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Iwamori R, Kuwabara J, Yasuda T, Kanbara T. Molecular Design of Naphthalene- and Carbazole-Based Monomers for Regiospecific Synthesis of Poly(arylenevinylene)s via Co-Catalyzed Hydroarylation Polyaddition. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400168. [PMID: 38644552 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
This study focuses on the development of regiospecific hydroarylation polyaddition of naphthalene- and carbazole-based monomers with diynes under mild reaction conditions at room temperature. A 1-pyrazole substituent serves as an appropriate directing group for a Co-catalyst to efficiently activate the C-H bonds of generally inactive six-membered aromatic hydrocarbons. The 1-pyrazole groups in 2,6-di(1-pyrazolyl)naphthalene adopt planar conformations and act as directing groups, resulting in a smooth hydroarylation reaction. In contrast, the reaction with 1,5-di(1-pyrazolyl)naphthalene do not proceed. The polyaddition reaction of 2,6-di(1-pyrazolyl)naphthalene selectively proceeds at 3,7-positions under mild reaction conditions at 30 °C, and yields corresponding poly(arylenevinylene) (PAV) with high molecular weight. This molecular design is also applicable to the hydroarylation polyaddition of carbazole; the polyaddition reaction of 9-(2-ethylhexyl)-3,6-di(1-pyrazolyl)carbazole selectively occurred at 2,7-positions. The optical and electronic properties of the synthesized compounds are evaluated. The obtained PAVs serve as an emitting material in organic light-emitting diode (OLED). This study aims to develop a Co-catalyzed hydroarylation polyaddition via C-H activation of generally inactive polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Iwamori
- Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Junpei Kuwabara
- Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
- Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yasuda
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Takaki Kanbara
- Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
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2
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Trouvé J, Delahaye V, Tomasini M, Rajeshwaran P, Roisnel T, Poater A, Gramage-Doria R. Repurposing a supramolecular iridium catalyst via secondary Zn⋯O[double bond, length as m-dash]C weak interactions between the ligand and substrate leads to ortho-selective C(sp 2)-H borylation of benzamides with unusual kinetics. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11794-11806. [PMID: 39092112 PMCID: PMC11290415 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01515k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The iridium-catalyzed C-H borylation of benzamides typically leads to meta and para selectivities using state-of-the-art iridium-based N,N-chelating bipyridine ligands. However, reaching ortho selectivity patterns requires extensive trial-and-error screening via molecular design at the ligand first coordination sphere. Herein, we demonstrate that triazolylpyridines are excellent ligands for the selective iridium-catalyzed ortho C-H borylation of tertiary benzamides and, importantly, we demonstrate the almost negligible effect of the first coordination sphere in the selectivity, which is so far unprecedented in iridium C-H bond borylations. Remarkably, the activity is dramatically enhanced by exploiting a remote Zn⋯O[double bond, length as m-dash]C weak interaction between the substrate and a rationally designed molecular-recognition site in the catalyst. Kinetic studies and DFT calculations indicate that the iridium-catalyzed C-H activation step is not rate-determining, this being unique for remotely controlled C-H functionalizations. Consequently, a previously established supramolecular iridium catalyst designed for meta-borylation of pyridines is now compatible with the ortho-borylation of benzamides, a regioselectivity switch that is counter-intuitive regarding precedents in the literature. In addition, we highlight the role of the cyclohexene additive in avoiding the formation of undesired side-products as well as accelerating the HBpin release event that precedes the catalyst regeneration step, which is highly relevant for the design of powerful and selective iridium borylating catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michele Tomasini
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | | | | | - Albert Poater
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
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Michiyuki T, Maksso I, Ackermann L. Photo-Induced Ruthenium-Catalyzed C-H Arylation Polymerization at Ambient Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400845. [PMID: 38634987 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed C-H arylation polymerization (CHAP) is an attractive tool for constructing π-conjugated polymers in a sustainable manner. However, the existing methods primarily rely on palladium catalysis, which usually entails harsh reaction conditions and branching/cross-linking. Here we report the first example of an ambient-temperature ruthenium-catalyzed C-H arylation polymerization induced by visible light irradiation. The present polymerization can produce various meta- and para-linked polymers in excellent yields with high molecular weights. The remarkable feature of our mild reaction platform is represented by high chemoselectivity, leading to polymers that are otherwise inaccessible under conventional reaction conditions at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Michiyuki
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Isaac Maksso
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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4
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Zhang Y, Xu C, Wang P, Gao C, Li W, Ni Z, Han Y, Zhao Y, Geng Y, Wang Z, Hu W, Dong H. Universal Design and Efficient Synthesis for High Ambipolar Mobility Emissive Conjugated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319997. [PMID: 38499464 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
High ambipolar mobility emissive conjugated polymers (HAME-CPs) are perfect candidates for organic optoelectronic devices, such as polymer light emitting transistors. However, due to intrinsic trade-off relationship between high ambipolar mobility and strong solid-state luminescence, the development of HAME-CPs suffers from high structural and synthetic complexity. Herein, a universal design principle and simple synthetic approach for HAME-CPs are developed. A series of simple non-fused polymers composed of charge transfer units, π bridges and emissive units are synthesized via a two-step microwave assisted C-H arylation and direct arylation polymerization protocol with high total yields up to 61 %. The synthetic protocol is verified valid among 7 monomers and 8 polymers. Most importantly, all 8 conjugated polymers have strong solid-state emission with high photoluminescence quantum yields up to 24 %. Furthermore, 4 polymers exhibit high ambipolar field effect mobility up to 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1, and can be used in multifunctional optoelectronic devices. This work opens a new avenue for developing HAME-CPs by efficient synthesis and rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chenhui Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Can Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjie Ni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, 350207, China
| | - Huanli Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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Zhu X, Duan J, Chen J, Liu R, Qin Z, Chen H, Yue W. Aldol Condensation for the Construction of Organic Functional Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311879. [PMID: 37711068 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Aldol condensation is a cost-effective and sustainable synthetic method, offering the advantages of low complexity, substrate universality, and high efficiency. Over the past decade, it has become popular for creating next-generation organic functional materials, particularly rigid-rod conjugated (semi)conductors. This review focuses on conjugated small molecules, oligomers, and polymeric (semi)conductors synthesized through aldol condensation, with emphasis on their remarkable features in advancing n-type organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), organic photovoltaics (OPVs), and organic thermoelectrics (OTEs) as well as NIR-II photothermal conversion. Coherence character, optical properties, microstructure, and chain conformation are investigated to understand material-property relationships. Future applications and challenges in this area are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Jiayao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Junxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Riping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Ze Qin
