1
|
Hoopes CR, Garcia FJ, Sarkar AM, Kuehl NJ, Barkan DT, Collins NL, Meister GE, Bramhall TR, Hsu CH, Jones MD, Schirle M, Taylor MT. Donor-Acceptor Pyridinium Salts for Photo-Induced Electron-Transfer-Driven Modification of Tryptophan in Peptides, Proteins, and Proteomes Using Visible Light. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6227-6236. [PMID: 35364811 PMCID: PMC10124759 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) plays a variety of critical functional roles in protein biochemistry; however, owing to its low natural frequency and poor nucleophilicity, the design of effective methods for both single protein bioconjugation at Trp as well as for in situ chemoproteomic profiling remains a challenge. Here, we report a method for covalent Trp modification that is suitable for both scenarios by invoking photo-induced electron transfer (PET) as a means of driving efficient reactivity. We have engineered biaryl N-carbamoyl pyridinium salts that possess a donor-acceptor relationship that enables optical triggering with visible light whilst simultaneously attenuating the probe's photo-oxidation potential in order to prevent photodegradation. This probe was assayed against a small bank of eight peptides and proteins, where it was found that micromolar concentrations of the probe and short irradiation times (10-60 min) with violet light enabled efficient reactivity toward surface exposed Trp residues. The carbamate transferring group can be used to transfer useful functional groups to proteins including affinity tags and click handles. DFT calculations and other mechanistic analyses reveal correlations between excited state lifetimes, relative fluorescence quantum yields, and chemical reactivity. Biotinylated and azide-functionalized pyridinium salts were used for Trp profiling in HEK293T lysates and in situ in HEK293T cells using 440 nm LED irradiation. Peptide-level enrichment from live cell labeling experiments identified 290 Trp modifications, with 82% selectivity for Trp modification over other π-amino acids, demonstrating the ability of this method to identify and quantify reactive Trp residues from live cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb R Hoopes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Francisco J Garcia
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Akash M Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Nicholas J Kuehl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - David T Barkan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nicole L Collins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Glenna E Meister
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Taylor R Bramhall
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chien-Hsiang Hsu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael D Jones
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Markus Schirle
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael T Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Orellana NV, Taylor MT. Targeting Tryptophan for Tagging Through Photo-induced Electron Transfer. Synlett 2021; 32:1371-1378. [PMID: 34413573 PMCID: PMC8372833 DOI: 10.1055/a-1479-6366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemical modification of tryptophan (Trp) has been the subject of interest for nearly 100 years, yet the development modification conditions that exploit Trp's inherent photolability have remained elusive. In this perspective, we discuss our recently reported method for Tryptophan (Trp) photobioconjugation that uses N -carbamoyl pyridinium salts to engage Trp in photo-induced electron transfer. We detail our inspiration and rationale as well as place our report in the context of select prior art in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norberto V Orellana
- University of Wyoming, Department of Chemistry, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, Wyoming, 82071, USA
| | - Michael T Taylor
- University of Wyoming, Department of Chemistry, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, Wyoming, 82071, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu XR, Zhang MM, Gross ML. Mass Spectrometry-Based Protein Footprinting for Higher-Order Structure Analysis: Fundamentals and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:4355-4454. [PMID: 32319757 PMCID: PMC7531764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteins adopt different higher-order structures (HOS) to enable their unique biological functions. Understanding the complexities of protein higher-order structures and dynamics requires integrated approaches, where mass spectrometry (MS) is now positioned to play a key role. One of those approaches is protein footprinting. Although the initial demonstration of footprinting was for the HOS determination of protein/nucleic acid binding, the concept was later adapted to MS-based protein HOS analysis, through which different covalent labeling approaches "mark" the solvent accessible surface area (SASA) of proteins to reflect protein HOS. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX), where deuterium in D2O replaces hydrogen of the backbone amides, is the most common example of footprinting. Its advantage is that the footprint reflects SASA and hydrogen bonding, whereas one drawback is the labeling is reversible. Another example of footprinting is slow irreversible labeling of functional groups on amino acid side chains by targeted reagents with high specificity, probing structural changes at selected sites. A third footprinting approach is by reactions with fast, irreversible labeling species that are highly reactive and footprint broadly several amino acid residue side chains on the time scale of submilliseconds. All of these covalent labeling approaches combine to constitute a problem-solving toolbox that enables mass spectrometry as a valuable tool for HOS elucidation. As there has been a growing need for MS-based protein footprinting in both academia and industry owing to its high throughput capability, prompt availability, and high spatial resolution, we present a summary of the history, descriptions, principles, mechanisms, and applications of these covalent labeling approaches. Moreover, their applications are highlighted according to the biological questions they can answer. This review is intended as a tutorial for MS-based protein HOS elucidation and as a reference for investigators seeking a MS-based tool to address structural questions in protein science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael L. Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA, 63130
