1
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Grishanov DA, Nikolaev VA, Gun J, Mikhaylov AA, Medvedev AG, Prikhodchenko PV, Lev O. Enhanced charge capacity and stability of Germanium(IV) Sulfide-Based anodes through Triton X100-Assisted synthesis and polysulfide shuttle mitigation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 660:780-791. [PMID: 38277835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Highly soluble germanium oxide,an amorphous macroreticular form of germanium oxide, was used as a precursor for the deposition of GeS2on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) through a low-temperature, wet-chemistry process. Thermal treatment of the solid provided an ultrathin rGO - supported amorphous GeS2coating. The GeS2@rGO composite was tested as a lithium ion battery (LIB) anode. Leveraging the versatility of wet chemistry processing, we employed strategies initially developed for mitigating polysulfide shuttle effects in lithium-sulfur batteries to enhance anode performance. The anode exhibited exceptional stability, surpassing 1000 cycles, with charge capacities exceeding 1220 and 870 mAh.g-1 at rates of 2 and 5 A.g-1, respectively. Performance improvements were achieved by minimizing GeS2 grain size using the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 during synthesis and preventing polysulfide shuttle effects through a negatively charged thick glass fiber separator, fluoroethylene carbonate additive (FEC) in EC:DEC (ethylene carbonate: diethyl carbonate) solvent, and a polyacrylic acid (PAA) binder. These cumulative modifications more than tripled the charge capacity of the germanium sulfide LIB anode. Feasibility was further demonstrated through full cell studies using a LiCoO2 counter electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Grishanov
- The Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; The Harvey M. Krueger Family Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Vitaly A Nikolaev
- The Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Jenny Gun
- The Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Alexey A Mikhaylov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prosp. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander G Medvedev
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prosp. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Petr V Prikhodchenko
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prosp. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Ovadia Lev
- The Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; The Harvey M. Krueger Family Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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2
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Sun T, Wang S, Xu M, Qiao N, Zhu Q, Xu B. High-Performance Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile Cathode by Using MXene as a Conductive and Catalytic Binder for Room-Temperature Na/S Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:10093-10103. [PMID: 38359415 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (PAN@S) is a promising cathode material for room-temperature Na/S batteries but suffers from low conductivity and insufficient electrochemical activity, resulting in unsatisfactory actual capacity and rate performance. Herein, Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets are used as a conductive and catalytic binder to establish the PAN@S electrode, wherein MXene constructs a highly conductive framework for fast charge transport and provides high catalytic effect to improve the active material utilization and accelerate the redox kinetics significantly. Therefore, the PAN@S electrode bonded by MXene shows an electronic conductivity of 5.05 S cm-1, 4 orders of magnitude higher than the conventional electrodes bonded by the insulative polymer binders, and much decreased activation energy barrier and resistance. Consequently, the PAN@S electrode displays superior performance in terms of high capacity (697.3 mAh g-1 at 200 mA g-1), unparalleled rate capability (189.0 mAh g-1 at 20 A g-1), and excellent high-rate cycling performance (a capacity decay rate of ∼0.04% per cycle during 1000 cycles at 5 A g-1). This work provides a high-performance electrode for room-temperature Na/S batteries and shows the promising potential of conductive and catalytic MXene binders in boosting the performance of active materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mengyao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ning Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qizhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
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3
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Zhang M, Xie W, Liu M, Liu S, Wang W, Jin Z, Wang A, Qiu J, Zhao P, Shi Z. New Quasi-Solid-State Li-SPAN Battery Enhanced by In Situ Thermally Polymerized Gel Polymer Electrolytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:1578-1586. [PMID: 38118050 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
A lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery is a promising candidate for an electrochemical energy-storage system. However, for a long time, it suffered from the "shuttle effect" of the intermediate products of soluble polysulfides and safety issues concerning the combustible liquid electrolyte and lithium anode. In this work, sulfide polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) is employed as a solid cycled cathode to resolve the "shuttle effect" fundamentally, a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) based on poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) is matched to the SPAN cathode to minimize the safety concerns, and finally, a quasi-solid-state Li-SPAN battery is combined by an in situ thermal polymerization strategy to improve its adaptability to the existing battery assembly processes. The PEGDA-based GPE achieved at 60 °C for 40 min ensures little damage to the in situ battery, a good electrode-electrolyte interface, a high ionic conductivity of 6.87 × 10-3 S cm-1 at 30 °C, and a wide electrochemical window of 4.53 V. Ultimately, the as-prepared SPAN composite exerts a specific capacity of 1217.3 mAh g-1 after 250 cycles at 0.2 C with a high capacity retention rate of 89.9%. The combination of the SPAN cathode and in situ thermally polymerized PEGDA-based GPE provides a new inspiration for the design of Li-SPAN batteries with both high specific energy and high safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxu Zhang
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenhao Xie
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing 100191, China
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing 100191, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weikun Wang
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhaoqing Jin
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Anbang Wang
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jingyi Qiu
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhao
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhicong Shi
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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4
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Cai G, Gao H, Li M, Gupta V, Holoubek J, Pascal TA, Liu P, Chen Z. Partially Ion-Paired Solvation Structure Design for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries under Extreme Operating Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202316786. [PMID: 38058265 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Achieving increased energy density under extreme operating conditions remains a major challenge in rechargeable batteries. Herein, we demonstrate an all-fluorinated ester-based electrolyte comprising partially fluorinated carboxylate and carbonate esters. This electrolyte exhibits temperature-resilient physicochemical properties and moderate ion-paired solvation, leading to a half solvent-separated and half contact-ion pair in a sole electrolyte. As a result, facile desolvation and preferential reduction of anions/fluorinated co-solvents for LiF-dominated interphases are achieved without compromising ionic conductivity (>1 mS cm-1 even at -40 °C). These advantageous features were found to apply to both lithium metal and sulfur-based electrodes even under extreme operating conditions, allowing stable cycling of Li || sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) full cells with high SPAN loading (>3.5 mAh cm-2 ) and thin Li anode (50 μm) at -40, 23 and 50 °C. This work offers a promising path for designing temperature-resilient electrolytes to support high energy density Li metal batteries operating in extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Cai
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hongpeng Gao
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mingqian Li
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Varun Gupta
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John Holoubek
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tod A Pascal
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Program of Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Program of Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Program of Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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5