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Science for Advanced Materials and Large-Scale Scientific Facilities, School of Physical Sciences, Great Bay University, Dongguan, 523000, P. R. China
- Great Bay Institute for Advanced Study, Dongguan, 523000, P. R. China
| | - Hu Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Science for Advanced Materials and Large-Scale Scientific Facilities, School of Physical Sciences, Great Bay University, Dongguan, 523000, P. R. China
- Great Bay Institute for Advanced Study, Dongguan, 523000, P. R. China
| | - Wan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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Wang P, Xu C, Zhang X, Shi Y, Wang C, Han Y, Deng Y, Geng Y. Thienoisoindigo-Based Conjugated Polymers Synthesized by Direct Arylation Polycondensation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300245. [PMID: 37278130 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of thienoisoindigo (TIG)-based conjugated polymers (CPs) with high molecular weights are synthesized by direct arylation polycondensation (DArP) by using TIG derivatives as CBr monomer and multi-halogenated thiophene derivatives, i.e., (E)-1,2-bis(3,4-difluorothien-2-yl)ethene (4FTVT), (E)-1,2-bis(3,4-dichlorothien-2-yl)ethene (4ClTVT), 3,3',4,4'-tetrafluoro-2,2'-bithiophene (4FBT), and 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloro-2,2'-bithiophene (4ClBT), as CH monomers. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the high selectivity between α-CH bonds in 4FTVT, 4ClTVT, 4FBT, and 4ClBT and β-CH bonds in TIG CBr monomer. All four resulting CPs exhibit low optical bandgaps of ca. 1.20 eV and ambipolar transport characteristics with both electron and hole mobility above 0.1 cm2 V-1 s-1 as elaborated with organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). The polymer TIG-4FTVT delivers the best device performance. With this polymer, n-channel OTFTs with electron mobility up to 1.67 cm2 V-1 s-1 and p-channel OTFTs with hole mobility up to 0.62 cm2 V-1 s-1 are fabricated by modifying source/drain electrodes with polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) and MoO3 , respectively, to selectively inject electrons and holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Chenhui Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xuwen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yibo Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, P. R. China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, P. R. China
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7
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Vogt A, Stümpges F, Bajrami J, Baumgarten D, Millan J, Mena-Osteritz E, Bäuerle P. Tunable Regioselectivity in C-H-Activated Direct Arylation Reactions of Dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]pyrroles. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301867. [PMID: 37667450 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, regioselectively controlled direct arylation of dithieno[3,2-b:2,3'-d]pyrroles (DTPs) is reported. By carefully selecting the catalytic system, Pd source, ligand, and additives, we achieved either selective N-arylation or unprecedented β-arylation and β,β'-diarylation of the DTP core through C-H activation when reacting unsubstituted H-DTP with 9-anthracenyl halides. For N-substituted DTPs, we obtained regioselective carboxylate-assisted arylation of the α-position(s). Consequently, depending on the catalytic system and substitution at the DTP nitrogen, we successfully synthesized novel regioselectively substituted DTPs, including N-aryl, rarely reported β-aryl, β,β'-diaryl, α-aryl, and α,α'-diaryl scaffolds. These compounds can be straightforwardly prepared and further functionalized for applications as organic electronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Vogt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Stümpges
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jessi Bajrami
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Baumgarten
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Judith Millan
- Dpto. de Química - Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño-La Rioja, España
| | - Elena Mena-Osteritz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Bäuerle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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Bensalah D, Mansour L, Sauthier M, Gurbuz N, Özdemir I, Beji L, Gatri R, Hamdi N. Plausible PEPPSI catalysts for direct C-H functionalization of five-membered heterocyclic bioactive motifs: synthesis, spectral, X-ray crystallographic characterizations and catalytic activity. RSC Adv 2023; 13:31386-31410. [PMID: 37941793 PMCID: PMC10628855 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06334h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a series of benzimidazolium salts were synthesized as asymmetric N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursors. Nine novel palladium complexes with the general formula [PdX2(NHC)(pyridine)] were synthesized using benzimidazolium salts in the PEPPSI (Pyridine Enhanced Precatalyst Preparation, Stabilization and Initiation) theme. All synthesized Pd(ii) complexes are stable. The synthesized compounds were thoroughly characterized by respective spectroscopic techniques, such as 1HNMR, 13C NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and elemental analysis. The geometric structure of the palladium N-heterocyclic carbene has been optimized in the framework of density functional theory (DFT) using the B3LYP-D3 dispersion functional with LANL2DZ as a basis set. The on/off mechanism of pyridine assisted Pd-NHC complexes made them the best C-H functionalized catalysts for regioselective C-5 arylated products. Five membered heterocyclic compounds such as 2-acetyl furan, furfuryl acetate 2-acetylthiophene and N-methylpyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde were treated with numerous aryl bromides and arylchlorides under optimal catalytic reaction conditions. Interestingly, all the prepared catalysts possessed essential structural features that facilitated the formation of desired coupling products in quantitative yield with excellent selectivity. The arylation reaction of bromoacetophenone was highly catalytically active with only 1 mol% catalyst loading at 150 °C for 2 hours. To check the efficiency of the synthesized complexes, three different five member heterocyclic substrates (2-acetylfuran, 2-acetylthiophen, 2-propylthaizole) were tested with a number of aryl bromides bearing both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups on para position. The data in Tables 2-4. Indicated that electron-donating groups on the para position of aryl halide decreased the catalytic conversion while electron-withdrawing groups increased the catalytic conversion this was due to the high nucleophilicity of the electron-donating substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donia Bensalah
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technologies (LR16ES09), Higher Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage Hammam-Lif Tunisia +96 6556394839
| | - Lamjed Mansour
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University P. O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mathieu Sauthier
- Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, UMR CNRS 8181, USTL BP 90108, Villeneuve d'Ascq 59652 France
| | - Nevin Gurbuz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, İnönü University Malatya 44280 Turkey
- İnönü University, Catalysis Research and Application Center Malatya 44280 Turkey
| | - Ismail Özdemir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, İnönü University Malatya 44280 Turkey
- İnönü University, Catalysis Research and Application Center Malatya 44280 Turkey
| | - Lotfi Beji
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences and Arts at Arras, Qassim University Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafik Gatri
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Sélective et Hétérocyclique Évaluation Biologique LR17ES01 Faculté des Sciences de Tunis Campus Universitaire, Université de Tunis El Manar 1092 Tunis Tunisia
| | - Naceur Hamdi