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tower SJ, Hetcher WJ, Myers TE, Kuehl NJ, Taylor MT. Selective Modification of Tryptophan Residues in Peptides and Proteins Using a Biomimetic Electron Transfer Process. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9112-9118. [PMID: 32348670 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report here a photochemical process for the selective modification of tryptophan (Trp) residues in peptides and small proteins using electron-responsive N-carbamoylpyridinium salts and UV-B light. Preliminary mechanistic experiments suggest that the photoconjugation process proceeds through photoinduced electron transfer (PET) between Trp and the pyridinium salt, followed by fragmentation of the pyridinium N-N bond and concomitant transfer of this group to Trp. The reaction displays excellent site selectivity for Trp and is tolerant to other, redox-active amino-acid residues. Moreover, the reaction proceeds in pure aqueous conditions without the requirement of organic cosolvents or photocatalysts, is enhanced by glutathione, and operates efficiently over a wide range of peptide concentrations (10-700 μM). The scope of the process was explored through the labeling of 6-Trp-containing peptides and proteins ranging from 1 to 14 kDa. We demonstrate the versatility of the N-carbamoylpyridinium salt both by tuning the electrochemical and photochemical properties of the pyridinium scaffold to enable challenging photoconjugation reactions and by using the carbamoyl moiety to tether a plethora of productive functional groups, including reactive handles, purification tags, and removable protecting groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Tower
- University of Wyoming, Department of Chemistry, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Wesley J Hetcher
- University of Wyoming, Department of Chemistry, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Tyler E Myers
- University of Wyoming, Department of Chemistry, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Nicholas J Kuehl
- University of Wyoming, Department of Chemistry, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Michael T Taylor
- University of Wyoming, Department of Chemistry, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Taguchi A, Kobayashi K, Cui Y, Takayama K, Taniguchi A, Hayashi Y. Disulfide-Driven Cyclic Peptide Synthesis of Human Endothelin-2 with a Solid-Supported Npys-Cl. J Org Chem 2019; 85:1495-1503. [PMID: 31793782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We report here the synthesis of human endothelin-2, a peptide of 21 amino acid residues with two disulfide bonds, based on the novel idea of a disulfide-driven cyclic peptide synthesis (DdCPS). This synthesis has two steps: (1) a one-pot solid-phase disulfide ligation of two different sulfur-containing peptide fragments using an Npys-Cl resin and (2) intramolecular cyclization of the disulfide peptide via amide bond formation using a thioester ligation. Human endothelin-2 was obtained in a total yield of 2.2% with two such DdCPS procedures and subsequent deprotection and HPLC purification. This strategy is the basis of a new solid-phase assisted practical synthesis of cyclic disulfide peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Taguchi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , 1432-1 Horinouchi , Hachioji , Tokyo 192-0392 , Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Kobayashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , 1432-1 Horinouchi , Hachioji , Tokyo 192-0392 , Japan
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , 1432-1 Horinouchi , Hachioji , Tokyo 192-0392 , Japan
| | - Kentaro Takayama
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , 1432-1 Horinouchi , Hachioji , Tokyo 192-0392 , Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Taniguchi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , 1432-1 Horinouchi , Hachioji , Tokyo 192-0392 , Japan
| | - Yoshio Hayashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , 1432-1 Horinouchi , Hachioji , Tokyo 192-0392 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
He R, Chen X, Li Y, Liu Q, Liao C, Chen L, Huang Y. NH4I-Promoted and H2O-Controlled Intermolecular Bis-sulfenylation and Hydroxysulfenylation of Alkenes via a Radical Process. J Org Chem 2019; 84:8750-8758. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Runfa He
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, China
| | - Xiuwen Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, China
| | - Yibiao Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, China
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chunshu Liao
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moroder L, Musiol HJ. Insulin - von seiner Entdeckung bis zur industriellen Synthese moderner Insulin-Analoga. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Moroder
- Bioorganische Chemie; Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie; Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Deutschland
| | - Hans-Jürgen Musiol
- Bioorganische Chemie; Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie; Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moroder L, Musiol HJ. Insulin-From its Discovery to the Industrial Synthesis of Modern Insulin Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10656-10669. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Moroder
- Bioorganic Chemistry; Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry; Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Musiol
- Bioorganic Chemistry; Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry; Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Devi N, Rahaman R, Sarma K, Khan T, Barman P. Towards the Iodine-Catalyzed Regioselective Sulfenylation of Unsymmetrical Ketones. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Namita Devi
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Silchar; 788010 Silchar India
| | - Rajjakfur Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Silchar; 788010 Silchar India
| | - Kuladip Sarma
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Silchar; 788010 Silchar India
| | - Tuhina Khan
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Silchar; 788010 Silchar India
| | - Pranjit Barman
