OCT macular volumes and thicknesses of whole and inner and outer retina were measured. MfERG N1 and P1 implicit times (ITs), and N1-P1 response amplitude densities (RADs), were measured from concentric rings (R) with increasing foveal eccentricity: 0-5° (R1), 5-10° (R2), 10-15° (R3), 15-20° (R4), 20-25° (R5), and from retinal sectors (superior, nasal, inferior and temporal) between 0-15° and 0-25°. In the MS-ON-P Group, mean mfERG RADs detected from R1 (0-5°) and from the central nasal sector (0-15°) were significantly reduced (p < 0.01) with respect to those of the Control, MS-noON and MS-ON-G Groups. No other significant differences between Groups for any mfERG parameters were found. All Sd-OCT measurements, apart from the inner retina macular volume in the central 1 mm, were significantly reduced in MS-ON-P patients compared to Controls. The functional impairment in the MS-ON-P Group was associated but not correlated with structural changes of the outer and inner retinal layers in corresponding retinal Areas and Sectors. Our results suggest that in MS, exclusively after ON with poor recovery of BCVA, the neurodegenerative process can induce dysfunctional mechanisms involving photoreceptors and bipolar cells of the fovea and of the more central nasal macular area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ziccardi
- IRCCS—Fondazione Bietti, Via Livenza 1, 00198 Rome, Italy; (L.Z.); (V.P.)
| | - Lucilla Barbano
- IRCCS—Fondazione Bietti, Via Livenza 1, 00198 Rome, Italy; (L.Z.); (V.P.)
| | - Laura Boffa
- Unit of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, Via Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Maria Albanese
- Unit of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, Via Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Carolina Gabri Nicoletti
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.G.N.); (D.L.); (G.A.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Doriana Landi
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.G.N.); (D.L.); (G.A.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Michała Oczapowskiego 2, 10455 Olsztyn, Poland;
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Collegium Maius Fredry 10, 61701 Poznań, Poland
| | - Benedetto Falsini
- Ophthalmology Department, IRCCS—Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Girolama Alessandra Marfia
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.G.N.); (D.L.); (G.A.M.); (D.C.)
- Unit of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS—Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.G.N.); (D.L.); (G.A.M.); (D.C.)
- Unit of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS—Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Parisi
- IRCCS—Fondazione Bietti, Via Livenza 1, 00198 Rome, Italy; (L.Z.); (V.P.)
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Xia HH, Chen JL, Chen HY, Lin HJ. Correlation between optical coherence tomography, multifocal electroretinogram findings and visual acuity in diabetic macular edema. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:1592-1596. [PMID: 33078110 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.10.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To analyze the correlation between macular morphology and function in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME). METHODS Fifty-five eyes with different visual acuity (VA) of 32 patients who suffered from DME were analyzed using multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The parameters of mfERG including implicit times and response amplitude were compared to those of 50 normal eyes of 36 age-matched subjects. Correlation analysis was performed between VA, the parameters of mfERG including implicit times and response amplitude, and the central macular thickness (CMT). RESULTS The amplitude of N1 and P1 were significantly decreased and their latency were significantly increased in five ring regions of the retina in patients with DME. There was statistically significant correlation between logMAR BCVA and P1 amplitude densities in rings 1-4 (r=-0.306, -0.536, -0.470, -0.362; P=0.023, <0.01, <0.01, 0.007 respectively), N1 amplitude in ring 2 and ring 3 (r=-0.035, -0.286; P=0.019, 0.034 respectively). There was poor correlation between the CMT and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA; r=0.288, P=0.033), but there was no significant correlation between CMT and amplitude or implicit time of N1 and P1 (P>0.05) in the central macular ring. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that P1 amplitude density in ring 2 was the only contributor to the VA. CONCLUSION It seems to be more appropriate of combining use of mfERG with OCT for the evaluation of macular function in eyes with DME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-He Xia
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jia-Lin Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hao-Yu Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hong-Jie Lin
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
