1
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Kumar R, Padhy SR, Balaraman E. Cobalt-Catalyzed Divergence in C(sp 3)-H Functionalization of 9 H-Fluorene: A Streamlined Approach Utilizing Alcohols. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39378241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable chemical production demands the creation of innovative catalysts and catalytic technologies. While the development of coherent and robust catalytic systems using earth-abundant transition metals is essential, it remains a significant challenge. Herein, an expedient divergence strategy for tandem dehydrogenative C(sp3)-H alkylation and cyclization reactions of 9H-fluorene using a newly developed N,N-bidentate cobalt catalytic system is developed. This method capitalizes on the use of abundant and readily accessible alcohol. Demonstrating wide-ranging applicability, the catalytic protocol successfully integrated a diverse array of fluorenes and alcohols. This includes benzylic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic primary and secondary alcohols, amassing a total of 75 distinct examples. When applied to sterically bulky alcohols, the reaction preferentially undergoes alkenylation, yielding a tetrasubstituted olefin as the main product. In the case of diols, the expected outcome is Dual-fluorescence at both terminal positions. This process leads to difluorination, followed by a cyclization step, culminating in the formation of a relatively unprecedented spiro compound. The scalability of this method has been validated through gram-scale synthesis. Control experiments have shed light on the reaction mechanism, indicating that it progresses through an unsaturated intermediate and adheres to the borrowing hydrogen pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Smruti Rekha Padhy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Ekambaram Balaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
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2
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Wang J, Yang C, Gao H, Zuo L, Guo Z, Yang P, Li S, Tang Z. Customized Photoelectrochemical C-N and C-P Bond Formation Enabled by Tailored Deposition on Photoanodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408901. [PMID: 39017961 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemistry (PEC) is burgeoning as an innovative solution to organic synthesis. However, the current PEC systems suffer from limited reaction types and unsatisfactory performances. Herein, we employ efficient BiVO4 photoanodes with tailored deposition layers for customizing two PEC approaches toward C-N and C-P bond formation. Our process proceeds under mild reaction conditions, deploying easily available substrates and ultra-low potentials. Beyond photocatalysis and electrocatalysis, customized PEC offers high efficiency, good functional group tolerance, and substantial applicability for decorating drug molecules, highlighting its promising potential to enrich the synthetic toolbox for broader organic chemistry of practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Caoyu Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Huiwen Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lulu Zuo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyu Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Pengqi Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China
| | - Siyang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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3
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Wang W, Zhao L, Zhang Y. Generation of New Synthons for Synthesis Through Activation of Nitromethane. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202400454. [PMID: 38702899 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Nitromethane is used as a common solvent, stabilizer, and fuel additive. Nitromethane has also been used as a sustainable building block and convenient reagent in chemical synthesis. In this Minireview, we summarize the recent advances in activation of nitromethane, using nitromethane as the source of cyano group, nitrogen, methylamine, formyl group, C1, nitroso, and oxime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, 489 Helan Mountain West Road, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Lixing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yuexia Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
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4
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Baidya R, Khamarui S, Molla SA, Pratihar P, Das P, Pati TK, Maiti DK. Ru II-Catalyzed C-H Activated Diverse Cyclization with Transformation of Substrate-DG to Functional Groups: Synthesis of Functionalized Indoles and Indenones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:14183-14196. [PMID: 39283992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
We present an elegant and efficient method for Ru(II)-catalyzed C-H activation, followed by a diverse range of intermolecular cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions. This process is facilitated by an intrinsic directing group (DG) and includes the in situ transformation of the DG into common and useful functional groups. Notably, this method avoids the installation and deinstallation of the directing group. Our approach enables the selective functionalization of benzimidate, coupled with the cyclization of o-alkynyl-aniline, resulting in the high-yield synthesis of diverse compounds such as indoles, and indenones. The sequential formation of C-N, C-C, and C-O bonds, followed by hydrolysis, underscores the versatile in situ transformation of the directing group. This work not only broadens the synthetic toolbox for constructing complex heterocyclic structures but also highlights the potential for sustainable and selective synthesis of valuable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramlal Baidya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Saikat Khamarui
- Department of Chemistry, Government General Degree College, Kalna-1, Burdwan 713405, India
| | - Sabir A Molla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Pintu Pratihar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Prasenjit Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Tanmay K Pati
- Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180-3522, United States
| | - Dilip K Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
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5
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Boruah A, Deb ML, Thakuria R, Baruah PK. L-Proline catalyzed multi-component synthesis of N-pyridyl-tetrahydroisoquinolines and their α-C(sp 3)-H oxygenation. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39354875 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01343c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report an effective multi-component synthesis that starts with readily available starting materials and accesses poly-substituted pyridine derivatives by using L-proline as a benign catalyst. This process uses cyclic amines, aldehydes, and malononitrile in a condensation reaction to produce a variety of pyridine derivatives under mild conditions. Furthermore, depending on the catalysts used, the selective synthesis of an amide and/or an aldehyde functionality is achieved through α-C(sp3)-H oxygenation of the tertiary amine moiety in the resultant pyridine derivatives. The pyridine ring's nitrogen atom plays a crucial role in accelerating C-H oxygenation at the α-position of the tertiary amine, highlighting the synthetic versatility and usefulness of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Boruah
- Department of Applied Sciences, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India.
| | - Mohit L Deb
- Advanced Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya-793101, India.
| | - Ranjit Thakuria
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India
| | - Pranjal K Baruah
- Department of Applied Sciences, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India.