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Zhang Y, Guo X, Yang Q, Shao Y, Du Y, Qi J, Zhao M, Shang Z, Hao Y, Tang Y, Li Y, Zhang R, Wang B, Qiu J. Chemical and spatial dual-confinement engineering for stable Na-S batteries with approximately 100% capacity retention. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2314408120. [PMID: 37983506 PMCID: PMC10691245 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314408120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium-sulfur (Na-S) batteries are attracting intensive attention due to the merits like high energy and low cost, while the poor stability of sulfur cathode limits the further development. Here, we report a chemical and spatial dual-confinement approach to improve the stability of Na-S batteries. It refers to covalently bond sulfur to carbon at forms of C-S/N-C=S bonds with high strength for locking sulfur. Meanwhile, sulfur is examined to be S1-S2 small species produced by thermally cutting S8 large molecules followed by sealing in the confined pores of carbon materials. Hence, the sulfur cathode achieves a good stability of maintaining a high-capacity retention of 97.64% after 1000 cycles. Experimental and theoretical results show that Na+ is hosted via a coordination structure (N···Na···S) without breaking the C-S bond, thus impeding the formation and dissolution of sodium polysulfide to ensure a good cycling stability. This work provides a promising method for addressing the S-triggered stability problem of Na-S batteries and other S-based batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi030024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yadong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengjie Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongchao Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Riguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi030024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi030024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jieshan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Li J, Gao L, Pan F, Gong C, Sun L, Gao H, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Wang G, Liu H. Engineering Strategies for Suppressing the Shuttle Effect in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:12. [PMID: 37947874 PMCID: PMC10638349 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are supposed to be one of the most potential next-generation batteries owing to their high theoretical capacity and low cost. Nevertheless, the shuttle effect of firm multi-step two-electron reaction between sulfur and lithium in liquid electrolyte makes the capacity much smaller than the theoretical value. Many methods were proposed for inhibiting the shuttle effect of polysulfide, improving corresponding redox kinetics and enhancing the integral performance of Li-S batteries. Here, we will comprehensively and systematically summarize the strategies for inhibiting the shuttle effect from all components of Li-S batteries. First, the electrochemical principles/mechanism and origin of the shuttle effect are described in detail. Moreover, the efficient strategies, including boosting the sulfur conversion rate of sulfur, confining sulfur or lithium polysulfides (LPS) within cathode host, confining LPS in the shield layer, and preventing LPS from contacting the anode, will be discussed to suppress the shuttle effect. Then, recent advances in inhibition of shuttle effect in cathode, electrolyte, separator, and anode with the aforementioned strategies have been summarized to direct the further design of efficient materials for Li-S batteries. Finally, we present prospects for inhibition of the LPS shuttle and potential development directions in Li-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Li
- Joint International Laboratory On Environmental and Energy Frontier Materials, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Gao
- Joint International Laboratory On Environmental and Energy Frontier Materials, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengying Pan
- Joint International Laboratory On Environmental and Energy Frontier Materials, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Gong
- Joint International Laboratory On Environmental and Energy Frontier Materials, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Limeng Sun
- Joint International Laboratory On Environmental and Energy Frontier Materials, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Gao
- Joint International Laboratory On Environmental and Energy Frontier Materials, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Yufei Zhao
- Joint International Laboratory On Environmental and Energy Frontier Materials, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Hao Liu
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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7
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Yi Y, Hai F, Guo J, Gao X, Chen W, Tian X, Tang W, Hua W, Li M. Electrochemical Enhancement of Lithium-Ion Diffusion in Polypyrrole-Modified Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile Nanotubes for Solid-to-Solid Free-Standing Lithium-Sulfur Cathodes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303781. [PMID: 37544919 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The energy density of lithium-sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (Li-SPAN) batteries has chronically suffered from low sulfur content. Although a free-standing electrode can significantly reduce noncapacity mass contribution, the slow bulk reaction kinetics still constrain the electrochemical performance. In this regard, a novel electrochemically active additive, polypyrrole (PPy), is introduced to construct PAN nanotubes as a sulfur carrier. This hollow channel greatly facilitates charge transport within the electrode and increases the sulfur content. Both electrochemical tests and simulations show that the SPANPPy-1% cathode possesses a larger lithium-ion diffusion coefficient and a more homogeneous phase interface than the SPAN cathode. Consequently, significantly improved capabilities and rate properties are achieved, as well as decent exportations under high-sulfur-loading or lean-electrolyte conditions. In-situ and semi-situ characterizations are further performed to demonstrate the nucleation growth of lithium sulfide and the evolution of the electrode surface structure. This type of electrochemically active additive provides a well-supported implementation of high-energy-density Li-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikun Yi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Feng Hai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Jingyu Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Wenting Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Xiaolu Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Weibo Hua
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Mingtao Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710049, China
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Suzhou Institute, No. 99 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiang Su, 215000, China
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8
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Ma T, Ni Y, Li D, Zha Z, Jin S, Zhang W, Jia L, Sun Q, Xie W, Tao Z, Chen J. Reversible Solid-Solid Conversion of Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile Cathodes in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries by Weakly Solvating Ether Electrolytes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310761. [PMID: 37668230 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite carbonate electrolytes exhibiting good stability to sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN), their chemical incompatibility with lithium (Li) metal anode leads to poor electrochemical performance of Li||SPAN full cells. While the SPAN employs conventional ether electrolytes that suffer from the shuttle effect, leading to rapid capacity fading. Here, we tailor a dilute electrolyte based on a low solvating power ether solvent that is both compatible with SPAN and Li metal. Unlike conventional ether electrolytes, the weakly solvating ether electrolyte enables SPAN to undergo reversibly "solid-solid" conversion. It features an anion-rich solvation structure that allows for the formation of a robust cathode electrolyte interphase on the SPAN, effectively blocking the dissolution of polysulfides into the bulk electrolyte and avoiding the shuttle effect. What's more, the unique electrolyte chemistry endowed Li ions with fast electroplating kinetics and induced high reversibility Li deposition/stripping process from 25 °C to -40 °C. Based on tailored electrolyte, Li||SPAN full cells matched with high loading SPAN cathodes (≈3.6 mAh cm-2 ) and 50 μm Li foil can operate stably over a wide range of temperatures. Additionally, Li||SPAN pouch cell under lean electrolyte and 5 % excess Li conditions can continuously operate stably for over a month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Youxuan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Diantao Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhengtai Zha
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Song Jin
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Liqun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qiong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Weiwei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhanliang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300071, China
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9
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Li H, Yang H, Ai X. Routes to Electrochemically Stable Sulfur Cathodes for Practical Li-S Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2305038. [PMID: 37867204 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have been investigated intensively as a post-Li-ion technology in the past decade; however, their realizable energy density and cycling performance are still far from satisfaction for commercial development. Although many extremely high-capacity and cycle-stable S cathodes and Li anodes are reported in literature, their use for practical Li-S batteries remains challenging due to the huge gap between the laboratory research and industrial applications. The laboratory research is usually conducted by use of a thin-film electrode with a low sulfur loading and high electrolyte/sulfur (E/S) ratios, while the practical batteries require a thick/high sulfur loading cathode and a low E/S ratio to achieve a desired energy density. To make this clear, the inherent problems of dissolution/deposition mechanism of conventional sulfur cathodes are analyzed from the viewpoint of polarization theory of porous electrode after a brief overview of the recent research progress on sulfur cathodes of Li-S batteries, and the possible strategies for building an electrochemically stable sulfur cathode are discussed for practically viable Li-S batteries from the authors' own understandings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry & Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Hanxi Yang
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry & Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xinping Ai
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry & Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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10
