1
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Boosting near-infrared photothermal/photoacoustic conversion performance of anthracene-fused porphyrin via paramagnetic ion coordination strategy. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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2
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Ishizuka T, Grover N, Kingsbury CJ, Kotani H, Senge MO, Kojima T. Nonplanar porphyrins: synthesis, properties, and unique functionalities. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7560-7630. [PMID: 35959748 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00391k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins are variously substituted tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, with wide-ranging biological and chemical applications derived from metal chelation in the core and the 18π aromatic surface. Under suitable conditions, the porphyrin framework can deform significantly from regular planar shape, owing to steric overload on the porphyrin periphery or steric repulsion in the core, among other structure modulation strategies. Adopting this nonplanar porphyrin architecture allows guest molecules to interact directly with an exposed core, with guest-responsive and photoactive electronic states of the porphyrin allowing energy, information, atom and electron transfer within and between these species. This functionality can be incorporated and tuned by decoration of functional groups and electronic modifications, with individual deformation profiles adapted to specific key sensing and catalysis applications. Nonplanar porphyrins are assisting breakthroughs in molecular recognition, organo- and photoredox catalysis; simultaneously bio-inspired and distinctly synthetic, these molecules offer a new dimension in shape-responsive host-guest chemistry. In this review, we have summarized the synthetic methods and design aspects of nonplanar porphyrin formation, key properties, structure and functionality of the nonplanar aromatic framework, and the scope and utility of this emerging class towards outstanding scientific, industrial and environmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Ishizuka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Nitika Grover
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Christopher J Kingsbury
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hiroaki Kotani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technical University of Munich, Focus Group - Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Takahiko Kojima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
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3
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Abstract
Abstract
Various (metallo)porphyrins and related compounds have been intensively investigated by different research groups due to their extremely important role in living organisms along with their versatile applications in technology. The design of novel porphyrinoids by core-modification, or substitution of pyrrole nitrogens, with the elements of other groups of the Periodic Table has been considered as a highly promising methodology for tuning structures and properties of porphyrinoids and thus opening new possible applications for them. Much effort has been given to the modifications of the porphyrin core with elements of the main groups, namely O, S, Se (chalcogens), and the heavier congener of nitrogen, phosphorus. In general, the porphyrin core modification by replacing nitrogens with heteroatoms is a promising and effective strategy for obtaining new compounds with unusual structures and properties (optical, electrochemical, coordinating, etc.) as well as reactivity. These novel molecules can also be employed as promising building or construction blocks in various applications in the nanotechnology area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey E. Kuznetsov
- Departamento de Química , Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María , Av. Santa María 6400 , Vitacura , Santiago 7660251 , Chile
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4
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Urbańska K, Farinone M, Pawlicki M. Changes in porphyrin’s conjugation based on synthetic and post-synthetic modifications. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Porphyrins or more broadly defined porphyrinoids are the structures where the extended π-cloud can be significantly modified by several factors. The broad range of introduced structural motifs has shown a possibility of modification of conjugation by a controlled synthetic approach, leading to expected optical or magnetic behaviour, and also by post-synthetic modifications (i.e. redox or protonation/deprotonation), Both approaches lead to noticeab changes in observed properties but also open a potential for further utilization. Thus, this already constituted big family of macrocyclic structures with specific highly extended π-delocalization shows a significant contribution in several fields from fundamental studies, leading to understanding behaviour of skeletons like that with a substantial influence on biological studies and material science. The presented material focuses on the most significant examples of modifications of porphyrinoids skeleton leading to drastic changes in optical response and magnetic properties. Through the presentation, the focus will be placed on the changes leading to the most red-shifted transition as the parameter indicating extending the π-delocalization. Significantly different magnetic character will be also discussed based on the switching between aromatic/antiaromatic character assigned to macrocyclic structures that will be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Urbańska
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Marco Farinone
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
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5
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Wu F, Xu J, Gao H, Li C, Xu S, Uno H, Xu Y, Zhao Y, Shen Z. A cationic benzocorrole Cu(ii) complex as a highly stable antiaromatic system. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:383-386. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06703b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A highly stable 16π-electron antiaromatic system based on a monocationic tetrabenzocorrole Cu(ii) complex is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Jialiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Hu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Chenhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Shuai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Hidemitsu Uno
- Department of Chemistry and Biology
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Ehime University
- Matsuyama 790-8577
- Japan