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6
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Bennett MT, Park KA, Gunnoe TB. Rhodium-Catalyzed Arene Alkenylation: Selectivity and Reaction Mechanism as a Function of In Situ Oxidant Identity. Organometallics 2024; 43:2113-2131. [PMID: 39328474 PMCID: PMC11423412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.4c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Rhodium catalyzed arene alkenylation reactions with arenes and olefins using dioxygen as the direct oxidant (e.g., ACS Catal. 2020, 10, 11519), Cu(II) carboxylates (e.g., Science 2015, 348, 421; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 5474) or Fe(III) carboxylate clusters (e.g., ACS Catal. 2024, 14, 10295), in the presence or absence of dioxygen, have been reported. These processes involve heating catalyst precursor [(η2-C2H4)2Rh(μ-OAc)]2, olefin, arene, and oxidant at temperatures between 120 and 200 °C. Herein, we report comparative studies of Rh-catalyzed arene alkenylation as a function of oxidant identity. This work includes comparisons of catalysis using Cu(II) carboxylates in the presence and absence of dioxygen, catalysis with only dioxygen as the oxidant, and Fe(III) carboxylates in the presence and absence of dioxygen. We report studies of catalysis with each oxidant including reagent concentration dependencies and kinetic isotope effect experiments using C6H6 or C6D6 and protio- or deutero carboxylic acid. Additionally, we probe ortho/meta/para regioselectivity for reactions of ethylene with monosubstituted arenes and Markovnikov/anti-Markovnikov selectivity with monosubstituted olefins. These studies indicate that the variation of oxidant identity impacts catalyst speciation, the reaction mechanism, and the reaction rate. Consequently, distinct Markovnikov/anti-Markovnikov and ortho/meta/para selectivities are observed for catalysis with each oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc T. Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Kwanwoo A. Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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7
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Li K, Li M, Dong S, Li SL, Chen Z, Liao RZ, Yin G. Factors Affecting the Formation and Transformation of the Intermediates in Pd(II)-Catalyzed Aromatic C-H Activation: A Comprehensive Study with the Pd(II)/LA Platform. J Org Chem 2024; 89:13540-13555. [PMID: 39255243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
How the factors affecting the formation and transformation of the intermediates in Pd(II)-catalyzed aromatic C-H activation: A comprehensive study with the Pd(II)/LA platform. Using the Pd(II)/Lewis acid (LA)-catalyzed C-H activation of electron-rich acetanilides as a platform, the C-H activation intermediates, including the precomplex η2-intermediate, the agostic hydrogen intermediate, and the palladacycle compound have been well-characterized. This work presents how the catalyst source, substrate, and solvent affect the formation of the η2-intermediate and its equilibrium with the agostic hydrogen intermediate, and the transformation of the agostic hydrogen intermediate to the palladacycle compound through C-H activation. The findings disclosed above are provided as a guideline for the catalyst design of the oxidative olefination of acetanilide with dioxygen, and the catalytic efficiency matched well with the mechanistic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Man Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Shuangfeng Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Long Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zhuqi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Rong-Zhen Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Guochuan Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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8
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Lai Y, Milner PJ. Paired Electrolysis Enables Reductive Heck Coupling of Unactivated (Hetero)Aryl Halides and Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408834. [PMID: 38900083 PMCID: PMC11427156 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The formation of carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds is a cornerstone of organic synthesis. Among various methods to construct Csp2-Csp3 bonds, the reductive Heck reaction between (hetero)aryl halides and alkenes stands out due to its potential efficiency and broad substrate availability. However, traditional reductive Heck reactions are limited by the use of precious metal catalysts and/or limited aryl halide and alkene compatibility. Here, we present an electrochemically mediated, metal- and catalyst-free reductive Heck reaction that tolerates both unactivated (hetero)aryl halides and diverse alkenes such as vinyl boronates and silanes. Detailed electrochemical and deuterium-labeling studies support that this transformation likely proceeds through a paired electrolysis pathway, in which acid generated by the oxidation of N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) at the anode intercepts an alkyl carbanion formed after radical-polar crossover at the cathode. As such, this approach offers a sustainable method for the construction of Csp2-Csp3 bonds from (hetero)aryl halides and alkenes, paving the way for the development of other electrochemically mediated olefin difunctionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihuan Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Phillip J Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
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9
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An S, Lai G, Liu WH. Catalytic dehydrogenative synthesis of α,β-unsaturated secondary amides without external oxidants. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04419c. [PMID: 39246373 PMCID: PMC11376141 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04419c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Direct dehydrogenative synthesis of α,β-unsaturated secondary amides still represents an elusive transformation. Herein we describe a palladium-catalyzed redox-neutral desaturation to prepare α,β-conjugated secondary amides. Without external oxidants, this approach relies on the N-O bond cleavage as the driving force to achieve formal dehydrogenation. Complementary to known protocols, this transformation is enabled by the unique reactivity of hydroxamate, thereby representing a novel strategy to accomplish carbonyl desaturation. Desired conjugated secondary amides can be efficiently synthesized in the presence of more reactive esters and even ketones, thus providing a solution to the long-standing issue of α,β-unsaturated secondary amides via C-C desaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaokang An
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Guoyin Lai
- Guangzhou Flower Flavours & Fragrances Co., Ltd Guangzhou 510442 China
| | - Wenbo H Liu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
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10
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Joseph E, Tunge JA. Cobalt-Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation at sp 3-Carbon Centers. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401707. [PMID: 38869446 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The rising demand and financial costs of noble transition metal catalysts have emphasized the need for sustainable catalytic approaches. Over the past few years, base-metal catalysts have emerged as ideal candidates to replace their noble-metal counterparts because of their abundance and easiness of handling. Despite the significant advancements achieved with precious transition metals, earth-abundant cobalt catalysts have emerged as efficient alternatives for allylic substitution reactions. In this review, allylic alkylations at sp3-carbon centers mediated by cobalt will be discussed, with a special focus on the mechanistic features, scope, and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebbin Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Rd., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Jon A Tunge
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Rd., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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11
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Zhang X, Chang M, Ni T, Liu S, Li W, Xu X. CuBr 2-mediated dehydrogenative [4+2] annulation of 1-naphthyl-1,3-indandiones and alkenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:9070-9073. [PMID: 39101974 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02386b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Intermolecular annulation reactions of 1-naphthyl-1,3-indandiones with alkenes proceed efficiently in the presence of a copper catalyst to generate spirocarbocycle compounds. Various spirocyclic molecules bearing an all-carbon quaternary center could be obtained by this novel method with good yields, excellent regioselectivity, and good functional group tolerance. A radical mechanism is proposed based on the HRMS analysis results of control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Mengfan Chang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Tongtong Ni
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Shuhan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Wenguang Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
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12
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Zhao H. Recent advances in enzymatic carbon-carbon bond formation. RSC Adv 2024; 14:25932-25974. [PMID: 39161440 PMCID: PMC11331486 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03885a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic carbon-carbon (C-C) bond formation reactions have become an effective and invaluable tool for designing new biological and medicinal molecules, often with asymmetric features. This review provides a systematic overview of key C-C bond formation reactions and enzymes, with the focus of reaction mechanisms and recent advances. These reactions include the aldol reaction, Henry reaction, Knoevenagel condensation, Michael addition, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation, Mannich reaction, Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reaction, Diels-Alder reaction, acyloin condensations via Thiamine Diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzymes, oxidative and reductive C-C bond formation, C-C bond formation through C1 resource utilization, radical enzymes for C-C bond formation, and other C-C bond formation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhao
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota St. Paul MN 55108 USA
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13
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Wei Y, Li Y, Li X, Yang T, Chen X, Li Y, Zhou Y, Wang J, Zhang J, Li H, Ling H, Wang S, Liu Y, Xie L. Double C-H Amination of Naphthylamine Derivatives by the Cross-Dehydrogenation Coupling Reaction. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11195-11202. [PMID: 39067013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