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Park H, Kang H, Kim H, Kansara S, Allen JL, Tran D, Sun HH, Hwang JY. Strategy for High-Energy Li-S Battery Coupling with a Li Metal Anode and a Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile Cathode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:45876-45885. [PMID: 37726216 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Among lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery materials, sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) has attracted substantial attention as a cathode material owing to its potential to bypass the problematic polysulfide formation and shuttling effect. Carbonate-based electrolytes have been eschewed compared with ether-based electrolytes because of their poor compatibility with Li metal anodes. In this work, we design and study an electrolyte comprising 0.8 M of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, 0.2 M of lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate, and 0.05 M of lithium hexafluorophosphate in ethyl methyl carbonate/fluoroethylene carbonate = 3:1 v/v solution in the Li-S battery coupled with a Li metal anode and SPAN cathode. The well-designed carbonate-based electrolyte effectively stabilizes both electrodes, delivering high Coulombic efficiencies with stable cyclability. Studies using operando optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy demonstrate that dense, uniform Li deposition is promoted to suppress dendrite growth even at a high current density. Operando Raman spectroscopy reveals a reversible Li+ storage behavior in the SPAN structure through the cleavage of disulfide bonds and their redimerization during lithiation and delithiation. As a result, the proposed Li-S battery delivers an overall capacity retention of 73.5% over 1000 cycles, with high Coulombic efficiencies over 99.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeona Park
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyokyeong Kang
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Shivam Kansara
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jan L Allen
- Battery Science Branch, US DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, Maryland 20783-1197, United States
| | - Dat Tran
- Battery Science Branch, US DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, Maryland 20783-1197, United States
| | - H Hohyun Sun
- Battery Science Branch, US DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, Maryland 20783-1197, United States
| | - Jang-Yeon Hwang
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Battery Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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11
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Sun Q, Li Y, Ren X, Tao J, Lu L. Revealing Performance Enhancement Mechanism for Lithium-Sulfur Battery Using In Situ Electrochemical-Fluorescence Technology. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300523. [PMID: 37452519 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) as a next-generation promising energy storage device have a great potential commercial application due to their high specific capacity and energy density. However, it is still a challenge to real-time monitor the evolution process of polysulfides during the LSBs discharge process. Herein, an in situ electrochemical-fluorescence technology is developed to measure the fluorescence intensity change of cadmium sulfide quantum dots (CdS QDs) during the LSBs discharge process in real-time, which could monitor the evolution process of polysulfides. First, the real-time fluorescent spectrum and confocal fluorescence imaging of discharge processes for LSBs with CdS QDs are integrally illustrated. Furthermore, the fluorescence spectra and imaging results show that CdS QDs could immobilize polysulfides through bonding with polysulfides to improve the LSB device performance. This in situ electrochemical-fluorescence technology provides a new in situ and real-time-monitor method for better understanding the working mechanism of LSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Jingwei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Lehui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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12
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Yu K, Cai G, Li M, Wu J, Gupta V, Lee DJ, Holoubek J, Chen Z. Effect of Electrolyte Chemistry and Sulfur Content in Li||Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:43724-43731. [PMID: 37695100 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) is considered as a high-value cathode material, which leverages the high energy of S redox while mitigating the negative externalities that limit elemental S cycling. As such, the sulfur content in Li-SPAN batteries plays a critical role. In this work, we demonstrate that high-S loading SPAN cathodes, where the PAN backbone approaches the saturation point without signs of elemental S, are highly dependent on the electrolyte chemistry for long-term reversibility. Specifically, we find that a localized-high-concentration electrolyte (LHCE) further enhances the reversible capacity and cycling stability of SPAN cathode with optimized S content relative to a carbonate control, largely due to the formation of a compatible interphase. With this LHCE as the electrolyte and 43% sulfur ratio of SPAN as the cathode, a full cell applying N/P ratio = 1.82, a cathode loading of 6 mAh cm-2 (9.2 mg cm-2), and an electrolyte loading of 7 μL mg-1 SPAN can be cycled for 100 cycles with 433 mAh g-1 retained capacity and retains much of this reversibility even at 60 °C. This work reveals the molecular origin of optimized sulfur ratio in SPAN cathodes while providing guidance in electrolyte design for Li||SPAN cells with high capacity and cyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Yu
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Guorui Cai
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Mingqian Li
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Junlin Wu
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Varun Gupta
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dong Ju Lee
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - John Holoubek
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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13
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Wang P, Kateris N, Li B, Zhang Y, Luo J, Wang C, Zhang Y, Jayaraman AS, Hu X, Wang H, Li W. High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries via Molecular Complexation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18865-18876. [PMID: 37589666 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Beyond lithium-ion technologies, lithium-sulfur batteries stand out because of their multielectron redox reactions and high theoretical specific energy (2500 Wh kg-1). However, the intrinsic irreversible transformation of soluble lithium polysulfides to solid short-chain sulfur species (Li2S2 and Li2S) and the associated large volume change of electrode materials significantly impair the long-term stability of the battery. Here we present a liquid sulfur electrode consisting of lithium thiophosphate complexes dissolved in organic solvents that enable the bonding and storage of discharge reaction products without precipitation. Insights garnered from coupled spectroscopic and density functional theory studies guide the complex molecular design, complexation mechanism, and associated electrochemical reaction mechanism. With the novel complexes as cathode materials, high specific capacity (1425 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C) and excellent cycling stability (80% retention after 400 cycles at 0.5 C) are achieved at room temperature. Moreover, the highly reversible all-liquid electrochemical conversion enables excellent low-temperature battery operability (>400 mAh g-1 at -40 °C and >200 mAh g-1 at -60 °C). This work opens new avenues to design and tailor the sulfur electrode for enhanced electrochemical performance across a wide operating temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Wang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Nikolaos Kateris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Baiheng Li
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Jianmin Luo
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Chuanlong Wang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Amitesh S Jayaraman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiaofei Hu
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Weiyang Li
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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14
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Luo C. Organic electrode materials and carbon/small-sulfur composites for affordable, lightweight and sustainable batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:9803-9817. [PMID: 37475598 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02652c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Redox-active organic/polymeric materials and carbon/small-sulfur composites are promising electrode materials for developing affordable, lightweight, and sustainable batteries because of their low cost, abundance, low carbon footprint, and flexible structural tunability. This feature article summarized the key aspects of the research related to organic batteries and Li-S batteries (LSBs) based on organic/polymeric/sulfur materials for next-generation sustainable energy storage. An in-depth discussion for organic electrode materials in alkali-ion, multivalent metal, all-solid-state, and redox flow batteries is provided. State-of-the-art LSBs under high mass loading and lean electrolyte conditions for practical applications is also covered. The challenges, reaction mechanisms, strategies, approaches, and developments of organic batteries and LSBs are discussed to offer guidance for rational structure design and performance optimization. This feature article will contribute to the development and commercialization of affordable, lightweight, and sustainable batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
- Quantum Science & Engineering Center, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
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15