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
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6
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Yuan J, Ren B, Feng X, Gao P, Liu E, Tan S. A coupled polymeric porphyrin complex as a novel cathode for highly stable lithium organic batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5437-5440. [PMID: 32292939 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09846a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A highly conjugated polymeric porphyrin with an ethynyl group is proposed as a new cathode for lithium organic batteries. The electrochemical performance is significantly improved after a simple coupled polymerization, resulting in excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 99.2% for 2000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| | - Bo Ren
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| | - Xin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| | - Ping Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| | - Enhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| | - Songting Tan
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
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7
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Ruppel M, Lungerich D, Sturm S, Lippert R, Hampel F, Jux N. A Comprehensive Study on Tetraaryltetrabenzoporphyrins. Chemistry 2020; 26:3287-3296. [PMID: 31846109 PMCID: PMC7154557 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tetraaryltetrabenzoporphyrins (TATBPs) show, due to their optoelectronic properties, rising potential as dyes in various fields of physical and biomedical sciences. However, unlike in the case of porphyrins, the potential structural diversity of TATBPs has been explored only to little extent, owed mainly to synthetic hurdles. Herein, we prepared a comprehensive library of 30 TATBPs and investigated their fundamental properties. We elucidated structural properties by X-ray crystallography and found explanations for physical properties such as solubility. Fundamental electronic aspects were studied by optical spectroscopy as well as by electrochemistry and brought in context to the stability of the molecules. Finally, we were able to develop a universal synthetic protocol, utilizing a readily established isoindole synthon, which gives TATBPs in high yields, regardless of the nature of the used arylaldehyde and without meticulous chromatographic purifications steps. This work serves as point of orientation for scientists, that aim to utilize these molecules in materials, nanotechnological, and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ruppel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for, Molecular Materials (ICMM)Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander University Erlangen–NuernbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Dominik Lungerich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for, Molecular Materials (ICMM)Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander University Erlangen–NuernbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Sabrina Sturm
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Bioinorganic ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-NuernbergEgerlandstr. 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Rainer Lippert
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Bioinorganic ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-NuernbergEgerlandstr. 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for, Molecular Materials (ICMM)Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander University Erlangen–NuernbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for, Molecular Materials (ICMM)Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander University Erlangen–NuernbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
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8
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Halder N, Sangeetha M, Usharani D, Rath H. Redox-Associated Variation of Hückel Aromaticity from Lactam-Embedded Smallest Antiaromatic trans-Doubly N-Confused Porphyrins: Synthesis and Characterization. J Org Chem 2020; 85:2059-2067. [PMID: 31872765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
High-yield synthesis, spectroscopic and solid-state structural proof of the lactam-embedded smallest ever metal-free stable Hückel antiaromatic trans-doubly N-confused [16] porphyrins are reported. These new facets of trans-doubly N-confused porphyrins have been anticipated to exhibit the redox-associated variation of Hückel aromaticity as a mere consequence of the amido-like structures of the N-confused N-methyl pyrrole rings of the macrocycles. Strong aromaticity upon NaBH4 reduction leading to a resonance dipolar structure of the [18]π-conjugated system as the reduced congener with concomitant Hückel topology are the important highlights. Excellent agreement between experimental spectroscopic measurements and the theoretically determined properties elucidate aromaticity switching upon chemical reduction. Recent years have witnessed an upsurge of demand for the experimental realization of stable antiaromatic systems because of their versatile applications in material science. The conformational rigidity and the enriched stability of these novel 16π antiaromatic doubly N-confused porphyrins might entitle these macrocycles toward such applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyancy Halder
- School of Chemical Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A/2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032 , India
| | - Mohandas Sangeetha
- Department of Food Safety and Analytical Quality Control Laboratory , CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute , Mysuru 700020 , Karnataka , India
| | - Dandamudi Usharani
- Department of Food Safety and Analytical Quality Control Laboratory , CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute , Mysuru 700020 , Karnataka , India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-HRDC , Ghaziabad 201002 , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Harapriya Rath
- School of Chemical Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A/2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032 , India
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9
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Hunt C, Peterson M, Anderson C, Chang T, Wu G, Scheiner S, Ménard G. Switchable Aromaticity in an Isostructural Mn Phthalocyanine Series Isolated in Five Separate Redox States. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:2604-2613. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camden Hunt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Madeline Peterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Cassidy Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Tieyan Chang