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Silchar; 788010 Silchar India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hernandez ET, Swaminathan J, Marcotte EM, Anslyn EV. Solution-phase and solid-phase sequential, selective modification of side chains in KDYWEC and KDYWE as models for usage in single-molecule protein sequencing. NEW J CHEM 2017; 41:462-469. [PMID: 28983186 PMCID: PMC5624723 DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02932a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule protein sequencing is regarded as a promising new method in the field of proteomics. It potentially offers orders of magnitude improvements in sensitivitiy and throughput for protein detection when compared to mass spectrometry. However, the development of such a technology faces significant barriers, especially in the need to chemically derivatize specific amino-acid types with unique labels. For example, fluorescent dyes would be suitable for single-molecule microscopy or nanopore-based sequencing. These emerging single-molecule protein-sequencing technologies suggests a need to develop an amino acid side chain-selective modification scheme that could target several side chains of interest. Current work for modifying residues focuses mainly on one or two side chains. The need to label many side chains, as recent computational modeling suggests, is required for high protein, sequencing coverage of the human proteome. Herein, we report our stragety for modifying two model peptides KYDWEC and KDYWE containing the most reactive residues, using highly opitmized mass labels in a sequential and selective fashion both using solution-phase and solid-phase chemistries, respectively. This will serve as a step towards a modification scheme appropriate for single-molecule studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik T. Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1224, USA
| | - Jagannath Swaminathan
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Edward M. Marcotte
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Eric V. Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1224, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Juvekar V, Kim KT, Gong YD. Highly Efficient Synthetic Method on Pyroacm Resin Using the Boc SPPS Protocol for C-terminal Cysteine Peptide Synthesis. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Juvekar
- Innovative Drug Library Research Center, Department of Chemistry; College of Science, Dongguk University; Seoul 100-715 Korea
| | - Kang-Tae Kim
- Innovative Drug Library Research Center, Department of Chemistry; College of Science, Dongguk University; Seoul 100-715 Korea
| | - Young-Dae Gong
- Innovative Drug Library Research Center, Department of Chemistry; College of Science, Dongguk University; Seoul 100-715 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Juvekar V, Gong YD. Pyroacm Resin: An Acetamidomethyl Derived Resin for Solid Phase Synthesis of Peptides through Side Chain Anchoring of C-Terminal Cysteine Residues. Org Lett 2016; 18:836-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Juvekar
- Innovative
Drug Library Research Center, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, South Korea
| | - Young Dae Gong
- Innovative
Drug Library Research Center, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nookaraju U, Begari E, Yetra RR, Kumar P. CeCl3⋅7H2O-NaI Promoted Regioselective Sulfenylation of Indoles with Sulfonylhydrazides. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201500014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U. Nookaraju
- Division of Organic Chemistry; CSIR-NCL (National Chemical Laboratory); Pune 411008 India, Tel
| | - Eeshwaraiah Begari
- Division of Organic Chemistry; CSIR-NCL (National Chemical Laboratory); Pune 411008 India, Tel
| | - Ravikiran Reddy Yetra
- Division of Organic Chemistry; CSIR-NCL (National Chemical Laboratory); Pune 411008 India, Tel
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Division of Organic Chemistry; CSIR-NCL (National Chemical Laboratory); Pune 411008 India, Tel
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Koniev O, Wagner A. Developments and recent advancements in the field of endogenous amino acid selective bond forming reactions for bioconjugation. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:5495-551. [PMID: 26000775 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00048c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugation methodologies have proven to play a central enabling role in the recent development of biotherapeutics and chemical biology approaches. Recent endeavours in these fields shed light on unprecedented chemical challenges to attain bioselectivity, biocompatibility, and biostability required by modern applications. In this review the current developments in various techniques of selective bond forming reactions of proteins and peptides were highlighted. The utility of each endogenous amino acid-selective conjugation methodology in the fields of biology and protein science has been surveyed with emphasis on the most relevant among reported transformations; selectivity and practical use have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Koniev
- Laboratory of Functional Chemo-Systems (UMR 7199), Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Du Q, Huang Z, Wu Z, Meng X, Yin G, Gao F, Wang L. Facile preparation and bifunctional imaging of Eu-doped GdPO4 nanorods with MRI and cellular luminescence. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:3934-40. [PMID: 25630852 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03444a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Eu-doped GdPO4 NRs coated by silk fibroin have been prepared in a template of silk fibroin (SF) peptides via a mineralization process. A growth mechanism of SF-NRs is proposed to explain their stronger luminescence, better cyto-compatibility and higher longitudinal relaxivity r1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Du
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongbing Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xianwei Meng
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials
- Research Center for Micro & Nano Materials and Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Guangfu Yin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- People's Republic of China
| | - Fabao Gao
- Molecular Imaging Center
- Department of Radiology
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Lei Wang
- Molecular Imaging Center
- Department of Radiology
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Malins LR, Cergol KM, Payne RJ. Chemoselective sulfenylation and peptide ligation at tryptophan. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51497h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
17
|
Modern Extensions of Native Chemical Ligation for Chemical Protein Synthesis. PROTEIN LIGATION AND TOTAL SYNTHESIS I 2014; 362:27-87. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
18
|
Abstract