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technologies (LR16ES09), Higher Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage Hammam-Lif Tunisia +96 6556394839
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Wang Y, Tan WL, Xiang J, Ge C, McNeill CR, Gao X. Tuning Dipole Orientation of 2,6-Azulene Units in Conjugated Copolymers by C–H Activation Strategy toward High-Performance Organic Semiconductor. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:487-493. [PMID: 37000948 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Azulene has aroused widespread interest for constructing optoelectronic materials. However, controlling the dipole orientation of 2,6-azulene units in the conjugated polymer backbone is a significant challenge so far. Herein, by C-H activation strategy, three 2,6-azulene-TPD-based conjugated copolymers with different dipole arrangements were synthesized, where TPD = thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione. The dipole arrangements of 2,6-azulene units were random for P(AzTPD-1), head-to-head/tail-to-tail for P(AzTPD-2), and head-to-tail for P(AzTPD-3). These polymers exhibited unipolar n-type semiconductor characteristics in organic field effect transistors. Moreover, regioregular polymer P(AzTPD-3) displayed the best device performance with an electron mobility of up to 0.33 cm2 V-1 s-1, which makes P(AzTPD-3) a high-performance n-type polymeric semiconductor. These results demonstrate that incorporation of 2,6-azulene units into the polymeric backbone together with the regulation of the dipole orientation of 2,6-azulene units is an effective strategy for obtaining high-performance organic optoelectronic materials.
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Gao C, Ni Z, Zhang X, Hu W, Dong H. Recent advances in n-type and ambipolar organic semiconductors and their multi-functional applications. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1331-1381. [PMID: 36723084 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00720g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors have received broad attention and research interest due to their unique integration of semiconducting properties with structural tunability, intrinsic flexibiltiy and low cost. In order to meet the requirements of organic electronic devices and their integrated circuits, p-type, n-type and ambipolar organic semiconductors are all necessary. However, due to the limitation in both material synthesis and device fabrication, the development of n-type and ambipolar materials is quite behind that of p-type materials. Recent development in synthetic methods of organic semiconductors greatly enriches the range of n-type and ambipolar materials. Moreover, the newly developed materials with multiple functions also put forward multi-functional device applications, including some emerging research areas. In this review, we give a timely summary on these impressive advances in n-type and ambipolar organic semiconductors with a special focus on their synthesis methods and advanced materials with enhanced properties of charge carrier mobility, integration of high mobility and strong emission and thermoelectric properties. Finally, multi-functional device applications are further demonstrated as an example of these developed n-type and ambipolar materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongshuai Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Can Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Zhenjie Ni
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China.,Department of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, Fuzhou International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Huanli Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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He X, Ye F, Guo JC, Chang W, Ma B, Ding R, Wang S, Liang Y, Hu D, Guo ZH, Ma Y. An N-oxide containing conjugated semiconducting polymer with enhanced electron mobility via direct (hetero)arylation polymerization. Polym Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d3py00207a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The N-oxide containing conjugated semiconducting polymer is synthesized by direct (hetero)arylation polymerization and exhibit enhanced electron mobility compared to its non-oxide analogous polymer.
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12
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Zhang J, Chen Y, Sun J, Wang J, Zhou M. Synthesis of alkenylated tetrathienoacenes obtained by palladium catalyzed direct C–H alkenylations. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Nikam SB, Pratap Singh C, Krishnamurty S, SK A. Structure-property insights into chiral thiophene copolymers by direct heteroarylation polymerization. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Zhang X, Shi Y, Dang Y, Liang Z, Wang Z, Deng Y, Han Y, Hu W, Geng Y. Direct Arylation Polycondensation of β-Fluorinated Bithiophenes to Polythiophenes: Effect of Side Chains in C–Br Monomers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuwen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yibo Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ziqi Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhongli Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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15
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Zhang Q, Huang J, Wang K, Huang W. Recent Structural Engineering of Polymer Semiconductors Incorporating Hydrogen Bonds. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110639. [PMID: 35261083 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Highly planar, extended π-electron organic conjugated polymers have been increasingly attractive for achieving high-mobility organic semiconductors. In addition to the conventional strategy to construct rigid backbone by covalent bonds, hydrogen bond has been employed extensively to increase the planarity and rigidity of polymer via intramolecular noncovalent interactions. This review provides a general summary of high-mobility semiconducting polymers incorporating hydrogen bonds in field-effect transistors over recent years. The structural engineering of the hydrogen bond-containing building blocks and the discussion of theoretical simulation, microstructural characterization, and device performance are covered. Additionally, the effects of the introduction of hydrogen bond on self-healing, stretchability, chemical sensitivity, and mechanical properties are also discussed. The review aims to help and inspire design of new high-mobility conjugated polymers with superiority of mechanical flexibility by incorporation of hydrogen bond for the application in flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jianyao Huang
- CAS key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
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16
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Cao S, He X, Nie L, Hu J, Chen M, Han Y, Wang K, Jiang K, Zhou M. CF 4 Plasma-Generated LiF-Li 2 C 2 Artificial Layers for Dendrite-Free Lithium-Metal Anodes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201147. [PMID: 35618487 PMCID: PMC9313480 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lithium metal anodes have long been considered as "holy grail" in the field of energy storage batteries, but dendrite growth and large volume changes hinder their practical applications. Herein, a facile and eco-friendly CF4 plasma treatment is employed for the surface modification of Li anodes, and an artificial layer consisting of LiF and Li2 C2 is fabricated for the first time. Experimental results and theoretical calculations reveal that the high adsorption energy of LiF and low Li+ diffusion barriers in Li2 C2 induce uniform nucleation and planar growth of Li, guaranteeing a stable and dendrite-free Li structure during the repeated plating/stripping process of cycling. Symmetric cells using CF4 plasma-treated Li operate stably for more than 6500 h (at 2 mA cm-2 and 1 mAh cm-2 ) or 950 h (at 1 mA cm-2 and 10 mAh cm-2 ). When paired with a LiFePO4 cathode, full batteries deliver a high reversible capacity of 136 mAh g-1 (at 1 C) with considerable cycling stability (97.2% capacity retention over 200 cycles) and rate performance (116 mAh g-1 up to 5 C). This powerful application of plasma technology toward novel LiF-Li2 C2 artificial layers provide new routes for constructing environment-friendly and high-performance energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengling Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and TechnologySchool of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Xin He