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Parisi V, Ziccardi L, Costanzo E, Tedeschi M, Barbano L, Manca D, Di Renzo A, Giorno P, Varano M, Parravano M. Macular Functional and Morphological Changes in Intermediate Age-Related Maculopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:11. [PMID: 32396630 PMCID: PMC7405611 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.5.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate macular preganglionic function and to verify its relationship with retinal and choroidal morphology in patients with intermediate age-related macular degeneration (iAMD) patients. Methods All included patients performed multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) for investigating on macular function from the central 15° of foveal eccentricity, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) for studying retinal structure, enhanced depth imaging OCT (EDI-OCT) for the measure of choroidal vascularity index (CVI), and OCT-angiography (OCTA) for the evaluation of vessel density (VD) in the superficial and deep capillary plexus, and choriocapillaris (CC) layer. Results Twenty-seven patients with iAMD and 20 age-matched control eyes were analyzed. Significantly (P < 0.01) delayed and reduced mfERG responses in the central 0 to 2.5°, paracentral 2.5 to 5°, and overall 0 to 5° areas, as well as increased CVI values in both foveal (1 mm centered to the fovea) and fovea + parafovea areas (3 mm centered to the fovea), increased foveal and parafoveal (annular area of 1-3 mm centered to the fovea) retinal pigment epithelium thickness, and volume and parafoveal outer retinal volume were found in iAMD eyes as compared to controls. Moreover, iAMD eyes showed significantly (P < 0.01) reduced foveal and parafoveal OCTA-VD values in the CC layer when compared to controls. In the iAMD group, not significant (P > 0.01) correlations were found between morphological and functional parameters. Conclusions Our findings support a dysfunction of photoreceptors and bipolar cells in both foveal and parafoveal areas in the presence of outer retina, CC, and choroidal structural changes, however, not significantly correlated. The observed enlargement of luminal choroidal area (measured by CVI) is possibly compensatory to CC vascular insufficiency.
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Kim TH, Wang B, Lu Y, Son T, Yao X. Functional optical coherence tomography enables in vivo optoretinography of photoreceptor dysfunction due to retinal degeneration. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:5306-5320. [PMID: 33014616 PMCID: PMC7510876 DOI: 10.1364/boe.399334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Stimulus-evoked intrinsic optical signal (IOS), which occurs almost immediately after the onset of retinal stimulus has been observed in retinal photoreceptors, promises to be a unique biomarker for objective optoretinography (ORG) of photoreceptor function. We report here the first-time in vivo ORG detection of photoreceptor dysfunction due to retinal degeneration. A custom-designed optical coherence tomography (OCT) was employed for longitudinal ORG monitoring of photoreceptor-IOS distortions in retinal degeneration mice. Depth-resolved OCT analysis confirmed the outer segment (OS) as the physical source of the photoreceptor-IOS. Comparative ERG measurement verified the phototransduction activation as the physiological correlator of the photoreceptor-IOS. Histological examination revealed disorganized OS discs, i.e. the pathological origin of the photoreceptor-IOS distortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Benquan Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Yiming Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Taeyoon Son
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Xincheng Yao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Ruberto G, Parisi V, Bertone C, Signorini S, Antonini M, Valente EM, Manzoni F, Serpieri V, Fausto R, Quaranta L. Electroretinographic Assessment in Joubert Syndrome: A Suggested Objective Method to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Future Targeted Treatment. Adv Ther 2020; 37:3827-3838. [PMID: 32671685 PMCID: PMC7444391 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Joubert syndrome (JS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a congenital malformation of the mid-hindbrain and a large spectrum of clinical features including congenital retinal dystrophy. The function of different retinal elements (rod, cone, bipolar cells) can be objectively evaluated by electroretinogram (ERG) recordings. Our work aims to evaluate the retinal function (by ERG recordings) in patients with JS with or without congenital retinal dystrophy. In addition, since clinical trials should be performed in the near future in JS, our results could provide information about the possible usefulness of ERG recordings in the assessment of the efficacy of treatments targeted to improve the retinal involvement. METHODS In this observational and prospective study, 24 children with genetic identification for JS (mean age 10.75 ± 6.59 years) and 25 healthy age-similar normal control subjects (control group, mean age 10.55 ± 3.76 years) were enrolled. On the basis of the presence/absence of retinal dystrophy at fundus examination, patients with JS were divided into two groups: patients with JS with retinal dystrophy (16 children, mean age 11.00 ± 6.74 years, providing 16 eyes; JS-RD group) and patients with JS without retinal dystrophy (8 children, mean age 10.50 ± 6.45 years, providing 8 eyes; JS-NRD group). In patients with JS and controls, visual acuity (VA), dark-adapted, light-adapted, and 30-Hz flicker ERGs were performed according to International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) standard protocols. RESULTS When compared to controls, patients in the JS-RD and JS-NRD groups showed significant abnormalities of the values of dark-adapted, light-adapted, and 30-Hz flicker ERG parameters. The ERG and VA changes were not significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that a dysfunction of photoreceptors and bipolar cells occurs in patients with JS with or without retinal dystrophy. The retinal impairment can be detected by ERG recordings and this method should be proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of adequate treatment targeted to improve the retinal impairment in patients with JS.