The convergent syntheses of homogeneous disulfide cross-linked polypeptides are reported. Reducible polypeptides were synthesized containing four and eight dodecapeptides in two and three linear conjugation steps. Critical for the convergent methodology was the use of orthogonally protected cysteines as either acetamidomethyl (Acm) or Fmoc-thiazolidine (Thz). Both groups could be selectively deprotected with silver trifluoromethanesulfonate in the presence of internal disulfide bonds using TFA and aqueous conditions, respectively. This approach allows for large, reducible polypeptides to be synthesized in efficient yields and minimizes the number of conjugation steps, allowing the development and optimization of gene delivery polypeptides containing multiple peptide components necessary to overcome the numerous in vivo barriers for efficacious gene delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Ericson
- Division of Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City IA 52242
| | - Kevin G Rice
- Division of Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City IA 52242
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ahmed N, Bhattacharjee T, Barman P, Bhattacharjee SK. One-Pot, Catalyst-Free, Facile, and Efficient Sulfenylation of Electron-Rich Substrates with a Mild Sulfenium Carrier Azobenzene-2-sulfenyl Bromide. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2012.733476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nizamuddin Ahmed
- a Department of Chemistry , Gauhati University , Guwahati , Assam , India
| | - Tirtha Bhattacharjee
- b Department of Chemistry , National Institute of Technology , Silchar , Assam , India
| | - Pranjit Barman
- b Department of Chemistry , National Institute of Technology , Silchar , Assam , India
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Todorovski T, Fedorova M, Hoffmann R. Identification of isomeric 5-hydroxytryptophan- and oxindolylalanine-containing peptides by mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:453-459. [PMID: 22689620 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cells continuously produce reactive oxidative species that can modify all cellular components. In proteins, for example, cysteine, methionine, tryptophan (Trp), and tyrosine residues are particularly prone to oxidation. Here, we report two new approaches to distinguish two isomeric oxidation products of Trp residues, i.e. 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and oxindolylalanine (Oia) residues, in peptides. First, 2-nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride, known to derivatize Trp residues in position 2 of the indole ring, was used to label 5-HTP residues. The mass shift of 152.98 m/z units allowed identifying 5-HTP- besides Trp-containing peptides by mass spectrometry, whereas Oia residues were not labeled. Second, fragmentation of the Oia- and 5-HTP-derived immonium ions at m/z 175.08 produced ions characteristic for each residue that allowed their identification even in the presence of y(1) ions at m/z 175.12 derived from peptides with C-terminal arginine residues. The pseudo MS(3) spectra acquired on a quadrupole time-of-flight hybrid mass spectrometer displayed two signals at m/z 130.05 and m/z 132.05 characteristic for Oia-containing peptides and a group of six signals (m/z 103.04, 120.04, 130.04, 133.03, 146.04, and 148.04) for 5-HTP-cointaining peptides. In both cases, the relative signal intensities appeared to be independent of the sequence providing a specific fingerprint of each oxidative modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toni Todorovski
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mullen DG, Verardi R, Porcelli F, Scaloni A, Barany G, Veglia G. Synthesis and characterization of the 47-residue heterodimeric antimicrobial peptide distinctin, featuring directed disulfide bridge formation. Biopolymers 2012; 98:479-84. [PMID: 23203692 PMCID: PMC3551542 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Distinctin, a 47-residue heterodimeric peptide with potent antimicrobial activity, comprises two monomeric units linked covalently by a disulfide bond between Cys19 from the 22-residue A chain and Cys23 from the 25-residue B chain. Previous synthetic strategies involved assemblies of the two individual chains, followed by their co-oxidation to form the connecting disulfide bridge, and resulted in a mixture of three species: two homodimers and one heterodimer. Here, we report synthesis of exclusively heterodimeric distinctin, using recently developed tactics for directed disulfide bridge formation. Material prepared this way was characterized and found to be suitable for more detailed structural studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Mullen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Raffaello Verardi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Fernando Porcelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Naples, Italy
| | - George Barany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gianluigi Veglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mullen DG, Weigel B, Barany G, Distefano MD. On-resin conversion of Cys(Acm)-containing peptides to their corresponding Cys(Scm) congeners. J Pept Sci 2010; 16:219-22. [PMID: 20401923 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Mullen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Matsuo EI, Watanabe M, Kuyama H, Nishimura O. A new strategy for protein biomarker discovery utilizing 2-nitrobenzenesulfenyl (NBS) reagent and its applications to clinical samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2607-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
24
|
Bartling GJ, Chattopadhyay SK, Barker CW, Forrester LJ, Brown HD. Preparation and properties of horseradish peroxidase cross-linked in nonaqueous media. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 2009; 6:287-94. [PMID: 4430557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1974.tb02387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
25
|
GARCÍA-LÓPEZ M, GONZÁLEZ-MUNIZ R, HERRANZ R, MOLINERO M, RIO J. Analgesic dipeptide derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1987.tb02291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
26
|
Maeda H, Meienhofer J. On the tryptophan content of neocarzinostatin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROTEIN RESEARCH 2009; 2:135-6. [PMID: 4282082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1970.tb01669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
27
|
Veronese FM, Boccä E, Fontana A. SULFENYL HALIDES AS MODIFYING REAGENTS FOR POLYPEPTIDES and PROTEINS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1970.tb01661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
28
|