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and TechnologySchool of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Lanlan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and TechnologySchool of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Jianwei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and TechnologySchool of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Manlin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and TechnologySchool of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Yu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and TechnologySchool of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Kangli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and TechnologySchool of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Kai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and TechnologySchool of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and TechnologySchool of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
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17
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Yang C, Liu Z, Cheng R, Du J, Ran C, Wu D, Lan J. Rh(III)-catalysed C-H/C-H cross-coupling of S-aryl sulfoximines with thiophenes: facile access to [1]benzothieno[3,2- b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT) and benzothiazines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7952-7955. [PMID: 35749123 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02232j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is rhodium-catalysed oxidative C-H/C-H cross-coupling of S-aryl sulfoximines with thiophenes via a chelation-assisted strategy, which provides an efficient approach for the construction of [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT) and benzothiazine skeletons from easily available substrates. This protocol exhibits a good compatibility with halogen substituents, thus paving the way for further transformation to prepare various organic functional molecules. The resulting benzothiazine derivative shows a deep blue emission with Commission Internationale de 'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.15, 0.04), a high quantum yield, and a delayed fluorescence lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Zheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Rui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Jiping Du
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Chunhao Ran
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Jingbo Lan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
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18
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Shahid M, Banakar VB, Ganesh PSKP, Gopinath P. Transition‐metal Catalyzed Remote C(sp3)‐H functionalization of carboxylic acid and its derivative. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Shahid
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati Chemistry INDIA
| | | | | | - Purushothaman Gopinath
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Chemistry Karkambadi Road 517507 Tirupati INDIA
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19
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Zheng DZ, Li DH, Liu H, Shao Y, Ke Z, Liu FS. Bis(imino)acenaphthene (BIAN)-Supported N-Heterocyclic Carbene Palladium Complexes with Ancillary Ligands: Readily Activated Precatalysts for Direct C–H Arylation of Thiophenes. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Di-Zhong Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528458, China
| | - Dong-Hui Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528458, China
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528458, China
| | - Youxiang Shao
- School of Materials Science &Engineering, PCFM Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- School of Materials Science &Engineering, PCFM Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Feng-Shou Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528458, China
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20
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Liu M, Mao Z, Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang X. Pd-catalyzed Site-selective direct arene C H arylation of Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives with aryl iodides. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Ni SF, Huang G, Chen Y, Wright JS, Li M, Dang L. Recent advances in γ-C(sp3)–H bond activation of amides, aliphatic amines, sulfanilamides and amino acids. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Rossi R, Ciofalo M. Palladium-Catalysed Intermolecular Direct C–H Bond Arylation of Heteroarenes with Reagents Alternative to Aryl Halides: Current State of the Art. CURR ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272826666220201124008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Abstract: This unprecedented review with 322 references provides a critical up-to-date picture of the Pd-catalysed intermolecular direct C–H bond arylation of heteroarenes with arylating reagents alternative to aryl halides that include aryl sulfonates (aryl triflates, tosylates, mesylates, and imidazole-1-sulfonates), diaryliodonium salts, [(diacetoxy)iodo]arenes, arenediazonium salts, 1-aryltriazenes, arylhydrazines and N’-arylhydrazides, arenesulfonyl chlorides, sodium arenesulfinates, arenesulfinic acids, and arenesulfonohydrazides. Particular attention has been paid to summarise the preparation of the various arylating reagents and to highlight the practicality, versatility, and limitations of the various developed arylation protocols, also comparing their results with those achieved in analogous Pd-catalysed arylation reactions involving the use of aryl halides as electrophiles. Mechanistic proposals have also been briefly summarised and discussed. However, data concerning Pd-catalysed direct C–H bond arylations involving the C–H bonds of aryl substituents of the examined heteroarene derivatives have not been taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 3, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ciofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 4, I-90128, Palermo, Italy
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23
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Takagi K, Maeda A, Tsunekawa R. Palladium-Catalyzed intramolecular direct arylation of aromatic tertiary amide compounds revisited. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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24
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Jansen F, Schuster PA, Lamla M, Trautwein C, Kuehne AJC. Biodegradable Polyimidazole Particles as Contrast Agents Produced by Direct Arylation Polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:5065-5073. [PMID: 34734711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated polymer particles provide an important platform for the development of theranostic nanoagents. However, the number of biocompatible and foremost biodegradable π-conjugated polymers is limited. Imidazole is a π-conjugated motif that is abundant in biological systems. Oxidative degradation of imidazole is present in nature via enzymatic or free radical processes. In this work, we introduce polymer particles consisting purely of polyimidazole. We employ direct arylation polymerization and adapt it to a dispersion polymerization protocol to yield uniform and narrowly dispersed nanoparticles. We employ this mechanism to produce linear and cross-linked polymer particles to tune the optical properties from fluorescent to photoacoustically active. We show that the particles can be degraded by H2O2 as well as by reactive oxygen species produced by cells and we detect the degradation products. Altogether, our results suggest that polyimidazole particles represent ideal candidates for theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Jansen
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.,DWI─Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52076 Aachen, Germany
| | - Philipp A Schuster
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Lamla
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander J C Kuehne
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.,DWI─Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52076 Aachen, Germany
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25