- ChemMatCARS, University of Chicago, Argonne, Illinois 60493, United States
| | - Guang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Gabriel Ménard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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10
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Kielmann M, Senge MO. Molecular Engineering of Free-Base Porphyrins as Ligands-The N-H⋅⋅⋅X Binding Motif in Tetrapyrroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:418-441. [PMID: 30067890 PMCID: PMC6391963 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The core N-H units of planar porphyrins are often inaccessible to forming hydrogen-bonding complexes with acceptor molecules. This is due to the fact that the amine moieties are "shielded" by the macrocyclic system, impeding the formation of intermolecular H-bonds. However, methods exist to modulate the tetrapyrrole conformations and to reshape the vector of N-H orientation outwards, thus increasing their availability and reactivity. Strategies include the use of porpho(di)methenes and phlorins (calixphyrins), as well as saddle-distorted porphyrins. The former form cavities due to interruption of the aromatic system. The latter are highly basic systems and capable of binding anions and neutral molecules via N-H⋅⋅⋅X-type H-bonds. This Review discusses the role of porphyrin(oid) ligands in various coordination-type complexes, means to access the core for hydrogen bonding, the concept of conformational control, and emerging applications, such as organocatalysis and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Kielmann
- School of ChemistrySFI Tetrapyrrole LaboratoryTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinThe University of Dublin152–160 Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of ChemistrySFI Tetrapyrrole LaboratoryTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinThe University of Dublin152–160 Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
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11
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Al-Shewiki RK, Korb M, Hildebrandt A, Zahn S, Naumov S, Buschbeck R, Rüffer T, Lang H. Diaqua-β-octaferrocenyltetraphenylporphyrin: a multiredox-active and air-stable 16π non-aromatic species. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:1578-1585. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04135k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein the synthesis and properties of the first β-octaferrocenyltetraphenylporphyrin, {TPPFc8(H2O)2}, in its extraordinary stable and non-aromatic 16π form are reported, showing seven separate reversible redox events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Korb
- Chemnitz University of Technology
- Inorganic Chemistry
- 09111 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | | | - Stefan Zahn
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V
- 04318 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Sergej Naumov
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V
- 04318 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Roy Buschbeck
- Chemnitz University of Technology
- Inorganic Chemistry
- 09111 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - Tobias Rüffer
- Chemnitz University of Technology
- Inorganic Chemistry
- 09111 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - Heinrich Lang
- Chemnitz University of Technology
- Inorganic Chemistry
- 09111 Chemnitz
- Germany
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12
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Gibbons D, Flanagan KJ, Pounot L, Senge MO. Structure and conformation of photosynthetic pigments and related compounds. 15. Conformational analysis of chlorophyll derivatives – implications for hydroporphyrinsin vivo. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1479-1494. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00500a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the function of chlorophylls depends in part on their 3D conformation. The NSD program presents a powerful tool to identify the distortion modes in phytochlorins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dáire Gibbons
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Trinity College Dublin
- the University of Dublin
| | - Keith J. Flanagan
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Trinity College Dublin
- the University of Dublin
| | - Léa Pounot
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Trinity College Dublin
- the University of Dublin
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Trinity College Dublin
- the University of Dublin
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13
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Roucan M, Flanagan KJ, O'Brien J, Senge MO. Nonplanar Porphyrins byN-Substitution: A Neglected Pathway. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Roucan
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, School of Chemistry; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin; 152-160 Pearse Street Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Keith J. Flanagan
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, School of Chemistry; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin; 152-160 Pearse Street Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - John O'Brien
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, School of Chemistry; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin; 152-160 Pearse Street Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, School of Chemistry; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin; 152-160 Pearse Street Dublin 2 Ireland
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14
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Sudoh K, Hatakeyama T, Furukawa K, Nakano H, Matano Y. Redox switchable 19π and 18π 5,10,20-triaryl-5,15-diazaporphyrinoid–nickel(II) complexes. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424618500529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and optical, electrochemical, and magnetic properties of nickel(II) complexes of 5,10,20-triaryl-5,15-diazaporphyrin (TriADAP) are reported. Metal-templated cyclization of unsymmetrically substituted nickel(II)–bis(1-amino-9-chloro-5-mesityldipyrrin; mesityl = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) complexes afforded the corresponding TriADAPs or 5-aryl-15-benzyl-10,20-dimesityl-5,15-diazaporphyrin, depending on the combination of base and solvent. The latter macrocycle was converted to TriADAP by deprotection of the [Formula: see text]-benzyl group through Pd/C-promoted hydrogenation. TriADAPs were isolated in both 18[Formula: see text] (cation) and 19[Formula: see text] (neutral) forms. The interconversion between these two oxidation states resulted in a distinct change in the optical properties of the DAP [Formula: see text]-system. NMR spectroscopy of the 18[Formula: see text] TriADAP cations showed that they had aromatic character, whereas EPR spectroscopy of the 19[Formula: see text] TriADAP showed a highly delocalized electron spin of the [Formula: see text]-radical. The para substituents of the [Formula: see text]-aryl groups of TriADAPs had a small but distinct impact on their HOMO and LUMO energies. The change in the net charge of one electron was directly reflected in the redox properties of the DAP ring; TriADAP was more easily reduced and less easily oxidized than DAP. The difference in the net charge was also reflected by the shielding of the pyrrolic [Formula: see text]-protons observed in the [Formula: see text]H NMR spectra. The present results confirm that TriADAP is a highly promising framework for constructing a new class of azaporphyrin-based materials with 18[Formula: see text]–19[Formula: see text] redox-switchable optical and magnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sudoh
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takuroh Hatakeyama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Coordination of Research Facilities, Institute for Research Promotion, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Nakano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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15
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Woller T, Geerlings P, De Proft F, Champagne B, Alonso M. Aromaticity as a Guiding Concept for Spectroscopic Features and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Porphyrinoids. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061333. [PMID: 29865191 PMCID: PMC6100263 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With their versatile molecular topology and aromaticity, porphyrinoid systems combine remarkable chemistry with interesting photophysical properties and nonlinear optical properties. Hence, the field of application of porphyrinoids is very broad ranging from near-infrared dyes to opto-electronic materials. From previous experimental studies, aromaticity emerges as an important concept in determining the photophysical properties and two-photon absorption cross sections of porphyrinoids. Despite a considerable number of studies on porphyrinoids, few investigate the relationship between aromaticity, UV/vis absorption spectra and nonlinear properties. To assess such structure-property relationships, we performed a computational study focusing on a series of Hückel porphyrinoids to: (i) assess their (anti)aromatic character; (ii) determine the fingerprints of aromaticity on the UV/vis spectra; (iii) evaluate the role of aromaticity on the NLO properties. Using an extensive set of aromaticity descriptors based on energetic, magnetic, structural, reactivity and electronic criteria, the aromaticity of [4n+2] π-electron porphyrinoids was evidenced as was the antiaromaticity for [4n] π-electron systems. In agreement with previous studies, the absorption spectra of aromatic systems display more intense B and Q bands in comparison to their antiaromatic homologues. The nature of these absorption bands was analyzed in detail in terms of polarization, intensity, splitting and composition. Finally, quantities such as the average polarizability and its anisotropy were found to be larger in aromatic systems, whereas first and second hyperpolarizability are influenced by the interplay between aromaticity, planarity and molecular symmetry. To conclude, aromaticity dictates the photophysical properties in porphyrinoids, whereas it is not the only factor determining the magnitude of NLO properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Woller
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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16
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Fujimoto K, Osuka A. A 1,5-Naphthyridine-Fused Porphyrin Dimer: Intense NIR Absorption and Facile Redox Interconversion with Its Reduced Congener. Chemistry 2018. [PMID: 29536577 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PtII -catalyzed cyclization of β-to-β ethynylene-bridged meso-amino NiII porphyrin dimer 4 followed by oxidation with PbO2 afforded 1,5-naphthyridine-fused porphyrin dimer 5 in good yield. This dimer possesses a redox-active 1,4-diazabutadiene linkage that is interconvertible with its reduced 1,2-diaminoethene linkage upon treatments with NaBH4 or PbO2 . The dimer 5 exhibits an intense NIR absorption and a narrow HOMO-LUMO gap with a remarkably low reduction potential mainly due to effective bonding interactions in the LUMO through the 1,4-diazabutadiene linkage. In contrast, the reduced dimer 7 is fairly electron-rich with high HOMO energy and shows a relatively large HOMO-LUMO gap compared to that of 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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17
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Gao P, Chen Z, Zhao-Karger Z, Mueller JE, Jung C, Klyatskaya S, Diemant T, Fuhr O, Jacob T, Behm RJ, Ruben M, Fichtner M. A Porphyrin Complex as a Self-Conditioned Electrode Material for High-Performance Energy Storage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [PMID: 28627132 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The novel functionalized porphyrin [5,15-bis(ethynyl)-10,20-diphenylporphinato]copper(II) (CuDEPP) was used as electrodes for rechargeable energy-storage systems with an extraordinary combination of storage capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability. The ability of CuDEPP to serve as an electron donor or acceptor supports various energy-storage applications. Combined with a lithium negative electrode, the CuDEPP electrode exhibited a long cycle life of several thousand cycles and fast charge-discharge rates up to 53 C and a specific energy density of 345 Wh kg-1 at a specific power density of 29 kW kg-1 . Coupled with a graphite cathode, the CuDEPP anode delivered a specific power density of 14 kW kg-1 . Whereas the capacity is in the range of that of ordinary lithium-ion batteries, the CuDEPP electrode has a power density in the range of that of supercapacitors, thus opening a pathway toward new organic electrodes with excellent rate capability and cyclic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gao
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Zhi Chen
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | - Christoph Jung
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Svetlana Klyatskaya
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Diemant
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Karlsruhe Nano-Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
| | - Timo Jacob
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - R Jürgen Behm