Tan J, Liang F, Wang Y, Cheng X, Liu Q, Yuan H. Carbon Tetrabromide-Mediated Carbon−Sulfur Bond Formation via a Sulfenyl Bromide Intermediate. Org Lett 2008; 10:2485-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ol800765s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Fushun Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yeming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Hongjuan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Foettinger A, Leitner A, Lindner W. Selective Enrichment of Tryptophan-Containing Peptides from Protein Digests Employing a Reversible Derivatization with Malondialdehyde and Solid-Phase Capture on Hydrazide Beads. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:3827-34. [PMID: 17655347 DOI: 10.1021/pr0702767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A method for the selective enrichment of tryptophan-containing peptides from complex peptide mixtures such as protein digests is presented. It is based on the reversible reaction of tryptophan with malondialdehyde and trapping of the derivatized Trp-peptides on hydrazide beads via the free aldehyde group of the modified peptides. The peptides are subsequently recovered in their native form by specific cleavage reactions for further (mass spectrometric) analysis. The method was optimized and evaluated using a tryptic digest of a mixture of 10 model proteins, demonstrating a significant reduction in sample complexity while still allowing the identification of all proteins. The applicability of the tryptophan-specific enrichment procedure to complex biological samples is demonstrated for a total yeast cell lysate. Analysis of the processed fraction by 1D-LC-MS/MS confirms the specificity of the enrichment procedure, as more than 85% of the peptides recovered from the enrichment step contained tryptophan. The reduction in sample complexity also resulted in the identification of additional proteins in comparison to the untreated lysate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Foettinger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bewley TA, Li CH. The chemistry of human pituitary growth hormone. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 42:73-166. [PMID: 236640 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122877.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
32
|
|
33
|
Tudge M, Tamiya M, Savarin C, Humphrey GR. Development of a Novel, Highly Efficient Halide-Catalyzed Sulfenylation of Indoles. Org Lett 2006; 8:565-8. [PMID: 16468712 DOI: 10.1021/ol052615c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The reaction of a variety of indoles with N-thioalkyl- and N-thioarylphthalimides to produce 3-thioindoles is reported. Catalytic quantities of halide-containing salts are crucial to the success of this reaction. This highly efficient reaction provides sulfenylated indoles from bench-stable, readily available starting materials in good to excellent yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Tudge
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li C, Gawandi V, Protos A, Phillips RS, Amster IJ. A matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization compatible reagent for tagging tryptophan residues. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2006; 12:213-21. [PMID: 17057278 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical tagging of amino acids is an important tool in proteomics analysis, and has been used to introduce isotope labels and mass defect labels into proteolytic peptides by derivatization of cysteine or lysine residues. Here, we present a new reagent with chemical specificity for tryptophan residues. Previously, 2-nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride has been used as a highly specific reagent for labeling tryptophan residues. We show that this tag undergoes UV dissociation during matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). The multiplicity of photofragments increases the difficulty of characterizing the derivatization products. To overcome this problem, we have synthesized a new reagent, 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfenyl chloride, which is shown to react quantitatively with tryptophan in peptides and proteins. Most significantly, it exhibits high photostability in MALDI-Fourier transform mass spectrometry analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kuyama H, Watanabe M, Toda C, Ando E, Tanaka K, Nishimura O. An approach to quantitative proteome analysis by labeling tryptophan residues. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:1642-1650. [PMID: 12845591 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This report describes a method for quantification and sequence identification of individual proteins in complex mixtures. The method is based on labeling with the chemical reagent 2-nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride (NBSCl) in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry. In this method, selective introduction of the 2-nitrobenzenesulfenyl (NBS) moiety onto tryptophan residues is achieved, and a 6 Da mass differential is generated using (13)C(6)-labeled NBSCl (NBSCl-(13)C(6)) and (12)C(6)-labeled NBSCl (NBSCl-(12)C(6)). The 6 Da mass differential between the NBS-(12)C(6)-labeled and the NBS-(13)C(6)-labeled peptides assigns a mass signature to all tryptophan-containing peptides in any pool of proteolytic digests for protein identification through peptide mass mapping. Using this strategy, we compared the protein expression in rat sera using a normal (control) rat (Crj:Wistar) and a hyperglycemic rat (GK/Crj). The stable isotope dilution techniques used in this method provide highly accurate relative quantification. The NBS approach offers a widely applicable means of analyzing protein mixtures derived from biological samples, and the method described here presents an effective and simplified approach to proteome analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kuyama
- Life Science Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo-Kuwabaracho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Haug BE, Andersen J, Rekdal O, Svendsen JS. Synthesis of a 2-arylsulphonylated tryptophan: the antibacterial activity of bovine lactoferricin peptides containing Trp(2-Pmc). J Pept Sci 2002; 8:307-13. [PMID: 12148780 DOI: 10.1002/psc.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A modified tryptophan, beta-[2-(2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulphonyl)-indol-3-yl]alanine, Trp(2-Pmc) = Tpc has been synthesized. Replacement of tryptophan in a bovine lactoferricin model peptide with the modified tryptophan resulted in peptides with a substantially increased antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The most active peptides against each bacterial strain displayed minimal inhibitory concentrations of 7.5 microg/ml.