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Guo Q, Zhang J, Li X, Gong H, Wu S, Li J. Physical and Electrochemical Properties of Soluble 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT)-Based Copolymers Synthesized via Direct (Hetero)Arylation Polymerization. Front Chem 2021; 9:753840. [PMID: 34778210 PMCID: PMC8586465 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.753840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, π-conjugated polymers (CPs) have drawn more and more attention and been essential materials for applications in various organic electronic devices. Thereinto, conjugated polymers based on the 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) backbone are among the high-performance materials. In order to investigate the structure-property relationships of EDOT-based polymers and further improve their electrochemical properties, a series of organic solvent-soluble EDOT-based alternative copolymers consisting of electron-rich fragments (fluorene P1, carbazole P2, and 3,4-alkoxythiophene P3) or electron-deficient moieties (benzotriazole P4 and thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione P5) were synthesized via direct C-H (hetero)arylation polymerization (DHAP) in moderate to excellent yields (60-98%) with medium to high molecular weights (M n = 3,100-94,000 Da). Owing to their various electronic and structural properties, different absorption spectra (λ max = 476, 380, 558, 563, and 603 nm) as well as different specific capacitances of 70, 68, 75, 51, and 25 F/g with 19, 10, 21, 26, and 69% of capacity retention after 1,000 cycles were observed for P1-P5, respectively. After careful study through multiple experimental measurements and theoretical calculation, appropriate electronic characteristics, small molecular conformation differences between different oxidative states, and well-ordered molecular stacking could improve the electrochemical performance of CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Jincheng Zhang
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Heqi Gong
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuanghong Wu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
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26
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Chu B, Wu X, Fu Z, Wu W, Wang B, Zhu J. Rhodium-Catalyzed Redox-Neutral Cross-Dehydrogenative Alkenylation of Arylhydrazines for Polymer Synthesis. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benfa Chu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ziwen Fu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weiping Wu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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27
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Sinha SK, Guin S, Maiti S, Biswas JP, Porey S, Maiti D. Toolbox for Distal C-H Bond Functionalizations in Organic Molecules. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5682-5841. [PMID: 34662117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal catalyzed C-H activation has developed a contemporary approach to the omnipresent area of retrosynthetic disconnection. Scientific researchers have been tempted to take the help of this methodology to plan their synthetic discourses. This paradigm shift has helped in the development of industrial units as well, making the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceutical drugs step-economical. In the vast zone of C-H bond activation, the functionalization of proximal C-H bonds has gained utmost popularity. Unlike the activation of proximal C-H bonds, the distal C-H functionalization is more strenuous and requires distinctly specialized techniques. In this review, we have compiled various methods adopted to functionalize distal C-H bonds, mechanistic insights within each of these procedures, and the scope of the methodology. With this review, we give a complete overview of the expeditious progress the distal C-H activation has made in the field of synthetic organic chemistry while also highlighting its pitfalls, thus leaving the field open for further synthetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kumar Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Srimanta Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sudip Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jyoti Prasad Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sandip Porey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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28
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Ye L, Thompson BC. Improving the efficiency and sustainability of catalysts for direct arylation polymerization (DArP). JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
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29
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Chua MH, Png ZM, Zhu Q, Xu J. Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers via Transition Metal Catalysed C-H Bond Activation. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2896-2919. [PMID: 34390547 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal catalysed C-H bond activation chemistry has emerged as an exciting and promising approach in organic synthesis. This allows us to synthesize a wider range of functional molecules and conjugated polymers in a more convenient and more atom economical way. The formation of C-C bonds in the construction of pi-conjugated systems, particularly for conjugated polymers, has benefited much from the advances in C-H bond activation chemistry. Compared to conventional transition-metal catalysed cross-coupling polymerization such as Suzuki and Stille cross-coupling, pre-functionalization of aromatic monomers, such as halogenation, borylation and stannylation, is no longer required for direct arylation polymerization (DArP), which involve C-H/C-X cross-coupling, and oxidative direct arylation polymerization (Ox-DArP), which involves C-H/C-H cross-coupling protocols driven by the activation of monomers' C(sp2 )-H bonds. Furthermore, poly(annulation) via C-H bond activation chemistry leads to the formation of unique pi-conjugated moieties as part of the polymeric backbone. This review thus summarises advances to date in the synthesis of conjugated polymers utilizing transition metal catalysed C-H bond activation chemistry. A variety of conjugated polymers via DArP including poly(thiophene), thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione)-containing, fluorenyl-containing, benzothiadiazole-containing and diketopyrrolopyrrole-containing copolymers, were summarized. Conjugated polymers obtained through Ox-DArP were outlined and compared. Furthermore, poly(annulation) using transition metal catalysed C-H bond activation chemistry was also reviewed. In the last part of this review, difficulties and perspective to make use of transition metal catalysed C-H activation polymerization to prepare conjugated polymers were discussed and commented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hui Chua
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhuang Mao Png
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
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30
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Singh P, Kumar Chouhan K, Mukherjee A. Ruthenium Catalyzed Intramolecular C-X (X=C, N, O, S) Bond Formation via C-H Functionalization: An Overview. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2392-2412. [PMID: 34251077 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium catalyzed C-H activation is well known for its high tolerance towards the functional group and broad applicability in organic synthesis and molecular sciences, with significant applications in pharmaceutical industries, material sciences, and polymer industry. In the last few decades, enormous progress has been observed with ruthenium-catalyzed C-H activation chemistry. Notably, the vast majority of the C-H functionalization known in the literature are intermolecular, although the intramolecular variant provides fascinating new structural facet starting from the simple molecular scaffolds. Intramolecular C-H functionalization is atom economical and step efficient, results in less formation of undesired products which is easy to purify. This has created a lot of interest in organic chemistry in developing new synthetic strategies for such functionalization. The focus of this review is to present the relatively unexplored intramolecular functionalization of C-H bonds into C-X (X=C, N, O, S) bonds utilizing versatile ruthenium catalysts, their scope, and brief mechanistic discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai GEC Campus, Sejbahar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492015, India
| | - Kishor Kumar Chouhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai GEC Campus, Sejbahar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492015, India