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Developments in non-invasive visual electrophysiology. Vision Res 2020; 174:50-56. [PMID: 32540518 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
To study the physiology of the primate visual system, non-invasive electrophysiological techniques are of major importance. Two main techniques are available: the electroretinogram (ERG), a mass potential originating in the retina, and the visual evoked potential (VEP), which reflects activity in the primary visual cortex. In this overview, the history and the state of the art of these techniques are briefly presented as an introduction to the special issue "New Developments in non-invasive visual electrophysiology". The overview and the special issue can be used as the starting point for exciting new developments in the electrophysiology of primate and mammalian vision.
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Schwitzer T, Henrion ML, Sarre D, Albuisson E, Angioi-Duprez K, Giersch A, Lalanne L, Schwan R, Laprevote V. Spatial localization of retinal anomalies in regular cannabis users: The relevance of the multifocal electroretinogram. Schizophr Res 2020; 219:56-61. [PMID: 30696610 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Widely used in industrialized countries, cannabis is a neuromodulator substance. The cannabinoid system is present at critical stages of retinal processing. We have recently shown a delay in bipolar and ganglion cell responses in regular cannabis users, as observed using flash (fERG) and pattern (PERG) electroretinogram. Although the results obtained during these tests provide information about global retinal responses, they do not give any indication about the spatial localization of the anomalies that were detected. The latter may be analyzed, however, by means of multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG). We recorded the mfERG responses in 49 regular cannabis users and 21 healthy subjects. The amplitudes and implicit times of the mfERG N1, P1 and N2 waves were recorded. The results showed that in regular cannabis users: in the <2° region, a significant increase in the N2 implicit time (p = 0.037); in the 2-5° region, a significant increase in the N2 (p = 0.018) and P1 (p = 0.046) implicit times; in the 5-10° region, a significant increase in the P1 (p = 0.006) and N1 (p = 0.034) implicit times; and in the 10-15° region, a significant increase in the P1 implicit time (p = 0.014). An isolated decrease in the N1 amplitude in the 2-5° region (p = 0.044) was also found. This indicates that there is a delay in the transmission of visual information from the central retina to the near periphery in cannabis users suggesting potential alterations in precise and color vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schwitzer
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Marie-Laure Henrion
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France
| | - Daphné Sarre
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France
| | - Eliane Albuisson
- Pôle S(2)R, PARC, BIOBASE, CHRU Nancy, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Médecine, InSciDens, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; CNRS, Institut Elie Cartan de Lorraine, UMR 7502, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54506,France
| | | | - Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Lalanne
- INSERM 1114, Department of addictology, FMTS (federation de médecine translationnelle) University Hospital of Strasbourg
| | - Raymund Schwan
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Maison des Addictions, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Vincent Laprevote
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Sørensen NB, Christiansen AT, Kjær TW, Klemp K, la Cour M, Heegaard S, Warfvinge K, Kiilgaard JF. Loss of retinal tension and permanent decrease in retinal function: a new porcine model of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Acta Ophthalmol 2020; 98:145-152. [PMID: 31359605 PMCID: PMC7079028 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Permanent loss of visual function after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment can occur despite successful surgical reattachment in humans. New treatment modalities could be explored in a detachment model with loss of retinal function. In previous porcine models, retinal function has returned after reattachment, regardless of height and duration of detachment. Difference in retinal tension between the models and the disease might explain these different outcomes. This study investigates, for the first time in an in vivo porcine model, another characteristic of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment - the loss of retinal