Collapse
|
37
|
Soares AM, Andrião-Escarso SH, Angulo Y, Lomonte B, Gutiérrez JM, Marangoni S, Toyama MH, Arni RK, Giglio JR. Structural and functional characterization of myotoxin I, a Lys49 phospholipase A(2) homologue from Bothrops moojeni (Caissaca) snake venom. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 373:7-15. [PMID: 10620318 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Myotoxin-I (MjTX-I) was purified to homogeneity from the venom of Bothrops moojeni by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sepharose. Its molecular weight, estimated by SDS-PAGE, was 13,400 (reduced) or 26, 000 (unreduced). The extinction coefficient (E(1.0 mg/ml)(1.0 cm)) of MjTX-I was 1.145 at lambda = 278 nm, pH 7.0, and its isoelectric point was 8.2 at ionic strength mu = 0.1. When lyophilized and stored at 4 degrees C, dimeric, trimeric, and pentameric forms of the protein were identified by SDS-PAGE. This "heterogeneous" sample could be separated into three fractions by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50. The fractions were analyzed by isoelectric focusing, immunoelectrophoresis, and amino acid composition, which indicated that heterogeneity was the result of different levels of self-association. Protein sequencing indicated that MjTX-I is a Lys49 myotoxin and consists of 121 amino acids (M(r) = 13,669), containing a high proportion of basic and hydrophobic residues. It shares a high degree of sequence identity with other Lys49 PLA(2)-like myotoxins, but shows a significantly lower identity with catalytically active Asp49 PLA(2)s. The three-dimensional structure of MjTX-I was modeled based on the crystal structures of three highly homologous Lys49 PLA(2)-like myotoxins. This model showed that the amino acid substitutions are conservative, and mainly limited to three structural regions: the N-terminal helix, the beta-wing region, and the C-terminal extended random coil. MjTX-I displays local myotoxic and edema-inducing activities in mice, and is lethal by intraperitoneal injection, with an LD(50) value of 8.5 +/- 0.8 mg/kg. In addition, it is cytotoxic to myoblasts/myotubes in culture, and disrupts negatively charged liposomes. In comparison with the freshly prepared dimeric sample, the more aggregated forms showed significantly reduced myotoxic activity. However, the edema-inducing activity of MjTX-I was independent of molecular association. Phospholipase A(2) activity on egg yolk, as well as anticoagulant activity, were undetectable both in the native and in the more associated forms. His, Tyr, and Trp residues of the toxin were chemically modified by specific reagents. Although the myotoxic and lethal activities of the modified toxins were reduced by these treatments, neither its edema-inducing or liposome-disrupting activities were significantly altered. Rabbit antibodies to native MjTX-I cross-reacted with the chemically modified forms, and both the native and modified MjTX-I preparations were recognized by antibodies against the C-terminal region 115-129 of myotoxin II from B. asper, a highly Lys49 PLA(2)-homologue with high sequencial similarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Soares
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hassani O, Mansuelle P, Cestèle S, Bourdeaux M, Rochat H, Sampieri F. Role of lysine and tryptophan residues in the biological activity of toxin VII (Ts gamma) from the scorpion Tityus serrulatus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 260:76-86. [PMID: 10091586 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxin VII (TsVII), also known as Ts gamma, is the most potent neurotoxin in the venom of the Brazilian scorpion Tityus serrulatus. It has been purified to homogeneity using a new fast and efficient method. Chemical modification of TsVII with the tryptophan-specific reagent o-nitrophenylsulfenyl chloride yielded three modified derivatives (residues Trp39, Trp50 and Trp54). Acetylation of TsVII mostly generated the monoacetylated Lys12 derivative. No side reactions were detected, as indicated by endoproteinase Lys-C peptide mapping, Edman degradation and electrospray mass spectrometry. Circular dichroism and fluorimetric measurements showed that none of the chemical modifications altered the overall structure of the derivatives. The acetylation of Lys12 or the sulfenylation of Trp39 or Trp54 led to a loss of both toxicity in mice and apparent binding affinity for rat brain and cockroach synaptosomal preparations. Sulfenylation of Trp50, however, moderately affected the toxicity of TsVII in mice and had almost no effect on its binding properties. A 3-dimensional model of TsVII was constructed by homology modeling. It suggests that the most reactive residues (Lys12 and Trp39 and Trp54) are all important in the functional disruption of neuronal sodium channels by TsVII, and are close to each other in the hydrophobic conserved region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Hassani
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ottl J, Moroder L. A new strategy for regioselective interstrand disulfide bridging of multiple cysteine peptides. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)00053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
40
|
Yamazaki T, Kimoto T, Higuchi K, Ohta Y, Kawato S, Kominami S. Calcium ion as a second messenger for o-nitrophenylsulfenyl-adrenocorticotropin (NPS-ACTH) and ACTH in bovine adrenal steroidogenesis. Endocrinology 1998; 139:4765-71. [PMID: 9832412 DOI: 10.1210/endo.139.12.6338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
o-Nitrophenyl sulfenyl-modified ACTH (NPS-ACTH) stimulated steroidogenesis acutely in bovine fasciculata-reticularis cells without increase in cellular cAMP synthesis. Application of NPS-ACTH to the cultured cells induced Ca2+ signals in individual cells as detected by video-enhanced microscopic fluorescence measurements. The percentage of Ca2+ signaling cells corresponded well with the increase of steroidogenesis induced by NPS-ACTH below 1 nM. Treatment of the cells with nicardipine, a Ca2+ channel blocker, suppressed the Ca2+ signals except for the transient increase just after the addition of NPS-ACTH and also blocked completely the stimulative effect on the steroidogenesis of NPS-ACTH below 1 nM. At a dosage of NPS-ACTH higher than 10 nM, the stimulative effect of steroidogenesis was partly suppressed by nicardipine and also by AA-861, a lipoxygenase inhibitor. The action of NPS-ACTH might be mediated by both Ca2+ and lipoxygenase metabolite(s) of arachidonic acid as dual second messengers. The effect of ACTH in pM range on the steroidogenesis was suppressed completely by the treatment with nicardipine and AA-861 at the same time, indicating that the action was mediated by both Ca2+ and the lipoxygenase metabolite(s) but not by cAMP. cAMP plays a significant role as a second messenger for ACTH action only at ACTH concentrations greater than 10 pM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Yamazaki