| | - Arup Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai GEC Campus, Sejbahar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492015, India
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31
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Mishra A, Gupta S, Patra A. Synthesis and properties of 3,4‐dioxythiophene and 1,4‐dialkoxybenzene based copolymers via direct
CH
arylation: Dopant‐free hole transport material for perovskite solar cells. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Mishra
- Photovoltaic Metrology Section, Advanced Materials and Device Metrology Division CSIR‐National Physical Laboratory Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg New Delhi 110012 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Sonal Gupta
- Photovoltaic Metrology Section, Advanced Materials and Device Metrology Division CSIR‐National Physical Laboratory Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg New Delhi 110012 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Asit Patra
- Photovoltaic Metrology Section, Advanced Materials and Device Metrology Division CSIR‐National Physical Laboratory Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg New Delhi 110012 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
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32
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Doba T, Ilies L, Sato W, Shang R, Nakamura E. Iron-catalysed regioselective thienyl C–H/C–H coupling. Nat Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-021-00653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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33
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Mooney M, Wang Y, Nyayachavadi A, Zhang S, Gu X, Rondeau-Gagné S. Enhancing the Solubility of Semiconducting Polymers in Eco-Friendly Solvents with Carbohydrate-Containing Side Chains. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:25175-25185. [PMID: 34006092 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting polymers are at the forefront of next-generation organic electronics due to their robust mechanical and optoelectronic properties. However, their extended π-conjugation often leads to materials with low solubilities in common organic solvents, thus requiring processing in high-boiling-point and toxic halogenated solvents to generate thin-film devices. To address this environmental concern, a natural product-inspired side-chain engineering approach was used to incorporate galactose-containing moieties into semiconducting polymers toward improved processability in greener solvents. Novel isoindigo-based polymers with different ratios of galactose-containing side chains were synthesized to improve the solubilities of the organic semiconductors in alcohol-based solvents. The addition of carbohydrate-containing side chains to π-conjugated polymers was found to considerably impact the intermolecular aggregation of the materials and their microstructures in the solid state as confirmed by atomic force microscopy and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering. The charge transport characteristics of the new semiconductors were evaluated by the fabrication of organic field-effect transistors prepared from both toxic halogenated and greener alcohol-based solvents. Importantly, the incorporation of carbohydrate-containing side chains was shown to have very little detrimental impact on the electronic properties of the polymer when processed from green solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Mooney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Yunfei Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Audithya Nyayachavadi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Simon Rondeau-Gagné
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
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34
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Oxidative Photopolymerization of 3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) via Graphitic Carbon Nitride: A Modular Toolbox for Attaining PEDOT**. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Tegegne NA, Abdissa Z, Mammo W. Photophysical, Thermal and Structural Properties of Thiophene and Benzodithiophene-Based Copolymers Synthesized by Direct Arylation Polycondensation Method. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1151. [PMID: 33916513 PMCID: PMC8038498 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three low-band-gap copolymers based on isoindigo acceptor units were designed and successfully synthesized by direct arylation polycondensation method. Two of them were benzodithiophene (BDT)-isoindigo copolymers (PBDTI-OD and PBDTI-DT) with 2-octlydodecyl (OD) and 2-decyltetradecyl (DT) substituted isoindigo units, respectively. Thiophene donor and DT-substituted isoindigo acceptor units were copolymerized to synthesize PTI-DT. The copolymers have a broad absorption range that extends to over 760 nm with a band gap ≈1.5 eV. The photophysical property studies showed that the BDT-based copolymers have non-polar ground states. Their emission exhibited the population of the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state in polar solvents and tightly bound excitonic state in non-polar solvents due to self-aggregation. On the contrary, the emission from the thiophene-based copolymers was only from the tightly bound excitonic state. The thermal decomposition temperature of the copolymers was above 380 °C. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the three copolymers showed a halo due to π-π stacking. A second, sharper peak was observed in the BDT-based copolymer with a longer side chain on the isoindigo unit (PBDTI-DT), and the thiophene-based copolymers with PTI-DT, exhibiting a better structural order.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zelalem Abdissa
- Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia; (Z.A.); (W.M.)
| | - Wendimagegn Mammo
- Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia; (Z.A.); (W.M.)
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36
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Bansal S, Shabade AB, Punji B. Advances in C(
sp
2
)−H/C(
sp
2
)−H Oxidative Coupling of (Hetero)arenes Using 3d Transition Metal Catalysts. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadhna Bansal
- Organometallic Synthesis and Catalysis Lab Chemical Engineering Division CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL) Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411 008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201 002 India
| | - Anand B. Shabade
- Organometallic Synthesis and Catalysis Lab Chemical Engineering Division CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL) Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411 008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201 002 India
| | - Benudhar Punji
- Organometallic Synthesis and Catalysis Lab Chemical Engineering Division CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL) Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411 008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201 002 India
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37
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Lin K, Yin Q, Wang Z, Xie B, Duan C, Huang F, Cao Y. Direct arylation polycondensation towards water/alcohol-soluble conjugated polymers as the electron transporting layers for organic solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5798-5801. [PMID: 33999064 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01128f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two water/alcohol soluble conjugated polymers (WSCPs), based on naphthalenediimide and amino-functionalized 3,4-(propylenedioxy)thiophene, were synthesized via direct arylation polycondensation (DArP). The polymers worked well as electron transporting layers (ETLs) for fullerene-based and fullerene-free organic solar cells (OSCs), presenting an enhancement by above 40% compared to the control devices, respectively. The doping properties and high electron mobilities of these WSCPs endow them with high performance. The research study developed an effective method to synthesize ETLs for highly efficient OSCs, which was rarely reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Lin
- Department of Materials and Food, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan, 528402, P. R. China. and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Qingwu Yin
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenfeng Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Boming Xie