tension. METHODS Left eyes (n = 12) of 3-month-old domestic pigs were included. Baseline multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) and a fundus photograph were obtained following anaesthesia (isoflurane). The pigs were vitrectomized, saline was injected subretinally, and the RPE was removed. The eyes were evaluated at 2, 4 and 6 weeks after surgery. Four eyes were enucleated at each evaluation for histologic examinations. RESULTS A retinal detachment structurally resembling rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was induced in 11 out of 12 pigs. MfERG amplitudes were significantly decreased despite partial reattachment four and 6 weeks after detachment. The retinal thickness decreased with 27%, the inner nuclear layer degenerated, Müller cells hypertrophied, and outer segments were lost. In the ganglion cell layer, cellularity increased and there was cytoplasmic staining with Cyclin D1. Vimentin and GFAP staining for glial cells increased. After 2 weeks of detachment, the ganglion cells had lost their nucleus and nucleolus. CONCLUSIONS Loss of retinal tension in the detached retina seems to induce permanent damage with loss of retinal function. Death of ganglion cells, observed as soon as 2 weeks after detachment, explains the permanent loss of retinal function. The new model enables investigations of time-relationship between retinal detachment and lasting damage in addition to exploration of novel treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Buus Sørensen
- Department of OphthalmologyCopenhagen University HospitalRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | | | - Kristian Klemp
- Department of OphthalmologyCopenhagen University HospitalRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Morten la Cour
- Department of OphthalmologyCopenhagen University HospitalRigshospitaletGlostrupDenmark
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of OphthalmologyCopenhagen University HospitalRigshospitaletGlostrupDenmark,Department of PathologyCopenhagen University HospitalRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Karin Warfvinge
- Department of Clinical Experimental ResearchGlostrup Research InstituteRigshospitaletGlostrupDenmark
| | - Jens Folke Kiilgaard
- Department of OphthalmologyCopenhagen University HospitalRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
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Surgery for Idiopathic Epimacular Membrane: Morpho-Functional Outcomes Based on the Preoperative Macular Integrity of the Photoreceptoral Junction. A Prospective Pilot Study. Adv Ther 2020; 37:566-577. [PMID: 31828609 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-019-01165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to evaluate whether the preoperative integrity of the inner segment (IS) and outer segment (OS) photoreceptoral junction may influence the postoperative visual acuity, the macular morphology [assessed by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT)], and macular function (evaluated by multifocal electroretinogram, mfERG) in patients with idiopathic epimacular membrane (EMM) followed up for 6 months. METHODS In this observational prospective study, 18 patients with EMM (mean age 72.5 ± 6.87 years) were enrolled. They were divided into two groups according to the preoperative integrity of the SD-OCT IS/OS junction: the EMM-I group with an intact IS/OS junction (11 patients, mean age 72.75 ± 3.49 years, providing 11 eyes) and the EMM-D group with a disrupted IS/OS junction (7 patients, mean age 70.86 ± 10.79 years, providing 7 eyes). For each enrolled patient, visual acuity (VA), mfERG, and SD-OCT were assessed at baseline (preoperative) and after 1, 3, and 6 months of follow-up after surgical treatment for EMM (pars plana vitrectomy with EMM removal and internal limiting membrane peeling). RESULTS During the whole follow-up, VA was significantly increased in EMM-I eyes and unmodified in EMM-D eyes. In both groups, mfERG responses were not significantly different and not related to VA differences. In EMM-I eyes a significant reduction of central retinal thickness (CRT) was observed; however, it was not correlated with VA changes. In EMM-D eyes CTR was not significantly reduced, whereas macular volume was significantly reduced. These changes were significantly related to the corresponding differences in VA. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the preoperative evaluation of the integrity of the IS/OS junction is relevant for postoperative outcomes. The recovery in VA was higher in EMM-I eyes than in EMM-D eyes. Postoperative recovery was not associated with morphology of the outer retina (photoreceptor and outer nuclear layer) and the function of preganglionic elements.