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
De Antoni F, De Filippis V, Altichieri L, Vindigni A, Polverino de Laureto P, Fontana A. The core domain of hirudin from the leech Hirudinaria manillensis. Chemical modification of a tryptophan-containing synthetic peptide analog. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1996; 398:627-33. [PMID: 8906337 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0381-7_103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F De Antoni
- CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padua, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cymes GD, Iglesias MM, Wolfenstein-Todel C. Selective modification of tryptophan-150 in ovine placental lactogen. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 106:743-6. [PMID: 8281766 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(93)90157-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
1. Ovine placental lactogen was modified by reaction with o-nitrophenylsulfenyl chloride. Fluorescence measurements indicated that one of the two tryptophan residues of the molecule had reacted. Besides, there was some reagent not covalently bound. 2. The reagent was covalently bound to Trp-150. No evidence of modification of Trp-90 was found. 3. Binding capacity to lactogenic as well as somatogenic receptors was diminished but not abolished upon modification, indicating that absolute molecular integrity of Trp-150 is not required for binding. 4. This behavior is similar to that of the tryptophan residues of ovine prolactin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G D Cymes
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chang LS, Kuo KW, Chang CC. Identification of functional involvement of tryptophan residues in phospholipase A2 from Naja naja atra (Taiwan cobra) snake venom. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1202:216-20. [PMID: 8399382 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(93)90007-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from Naja naja atra snake venom was subjected to Trp modification with 2-nitrophenylsulfenyl chloride (NPS-Cl), and six derivatives were separated by HPLC. The results of amino-acid analysis and sequence determination revealed that Trp-18, Trp-19 and Trp-61 were modified by NPS-Cl. The order of accessibilities of the three Trp residues for NPS-Cl was Trp-18 > Trp-19 > Trp-61. Sulfenylation of Trp-18 caused a 92% drop in enzymatic activity. Modification of Trp-19 and Trp-61 resulted in a decrease in enzymatic activity of PLA2 by 45.5% and 51%, respectively. The enzyme modified on both Trp-18 and Trp-19 or on both Trp-18 and Trp-61 retained little PLA2 activity. It is evident that Trp-18 plays a more crucial function in PLA2 than Trp-19 and Trp-61. Sulfenylation did not significantly affect the secondary structure of the enzyme molecule as revealed by the CD spectra, and Ca2+ binding and antigenicity of sulfenylated PLA2 was unaffected. These observations, together with the fact that Trp-18 is involved in the substrate binding of PLA2, suggest that incorporation of a bulky NPS group on Trp-18 might give rise to a direct distortion of the interaction between substrate and the enzyme molecule. Alternatively, modification of Trp-19 and Trp-61 might indirectly affect the interfacial binding of PLA2 with its substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L S Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhang JG, Reid GE, Moritz RL, Ward LD, Simpson RJ. Specific covalent modification of the tryptophan residues in murine interleukin-6. Effect on biological activity and conformational stability. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 217:53-9. [PMID: 8223586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Modification of recombinant murine interleukin-6 (mIL-6) with the tryptophan-specific reagent 2-nitrophenylsulfenyl chloride under mild acidic conditions, 0.1 M sodium acetate, pH 3.5, yielded a derivative containing 2.02 mol 2-nitrophenylsulfenyl tryptophan/mol protein. The sites of modification were identified as Trp36 and Trp160. No detectable side reactions occurred on other amino acids in the molecule, as indicated by the combination of endoproteinase Asp-N peptide mapping, Edman degradation and electrospray mass spectrometry. Sulfenylation of the two tryptophan residues in mIL-6 caused a 50% reduction in both the biological activity in the murine-hybridoma-growth-factor assay using 7TD1 cells and receptor-binding affinity to mIL-6 receptors. Sulfenylation of mIL-6 did not significantly affect the overall conformation of the protein as measured by farultraviolet circular dichroism and binding to the neutralizing anti-mIL-6 mAb 6B4. The sulfenylated protein was, however, significantly less stable [delta delta G(H2O) = 3.98 kJ/mol] than unmodified mIL-6 as measured by urea-gradient gel electrophoresis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G Zhang
- Joint Protein Structure Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (Melbourne Branch), Parkville, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
González-Muñiz R, Harto JR, de Ceballos ML, del Río J, García-López MT. Synthesis and inhibitory activities against enkephalin degrading aminopeptidase of H-Trp(Nps)-Lys-OMe analogues bearing chelating groups. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1992; 325:743-9. [PMID: 1489252 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19923251202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of increasing the inhibitory potency of the analgesic dipeptide H-Trp(Nps)-Lys-OMe against enkephalin-degrading aminopeptidases, the following derivatives bearing chelating groups at the N-terminus have been synthesized: Ac-Trp(Nps)-Lys-OMe (3), HS(CH2)nCO-Trp(Nps)-Lys-OMe [n = 1 (4), n = 2 (5)], MeOCO(CH2)n-Trp(Nps)-Lys-OMe [n = 1 (6), n = 2 (7)] and analogues in which the N alpha-amino group has been replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (8) and a bidentate hydroxamate function (9), respectively. The inhibitory activities of all these compounds and the S-protected derivatives EtNHCOS(CH2)nCO-Trp(Nps)-Lys-OMe [n = 1 (16), n = (17)] against the mentioned enzyme, isolated from rat striatum, are compared with those of the parent dipeptide 2 and bestatin. All the new derivatives showed, in general, inhibitory potencies of the same order of magnitude as compound 2.