A high-efficiency tandem process has been developed for the formation of two C-N bonds through a cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) amination of spiro[acridine-9,9'-fluorene]s (SAFs) with amines. This method offers a strategically innovative and atom-economical approach to obtaining diamine-substituted SAFs. Notably, the approach eliminates the need for metal catalysts and other additives, relying solely on O2 as the oxidant. A self-activation mechanism has been proposed to elucidate the effective double amination in the CDC process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Tonglin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiacheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haifeng Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuyu Liu
- Electrical Engineering College, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Linghai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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14
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Xia Q, Miao Y, Hu Y, Xie Y, Luo J. Copper-Catalyzed Borrowing Hydrogen Reaction for α-Alkylation of Amides with Alcohols. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9654-9660. [PMID: 38900965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
We report the first example of copper-catalyzed α-alkylation of acetamides with alcohols via a borrowing hydrogen strategy. Catalyzed by the in situ-generated copper particles, acetamides and various substituted benzyl or alkyl alcohols were transformed into functionalized amides in good yields with excellent selectivity. Compared with previous work, this process is simple using commercially available Cu(OAc)2 as a precatalyst, without an additional ligand or a metal complex, and easier. Mechanistic studies revealed that aldehyde and α,β-unsaturated amides were the intermediates of this reaction and also disclosed the role of copper in alcohol dehydrogenation and C═C bond hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Xia
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Clinical Application, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yulong Miao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yinjun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Junfei Luo
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Clinical Application, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
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15
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Bennett MT, Park KA, Musgrave CB, Brubaker JW, Dickie DA, Goddard WA, Gunnoe TB. Hexa-Fe(III) Carboxylate Complexes Facilitate Aerobic Hydrocarbon Oxidative Functionalization: Rh Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of Benzene and Ethylene to Form Styrene. ACS Catal 2024; 14:10295-10316. [PMID: 38988649 PMCID: PMC11232027 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Fe(II) carboxylates react with dioxygen and carboxylic acid to form Fe6(μ-OH)2(μ3-O)2(μ-X)12(HX)2 (X = acetate or pivalate), which is an active oxidant for Rh-catalyzed arene alkenylation. Heating (150-200 °C) the catalyst precursor [(η2-C2H4)2Rh(μ-OAc)]2 with ethylene, benzene, Fe(II) carboxylate, and dioxygen yields styrene >30-fold faster than the reaction with dioxygen in the absence of the Fe(II) carboxylate additive. It is also demonstrated that Fe6(μ-OH)2(μ3-O)2(μ-X)12(HX)2 is an active oxidant under anaerobic conditions, and the reduced material can be reoxidized to Fe6(μ-OH)2(μ3-O)2(μ-X)12(HX)2 by dioxygen. At optimized conditions, a turnover frequency of ∼0.2 s-1 is achieved. Unlike analogous reactions with Cu(II) carboxylate oxidants, which undergo stoichiometric Cu(II)-mediated production of phenyl esters (e.g., phenyl acetate) as side products at temperatures ≥150 °C, no phenyl ester side product is observed when Fe carboxylate additives are used. Kinetic isotope effect experiments using C6H6 and C6D6 give k H/k D = 3.5(3), while the use of protio or monodeutero pivalic acid reveals a small KIE with k H/k D = 1.19(2). First-order dependencies on Fe(II) carboxylate and dioxygen concentration are observed in addition to complicated kinetic dependencies on the concentration of carboxylic acid and ethylene, both of which inhibit the reaction rate at a high concentration. Mechanistic studies are consistent with irreversible benzene C-H activation, ethylene insertion into the formed Rh-Ph bond, β-hydride elimination, and reaction of Rh-H with Fe6(μ-OH)2(μ3-O)2(μ-X)12(HX)2 to regenerate a Rh-carboxylate complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc T. Bennett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Kwanwoo A. Park
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Charles B. Musgrave
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jack W. Brubaker
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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16
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Guo C, Wang X, Ding Q, Wu J. C-H Bond Sulfonylation from Thianthrenium Salts and DABCO·(SO 2) 2: Synthesis of 2-Sulfonylindoles. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9672-9680. [PMID: 38871666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
A three-component reaction of 1-(1H-indol-1-yl)isoquinolines or 1-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-indoles, DABCO·(SO2)2, and thianthrenium salts under synergistic photoredox and palladium catalysis is accomplished. This direct C-H bond sulfonylation of indoles with the insertion of sulfur dioxide under mild conditions works efficiently, giving rise to a wide range of 2-sulfonated indoles in moderate to good yields under mild conditions. In this protocol, the generality of aryl/alkyl thianthrenium salts is demonstrated as well. A photoredox radical process combined with palladium catalysis is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Guo
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Qiuping Ding
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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17
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Zhang Q, Zhang J, Zhu W, Lu R, Guo C. Enantioselective nickel-catalyzed anodic oxidative dienylation and allylation reactions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4477. [PMID: 38796470 PMCID: PMC11127924 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48936-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Precision control of stereochemistry in radical reactions remains a formidable challenge due to the prevalence of incidental racemic background reactions resulting from undirected substrate oxidation in the absence of chiral induction. In this study, we devised an thoughtful approach-electricity-driven asymmetric Lewis acid catalysis-to circumvent this impediment. This methodology facilitates both asymmetric dienylation and allylation reactions, resulting in the formation of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters and demonstrating significant potential in the modular synthesis of functional and chiral benzoxazole-oxazoline (Boox) ligands. Notably, the involvement of chiral Lewis acids in both the electrochemical activation and stereoselectivity-defining radical stages offers innovative departures for designing single electron transfer-based reactions, significantly underscoring the relevance of this approach as a multifaceted and universally applicable strategy for various fields of study, including electrosynthesis, organic chemistry, and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jiayin Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wangjie Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ruimin Lu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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18
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Li C, Wang Z, Jin M, Song Z. Palladium-Catalyzed Arylation of C(sp 2)-H Bonds and C(sp 3)-H Bonds with 4-Amino-benzotriazole as the Bidentate Directing Group. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6966-6973. [PMID: 38691095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The arylation of C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H bonds in carboxylic acids catalyzed by Pd(II) with 4-aminobentriazole as the directing group was investigated. In addition to activation of the C(sp2)-H bond, selective arylation of alkyl carboxylic acids and amino acids in the β position can also be achieved. This strategy involved a 5,5-bicyclic Pd intermediate complex whose structure was determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis. Importantly, the DG (directing group) can be easily removed under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqian Li
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Meina Jin
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zhiguang Song
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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19
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Zeng L, Xu CH, Zou XY, Sun Q, Hu M, Ouyang XH, He DL, Li JH. Iodoarene-directed photoredox β-C(sp 3)-H arylation of 1-( o-iodoaryl)alkan-1-ones with cyanoarenes via halogen atom transfer and hydrogen atom transfer. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6522-6529. [PMID: 38699280 PMCID: PMC11062093 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06637a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Site selective functionalization of inert remote C(sp3)-H bonds to increase molecular complexity offers vital potential for chemical synthesis and new drug development, thus it has been attracting ongoing research interest. In particular, typical β-C(sp3)-H arylation methods using chelation-assisted metal catalysis or metal-catalyzed oxidative/photochemical in situ generated allyl C(sp3)-H bond processes have been well developed. However, radical-mediated direct β-C(sp3)-H arylation of carbonyls remains elusive. Herein, we describe an iodoarene-directed photoredox β-C(sp3)-H arylation of 1-(o-iodoaryl)alkan-1-ones with cyanoarenes via halogen atom transfer (XAT) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). The method involves diethylaminoethyl radical-mediated generation of an aryl radical intermediate via XAT, then directed 1,5-HAT to form the remote alkyl radical intermediate and radical-radical coupling with cyanoarenes, and is applicable to a broad scope of unactivated remote C(sp3)-H bonds like β-C(sp3)-H bonds of o-iodoaryl-substituted alkanones and α-C(sp3)-H bonds of o-iodoarylamides. Experimental findings are supported by computational studies (DFT calculations), revealing that this method operates via a radical-relay stepwise mechanism involving multiple SET, XAT, 1,5-HAT and radical-radical coupling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - Chong-Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
| | - Xiu-Yuan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - Qing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - Ming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - Xuan-Hui Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - De-Liang He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 475004 China
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20