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de Santiago L, Ortiz del Castillo M, Garcia-Martin E, Rodrigo MJ, Sánchez Morla EM, Cavaliere C, Cordón B, Miguel JM, López A, Boquete L. Empirical Mode Decomposition-Based Filter Applied to Multifocal Electroretinograms in Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 20:E7. [PMID: 31861282 PMCID: PMC6983250 DOI: 10.3390/s20010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As multiple sclerosis (MS) usually affects the visual pathway, visual electrophysiological tests can be used to diagnose it. The objective of this paper is to research methods for processing multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) recordings to improve the capacity to diagnose MS. MfERG recordings from 15 early-stage MS patients without a history of optic neuritis and from 6 control subjects were examined. A normative database was built from the control subject signals. The mfERG recordings were filtered using empirical mode decomposition (EMD). The correlation with the signals in a normative database was used as the classification feature. Using EMD-based filtering and performance correlation, the mean area under the curve (AUC) value was 0.90. The greatest discriminant capacity was obtained in ring 4 and in the inferior nasal quadrant (AUC values of 0.96 and 0.94, respectively). Our results suggest that the combination of filtering mfERG recordings using EMD and calculating the correlation with a normative database would make mfERG waveform analysis applicable to assessment of multiple sclerosis in early-stage patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis de Santiago
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Electronics, University of Alcala, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (L.d.S.); (C.C.); (J.M.M.); (A.L.)
| | | | - Elena Garcia-Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (B.C.)
- Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Innovation and Research Group (GIMSO), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- RETICS-Oftared: Thematic Networks for Co-operative Research in Health for Ocular Diseases, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Rodrigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (B.C.)
- Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Innovation and Research Group (GIMSO), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- RETICS-Oftared: Thematic Networks for Co-operative Research in Health for Ocular Diseases, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva M. Sánchez Morla
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain;
- Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- CIBERSAM: Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlo Cavaliere
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Electronics, University of Alcala, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (L.d.S.); (C.C.); (J.M.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Beatriz Cordón
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (B.C.)
- Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Innovation and Research Group (GIMSO), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Miguel
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Electronics, University of Alcala, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (L.d.S.); (C.C.); (J.M.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Almudena López
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Electronics, University of Alcala, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (L.d.S.); (C.C.); (J.M.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Luciano Boquete
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Electronics, University of Alcala, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (L.d.S.); (C.C.); (J.M.M.); (A.L.)
- RETICS-Oftared: Thematic Networks for Co-operative Research in Health for Ocular Diseases, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Lee SCS, Martin PR, Grünert U. Topography of Neurons in the Rod Pathway of Human Retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:2848-2859. [PMID: 31260035 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The objective of this study was to map the distribution and density of the three major components of the classical scotopic "night vision" pathway (rods, rod bipolar, and AII amacrine cells) in postmortem human retinas. Methods Four postmortem donor eyes (male and female, aged 44-56 years) were used to cut vertical sections through the temporal horizontal meridian. The sections were processed for immunohistochemistry and imaged using high-resolution multichannel confocal microscopy. Rods, rod bipolar, and AII amacrine cells were counted along the temporal horizontal meridian. Two additional retinas were used for intracellular injections. Results Rod peak density is close to 150,000 cells/mm2 at 4 to 5 mm (15° to 20°) eccentricity, declining to below 70,000 cells/mm2 in peripheral retina. Rod bipolar density is lower but follows a similar distribution with peak density near 10,000 cells/mm2 between 2 and 4 mm (7° to 15°) eccentricity declining to below 4000 cells/mm2 in peripheral retina. The peak density of AII amacrine cells (near 4000 cells/mm2) is located close to the fovea, at 0.5- to 2 mm-eccentricity (2° to 7°) and declines to below 1000 cells/mm2 in the periphery. Thus, convergence between rods and AII cells increases from central to peripheral retina. Conclusions Comparison with human psychophysics and ganglion cell density indicates that the spatial resolution of scotopic vision is limited by the AII mosaic at eccentricities below 15° and by the midget ganglion cell mosaic at eccentricities above 15°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy C S Lee
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Save Sight Institute and Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul R Martin
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Save Sight Institute and Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ulrike Grünert