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Maximilian Fichtner
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
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18
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Gao P, Chen Z, Zhao-Karger Z, Mueller JE, Jung C, Klyatskaya S, Diemant T, Fuhr O, Jacob T, Behm RJ, Ruben M, Fichtner M. A Porphyrin Complex as a Self-Conditioned Electrode Material for High-Performance Energy Storage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gao
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU); Helmholtzstrasse 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Zhi Chen
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P.O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | | | | | - Christoph Jung
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU); Helmholtzstrasse 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Svetlana Klyatskaya
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P.O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Thomas Diemant
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P.O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano-Micro Facility (KNMF); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Germany
| | - Timo Jacob
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU); Helmholtzstrasse 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Institute of Electrochemistry; Ulm University; Ulm Germany
| | - R. Jürgen Behm
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU); Helmholtzstrasse 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P.O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS); CNRS-Université de Strasbourg; France
| | - Maximilian Fichtner
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU); Helmholtzstrasse 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P.O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
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19
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Kielmann M, Flanagan KJ, Norvaiša K, Intrieri D, Senge MO. Synthesis of a Family of Highly Substituted Porphyrin Thioethers via Nitro Displacement in 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-Octaethyl-5,10,15,20-tetranitroporphyrin. J Org Chem 2017; 82:5122-5134. [PMID: 28452490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of highly substituted porphyrin thioethers was synthesized from 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-5,10,15,20-tetranitroporphyrin (H2OETNP). The reactions proceeded via a SNAr mechanism with a broad range of aromatic thiols in the presence of a base. This is a rapid way to prepare a large variety of meso-substituted porphyrins from only one precursor. Single crystal X-ray analysis revealed that these new porphyrin thioethers are highly distorted, exhibiting conformational properties that are distinctive of both meso-sulfur substitution and steric overcrowding in general. Additionally, denitration of H2OETNP under basic conditions was investigated, yielding products of stepwise desubstitution. This allowed a comparative X-ray crystallographic study to delineate the successive structural effects of an increasing degree of nitro substitution in the complete series of nitro-substituted octaethylporphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Kielmann
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Keith J Flanagan
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Karolis Norvaiša
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Daniela Intrieri
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
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20
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Reddy BK, Basavarajappa A, Ambhore MD, Anand VG. Isophlorinoids: The Antiaromatic Congeners of Porphyrinoids. Chem Rev 2016; 117:3420-3443. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Kiran Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune − 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashokkumar Basavarajappa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune − 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Madan D. Ambhore
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune − 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Venkataramanarao G. Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune − 411008, Maharashtra, India
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21
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Tanaka T, Osuka A. Chemistry of meso-Aryl-Substituted Expanded Porphyrins: Aromaticity and Molecular Twist. Chem Rev 2016; 117:2584-2640. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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22
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Mishra VL, Furuyama T, Kobayashi N, Goto K, Miyazaki T, Yang JS, Shinmyozu T. Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Electronic Structures of Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)tetrathiaisophlorin Dioxide. Chemistry 2016; 22:9190-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201505079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Lakshmi Mishra
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE); Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji 611-0011 Japan
| | - Taniyuki Furuyama
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi; Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Nagao Kobayashi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology; Shinshu University; Tokida, Ueda 386-0018 Japan
| | - Kenta Goto
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE); Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Takaaki Miyazaki
- Institute of Chemistry; Academia Sinica, No. 128; Academia Road Sec. 2 Nankang, Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Jye-Shane Yang
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4; Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Teruo Shinmyozu
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4; Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
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23
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Umetani M, Tanaka T, Kim T, Kim D, Osuka A. Double Ring Expansion from an Aromatic [18]Porphyrin(1.1.1.1) to an Antiaromatic [20]Porphyrin(2.1.2.1). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8095-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Umetani
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Taeyeon Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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24
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Umetani M, Tanaka T, Kim T, Kim D, Osuka A. Double Ring Expansion from an Aromatic [18]Porphyrin(1.1.1.1) to an Antiaromatic [20]Porphyrin(2.1.2.1). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Umetani