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Mullick S, Ghosh A, Banerjee D. Recent advances in cross-coupling of alcohols via borrowing hydrogen catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4002-4014. [PMID: 38451211 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00003j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Application of the borrowing hydrogen strategy facilitates utilization of abundantly available alcohols for linear or branched long-chain alcohols. Selective synthesis of such alcohols is highly challenging and involves the utilization of transition metal catalysts towards the desired cross-coupled product. Herein, we have highlighted recent advances (from 2015 to 2023) towards the synthesis of higher alcohols. Major focus has been given to the development of ligands, including transition metal catalysts. Judicious catalyst design plays a key role in the alkylation process and is summarised in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suteerna Mullick
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Adrija Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Debasis Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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21
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Babu SA, A A, Mohan M, Paul N, Mathew J, John J. Tandem Reactions of Electrophilic Indoles toward Indolizines and Their Subsequent Transformations through Pd(II)-Mediated C-H Functionalization to Access Polyring-Fused N-Heterocycles. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:16196-16206. [PMID: 38617644 PMCID: PMC11007710 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
A simple and efficient synthetic approach for generating a library of structurally novel indolizines has been developed via sequential 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition-ring opening processes. Using this methodology, a series of indolizines bearing different substituents were made in moderate to good yields. The presence of two functionalizable C-H bonds in these indolizine motifs makes them attractive for accessing fused indolizine scaffolds. In this line, we have introduced palladium-mediated site-selective C-H functionalizations, where the N-center and the two C-H centers of the indolizine moiety can be readily functionalized to generate fused N-heterocycles. Utilizing a Pd-mediated dual C-H activation of 5-benzoyl-substituted indolizine afforded 6H-indeno-indolizine, and a tetracene, viz., indolizino[2,1-b]indoles, was produced in the same substrate by the Pd-catalyzed selective C-H amination in the presence of oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheba Ann Babu
- Chemical
Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National
Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Aparna A
- Chemical
Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National
Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Malavika Mohan
- Chemical
Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National
Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Namitha Paul
- Chemical
Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National
Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Jomon Mathew
- Research
and Post-Graduate Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph’s College, Devagiri, Calicut 673008, India
| | - Jubi John
- Chemical
Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National
Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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22
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Zhou J, Zhao Z, Mori S, Yamamoto K, Shibata N. Cross-coupling of organic fluorides with allenes: a silyl-radical-relay pathway for the construction of α-alkynyl-substituted all-carbon quaternary centres. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5113-5122. [PMID: 38577357 PMCID: PMC10988592 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06617g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Controlling the transformation of versatile and reactive allenes is a considerable challenge. Herein, we report an efficient silylboronate-mediated cross-coupling reaction of organic fluorides with allenes to construct a series of sterically demanding α-ethynyl-containing all-carbon quaternary centers (ACQCs), using catalyst-free silyl-radical-relay reactions to selectively functionalize highly inert C-F bonds in organic fluorides. The key to the success of this transformation lies in the radical rearrangement of an in situ-generated allenyl radical to form a bulky tertiary propargyl radical; however, the transformation does not show efficiency when using the propargyl isomer directly. This unique reaction enables the cross-coupling of a tertiary carbon radical center with a C(sp2)-F bond or a benzylic C(sp3)-F bond. α-Ethynyl-containing ACQCs with (hetero)aromatic substituents and benzyl were efficiently synthesized in a single step using electronically and sterically diverse organic fluorides and allenes. The practical utility of this protocol is showcased by the late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules and the modification of a liquid crystalline material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Zhengyu Zhao
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Soichiro Mori
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
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23
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Kathiravan S, Dhillon P, Zhang T, Nicholls IA. Metal free cross-dehydrogenative N-N coupling of primary amides with Lewis basic amines. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2643. [PMID: 38531886 PMCID: PMC10966042 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrazides, N-N containing structural motifs, are important due to their presence in a wide variety of biologically significant compounds. While the homo N-N coupling of two NH moieties to form the hydrazide N-N bond is well developed, the cross-dehydrogenative hetero N-N coupling remains very unevolved. Here we present an efficient intermolecular N-N cross-coupling of a series of primary benzamides with broad range of Lewis basic primary and secondary amines using PhI(OAc)2 as both a terminal oxidant and a cross-coupling mediator, without the need for metal catalysts, high temperatures, and inert atmospheres, and with substantial potential for use in the late-stage functionalization of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subban Kathiravan
- Bioorganic & Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, SE-39182, Sweden.
- Attana AB, Greta Arwidssons väg 21, 11419, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Prakriti Dhillon
- Bioorganic & Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, SE-39182, Sweden
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Bioorganic & Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, SE-39182, Sweden
| | - Ian A Nicholls
- Bioorganic & Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, SE-39182, Sweden.
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24
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Zeng L, Ren HZ, Lv GF, Ouyang XH, He DL, Li JH. Electroreductive Remote Benzylic C(sp 3)-H Arylation of Aliphatic Ethers Using Cyanoarenes for the Synthesis of α-(Hetero)aryl Ethers. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38502576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
An iodoarene-driven electroreductive remote C(sp3)-H arylation of unsymmetrical 1-(o-iodoaryl)alkyl ethers with cyanoarenes for the site selective synthesis of α-(hetero)aryl ethers is developed. With the introduction of cyanoarenes as both aryl sources and electron transfer mediators, this method includes an iodoarene-driven strategy to enable the regiocontrollable formation of two new bonds, one C(sp2)-H bond, and one C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond, in a single reaction step through the sequence of halogen atom transfer (XAT), hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), radical-radical coupling, and decyanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Hua-Zhan Ren
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Gui-Fen Lv
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Xuan-Hui Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - De-Liang He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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25
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Zhang Z, Chen X, Niu ZJ, Li ZM, Li Q, Shi WY, Ding T, Liu XY, Liang YM. A Practical and Regioselective Strategy for Aromatic C-H Difunctionalization via Site-Selective C-H Thianthrenation. Org Lett 2024; 26:1813-1818. [PMID: 38386925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present a novel Catellani-type reaction that employed aryl-thianthrenium salts as aryl substrates to trigger the subsequent palladium/norbornene cooperatively catalyzed progress. This strategy can achieve site-selective C-H difunctionalization of aryl compounds without directing groups or a known initiating reagent. A series of functionalized syntheses of bioactive molecules further demonstrated the potential of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhuo-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wei-Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tian Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xue-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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26
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Shen J, Li J, Chen M, Yue X, Shi X. Photoinduced Radical Desulfurative C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) Coupling via Electron Donor-Acceptor Complexes. Org Lett 2024; 26:1495-1500. [PMID: 38334317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a radical desulfurative C-C coupling protocol for the synthesis of 4-alkylpyridines. A variety of substituents on both benzyl thiols and 4-cyanopyridines are tolerated. The reaction is carried out under mild and photocatalyst- and transition-metal-free conditions. Preliminary mechanistic studies show that an electron donor-acceptor complex is formed between benzyl thiols and 4-cyanopyridines under alkaline conditions. Then, a variety of 1°, 2°, and 3° C(sp3)-centered radicals was formed by cleavage of the C-S bond, and the 4-alkylpyridines were achieved through a radical-radical coupling with the pyridyl radical anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Jincan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Meijun Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xuerong Yue
- Chongqing Ensky Chemical CO., LTD., North New Zone, Chongqing 401121, China
| | - Xin Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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27
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Carson MC, Kozlowski MC. Recent advances in oxidative phenol coupling for the total synthesis of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:208-227. [PMID: 37294301 PMCID: PMC10709532 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00009e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2008 to 2023This review will describe oxidative phenol coupling as applied in the total synthesis of natural products. This review covers catalytic and electrochemical methods with a brief comparison to stoichiometric and enzymatic systems assessing their practicality, atom economy, and other measures. Natural products forged by C-C and C-O oxidative phenol couplings as well as from alkenyl phenol couplings will be addressed. Additionally, exploration into catalytic oxidative coupling of phenols and other related species (carbazoles, indoles, aryl ethers, etc.) will be surveyed. Future directions of this particular area of research will also be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Carson
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.