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Save Sight Institute and Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Multifocal electroretinographic responses in sector retinitis pigmentosa. Int Ophthalmol 2019; 40:703-708. [PMID: 31758507 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-019-01231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
HEADINGS Multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) may be useful in the management of sector retinitis pigmentosa (SRP). AIM To compare multifocal electroretinographic responses in SRP, generalised retinitis pigmentosa (GRP), and healthy controls. METHODS Eighteen patients with SRP, twelve with GRP, and fifteen controls were included in the study. All participants underwent: complete ophthalmological examination, Humphrey visual field testing, full-field ERG, and mfERG. The mean P1 amplitude, the implicit time (IT), and the mapping of the local responses were evaluated. RESULTS The mean P1 amplitude was higher in the SRPs than in GRPs (p < 0.001), while it did not differ between SRPs and controls (p = 0.913). In the SRPs, the P1 amplitude in pathologic areas was higher than in the GRPs (p < 0.001). In normal areas, this parameter did not differ from the controls (p = 0.499). Moreover, in the SRPs, no differences in the P1 amplitude and the IT between pigmented and non-pigmented areas were found. CONCLUSION In the present study, the mfERG examination displayed significant differences between sector and generalised RP, showing normal values in sector RP even in pigmented areas. Considering the patients included in this study, SRP seems to represent a favourable variant of the disease, characterised by a limited retinal involvement and apparently mild functional damage. It is still unclear how these results can be extended to other forms of SRP.
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Khojasteh H, Riazi-Esfahani H, Khalili Pour E, Faghihi H, Ghassemi F, Bazvand F, Mahmoudzadeh R, Salabati M, Mirghorbani M, Riazi Esfahani M. Multifocal electroretinogram in diabetic macular edema and its correlation with different optical coherence tomography features. Int Ophthalmol 2019; 40:571-581. [PMID: 31712927 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-019-01215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) parameters in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) and its correlation with vision and optical coherence tomography (OCT) features. METHODS Fifty-four eyes of 27 subjects with DME due to nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy were evaluated. MfERG responses were measured in three concentric rings. Macular thickness was measured by OCT in each segment of the three concentric rings, and mfERG rings were superimposed on the macular thickness map. The correlation between macular thickness in specific points of the thickness map and changes of the mfERG parameters in the corresponding points of the mfERG field map was evaluated and the relationship between the OCT and mfERG changes and changes of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was investigated. The central foveal B-scans of SD-OCT were used to evaluate any correlation between the external limiting membrane (ELM) status, ellipsoid zone (EZ) status, presence of cysts or disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRIL), and mfERG parameters at the central corresponding area. RESULTS The mean of BCVA was 0.5 ± 0.3 in logMAR, and the central macular thickness was 392.6 ± 123.4 microns. The central ring P1 and N2 amplitudes had a significant correlation with BCVA in univariate and multivariate analyses (P = 0.001 for both, r = - 0.346 and r = - 0.646, respectively). There was a significant correlation between retinal thickness and the N1 amplitude in the central ring (P = 0.02, r = - 0.343). Outer retinal layer disruption (ELM and EZ) correlated with prolonged P1 implicit time at the corresponding location (P = 0.005, r = 0.068). The presence of the DRIL was associated with reduced P1 and N2 amplitudes (P = 0.037, r = - 0.284 and P = 0.019, r = - 0.562, respectively). A significant correlation was also found between the presence of cysts and a lower central P1 amplitude (P = 0.033, r = - 0.376). CONCLUSION In diabetic patients, discrete changes of some parameters in the central ring of the mfERG field map (e.g., P1 and N2 amplitudes) have a significant correlation with both structural OCT abnormalities in the corresponding points of the thickness map (like DRIL, intraretinal cyst and ELM/EZ disruption) and BCVA. Predictive models such as those described in this report may make it possible to identify the relationship between specific anatomical and functional characteristics in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Khojasteh
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin Square, South Kargar Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Riazi-Esfahani
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin Square, South Kargar Street, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Elias Khalili Pour
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin Square, South Kargar Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooshang Faghihi
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin Square, South Kargar Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Ghassemi
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin Square, South Kargar Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bazvand
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin Square, South Kargar Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raziyeh Mahmoudzadeh
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin Square, South Kargar Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mirataollah Salabati
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin Square, South Kargar Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Mirghorbani
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin Square, South Kargar Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Riazi Esfahani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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