Collapse
|
46
|
Engström U, Engström A, Ernlund A, Westermark B, Heldin C. Identification of a peptide antagonist for platelet-derived growth factor. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
|
47
|
de Ceballos ML, Lopez AE, Harto JR, Bravo A, Gomez-Monterrey I, Gonzalez-Muñiz R, Garcia-Lopez MT, del Rio J. Prolonged antinociceptive activity of pseudodipeptide analogues of Lys-Trp(Nps) and Trp(Nps)-Lys. Peptides 1992; 13:63-7. [PMID: 1620657 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(92)90140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Peptide bond substitution in the molecules of Lys-Trp(Nps) (LTN) and Trp(Nps)-Lys (TNL) by an aminomethylene and ketomethylene bond, respectively, afforded pseudodipeptides with analgesic activity. The new compounds Lys psi(CH2NH)-Trp(Nps)-OMe (LTNAM) and Trp(Nps)psi(COCH2)(R,S)-Lys (TNLKM) induced a dose-dependent and naloxone-reversible analgesia following intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration to mice. The antinociceptive effects were longer lasting compared to those induced by the parent compounds. The pseudodipeptides protected Met-enkephalin degradation by rat striatal slices and, combined with an ineffective dose of the opioid peptide, induced analgesia. LTNAM and TNLKM were as potent as LTN to inhibit brain aminopeptidase in vitro and ex vivo. An increased resistance to proteolysis of the pseudodipeptides may explain their prolonged analgesic activity.
Collapse
|
48
|
Morton T, Runquist J, Ragsdale S, Shanmugasundaram T, Wood H, Ljungdahl L. The primary structure of the subunits of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase from Clostridium thermoaceticum. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
49
|
Nishida S, Tamiya N. Tryptophan residues of phospholipase A2 from the venom of an Australian elapid snake (Pseudechis australis). Toxicon 1991; 29:429-39. [PMID: 1862519 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(91)90017-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan residues 31 and 69 (Trp-31 and Trp-69) in phospholipase A2 (Pa-11) from the venom of an Australian elapid snake, Pseudechis australis, were modified with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) or with 2-nitrophenylsulphenylchloride (NPSC1). NBS oxidized only Trp-31, whereas NPSC1 reacted with both Trp-31 and Trp-69. Treatment of the enzyme with NBS at various pH values resulted in losses of enzymic and lethal activities. No protective effect on the oxidation with NBS was observed by the addition of calcium ion (20 mM) or lecithin (4 mM). The observations suggest that Trp-31 is exposed to the surface of the molecule, composes a part of the lipid-water interface recognition site around the active site and is essential for enzymic activity. Calcium ion addition to the solution caused a change in ultraviolet spectrum of the native enzyme Pa-11. The difference spectrum indicates that a charge effect caused a typical tryptophan blue shift in the Ca(2+)-enzyme complex. Pa-11 oxidized with NBS showed a smaller ultraviolet absorption difference on the addition of Ca2+ ion. The results show that the hypochromic effect induced upon the binding of Ca2+ is due to perturbation of the specific tryptophan residue (Trp-31) which is involved in the active site. Dissociation constant, Kd, of the Ca(2+)-enzyme complex was calculated to be 3.4 x 10(-4) M at pH 8.0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Nishida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Takasaki C, Sugama A, Yanagita A, Tamiya N, Rowan EG, Harvey AL. Effects of chemical modifications of Pa-11, a phospholipase A2 from the venom of Australian king brown snake (Pseudechis australis), on its biological activities. Toxicon 1990; 28:107-17. [PMID: 2109907 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(90)90012-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pa-11, a phospholipase A2 isolated from the venom of an Australian elapid snake Pseudechis australis, was chemically modified and its enzymic, neuromuscular and lethal activities were studied. Carboxymethylation of Met-8 gave a derivative with 2% of the enzymic activity and less than 3% of the lethal activity of native Pa-11; it had about 5% of the original ability to block directly and indirectly stimulated mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations. Nitrophenylsulfenylation of tryptophanyl residues at positions 31 and 69 caused loss of all activities. Amidination of all 14 lysyl residues gave a derivative with 41% and 16% of the enzymic and lethal activities, respectively, but with less than 5% of the original neuromuscular blocking activity. Mono-carbamoylation of lysyl residues at positions 58, 63, 81 and 85 was achieved. The most abundant derivative, 58-carbamoyl-lysine Pa-11 was enzymically 130% and lethally 100% as active as native Pa-11, but it had only about 20% of the native's neuromuscular activity in vitro. 63-Carbamoyl-lysine Pa-11 had 10% of the enzymic and 20% of the lethal activities, respectively; however, it retained at least 50% of its ability to block neuromuscular transmission in vitro, while losing most of its activity to block directly stimulated muscle contractions. 81- and 85-Carbamoyl derivatives have the same enzymic and lethal activities as the original protein, but the 85 derivative had less than 10% of the native neuromuscular activity. Hence, modifications of lysine residues at positions 58, 63 and 85 seem to be particularly significant in altering the neuromuscular, but not enzymic, activity of Pa-11, perhaps by altering the ability of the toxin to bind to its target on nerve and muscle membranes. Modification at position 63 appeared to lead to a dissociation of effects on neuromuscular transmission and directly on muscle cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Takasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|