| | - Marisa C Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.
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28
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Mhaske K, Gangai S, Fernandes R, Kamble A, Chowdhury A, Narayan R. Aerobic Catalytic Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Furans with Indoles Provides Access to Fluorophores with Large Stokes Shift. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302929. [PMID: 38175849 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Sustainability in chemical processes is a crucial aspect in contemporary chemistry with sustainable catalysis as a vital parameter of the same. There has been a renewed focus on utilizing earth-abundant metal catalysts to expand the repertoire of organic reactions. Furan is a versatile heterocycle of natural origin used for multiple applications. However, it has scarcely been used in cross-dehydrogenative coupling. In this work, we have explored the cross-dehydrogentive coupling of furans with indoles using commonly available, inexpensive FeCl3 ⋅ 6H2 O (<0.25 $/g) as catalyst in the presence of so called 'ultimate oxidant' - oxygen, without the need for any external ligand or additive. The reactions were found to be scalable and to work even under partially aqueous conditions. This makes the reaction highly economical, practical, operationally simple and sustainable. The methodology provides direct access to π-conjugated short oligomers consisting of furan, thiophene and indole. These compounds were found to show interesting fluorescence properties with remarkably large Stokes shift (up to 205 nm). Mechanistic investigations reveal that the reaction proceeds through chemoselective oxidation of indole by the metal catalyst followed by nucleophilic trapping by furan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Mhaske
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Goa, 403401, India
| | - Shon Gangai
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Goa, 403401, India
| | - Rushil Fernandes
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Goa, 403401, India
| | - Angulimal Kamble
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Goa, 403401, India
| | - Arkaprava Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rishikesh Narayan
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Goa, 403401, India
- School of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Goa, 403401, India
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29
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Hsu CC, Lee KM, Wu XW, Lin L, Yu WL, Liu CY. Hole-Transporting Materials based on Oligo(hetero)aryls with a Naphthodithiophene Core - Succinct Synthesis by Twofold Direct C-H Olefination. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302552. [PMID: 37997029 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrated the first synthetic application of direct C-H olefinations in the step-saving preparation of various hole-transporting materials (HTM) for efficient perovskite solar cells (PSC). Cross-dehydrogenative couplings of naphthodithiophene (NDT) with vinyl arenes under palladium-catalysis facilely generated various new oligo(hetero)aryls with internal alkenes. Reaction conditions were optimized, which gave the product isolated yields of up to 71 % with high (E)-stereoselectivity. These readily accessible NDT core-based small molecules involving olefin as π-spacers displayed immediate power conversion efficiencies of up to 17.2 % without a device oxidation process that is required for the commercially available spiro-OMeTAD and most other existing HTMs while fabricated in corresponding PSC devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Hsu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University Jhongli District, Taoyuan City, 320, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Mu Lee
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering/Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung University/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Guishan District, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
- College of Environment and Resources, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 243, Taiwan
| | - Xiao-Wei Wu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University Jhongli District, Taoyuan City, 320, Taiwan
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University Jhongli District, Taoyuan City, 320, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Yu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University Jhongli District, Taoyuan City, 320, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University Jhongli District, Taoyuan City, 320, Taiwan
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30
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Wang W, Liu J, Yang L, Song S, Jiao N. A Catalytic Method to Activate Nitromethane by the Cooperation of Homo- and Heterogeneous Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202312354. [PMID: 38133603 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The achievement of directly activating and utilizing bulk small molecules has remained a longstanding objective in the field of chemical synthesis. The present work reports a catalytic activation method for bulk chemical nitromethane (MeNO2 ). This method combines homogeneous Lewis acid with recyclable heterogeneous Brønsted acid catalysis, featuring practicality, sustainability, and low cost, thus solving the inherent drawbacks of previous Nef processes where stoichiometric reductants or activators were required. By combining the advantages of both homo- and heterogeneous catalysts, this chemistry may not only offer new opportunities for the further development of MeNO2 as a nitrogen source for organic synthesis, but also promote the catalysis design in synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jianzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Licheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Song Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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31
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Li H, Wang K, Yang L, Luo YZ, Yao ZJ. Half-sandwich ruthenium complexes with acylhydrazone ligands: synthesis and catalytic activity in the N-alkylation of hydrazides. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:2797-2806. [PMID: 38226891 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04078j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Novel half-sandwich ruthenium complexes termed [(p-cymene)RuClL] were synthesized by chelating arylhydrazone ligands with [(p-cymene)RuCl2]2 and were then fully characterized using different spectroscopic and analytical techniques. The crystal structure of complex 4 indicated that the hydrazone ligands bonded to the ruthenium ion in a bidentate manner through the imine nitrogen and imidazolate oxygen, exhibiting a pseudo-octahedral geometry centered by the ruthenium atom. The as-fabricated air and moisture stable half-sandwich ruthenium complexes demonstrated excellent catalytic activity towards the N-alkylation of hydrazides under mild conditions. Under the catalysis of ruthenium complexes, acyl hydrazides were reacted with different types of alcohols in a one-pot reaction, resulting in N-alkylation hydrazides with different substituents. This catalyst exhibited characteristics such as high catalytic efficiency, broad substrate scope, and mild reaction conditions, indicating that it has great potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China.
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China.
| | - Yu-Zhou Luo
- Scientific Research Office, Guangzhou College of Commerce, Guangzhou, 511363, China.
| | - Zi-Jian Yao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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32
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Jalwal S, Regina A, Atreya V, Paranjothy M, Chakraborty S. NNN manganese complex-catalyzed α-alkylation of methyl ketones using alcohols: an experimental and computational study. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 38251673 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04321e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
We present here a phosphine-free, quinoline-based pincer Mn catalyst for α-alkylation of methyl ketones using primary alcohols as alkyl surrogates. The C-C bond formation reaction proceeds via a hydrogen auto-transfer methodology. The sole by-product formed is water, rendering the protocol atom efficient. Electronic structure theory studies corroborated the proposed mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Jalwal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Jodhpur, 342030, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Anitta Regina
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Jodhpur, 342030, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Vaishnavi Atreya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Jodhpur, 342030, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Manikandan Paranjothy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Jodhpur, 342030, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Subrata Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Jodhpur, 342030, Rajasthan, India.