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Wu J, Huang J, Cui Y, Miao D, Ke X, Lu Y, Wu D. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Inspired Polystyrene-Brush-Based Superhigh Sulfur Content Cathodes Enable Lithium-Sulfur Cells with High Mass and Capacity Loading. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211471. [PMID: 36807410 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The development of highly sophisticated biomimetic models is significant yet remains challenging in the electrochemical energy storage field. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) cells with high sulfur content and high-sulfur-loading cathodes are urgently required to meet the fast-growing demand for electronic devices. Nevertheless, such cathode materials generally suffer from large sulfur agglomeration, nonporous structure, and insufficient conductivity, leading to rapid capacity decay and low sulfur utilization. Herein, inspired by rough endoplasmic reticulum, a 2D polystyrene (PS)-brush-based (G-g-PS) superhigh-sulfur-content (96 wt%) composite(G-g-sPS@S) is fabricated via the vulcanization reaction. The vulcanized PS side-chains and their S8 composites on the nanosheet surface can efficiently provide sulfur species, and the intersheet interstitial pores can provide rapid mass-transfer channels for redox reactions of sulfur species. Furthermore, the highly sulfophilic vulcanized PS side-chains are able to effectively inhibit the shuttle effect of polysulfides and regulate their redox process. With these merits, the cells with G-g-sPS@S cathodes exhibit an ultralow decay rate of 0.02% per cycle over 400 cycles at 2 C and deliver a superior areal capacity of 12.6 mAh cm-2 even with a high sulfur loading of 10.5 mg cm-2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlun Wu
- PCFM Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Junlong Huang
- PCFM Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yin Cui
- PCFM Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dongtian Miao
- PCFM Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xianlan Ke
- PCFM Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yuheng Lu
- PCFM Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dingcai Wu
- PCFM Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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16
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Sapkota N, Chiluwal S, Parajuli P, Rowland A, Podila R. Insights into the Pseudocapacitive Behavior of Sulfurized Polymer Electrodes for Li-S Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206901. [PMID: 36994629 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Practical applications of sulfurized polymer (SP) materials in Li-S batteries (LSBs) are often written off due to their low S content (≈35 wt%). Unlike conventional S8 /C composite cathodes, SP materials are shown to function as pseudocapacitors with an active carbon backbone using a comprehensive array of tools including in situ Raman and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Critical metric analysis of LSBs containing SP materials with an active carbon skeleton shows that SP cathodes with 35 wt% S are suitable for 350 Wh kg-1 target at the cell level if S loading >5 mg cm-2 , electrolyte-to-sulfur ratio <2 µL mg-1 , and negative-to-positive ratio <5 can be achieved. Although 3D current collectors can enable such high loadings, they often add excess mass decreasing the total capacity. An "active" carbon nanotube bucky sandwich current collector developed here offsets its excess weight by contributing to the electric double layer capacity. SP cathodes (35 wt% S) with ≈5.5 mg cm-2 of S loading (≈15.8 mg cm-2 of SP loading) yield a sulfur-level gravimetric capacity ≈1360 mAh gs -1 (≈690 mAh gs -1 ), electrode level capacity 200 mAh gelectrode -1 (100 mAh gelectrode -1 ), and areal capacity ≈7.8 mAh cm-2 (≈4.0 mAh cm-2 ) at 0.1C (1C) rate for ≈100 cycles at E/S ratio = 7 µL mg-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawraj Sapkota
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Shailendra Chiluwal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Prakash Parajuli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Alan Rowland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Podila
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
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17
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Wong AJY, Lieu WY, Chinnadurai D, Ng MF, Seh ZW. Uncovering the Binder Interactions with S-PAN and MXene for Room Temperature Na-S Batteries. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3592-3598. [PMID: 37036465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
MXenes and sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (S-PAN) are emerging as possible contenders to resolve the polysulfide dissolution and volumetric expansion issues in sodium-sulfur batteries. Herein, we explore the interactions between Ti3C2Tx MXenes and S-PAN with traditional binders such as polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in Na-S batteries for the first time. We hypothesize that the linearity and polarity of the binder significantly influence the dispersion of S-PAN over Ti3C2Tx. The three-dimensional polar CMC binder resulted in better contact surface area with both S-PAN and Ti3C2Tx. Moreover, the improved binding of the discharge products with the CMC binder effectively traps them and prevents unwanted shuttling. Consequently, the Na-S battery using the CMC binder displayed a high initial capacity of 1282 mAh/g(s) at 0.2 C and a low capacity fading of 0.092% per cycle over 300 cycles. This work highlights the importance of understanding MXene-binder interactions in sulfur cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jun Yao Wong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei Ying Lieu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Republic of Singapore
| | - Deviprasath Chinnadurai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Man-Fai Ng
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhi Wei Seh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
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18
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Wang S, Lu B, Cheng D, Wu Z, Feng S, Zhang M, Li W, Miao Q, Patel M, Feng J, Hopkins E, Zhou J, Parab S, Bhamwala B, Liaw B, Meng YS, Liu P. Structural Transformation in a Sulfurized Polymer Cathode to Enable Long-Life Rechargeable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9624-9633. [PMID: 37071778 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) represents a class of sulfur-bonded polymers, which have shown thousands of stable cycles as a cathode in lithium-sulfur batteries. However, the exact molecular structure and its electrochemical reaction mechanism remain unclear. Most significantly, SPAN shows an over 25% 1st cycle irreversible capacity loss before exhibiting perfect reversibility for subsequent cycles. Here, with a SPAN thin-film platform and an array of analytical tools, we show that the SPAN capacity loss is associated with intramolecular dehydrogenation along with the loss of sulfur. This results in an increase in the aromaticity of the structure, which is corroborated by a >100× increase in electronic conductivity. We also discovered that the conductive carbon additive in the cathode is instrumental in driving the reaction to completion. Based on the proposed mechanism, we have developed a synthesis procedure to eliminate more than 50% of the irreversible capacity loss. Our insights into the reaction mechanism provide a blueprint for the design of high-performance sulfurized polymer cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Bingyu Lu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Diyi Cheng
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zhaohui Wu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Shijie Feng
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Minghao Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Weikang Li
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Qiushi Miao
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Maansi Patel
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jiaqi Feng
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Emma Hopkins
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jianbin Zhou
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Saurabh Parab
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Bhargav Bhamwala
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Boryann Liaw
- Energy and Environmental Science and Technology Directorate, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
| | - Ying Shirley Meng
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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19
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Zhu L, Yin B, Zhang Y, Wu Q, Xu H, Duan H, Shi M, He H. A Multifunctional Coating on Sulfur-Containing Carbon-Based Anode for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083335. [PMID: 37110569 PMCID: PMC10142203 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A sulfur doping strategy has been frequently used to improve the sodium storage specific capacity and rate capacity of hard carbon. However, some hard carbon materials have difficulty in preventing the shuttling effect of electrochemical products of sulfur molecules stored in the porous structure of hard carbon, resulting in the poor cycling stability of electrode materials. Here, a multifunctional coating is introduced to comprehensively improve the sodium storage performance of a sulfur-containing carbon-based anode. The physical barrier effect and chemical anchoring effect contributed by the abundant C-S/C-N polarized covalent bond of the N, S-codoped coating (NSC) combine to protect SGCS@NSC from the shuttling effect of soluble polysulfide intermediates. Additionally, the NSC layer can encapsulate the highly dispersed carbon spheres inside a cross-linked three-dimensional conductive network, improving the electrochemical kinetic of the SGCS@NSC electrode. Benefiting from the multifunctional coating, SGCS@NSC exhibits a high capacity of 609 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and 249 mAh g-1 at 6.4 A g-1. Furthermore, the capacity retention of SGCS@NSC is 17.6% higher than that of the uncoated one after 200 cycles at 0.5 A g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Bo Yin
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Hongqiang Xu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Haojie Duan
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Meiqin Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Haiyong He
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
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20