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Taeyeon Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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25
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Satoh T, Minoura M, Nakano H, Furukawa K, Matano Y. Redox-Switchable 20π-, 19π-, and 18π-Electron 5,10,15,20-Tetraaryl-5,15-diazaporphyrinoid Nickel(II) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Satoh
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Niigata University; Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Mao Minoura
- Department of Chemistry; College of Science; Rikkyo University; Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
| | - Haruyuki Nakano
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyushu University; Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Instrumental Analysis; Institute for Research Promotion; Niigata University; Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matano
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Niigata University; Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
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26
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Satoh T, Minoura M, Nakano H, Furukawa K, Matano Y. Redox-Switchable 20π-, 19π-, and 18π-Electron 5,10,15,20-Tetraaryl-5,15-diazaporphyrinoid Nickel(II) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2235-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Satoh
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Niigata University; Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Mao Minoura
- Department of Chemistry; College of Science; Rikkyo University; Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
| | - Haruyuki Nakano
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyushu University; Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Instrumental Analysis; Institute for Research Promotion; Niigata University; Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matano
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Niigata University; Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
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27
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Gil A, Branchadell V, Calhorda MJ. A theoretical study of methylation and CH/π interactions in DNA intercalation: methylated 1,10-phenanthroline in adenine–thymine base pairs. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15495f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This work shows that quality is better that quantity to estabilize the intercalation of methylated phen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Gil
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1749-016 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - V. Branchadell
- Departament de Química
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- Barcelona
- Spain
| | - M. J. Calhorda
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1749-016 Lisboa
- Portugal
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28
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Alemohammad T, Safari N, Rayati S, Gheidi M, Mortazavimanesh A, Khavasi H. Hydrogen bond controlled formation of trans-dihydroxo porphyrinato platinum(IV) complexes: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity in olefin epoxidation. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Pawlicki M, Latos-Grażyński L. Aromaticity Switching in Porphyrinoids. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:1438-51. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Pawlicki
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; F. Joliot-Curie 14 50383 Wrocław
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30
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Fliegl H, Pichierri F, Sundholm D. Antiaromatic Character of 16 π Electron Octaethylporphyrins: Magnetically Induced Ring Currents from DFT-GIMIC Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:2344-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5067549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Fliegl
- Centre for Theoretical
and Computational Chemistry (CTCC), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.
Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Fabio Pichierri
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama
6-6-07, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens plats
1), FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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31
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Wheeler SE, Bloom JWG. Toward a more complete understanding of noncovalent interactions involving aromatic rings. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:6133-47. [PMID: 24937084 DOI: 10.1021/jp504415p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Noncovalent interactions involving aromatic rings, which include π-stacking interactions, anion-π interactions, and XH-π interactions, among others, are ubiquitous in chemical and biochemical systems. Despite dramatic advances in our understanding of these interactions over the past decade, many aspects of these noncovalent interactions have only recently been uncovered, with many questions remaining. We summarize our computational studies aimed at understanding the impact of substituents and heteroatoms on these noncovalent interactions. In particular, we discuss our local, direct interaction model of substituent effects in π-stacking interactions. In this model, substituent effects are dominated by electrostatic interactions of the local dipoles associated with the substituents and the electric field of the other ring. The implications of the local nature of substituent effects on π-stacking interactions in larger systems are discussed, with examples given for complexes with carbon nanotubes and a small graphene model, as well as model stacked discotic systems. We also discuss related issues involving the interpretation of electrostatic potential (ESP) maps. Although ESP maps are widely used in discussions of noncovalent interactions, they are often misinterpreted. Next, we provide an alternative explanation for the origin of anion-π interactions involving substituted benzenes and N-heterocycles, and show that these interactions are well-described by simple models based solely on charge-dipole interactions. Finally, we summarize our recent work on the physical nature of substituent effects in XH-π interactions. Together, these results paint a more complete picture of noncovalent interactions involving aromatic rings and provide a firm conceptual foundation for the rational exploitation of these interactions in a myriad of chemical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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32