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33
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Yang Y, Wu Y, Bin Z, Zhang C, Tan G, You J. Discovery of Organic Optoelectronic Materials Powered by Oxidative Ar-H/Ar-H Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1224-1243. [PMID: 38173272 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Efficient and streamlined synthetic methods that facilitate the rapid build-up of structurally diverse π-conjugated systems are of paramount importance in the quest for organic optoelectronic materials. Among these methods, transition-metal-catalyzed oxidative Ar-H/Ar-H coupling reactions between two (hetero)arenes have emerged as a concise and effective approach for generating a wide array of bi(hetero)aryl and fused heteroaryl structures. This innovative approach bypasses challenges associated with substrate pre-activation processes, thereby allowing for the creation of frameworks that were previously beyond reach using conventional Ar-X/Ar-M coupling reactions. These inherent advantages have ushered in new design patterns for organic optoelectronic molecules that deviate from traditional methods. This ground-breaking approach enables the transcendence of the limitations of repetitive material structures, ultimately leading to the discovery of novel high-performance materials. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of recent advances in the development of organic optoelectronic materials through the utilization of transition-metal-catalyzed oxidative Ar-H/Ar-H coupling reactions. We introduce several notable synthetic strategies in this domain, covering both directed and non-directed oxidative Ar-H/Ar-H coupling strategies, dual chelation-assisted strategy and directed ortho-C-H arylation/cyclization strategy. Additionally, we shed light on the role of oxidative Ar-H/Ar-H coupling reactions in the advancement of high-performance organic optoelectronic materials. Finally, we discuss the current limitations of existing protocols and offer insights into the future prospects for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyang Bin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangying Tan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsong You
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
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34
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Sharma C, Kumari S, Sharma D, Srivastava AK, Joshi RK. Selenated NHC-Pd(II) Pincer Complex Catalyzed, Temperature-Dependent Selective Hydroamination and Oxidative Amination of Olefins: Formation of Enamine Esters and β-Amino Esters under Solvent-Free and Aerobic Conditions. J Org Chem 2024; 89:701-709. [PMID: 38084730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
NHC-Pd(II) pincer catalyzed oxidative amination and hydroamination of olefins is developed under solvent-free aerobic conditions. Reaction offered a temperature-controlled synthesis of (Z)-enamine and β-amino esters to provide easy access and remarkable functional group tolerance for a variety of enamines. The developed approach renders an opportunity of scalability and flexibility, and besides this, the produced enamines can be transformed into many N-containing heterocycles, underscoring its potential usage in synthetic and pharmaceutical chemistry. Moreover, it is the first report for coupling of aniline with styrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Sharma
- Department of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, JLN Marg, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sangeeta Kumari
- Department of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, JLN Marg, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Department of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, JLN Marg, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India
| | - Avinash K Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, JLN Marg, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India
| | - Raj K Joshi
- Department of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, JLN Marg, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India
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35
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Zaib S, Younas MT, Khan I, Ali HS, McAdam CJ, White JM, Jaber F, Awwad NS, Ibrahium HA. Pyrimidine-morpholine hybrids as potent druggable therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease: Synthesis, biochemical and in silico analyses. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106868. [PMID: 37738768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The identification of effective and druggable cholinesterase inhibitors to treat progressive neurodegenerative Alzheimer's disorder remains a continuous drug discovery hunt. In this perspective, the present study investigates the design and discovery of pyrimidine-morpholine hybrids (5a-l) as potent cholinesterase inhibitors. Palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction was employed to introduce the structural diversity on the pyrimidine heterocyclic core. A range of commercially available boronic acids was successfully coupled showing a high functional group tolerance. In vitro cholinesterase inhibitory potential using Ellman's method revealed significantly strong potency. Compound 5h bearing a meta-tolyl substituent at 2-position of pyrimidine ring emerged as a lead candidate against AChE with an inhibitory potency of 0.43 ± 0.42 µM, ∼38-fold stronger value than neostigmine (IC50 = 16.3 ± 1.12 µM). Compound 5h also showed the lead inhibition against BuChE with an IC50 value of 2.5 ± 0.04 µM. The kinetics analysis of 5h revealed the non-competitive mode of inhibition against AChE whereas computational modelling results of potent leads depicted diverse contacts with the binding site amino acid residues. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed the stability of biomolecular system, while, ADME analysis demonstrated druglikeness behaviour of potent compounds. Overall, the investigated pyrimidine-morpholine scaffold presented a remarkable potential to be developed as efficacious anti-Alzheimer's drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Zaib
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Tayyab Younas
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester MI 7DN, UK.
| | - Hafiz Saqib Ali
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the INEOS Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry and Bio-21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 3052 Parkville, Australia
| | - Fadi Jaber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nasser S Awwad
- Department of Chemistry, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala A Ibrahium
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
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36
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Gautam D, Gahlaut PS, Pathak S, Jana B. K 2S 2O 8 promoted metal-free direct C-alkylation of acetophenones with alcohols. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 37997393 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01526b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a metal-free synthetic methodology for the C-alkylation of acetophenones following a hydrogen borrowing-like pathway using the commercially available inorganic oxidant K2S2O8 in conjunction with KOtBu. This study articulates the potential of K2S2O8 in fast initiation of the oxidation of benzyl alcohols to develop an atom-economical, easy, and more efficient methodology for the C-alkylation of various acetophenones and synthesis of a variety of substituted quinolines. Experimental data from control experiments, literature and characterization of intermediates through spectroscopic techniques support the proposed plausible mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Gautam
- Organometallics and Supramolecular Chemistry Laboratory (OMSCL), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan-302017, India.
| | - Puneet Singh Gahlaut
- Organometallics and Supramolecular Chemistry Laboratory (OMSCL), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan-302017, India.
| | - Shristi Pathak
- Organometallics and Supramolecular Chemistry Laboratory (OMSCL), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan-302017, India.
| | - Barun Jana
- Organometallics and Supramolecular Chemistry Laboratory (OMSCL), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan-302017, India.