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Haldar S, Bhauriyal P, Ramuglia AR, Khan AH, De Kock S, Hazra A, Bon V, Pastoetter DL, Kirchhoff S, Shupletsov L, De A, Isaacs MA, Feng X, Walter M, Brunner E, Weidinger IM, Heine T, Schneemann A, Kaskel S. Sulfide-Bridged Covalent Quinoxaline Frameworks for Lithium-Organosulfide Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210151. [PMID: 36719245 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The chelating ability of quinoxaline cores and the redox activity of organosulfide bridges in layered covalent organic frameworks (COFs) offer dual active sites for reversible lithium (Li)-storage. The designed COFs combining these properties feature disulfide and polysulfide-bridged networks showcasing an intriguing Li-storage mechanism, which can be considered as a lithium-organosulfide (Li-OrS) battery. The experimental-computational elucidation of three quinoxaline COFs containing systematically enhanced sulfur atoms in sulfide bridging demonstrates fast kinetics during Li interactions with the quinoxaline core. Meanwhile, bilateral covalent bonding of sulfide bridges to the quinoxaline core enables a redox-mediated reversible cleavage of the sulfursulfur bond and the formation of covalently anchored lithium-sulfide chains or clusters during Li-interactions, accompanied by a marked reduction of Li-polysulfide (Li-PS) dissolution into the electrolyte, a frequent drawback of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. The electrochemical behavior of model compounds mimicking the sulfide linkages of the COFs and operando Raman studies on the framework structure unravels the reversibility of the profound Li-ion-organosulfide interactions. Thus, integrating redox-active organic-framework materials with covalently anchored sulfides enables a stable Li-OrS battery mechanism which shows benefits over a typical Li-S battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sattwick Haldar
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Preeti Bhauriyal
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anthony R Ramuglia
- Chair of Electrochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Arafat H Khan
- Chair of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sunel De Kock
- FIT Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arpan Hazra
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Volodymyr Bon
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dominik L Pastoetter
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kirchhoff
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology (IWS), Winterbergstraße 28, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | - Leonid Shupletsov
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ankita De
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mark A Isaacs
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
- HarwellXPS, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Walter
- FIT Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eike Brunner
- Chair of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Inez M Weidinger
- Chair of Electrochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneemann
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology (IWS), Winterbergstraße 28, 01277, Dresden, Germany
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21
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Sang P, Chen Q, Wang DY, Guo W, Fu Y. Organosulfur Materials for Rechargeable Batteries: Structure, Mechanism, and Application. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1262-1326. [PMID: 36757873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries have received significant attention over the last decades due to the wide application of portable electronics and increasing deployment of electric vehicles. In order to further enhance the performance of the batteries and overcome the capacity limitations of inorganic electrode materials, it is imperative to explore new cathode and functional materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. Organosulfur materials containing sulfur-sulfur bonds as a kind of promising organic electrode materials have the advantages of high capacities, abundant resources, tunable structures, and environmental benignity. In addition, organosulfur materials have been widely used in almost every aspect of rechargeable batteries because of their multiple functionalities. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the development of organosulfur materials including the synthesis and application as cathode materials, electrolyte additives, electrolytes, binders, active materials in lithium redox flow batteries, and other metal battery systems. We also give an in-depth analysis of structure-property-performance relationship of organosulfur materials, and guidance for the future development of organosulfur materials for next generation rechargeable lithium batteries and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Sang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiliang Chen
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Yang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhu Fu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
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22
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Zhang H, Song B, Zhang W, An B, Fu L, Lu S, Cheng Y, Chen Q, Lu K. Bidirectional Tandem Electrocatalysis Manipulated Sulfur Speciation Pathway for High-Capacity and Stable Na-S Battery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217009. [PMID: 36494321 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The sluggish polysulfide redox kinetics and the uncontrollable sulfur speciation pathway, leading to serious shuttling effect and high activation barrier associated with sulfur cathode. We describe here the use of core-shell structured composite matrixes containing abundant catalytic sites for nearly fully reversible cycling of sulfur cathodes for Na-S batteries. The bidirectional tandem electrocatalysis provide successive reversible conversion of both long- and short-chain polysulfides, whereas Fe2 O3 accelerates Na2 S8 /Na2 S6 to Na2 S4 conversion and the redox-active Fe(CN)6 4- -doped polypyrrole shell catalyzes Na2 S4 reduction to Na2 S. The electrochemically reactive Na2 S can be readily charged back to sulfur with minimal overpotential. Simultaneously, stable cycling of Na-S pouch cell with a high reversible capacity of 696 mAh g-1 is also demonstrated. The bidirectional confined tandem catalysis renders the manipulation of sulfur redox electrochemistry for practical Na-S cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bin Song
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Bowen An
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Lin Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Songtao Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Yingwen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Qianwang Chen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ke Lu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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23
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Geng X, Liu C, Sun Y, Zhao C, Jiang Z, Lim EG, Wang Y, Mitrovic I, Yang L, Song P. Sulfydryl-modified MXene as a sulfur host for highly stable Li-S batteries. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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24
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Zhang X, Gao P, Wu Z, Engelhard MH, Cao X, Jia H, Xu Y, Liu H, Wang C, Liu J, Zhang JG, Liu P, Xu W. Pinned Electrode/Electrolyte Interphase and Its Formation Origin for Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile Cathode in Stable Lithium Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:52046-52057. [PMID: 36377408 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) represents one of the most promising directions for high-energy-density lithium (Li)-sulfur batteries. However, the practical application of Li||SPAN is currently limited by the insufficient chemical/electrochemical stability of electrode/electrolyte interphase (EEI). Here, a pinned EEI layer is designed for stabilizing a SPAN cathode by regulating the EEI formation mechanism in an advanced LiFSI/ether/fluorinated-ether electrolyte. Computational simulations and experimental investigations reveal that, benefiting from the nonsolvating nature, the fluorinated-ether can not only act as a protective shield to prevent the Li polysulfides dissolution but also, more importantly, endow a diffusion-controlled EEI formation process. It promotes the formation of a uniform, protective, and conductive EEI layer pinning into SPAN surface region, enabling the high loading Li||SPAN batteries with superior cycling stability, wide temperature performance, and high-rate capability. This design strategy opens an avenue for exploring advanced electrolytes for Li||SPAN batteries and guides the interface design for broad types of battery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Zhang
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Peiyuan Gao
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Zhaohui Wu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Mark H Engelhard
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Xia Cao
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Hao Jia
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Yaobin Xu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Haodong Liu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Chongming Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jun Liu
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ji-Guang Zhang
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Wu Xu
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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25
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Li X, Yuan L, Liu D, Xiang J, Li Z, Huang Y. Solid/Quasi-Solid Phase Conversion of Sulfur in Lithium-Sulfur Battery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106970. [PMID: 35218289 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery is considered as one of the most promising options because the redox couple has almost the highest theoretical specific energy (2600 Wh kg-1 ) among all solid anode-cathode candidates for rechargeable batteries. The "solid-liquid-solid" mechanism has become a dominating phase transformation process since it was first reported, although this cathode mode suffers from a tough "shuttle" phenomenon due to the dissolution of the soluble intermediate polysulfides generated during the charging-discharging process, which causes rapid loss of energy-bearing material and shortened lifespan. For decades, tremendous efforts have been made to restrict the shuttle effect. Changing sulfur conversion to "solid-solid" mode or "quasi-solid" mode, which successfully exceed the limit of the dissolution of the intermediates, and may address the root of the problem. In this review, the main focus is on the fundamental chemistry of the "solid-solid" and "quasi-solid" phase transformation of the sulfur cathode. First, the strategies of sulfur immobilization in "solid-liquid-solid" multi-phase conversions as well as the pivotal influence factors for the electrochemical conversion process are briefly introduced. Then, the different routes are summarized to realize the "solid-solid" and "quasi-solid" redox mechanisms. Finally, a perspectives on building high-energy-density Li-S batteries are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lixia Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Dezhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jingwei Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yunhui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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26