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Chunhui Duan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China. and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
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38
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R. Murad A, Iraqi A, Aziz SB, N. Abdullah S, Brza MA. Conducting Polymers for Optoelectronic Devices and Organic Solar Cells: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2627. [PMID: 33182241 PMCID: PMC7695322 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review paper, we present a comprehensive summary of the different organic solar cell (OSC) families. Pure and doped conjugated polymers are described. The band structure, electronic properties, and charge separation process in conjugated polymers are briefly described. Various techniques for the preparation of conjugated polymers are presented in detail. The applications of conductive polymers for organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field effect transistors (OFETs), and organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are explained thoroughly. The architecture of organic polymer solar cells including single layer, bilayer planar heterojunction, and bulk heterojunction (BHJ) are described. Moreover, designing conjugated polymers for photovoltaic applications and optimizations of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels are discussed. Principles of bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells are addressed. Finally, strategies for band gap tuning and characteristics of solar cell are presented. In this article, several processing parameters such as the choice of solvent(s) for spin casting film, thermal and solvent annealing, solvent additive, and blend composition that affect the nano-morphology of the photoactive layer are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ary R. Murad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Medical and Applied Sciences, Charmo University, Chamchamal, Sulaimani 46023, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Iraqi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK;
| | - Shujahadeen B. Aziz
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
- Department of Civil engineering, College of Engineering, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
| | - Sozan N. Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Kurdistan Regional Government, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq;
| | - Mohamad A. Brza
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Gombak 53100, Malaysia;
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39
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Kumar A, Kumar M, Verma AK. Well-Defined Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Direct C-H Bond Arylation of Heteroarenes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13983-13996. [PMID: 33064481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of palladium N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes of type trans-{(NHC)PdCl2L} (L = C5H5N, 3-ClC5H4N, and PPh3) (3-5) have been developed as efficient precatalysts for direct C-H bond arylation of various heteroarenes. In particular, an in situ generated new NHC ligand derived from {1,3-di-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acenaphtho[1,2-d] imidazolium} chloride (2) is used for the stabilization of the palladium metal center. Among the screened palladium precatalysts (3-5), the most active PEPPSI themed complex (3) was successfully employed toward direct C-H bond arylation of various heteroarenes and aryl bromides. A range of functional groups on aryl bromides as well as on heteroarenes sustained throughout the standard reaction conditions for easy access of various arylated heterocyclic compounds. Significantly, the utility of the protocol was demonstrated by the effective synthesis of a precursor of raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Kumar
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Akhilesh K Verma
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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40
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Li XC, Xue Y, Song W, Yan Y, Min J, Liu F, Liu X, Lai WY, Huang W. Highly Regioselective Direct C-H Arylation: Facile Construction of Symmetrical Dithienophthalimide-Based π-Conjugated Molecules for Optoelectronics. RESEARCH 2020; 2020:9075697. [PMID: 33015637 PMCID: PMC7510346 DOI: 10.34133/2020/9075697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Controllable direct C-H arylation with high regioselectivity is highly desirable yet remains a formidable challenge. Herein, a facile regioselective direct C-H arylation is developed for efficient construction of a variety of symmetrical dithienophthalimide-based π-conjugated molecules. The resulting methodology is applicable to a wide range of substrates, from electron-rich units to electron-deficient units with large steric end groups. Aryl halides have been confirmed to be able to couple with dithienophthalimide (DTI) via direct C-H arylation, showing high regioselectivity. Varying the functional end groups onto the DTI core has been demonstrated to fine tune the emission colors to cover most of the visible spectra. The results suggest a facile strategy towards highly selective direct C-H arylation, opening the prospects towards efficient construction of π-conjugated molecules for various potential optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Chun Li
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yibo Xue
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wan Song
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jie Min
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lai
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
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41
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Song AX, Zeng XX, Ma BB, Xu C, Liu FS. Direct (Hetero)arylation of Heteroarenes Catalyzed by Unsymmetrical Pd-PEPPSI-NHC Complexes under Mild Conditions. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A-Xiang Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528458, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528458, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bei-Bei Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528458, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528458, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng-Shou Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528458, People’s Republic of China
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42
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Calascibetta AM, Mattiello S, Sanzone A, Facchinetti I, Sassi M, Beverina L. Sustainable Access to π-Conjugated Molecular Materials via Direct (Hetero)Arylation Reactions in Water and under Air. Molecules 2020; 25:E3717. [PMID: 32824058 PMCID: PMC7465621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct (hetero)arylation (DHA) is playing a key role in improving the efficiency and atom economy of C-C cross coupling reactions, so has impacts in pharmaceutical and materials chemistry. Current research focuses on further improving the generality, efficiency and selectivity of the method through careful tuning of the reaction conditions and the catalytic system. Comparatively fewer studies are dedicated to the replacement of the high-boiling-point organic solvents dominating the field and affecting the overall sustainability of the method. We show herein that the use of a 9:1 v/v emulsion of an aqueous Kolliphor 2 wt% solution while having toluene as the reaction medium enables the preparation of relevant examples of thiophene-containing π-conjugated building blocks in high yield and purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiel Mauro Calascibetta
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (A.M.C.); (A.S.); (I.F.)
| | - Sara Mattiello
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca and INSTM, Via R. Cozzi, 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (S.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Alessandro Sanzone
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (A.M.C.); (A.S.); (I.F.)
| | - Irene Facchinetti
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (A.M.C.); (A.S.); (I.F.)
| | - Mauro Sassi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca and INSTM, Via R. Cozzi, 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (S.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca and INSTM, Via R. Cozzi, 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (S.M.); (M.S.)