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37
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Lu D, Wu K, Wen TB, Hao W, Zhang HJ. Unusual Kinetics Induced by Ligands in Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Olefination Reactions. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37987772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the effects of ligands on C-H activation during rhodium(III)-catalyzed C-H bond olefination reactions using well-defined [CpXRhIII] catalytic systems with three representative CpX (Cp (η5-C5H5), CpCF3 (η5-C5Me4CF3), and Cp* (η5-C5Me5)) ligands. Our results demonstrate that C-H activation as the rate-limiting step is significantly influenced by the steric properties of the CpX ligands. Moreover, we observe a dramatic acceleration of the simple [CpRhIII]-catalyzed C-H olefination reaction with acid coproducts such as HOAc, implying an autocatalytic C-H activation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Lu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Kongchuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Ting-Bin Wen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Wei Hao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, P. R. China
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38
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Yan W, Cheng Q, Jiao Y, Cao CT, Tang Z. Study on the Mechanism of Ru-Catalyzed Cyclization of Aromatic Amides with Allylphosphine Oxides. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14945-14952. [PMID: 37839076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of Ru-catalyzed cyclization of aromatic amides with allylphosphine oxides is studied by density functional theory calculation (DFT). The results show that, first, a 5-membered Ru ring intermediate is formed by N-H and C-H diprotons via the concerted metalation-deprotonation mechanism (CMD) and then the allylphosphine oxide is inserted through the ring-extending reaction to form a 7-membered ring intermediate. Next, reduction elimination is followed via intramolecular hydrogen transfer isomerization. At last, with the assistance of acetic acid, Ru (II) → Ru (IV) → Ru (II) complexes occur from the 7-membered Ru ring intermediate, and the final product is formed by reduction elimination and protonation reaction, while the catalyst is released to participate in the next cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Yinchun Jiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Chao-Tun Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Zilong Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
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39
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Gao J, He XC, Liu YL, Ye ZP, Guan JP, Chen K, Xiang HY, Yang H. Photoredox/Nickel Dual Catalysis-Enabled Cross-Dehydrogenative C-H Amination of Indoles with Unactivated Amine. Org Lett 2023; 25:7716-7720. [PMID: 37842950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a direct cross-dehydrogenative C-H amination of indoles has been successfully achieved, enabled by the merger of photocatalysis with nickel catalysis. This developed process does not require stoichiometric oxidants and prefunctionalization of amine partners, providing a concise platform for C-N bond formation. Moreover, the synthetic practicality of this transformation was well revealed by its high step- and atom-economy, high reaction efficiency, and broad functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Chen He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ling Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Peng Ye
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Guan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Yue Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
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40
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Zhang YF, Chen HN, Xiao Y, Cui Z, Wang WD, Xu GQ. Organic photoredox catalyzed C(sp 3)-H functionalization of saturated aza-heterocycles via a cross-dehydrogenative coupling reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8284-8288. [PMID: 37814526 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01438j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein we present a novel protocol to access α-functionalized saturated aza-heterocycles, and a variety of nucleophilic groups, such as indole, naphthol, phenol, pyrrole, furyl, nitromethyl, and cyano, could be easily installed into saturated aza-heterocycles. Furthermore, a range of biologically valuable 3,3'-diindolylmethane derivatives could also be readily accessed under mild photocatalytic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China.
| | - Han-Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China.
| | - Yi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China.
| | - Zhencun Cui
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, P.R. China
| | - Wei David Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China.
| | - Guo-Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China.
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41
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Ki Au Y, Ma Q, Zhang J, Xie Z. Ir-Catalyzed B(3)-Amination of o-Carboranes with Amines via Acceptorless Dehydrogenative BH/NH Cross-Coupling. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300611. [PMID: 37694997 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and convenient strategy for Ir-catalyzed selective B(3)-amination of o-carboranes with amines via acceptorless BH/NH dehydrocoupling was developed, affording a series of B(3)-aminated-o-carboranes in moderate to high isolated yields with H2 gas as a sole by-product. Such an oxidant-free system endues the protocol sustainability, atom-economy and environmental friendliness. A reaction mechanism via an Ir(I)-Ir(III)-Ir(I) catalytic cycle involving oxidative addition, dehydrogenation and reductive elimination was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yik Ki Au
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Qiangqiang Ma
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Zuowei Xie
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R.China
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42
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Li QY, Cheng S, Ye Z, Huang T, Yang F, Lin YM, Gong L. Visible light-triggered selective C(sp 2)-H/C(sp 3)-H coupling of benzenes with aliphatic hydrocarbons. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6366. [PMID: 37821440 PMCID: PMC10567795 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The direct and selective coupling of benzenes with aliphatic hydrocarbons is a promising strategy for C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond formation using readily available starting materials, yet it remains a significant challenge. In this study, we have developed a simplified photochemical system that incorporates catalytic amounts of iron(III) halides as multifunctional reagents and air as a green oxidant to address this synthetic problem. Under mild conditions, the reaction between a strong C(sp2)-H bond and a robust C(sp3)-H bond has been achieved, affording a broad range of cross-coupling products with high yields and commendable chemo-, site-selectivity. The iron halide acts as a multifunctional reagent that responds to visible light, initiates C-centered radicals, induces single-electron oxidation to carbocations, and participates in a subsequent Friedel-Crafts-type process. The gradual release of radical species and carbocation intermediates appears to be critical for achieving desirable reactivity and selectivity. This eco-friendly, cost-efficient approach offers access to various building blocks from abundant hydrocarbon feedstocks, and demonstrates the potential of iron halides in sustainable synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Shiyan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Ziqi Ye
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Fuxing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Yu-Mei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
| | - Lei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, 361005, China.
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43
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Badshah G, Gomes CMB, Ali S, Luz EQ, Silvério GL, Santana FS, Seckler D, Paixão DB, Schneider PH, Rampon DS. Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Selanylation of Chalcogenophenes and Arenes Assisted by 2-(Methylthio)amide. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14033-14047. [PMID: 37712931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The direct and selective conversion of a C-H bond into a C-Se bond remains a significant challenge, which is even more intricate with substrates having an innate regioselectivity under several reaction conditions, such as chalcogenophenes. We overrode their selectivity toward selanylation using palladium, copper, and the 2-(methylthio)amide directing group. This chelation-assisted direct selanylation was also suitable for mono and double ortho functionalization of arenes. The mechanistic studies indicate high-valent Pd(IV) species in the catalytic cycle, a reversible C-H activation step, and Cu(II) as a sequestering agent for organoselenide byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul Badshah
- Laboratory of Polymers and Catalysis(LaPoCa),Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19061, Curitiba 81531-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carla M B Gomes
- Laboratory of Polymers and Catalysis(LaPoCa),Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19061, Curitiba 81531-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sher Ali
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Q Luz
- Laboratory of Polymers and Catalysis(LaPoCa),Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19061, Curitiba 81531-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gabriel L Silvério
- Laboratory of Polymers and Catalysis(LaPoCa),Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19061, Curitiba 81531-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Francielli S Santana
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19061, Curitiba 81531-990, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Diego Seckler
- Laboratory of Polymers and Catalysis(LaPoCa),Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19061, Curitiba 81531-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Douglas B Paixão
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paulo H Schneider
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniel S Rampon
- Laboratory of Polymers and Catalysis(LaPoCa),Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19061, Curitiba 81531-980, Paraná, Brazil
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44