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Gong H, Ilavsky J, Kuzmenko I, Chen S, Yan H, Cooper CB, Chen G, Chen Y, Chiong JA, Jiang Y, Lai JC, Zheng Y, Stone KH, Huelsenbeck L, Giri G, Tok JBH, Bao Z. Formation Mechanism of Flower-like Polyacrylonitrile Particles. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17576-17587. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaxin Gong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jan Ilavsky
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ivan Kuzmenko
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Shucheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hongping Yan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Christopher B. Cooper
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Gan Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yuelang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jerika A. Chiong
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yuanwen Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jian-cheng Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kevin H. Stone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Luke Huelsenbeck
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Gaurav Giri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Jeffrey B.-H. Tok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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27
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Deng Y, Zheng J, Zhao Q, Yin J, Biswal P, Hibi Y, Jin S, Archer LA. Highly Reversible Sodium Metal Battery Anodes via Alloying Heterointerfaces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203409. [PMID: 35957538 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a promising pathway toward low-cost, long-duration energy storage, rechargeable sodium batteries are of increasing interest. Batteries that incorporate metallic sodium as anode promise a high theoretical specific capacity of 1166 mAh g-1 , and low reduction potential of -2.71 V. The high reactivity and poor electrochemical reversibility of sodium anodes render sodium metal anode (SMA) cells among the most challenging for practical implementation. Here, the failure mechanisms of Na anodes are investigated and the authors report that loss of morphological control is not the fundamental cause of failure. Rather, it is the inherently poor anchoring/root structure of electrodeposited Na to the electrode substrate that leads to poor reversibility and cell failure. Poorly anchored Na deposits are prone to break away from the current collector, producing orphaning and poor anode utilization. Thin metallic coatings in a range of chemistries are proposed and evaluated as SMA substrates. Based on thermodynamic and ion transport considerations, such substrates undergo reversible alloying reactions with Na and are hypothesized to promote good root growth-regardless of the morphology. Among the various options, Au stands out for its ability to support long Na anode lifetime and high reversibility (Coulombic Efficiency > 98%), for coating thicknesses in the range of 10-1000 nm. As a first step toward evaluating practical utility of the anodes, their performance in Na||SPAN cells with N:P ratio close to 1:1 is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jingxu Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Qing Zhao
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jiefu Yin
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Prayag Biswal
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yusuke Hibi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Shuo Jin
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lynden A Archer
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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28
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Huang Y, Wang Y, Fu Y. All-cellulose gel electrolyte with black phosphorus based lithium ion conductors toward advanced lithium-sulfurized polyacrylonitrile batteries. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 296:119950. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Utomo NW, Deng Y, Zhao Q, Liu X, Archer LA. Structure and Evolution of Quasi-Solid-State Hybrid Electrolytes Formed Inside Electrochemical Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110333. [PMID: 35765212 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) formed inside an electrochemical cell by polymerization of a liquid precursor provide a promising strategy for overcoming problems with electrolyte wetting in solid-state batteries. Hybrid solid-state polymer electrolytes (HSPEs) created by in situ polymerization of a conventional liquid precursor containing electrochemically inert nanostructures are of particular interest because they offer a mechanism for selectively reinforcing or adding new functionalities to the electrolyte-removing the need for high degrees of polymerization. The synthesis, structure, chemical kinetics, ion-transport properties and electrochemical characteristics of HSPEs created by Al(OTf)3 -initiated polymerization of 1,3-dioxolane (DOL) containing hairy, nano-sized SiO2 particles are reported. Small-angle X-ray scattering reveals the particles are well-dispersed in liquid DOL. Strong interaction between poly(ethylene glycol) molecules tethered to the SiO2 particles and poly(DOL) lead to co-crystallization-anchoring the nanoparticles in their host It also enables polymerization-depolymerization processes in DOL to be studied and controlled. The utility of the in-situ-formed HSPE, is demonstrated first in Li|HSPE|Cu half cells, which manifest Coulombic efficiencies (CE) values approaching 99%. HSPEs are also demonstrated in solid-state lithium-sulfur-polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) composite full-cell batteries. The in-situ-formed Li|HSPE|SPAN cells show good cycling stability and thus provide a promising path toward all-solid-state batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyalaliska W Utomo
- Robert Frederick School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-5201, USA
| | - Yue Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Bard Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853-5201, USA
| | - Qing Zhao
- Robert Frederick School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-5201, USA
| | - Xiaotun Liu
- Robert Frederick School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-5201, USA
| | - Lynden A Archer
- Robert Frederick School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-5201, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Bard Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853-5201, USA
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30
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Fast-charging aluminium-chalcogen batteries resistant to dendritic shorting. Nature 2022; 608:704-711. [PMID: 36002488 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04983-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although batteries fitted with a metal negative electrode are attractive for their higher energy density and lower complexity, the latter making them more easily recyclable, the threat of cell shorting by dendrites has stalled deployment of the technology1,2. Here we disclose a bidirectional, rapidly charging aluminium-chalcogen battery operating with a molten-salt electrolyte composed of NaCl-KCl-AlCl3. Formulated with high levels of AlCl3, these chloroaluminate melts contain catenated AlnCl3n+1- species, for example, Al2Cl7-, Al3Cl10- and Al4Cl13-, which with their Al-Cl-Al linkages confer facile Al3+ desolvation kinetics resulting in high faradaic exchange currents, to form the foundation for high-rate charging of the battery. This chemistry is distinguished from other aluminium batteries in the choice of a positive elemental-chalcogen electrode as opposed to various low-capacity compound formulations3-6, and in the choice of a molten-salt electrolyte as opposed to room-temperature ionic liquids that induce high polarization7-12. We show that the multi-step conversion pathway between aluminium and chalcogen allows rapid charging at up to 200C, and the battery endures hundreds of cycles at very high charging rates without aluminium dendrite formation. Importantly for scalability, the cell-level cost of the aluminium-sulfur battery is projected to be less than one-sixth that of current lithium-ion technologies. Composed of earth-abundant elements that can be ethically sourced and operated at moderately elevated temperatures just above the boiling point of water, this chemistry has all the requisites of a low-cost, rechargeable, fire-resistant, recyclable battery.
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31
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Wang SL, Hong JL. Polydopamine as an interfacial layer to enhance mechanical and adhesive properties of the active materials in a sulfur cathode of sodium-sulfur batteries. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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32
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Abstract
All-climate temperature operation capability and increased energy density have been recognized as two crucial targets, but they are rarely achieved together in rechargeable lithium (Li) batteries. Herein, we demonstrate an electrolyte system by using monodentate dibutyl ether with both low melting and high boiling points as the sole solvent. Its weak solvation endows an aggregate solvation structure and low solubility toward polysulfide species in a relatively low electrolyte concentration (2 mol L-1). These features were found to be vital in avoiding dendrite growth and enabling Li metal Coulombic efficiencies of 99.0%, 98.2%, and 98.7% at 23 °C, -40 °C, and 50 °C, respectively. Pouch cells employing thin Li metal (50 μm) and high-loading sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (3.3 mAh cm-2) cathodes (negative-to-positive capacity ratio = 2) output 87.5% and 115.9% of their room temperature capacity at -40 °C and 50 °C, respectively. This work provides solvent-based design criteria for a wide temperature range Li-sulfur pouch cells.