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Muranaka A, Ohira S, Toriumi N, Hirayama M, Kyotani F, Mori Y, Hashizume D, Uchiyama M. Unraveling the Electronic Structure of Azolehemiporphyrazines: Direct Spectroscopic Observation of Magnetic Dipole Allowed Nature of the Lowest π–π* Transition of 20π-Electron Porphyrinoids. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:4415-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5001557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuya Muranaka
- Advanced Elements
Chemistry Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Japan Science
and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shino Ohira
- Advanced Elements
Chemistry Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Toriumi
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Machiko Hirayama
- Advanced Elements
Chemistry Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Fumiko Kyotani
- Advanced Elements
Chemistry Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yukie Mori
- Advanced Elements
Chemistry Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- Materials Characterization
Support Unit, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Advanced Elements
Chemistry Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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33
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Austeria MP, Pancharatna PD, Balakrishnarajan MM. Electronic Origin of Out-of-Plane Distortions in Porphyrins. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Mirabdolbaghi R, Dudding T, Stamatatos T. A Class of Phase-Transfer Catalyst with Interionic Strain: Insight into the Bonding of Disubstituted N- vs Carbene-Stabilized NI-Centered Cations. Org Lett 2014; 16:2790-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol501068f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roya Mirabdolbaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2R1H1, Canada
| | - Travis Dudding
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2R1H1, Canada
| | - Theocharis Stamatatos
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2R1H1, Canada
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35
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Chen Y, Ma L, Bian Z, Jin R, Kang C, Li Z, Gao X, Han F, Qiu X, Gao L. The crystallographic observation of mesitylene–mesitylene and mesitylene–CH 2Cl 2–mesitylene adducts trapped in an irregular cavity. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce01403k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mesitylene–mesitylene and mesitylene–CH2Cl2–mesitylene adducts can be trapped in the inert cavities. The sp3-CH–π interaction models of these two adducts in the irregular accumulation environment are directly observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, China
| | - Zheng Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, China
| | - Rizhe Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, China
| | - Chuanqing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, China
| | - Zongjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, China
| | - Fushe Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, China
| | - Xuepeng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, China
| | - Lianxun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, China
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36
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Toganoh M, Furuta H. Theoretical Study on the Conformation and Aromaticity of Regular and Singly N-Confused [28]Hexaphyrins. J Org Chem 2013; 78:9317-27. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401531w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Toganoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Graduate School of Engineering, and ‡Center for Molecular
Systems, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Graduate School of Engineering, and ‡Center for Molecular
Systems, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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37
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Li Y, Chen Z. XH/π (X = C, Si) Interactions in Graphene and Silicene: Weak in Strength, Strong in Tuning Band Structures. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:269-75. [PMID: 26283433 DOI: 10.1021/jz301821n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The lack of a band gap has greatly hindered the applications of graphene in electronic devices. By means of dispersion-corrected density functional theory computations, we demonstrated that considerable CH/π interactions exist between graphene and its fully (graphane) or patterned partially (C4H) hydrogenated derivatives. Due to the equivalence breaking of two sublattices of graphene, a 90 meV band gap is opened in the graphene/C4H bilayer. The band gap can be further increased to 270 meV by sandwiching graphene between two C4H layers. By taking advantage of the similar SiH/π interactions, a 120 meV band gap also can be opened for silicene. Interestingly, the high carrier mobility of graphene/silicene can be well-preserved. Our theoretical results suggest a rather practical solution for gap opening of graphene and silicene, which would allow them to serve as field effect transistors and other nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931
| | - Zhongfang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931
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38
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Mori H, Sung YM, Lee BS, Kim D, Osuka A. Antiaromatic Hexaphyrins and Octaphyrins Stabilized by the Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions ofmeso-Imidazolyl Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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39
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Mori H, Sung YM, Lee BS, Kim D, Osuka A. Antiaromatic Hexaphyrins and Octaphyrins Stabilized by the Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions ofmeso-Imidazolyl Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:12459-63. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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40
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Bloom JWG, Raju RK, Wheeler SE. Physical Nature of Substituent Effects in XH/π Interactions. J Chem Theory Comput 2012; 8:3167-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ct300520n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W. G. Bloom
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Rajesh K. Raju
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Steven E. Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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41