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Li Y, Guo S, Li QH, Zheng K. Metal-free photoinduced C(sp 3)-H/C(sp 3)-H cross-coupling to access α‑tertiary amino acid derivatives. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6225. [PMID: 37802984 PMCID: PMC10558569 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction is the most direct and efficient method for constructing α-tertiary amino acids (ATAAs), which avoids the pre-activation of C(sp3)-H substrates. However, the use of transition metals and harsh reaction conditions are still significant challenges for these reactions that urgently require solutions. This paper presents a mild, metal-free CDC reaction for the construction of ATAAs, which is compatible with various benzyl C-H substrates, functionalized C-H substrates, and alkyl substrates, with good regioselectivity. Notably, our method exhibits excellent functional group tolerance and late-stage applicability. According to mechanistic studies, the one-step synthesized and bench-stable N-alkoxyphtalimide generates a highly electrophilic trifluoro ethoxy radical that serves as a key intermediate in the reaction process and acts as a hydrogen atom transfer reagent. Therefore, our metal-free and additive-free method offers a promising strategy for the synthesis of ATAAs under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Shaopeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Qing-Han Li
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
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45
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Ji D, Li X. Rh(III)-Catalyzed C-H Activation of Benzamides and Chemodivergent Annulation with Benzoxazinanones: Substrate Controlled Selectivity. Org Lett 2023; 25:7083-7088. [PMID: 37747919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Decarboxylative annulation of propargyl carbamates with benzamides has been realized via rhodium-catalyzed C-H bond activation under mild conditions, delivering two distinct classes of heterocycles in high efficiency and selectivity under substrate control. This protocol provides a direct synthetic method for the preparation of functionalized 1,8-naphthyridines and isoindolinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqing Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Xingwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi'an 710062, China
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46
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Filipović A, Džambaski Z, Bondžić AM, Bondžić BP. Visible-light promoted photoredox catalysis in flow: addition of biologically important α‑amino radicals to michael acceptors. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2259-2270. [PMID: 37340217 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Visible light promoted photoredox catalyzed formation of α-amino radicals from cyclic tertiary amine compounds and their subsequent addition to Michael acceptors performed in flow conditions allowed access to a wide range of functionalized N-aryl-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) and N-aryl-substituted tetrahydro-β-carbolines (THBCs). Visible light in conjunction with Ru(bpy)3Cl2 photocatalyst allowed the formation and high reactivities of α-amino radicals in flow conditions at room temperature. These reactions gave valuable products with high efficiencies; some previously unavailable reaction pathways photo or thermal reaction conditions; i.e. direct synthesis of 1-substituted (THBCs) via α-amino radical path were successfully realized in flow. The use of custom-made FEP tube microreactor proved to be the key to succesfull α-amino-radical formation and overall reaction performance in flow. Three types of light transparent custom-made microfluidic devices were tested, among them glass/silicon and FEP type reactor showed very good results in the conversion of tested compounds. Plausible reaction mechanism is proposed in accordance with known principles of photo activation of tertiary amines. Visible light promoted C(sp3)-H functionalization of N-aryl-protected tetrahydroisoquinolines and N-aryl-protected tetrahydro-β-carbolines in microflow conditions via a-amino radical pathway with various coupling partners in excellent yields and efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipović
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Njegoševa 12, 11000, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Zdravko Džambaski
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Njegoševa 12, 11000, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Aleksandra M Bondžić
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan P Bondžić
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Njegoševa 12, 11000, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia.
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47
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Li J, Wei C, Han Y, Hu C. Recent advances in oxidative catalytic applications of polyoxovanadate-based inorganic-organic hybrids. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:12582-12596. [PMID: 37646095 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02249h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyoxovanadates (POVs) have received widespread attention in catalytic applications due to their various structures and remarkable redox properties. By introducing a second transition metal, POV-based inorganic-organic hybrid (POVH) catalysts show increasing stability and more catalytic active sites compared with pure POVs. In this perspective article, POVH materials as oxidative catalysts have been classified into two main categories according to the interactions between transition metal-complex units and POV clusters: (i) hybrids with metal-organic units act as isolated cations and (ii) hybrids with an organic ligand coordinate to the second transition metal, which is further linked to a POV cluster via oxygen bridges directly or indirectly to give zero-, one-, two- or three-dimensional supramolecular structures. The oxidative conversion of organic compounds, including thiophene derivatives, thioethers, alkanes, alcohols, and alkenes, and oxidative detoxification of a sulfur mustard simulant or degradation of lignin, along with the oxidative photo/electrocatalytic transformation of organic compounds catalyzed by POVH materials, are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects toward the development of POVH catalysts are explored briefly from our perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taishan University, Tai'an, 271021, Shandong, P. R. China.
| | - Chuanping Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taishan University, Tai'an, 271021, Shandong, P. R. China.
| | - Yinfeng Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taishan University, Tai'an, 271021, Shandong, P. R. China.
| | - Changwen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China.
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48
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Liu K, Wang Z, Künzel AN, Layh M, Studer A. Regioselective Formal β-Allylation of Carbonyl Compounds Enabled by Cooperative Nickel and Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303473. [PMID: 37141023 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Tsuji-Trost reaction between carbonyl compounds and allylic precursors has been widely used in the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceutical compounds. As the α-C-H bond is far more acidic than the β-C-H bond, carbonyl compounds undergo highly regioselective allylation at the α-position and their β-allylation is therefore highly challenging. This innate α-reactivity conversely hampers diversity, especially if the corresponding β-allylation product is targeted. Herein, we present a formal intermolecular β-C-C bond formation reaction of a broad range of aldehydes and ketones with different allyl electrophiles through cooperative nickel and photoredox catalysis. β-Selectivity is achieved via initial transformation of the aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding silyl enol ethers. The overall transformation features mild conditions, excellent regioselectivity, wide functional group tolerance and high reaction efficiency. The introduced facile and regioselective β-allylation of carbonyl compounds proceeding through cooperative catalysis allows the preparation of valuable building blocks that are difficult to access from aldehydes and ketones using existing methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Zhe Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Augustinus N Künzel
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Marcus Layh
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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49
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Yu H, Xu F. Non-noble metal-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenation coupling (CDC) involving ether α-C(sp 3)-H to construct C-C bonds. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1259-1288. [PMID: 37701303 PMCID: PMC10494247 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ether derivatives are widespread as essential building blocks in various drugs, natural products, agrochemicals, and materials. Modern economy requires developing green strategies with improved efficiency and reduction of waste. Due to its atom and step-economy, the cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction has become a major strategy for ether functionalization. This review covers C-H/C-H cross-coupling reactions of ether derivatives with various C-H bond substrates via non-noble metal catalysts (Fe, Cu, Co, Mn, Ni, Zn, Y, Sc, In, Ag). We discuss advances achieved in these CDC reactions and hope to attract interest in developing novel methodologies in this field of organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shi zhen College of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550200, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- School of Mathematics and Information Science, Guiyang University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550005, P. R. China
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50
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Logeswaran R, Jeganmohan M. Dehydrogenative Cross-Coupling of α,β-Unsaturated Compounds with Unactivated Olefins via Co(III) Catalysis. Org Lett 2023; 25:6284-6289. [PMID: 37603494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
An oxidative cross-coupling of α,β-unsaturated compounds with unactivated alkenes via cobalt-catalyzed vinylic C-H activation has been developed. The present catalytic reaction was examined with various differently functionalized unsaturated compounds and unactivated olefins. In these reactions, highly valuable amide functionalized butadienes and indenones were prepared in good to excellent yields. A possible reaction mechanism is proposed involving directed olefinic C-H activation through a base-assisted deprotonation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandran Logeswaran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Masilamani Jeganmohan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
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