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33
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Meng X, Liu Y, Guan M, Qiu J, Wang Z. A High-Energy and Safe Lithium Battery Enabled by Solid-State Redox Chemistry in a Fireproof Gel Electrolyte. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201981. [PMID: 35524983 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed thriving efforts in pursuing high-energy batteries at an unaffordable cost of safety. Herein, a high-energy and safe quasi-solid-state lithium battery is proposed by solid-state redox chemistry of polymer-based molecular Li2 S cathode in a fireproof gel electrolyte. This chemistry fully eliminates not only the negative effect of extremely reactive Li metal and oxygen species on cell safety but also the damage of electrode reversibility by soluble redox intermediates. The molecular Li2 S cathode exhibits an exceptional lifetime of 2000 cycles, 100% Coulombic efficiency, high capacity of 830 mA h g-1 with ultralow capacity loss of 0.005-0.01% per cycle and superior rate capability up to 10 C. Meanwhile, it shows high stability in the carbonate-involving electrolyte for maximizing the compatibility with carbonate-efficient Si anode. The optimized cell chemistry exerts high energy over 750 W h kg-1 for 500 cycles with fast rate response, high-temperature adaptability, and no self-discharge. A fire-retardant composite gel electrolyte is developed to further strengthen the intrinsic safe redox between the Li2 S cathode and the Si anode, which secures remarkable safety against extreme abuse of overheating, short circuits, and mechanical damage in air/water or even when on fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Meng
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yuzhao Liu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Mengtian Guan
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jieshan Qiu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
- Branch of New Material Development, Valiant Co. Ltd, Yantai, 265503, China
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Xing C, Chen H, Qian S, Wu Z, Nizami A, Li X, Zhang S, Lai C. Regulating liquid and solid-state electrolytes for solid-phase conversion in Li–S batteries. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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35
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Maihom T, Sittiwong J, Probst M, Limtrakul J. Understanding the interactions between lithium polysulfides and anchoring materials in advanced lithium-sulfur batteries using density functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8604-8623. [PMID: 35363239 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05715d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are promising energy storage devices because of their high theoretical capacity and energy density. However, the "shuttle" effect in lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) is an unresolved issue that can hinder their practical commercial application. Research on LSBs has focused on finding appropriate materials that suppress this effect by efficiently anchoring the LiPSs intermediates. Quantum chemical computations are a useful tool for understanding the mechanistic details of chemical interaction involving LiPSs, and they can also offer strategies for the rational design of LiPSs anchoring materials. In this perspective, we highlight computational and theoretical work performed on this topic. This includes elucidating and characterizing the adsorption mechanisms, and the dominant types of interactions, and summarizing the binding energies of LiPSs on anchoring materials. We also give examples and discuss the potential of descriptors and machine learning approaches to predict the adsorption strength and reactivity of materials. We believe that both approaches will become indispensable in modelling future LSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thana Maihom
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Jarinya Sittiwong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
| | - Michael Probst
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Jumras Limtrakul
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
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Tailoring Mesopores and Nitrogen Groups of Carbon Nanofibers for Polysulfide Entrapment in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071342. [PMID: 35406216 PMCID: PMC9002479 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current work, we combined different physical and chemical modifications of carbon nanofibers through the creation of micro-, meso-, and macro-pores as well as the incorporation of nitrogen groups in cyclic polyacrylonitrile (CPAN) using gas-assisted electrospinning and air-controlled electrospray processes. We incorporated them into electrode and interlayer in Li–Sulfur batteries. First, we controlled pore size and distributions in mesoporous carbon fibers (mpCNF) via adding polymethyl methacrylate as a sacrificial polymer to the polyacrylonitrile carbon precursor, followed by varying activation conditions. Secondly, nitrogen groups were introduced via cyclization of PAN on mesoporous carbon nanofibers (mpCPAN). We compared the synergistic effects of all these features in cathode substrate and interlayer on the performance Li–Sulfur batteries and used various characterization tools to understand them. Our results revealed that coating CPAN on both mesoporous carbon cathode and interlayer greatly enhanced the rate capability and capacity retention, leading to the capacity of 1000 mAh/g at 2 C and 1200 mAh/g at 0.5 C with the capability retention of 88% after 100 cycles. The presence of nitrogen groups and mesopores in both cathodes and interlayers resulted in more effective polysulfide confinement and also show more promise for higher loading systems.
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38
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Liu D, Li Z, Li X, Chen X, Li Z, Yuan L, Huang Y. Stable Room-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries in Ether-Based Electrolytes Enabled by the Fluoroethylene Carbonate Additive. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:6658-6666. [PMID: 35076203 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Because of its high energy density and low cost, the room-temperature sodium-sulfur (RT Na-S) battery is a promising candidate to power the next-generation large-scale energy storage system. However, its practical utilization is hampered by the short life span owing to the severe shuttle effect, which originates from the "solid-liquid-solid" reaction mechanism of the sulfur cathode. In this work, fluoroethylene carbonate is proposed as an additive, and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether is used as the base solvent. For the sulfurized polyacrylonitrile cathode, a robust F-containing cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI) forms on the cathode surface during the initial discharging. The CEI prohibits the dissolution and diffusion of the soluble intermediate products, realizing a "solid-solid" reaction process. The RT Na-S cell exhibits a stable cycling performance: a capacity of 587 mA h g-1 is retained after 200 cycles at 0.2 A g-1 with nearly 100% Coulombic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Lixia Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yunhui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
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Yang K, Kim S, Yang X, Cho M, Lee Y. Binder-Free and High-Loading Cathode Realized by Hierarchical Structure for Potassium-Sulfur Batteries. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2100899. [PMID: 35041292 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Potassium-sulfur batteries have attracted significant research attention owing to the naturally abundant resources of potassium and sulfur, and have promising applications in large-scale energy storage systems. However, the sluggish reaction kinetics of K+ , low reaction activity of sulfur species, shuttling effect of polysulfides, and large volume change impede the development of these batteries. Moreover, the conventional electrode fabrication method with binders and current collectors renders it difficult to improve the areal sulfur loading and energy density. In this study, a binder-free and freestanding sulfur cathode is prepared by phase inversion and sulfurization of polyacrylonitrile. This sulfur cathode, with a hierarchically porous network, enables a high reversible capacity of 1345 mAh g-1 and a stable cycling performance with a capacity decay of 0.15% per cycle. Importantly, areal capacities of 3.1 and 4.2 mAh cm-2 are achieved even at high sulfur loadings of 3 and 7 mg cm-2 , owing to the favorable electron/ion transport in the cathode. The facile preparation method and excellent electrochemical properties reported herein can pave the way for developing high-performance K-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Soochan Kim
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Light-weight Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Misuk Cho
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkwan Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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Bertolini S, Jacob T. Atomistic discharge studies of sulfurized-polyacrylonitrile through ab initio molecular dynamics. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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MACHIDA K, MIYAUCHI H, USHIODA Y, TAKAHASHI K, SEKI S. Investigation for Charge-Discharge Operations of Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>-Sulfur Batteries by Suitable Choice of Materials and Cell Preparation Processes. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.22-00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki MACHIDA
- Graduate School of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kogakuin University
| | - Hibiki MIYAUCHI
- Graduate School of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kogakuin University
| | - Yusuke USHIODA
- Graduate School of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kogakuin University
| | - Keitaro TAKAHASHI