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43
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Weng Y, Ding X, Oliveira JCA, Xu X, Kaplaneris N, Zhu M, Chen H, Chen Z, Ackermann L. Peptide late-stage C(sp 3)-H arylation by native asparagine assistance without exogenous directing groups. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9290-9295. [PMID: 34094199 PMCID: PMC8161531 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03830j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a strong demand for novel native peptide motifs for post-synthetic modifications of peptides without pre-installation and subsequent removal of directing groups. Herein, we report an efficient method for peptide late-stage C(sp3)-H arylations assisted by the unmodified side chain of asparagine (Asn) without any exogenous directing group. Thereby, site-selective arylations of C(sp3)-H bonds at the N-terminus of di-, tri-, and tetrapeptides have been achieved. Likewise, we have constructed a key building block for accessing agouti-related protein (AGRP) active loop analogues in a concise manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Weng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
- Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universitaet Goettingen Tammannstrasse 2 Goettingen 37077 Germany
| | - Xingxing Ding
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - João C A Oliveira
- Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universitaet Goettingen Tammannstrasse 2 Goettingen 37077 Germany
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universitaet Goettingen Tammannstrasse 2 Goettingen 37077 Germany
| | - Meijie Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Hantao Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universitaet Goettingen Tammannstrasse 2 Goettingen 37077 Germany
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Suzuki N, Wakioka M, Ozawa F, Yamaguchi S. A Near‐Infrared Emissive π‐Conjugated Polymer Consisting of an Excited‐State Intramolecular Proton Transfer Unit. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Suzuki
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS)Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Masayuki Wakioka
- International Research Center for Elements Science (IRCELS)Institute for Chemical ResearchKyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Ozawa
- International Research Center for Elements Science (IRCELS)Institute for Chemical ResearchKyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS)Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-molecules (WPI-ITbM)Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
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45
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Sinclair GS, Kukor AJ, Imperial KKG, Schipper DJ. Transition-Metal-Free ipso-Arylative Condensation. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey S. Sinclair
- Institute for Polymer Research and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Andrew J. Kukor
- Institute for Polymer Research and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Kevin Karl G. Imperial
- Institute for Polymer Research and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Derek J. Schipper
- Institute for Polymer Research and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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46
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Rasmussen SC. Conjugated and Conducting Organic Polymers: The First 150 Years. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1412-1429. [PMID: 33034956 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Conductive organic polymers are most commonly generated from the oxidation or reduction of conjugated polymers. Although such conjugated polymers are typically viewed as modern materials, the earliest examples of these polymers date back to the early 19th century. The modern era of conjugated polymers began with the first reports of their conductive nature in the early 1960s. However, it was advances in the 1970s that brought particular focus to these materials with the first example of conductivity values in the metallic regime, for which the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Hideki Shirakawa, Alan MacDiarmid, and Alan Heeger. Unfortunately, the historical narrative of these polymers is currently quite muddled in the primary literature, with various inaccuracies commonly propagated. In an effort to present a more accurate account as a resource for the field, the present report will review the first 150 years of the four primary parent polymers-polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyacetylene, and polythiophene, from their early origins in 1834 to their rapid development in the mid-1980s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth C Rasmussen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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47
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Yemene AE, Venkatraman V, Moe Almenningen D, Hoff BH, Gautun OR. Synthesis of Novel 3,6-Dithienyl Diketopyrrolopyrrole Dyes by Direct C‒H Arylation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102349. [PMID: 32443478 PMCID: PMC7288183 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct C-H arylation coupling is potentially a more economical and sustainable process than conventional cross-coupling. However, this method has found limited application in the synthesis of organic dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Although direct C-H arylation is not an universal solution to any cross-coupling reactions, it efficiently complements conventional sp2−sp2 bond formation and can provide shorter and more efficient routes to diketopyrrolopyrrole dyes. Here, we have applied palladium catalyzed direct C-H arylation in the synthesis of five new 3,6-dithienyl diketopyrrolopyrrole dyes. All prepared sensitizers display broad absorption from 350 nm up to 800 nm with high molar extinction coefficients. The dye-sensitized solar cells based on these dyes exhibit a power conversion efficiency in the range of 2.9 to 3.4%.
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48
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Conformationally Driven Ru(II)-Catalyzed Multiple ortho-C–H Bond Activation in Diphenylpyrazine Derivatives in Water: Where Is the Limit? Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10040421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ru(II)/carboxylate/PPh3 catalyst system enabled the preparation of highly conjugated pyrazine derivatives in water under microwave irradiation. Both nitrogen atoms efficiently dictated cleavage of the ortho-C–H bonds in both benzene rings of 2,3-diphenylpyrazine substrates through chelation assistance. In conformationally more flexible diphenyldihydropyrazine 1, the arylation of four ortho-C–H bonds was possible, while in the aromatic analog 2, the triarylation was the limit.
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49
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Chen Y, Yin Y, Xing X, Fang D, Zhao Y, Zhu Y, Ali MU, Shi Y, Bai J, Wu P, Shen CK, Meng H. The Effect of Oligo(Ethylene Oxide) Side Chains: A Strategy to Improve Contrast and Switching Speed in Electrochromic Polymers. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:321-327. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201901047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youquan Chen
- School of Advanced MaterialsPeking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yuyang Yin
- School of Advanced MaterialsPeking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xing Xing
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University (Shenzhen)Northwestern Polytechnical University Shenzhen 518057 China
| | - Daqi Fang
- School of Advanced MaterialsPeking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Advanced MaterialsPeking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- School of Advanced MaterialsPeking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Muhammad Umair Ali
- School of Advanced MaterialsPeking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yuhao Shi
- School of Advanced MaterialsPeking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Junwu Bai
- School of Advanced MaterialsPeking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Peiheng Wu
- Shenzhen ZSZ Construction Group Co., Ltd Chinese Cha Gong 82 Jingtian Road North Shenzhen China
| | - Clifton Kwang‐Fu Shen
- Guangdong Leputai New Material Technology Co., Ltd Songshan Lake High-tech Industrial Development Zone, Dongguan China
| | - Hong Meng
- School of Advanced MaterialsPeking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
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50
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Chen W, Li HJ, Li QY, Wu YC. Direct oxidative coupling of N-acyl pyrroles with alkenes by ruthenium(ii)-catalyzed regioselective C2-alkenylation. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:500-513. [PMID: 31850444 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02421b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium(ii)-catalyzed oxidative coupling by C2-alkenylation of N-acyl pyrroles with alkenes has been described. The acyl unit was found to be an effective chelating group for the activation of aryl C-H bonds ortho to the directing group. The alkenylation reaction of benzoyl pyrroles occurred regioselectively at the C2-position of the pyrrole ring, without touching the benzene ring. The reaction provides exclusively monosubstituted pyrroles under the optimized conditions. Disubstituted pyrroles could be obtained using higher loadings of the ruthenium(ii)-catalyst and the additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Chen
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 2 Weihai Road, Weihai 264209, P. R. China.
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