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Nojman E, Berlicka A, Szterenberg L, Latos-Grażyński L. Nickel(II) and Palladium(II) Thiaethyneporphyrins. Intramolecular Metal(II)−η2-CC Interaction inside a Porphyrinoid Frame. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:3247-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ic2027175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Nojman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie Street,
50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Berlicka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie Street,
50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ludmiła Szterenberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie Street,
50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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42
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Sugawara S, Hirata Y, Kojima S, Yamamoto Y, Miyazaki E, Takimiya K, Matsukawa S, Hashizume D, Mack J, Kobayashi N, Fu Z, Kadish KM, Sung YM, Kim KS, Kim D. Synthesis, Characterization, and Spectroscopic Analysis of Antiaromatic Benzofused Metalloporphyrins. Chemistry 2012; 18:3566-81. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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43
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Abstract
Recent developments in the synthesis and transformation of porphyrins and their derivatives are presented. In connection with the Fifth International Conference on Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines (ICPP-5) a survey of current method developments and reactivity studies is made. The review focuses on synthetic advances in porphyrin chemistry. A brief survey of important developments covers selectively the literature from 2004 to late 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Horn
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Katja Dahms
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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44
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45
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Muranaka A, Ohira S, Hashizume D, Koshino H, Kyotani F, Hirayama M, Uchiyama M. [18]/[20]π Hemiporphyrazine: A Redox-Switchable Near-Infrared Dye. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:190-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja210410c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuya Muranaka
- Advanced Elements
Chemistry
Research Team, RIKEN-ASI, Wako-shi, Saitama
351-0198, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi,
Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shino Ohira
- Advanced Elements
Chemistry
Research Team, RIKEN-ASI, Wako-shi, Saitama
351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- Advanced
Technology Support Division, RIKEN-ASI,
Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koshino
- Molecular Characterization Team, RIKEN-ASI, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Fumiko Kyotani
- Advanced Elements
Chemistry
Research Team, RIKEN-ASI, Wako-shi, Saitama
351-0198, Japan
| | - Machiko Hirayama
- Advanced Elements
Chemistry
Research Team, RIKEN-ASI, Wako-shi, Saitama
351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Advanced Elements
Chemistry
Research Team, RIKEN-ASI, Wako-shi, Saitama
351-0198, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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46
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Raju RK, Bloom JWG, An Y, Wheeler SE. Substituent effects on non-covalent interactions with aromatic rings: insights from computational chemistry. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:3116-30. [PMID: 21928437 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-covalent interactions with aromatic rings pervade modern chemical research. The strength and orientation of these interactions can be tuned and controlled through substituent effects. Computational studies of model complexes have provided a detailed understanding of the origin and nature of these substituent effects, and pinpointed flaws in entrenched models of these interactions in the literature. Here, we provide a brief review of efforts over the last decade to unravel the origin of substituent effects in π-stacking, XH/π, and ion/π interactions through detailed computational studies. We highlight recent progress that has been made, while also uncovering areas where future studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Raju
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, USA
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Vaid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, 250 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J. Brothers
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
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49
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Nishio M. The CH/π hydrogen bond in chemistry. Conformation, supramolecules, optical resolution and interactions involving carbohydrates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:13873-900. [PMID: 21611676 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20404a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 624] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The CH/π hydrogen bond is an attractive molecular force occurring between a soft acid and a soft base. Contribution from the dispersion energy is important in typical cases where aliphatic or aromatic CH groups are involved. Coulombic energy is of minor importance as compared to the other weak hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen bond nature of this force, however, has been confirmed by AIM analyses. The dual characteristic of the CH/π hydrogen bond is the basis for ubiquitous existence of this force in various fields of chemistry. A salient feature is that the CH/π hydrogen bond works cooperatively. Another significant point is that it works in nonpolar as well as polar, protic solvents such as water. The interaction energy depends on the nature of the molecular fragments, CH as well as π-groups: the stronger the proton donating ability of the CH group, the larger the stabilizing effect. This Perspective focuses on the consequence of this molecular force in the conformation of organic compounds and supramolecular chemistry. Implication of the CH/π hydrogen bond extends to the specificity of molecular recognition or selectivity in organic reactions, polymer science, surface phenomena and interactions involving proteins. Many problems, unsettled to date, will become clearer in the light of the CH/π paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Nishio
- The CHPI Institute, 705-6-338 Minamioya, Machida-shi, Tokyo, 194-0031, Japan.
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50
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Akiba KY. Studies on hypervalent compounds and synthetic work using heteroaromatic cations. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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