- Graduate School of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kogakuin University
| | - Shiro SEKI
- Graduate School of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kogakuin University
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Zhang Q, Huang Q, Hao S, Deng S, He Q, Lin Z, Yang Y. Polymers in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103798. [PMID: 34741443 PMCID: PMC8805586 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) hold great promise as one of the next-generation power supplies for portable electronics and electric vehicles due to their ultrahigh energy density, cost effectiveness, and environmental benignity. However, their practical application has been impeded owing to the electronic insulation of sulfur and its intermediates, serious shuttle effect, large volume variation, and uncontrollable formation of lithium dendrites. Over the past decades, many pioneering strategies have been developed to address these issues via improving electrodes, electrolytes, separators and binders. Remarkably, polymers can be readily applied to all these aspects due to their structural designability, functional versatility, superior chemical stability and processability. Moreover, their lightweight and rich resource characteristics enable the production of LSBs with high-volume energy density at low cost. Surprisingly, there have been few reviews on development of polymers in LSBs. Herein, breakthroughs and future perspectives of emerging polymers in LSBs are scrutinized. Significant attention is centered on recent implementation of polymers in each component of LSBs with an emphasis on intrinsic mechanisms underlying their specific functions. The review offers a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art polymers for LSBs, provides in-depth insights into addressing key challenges, and affords important resources for researchers working on electrochemical energy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials ScienceHubei Engineering Technology Research Centre of Energy Polymer MaterialsSouth‐Central University for NationalitiesWuhan430074China
| | - Qihua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials ScienceHubei Engineering Technology Research Centre of Energy Polymer MaterialsSouth‐Central University for NationalitiesWuhan430074China
| | - Shu‐Meng Hao
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Shuyi Deng
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials ScienceHubei Engineering Technology Research Centre of Energy Polymer MaterialsSouth‐Central University for NationalitiesWuhan430074China
| | - Qiming He
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials ScienceHubei Engineering Technology Research Centre of Energy Polymer MaterialsSouth‐Central University for NationalitiesWuhan430074China
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Yingkui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials ScienceHubei Engineering Technology Research Centre of Energy Polymer MaterialsSouth‐Central University for NationalitiesWuhan430074China
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Zheng J, Garcia-Mendez R, Archer LA. Engineering Multiscale Coupled Electron/Ion Transport in Battery Electrodes. ACS NANO 2021; 15:19014-19025. [PMID: 34898165 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Coupled electron/ion transport is a defining characteristic of electrochemical processes, for example, battery charge/discharge. Analytical models that represent the complex transport and electrochemical processes in an electrode in terms of equivalent electrical circuits provide a simple, but successful framework for understanding the kinetics of these coupled transport phenomena. The premise of this review is that the nature of the time-dependent phase transitions in dynamic electrochemical environments serves as an important design parameter, orthogonal to the intrinsic mixed conducting properties of the active materials in battery electrodes. A growing body of literature suggests that such phase transitions can produce divergent extrinsic resistances in a circuit model (e.g., Re, describing electron transport from an active electrode material to the current collector of an electrode, and/or Rion, describing ion transport from a bulk electrolyte to the active material surface). It is found that extrinsic resistances of this type play a determinant role in both the electrochemical performance and long-term stability of most battery electrodes. Additionally, successful suppression of the tendency of extrinsic resistances to accumulate over time is a requirement for practical rechargeable batteries and an important target for rational design. We highlight the need for battery electrode and cell designs, which explicitly address the specific nature of the structural phase transition in active materials, and for advanced fabrication techniques that enable precise manipulations of matter at multiple length scales: (i) meso-to-macroscopic conductive frameworks that provide contiguous electronic/ion pathways; (ii) nanoscale uniform interphases formed on active materials; and (iii) molecular-level structures that promote fast electron and/or ion conduction and mechanical resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxu Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Regina Garcia-Mendez
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lynden A Archer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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45
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Lim CYJ, Eng AYS, Handoko AD, Horia R, Seh ZW. Sulfurized Cyclopentadienyl Nanocomposites for Shuttle-Free Room-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:10538-10546. [PMID: 34889614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge hindering the practical adoption of room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries (NaSBs) is polysulfide dissolution and shuttling, which results in irreversible capacity decay and low Coulombic efficiencies. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time NaSBs using a ferrocene-derived amorphous sulfurized cyclopentadienyl composite (SCC) cathode. Polysulfide dissolution is eliminated via covalent bonding between the insoluble short-chain sulfur species and carbon backbone. Control experiments with a metal-free composite analogue determined that the iron species in the SCC does not have a significant role in polysulfide anchoring. Instead, the superior electrochemical performance is attributed to sulfur covalently bonded to carbon and the uniform nanoparticulate morphology of the SCC composite. In the carbonate-based electrolyte, a discharge capacity of 795 mAh g(S)-1 was achieved during early cycling at 0.2 C, and high Coulombic efficiencies close to 100% were maintained with capacity retention of 532 and 442 mAh g(S)-1 after 100 and 200 cycles, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Yi Jing Lim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, 138634, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Alex Yong Sheng Eng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, 138634, Singapore
| | - Albertus D Handoko
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, 138634, Singapore
| | - Raymond Horia
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, 138634, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhi Wei Seh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, 138634, Singapore
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Yi Y, Huang W, Tian X, Fang B, Wu Z, Zheng S, Li M, Ma H. Graphdiyne-like Porous Organic Framework as a Solid-Phase Sulfur Conversion Cathodic Host for Stable Li-S Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:59983-59992. [PMID: 34889090 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a unique branch of Li-S batteries, solid-phase sulfur conversion polymer cathodes have shown superior stability with fast ion-transfer kinetics and high discharge capacities owing to the mere existence of short-chain sulfur species during charging/discharging. However, representative compounds such as sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) and polyaniline (SPANI) suffer from low sulfur contents and poor cycling performances under large current densities due to the sulfurization occurring only on polymers' surface. Here, a graphdiyne-like porous organic framework, denoted as GPOF, is synthesized and used as a host for enabling solid-phase sulfur conversion. Plenty of unsaturated bonds in GPOF provide sufficient reaction sites to bind sulfur chains, resulting in a high active sulfur content in the cathode. Moreover, the microporous GPOF possesses suitable cavities to accommodate the volume expansion, leading to favorable long-term cycling stability. As a result, the sulfurized GPOF cathode (SGPOF-320) displays outstanding electrochemical stability with negligible capacity decline after 250 cycles at 0.2 C with an average discharge capacity of 925 mA h g-1. Our work applies a facile procedure to produce sulfur conversion porous polymer cathodes, which could provide a proper way for exploring more suitable cathode materials for high-performance Li-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikun Yi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, China
| | - Wenbo Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, China
| | - Xiaolu Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, China
| | - Binren Fang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, China
| | - Zhendi Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, China
| | - Shentuo Zheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, China
| | - Mingtao Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, China
| | - Heping Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, China
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Choo Y, Hwa Y, Cairns EJ. A review of the rational interfacial designs and characterizations for solid‐state lithium/sulfur cells. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Youngwoo Choo
- The School of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Technology Sydney Ultimo New South Wales Australia
| | - Yoon Hwa
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Elton J. Cairns
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California Berkeley California USA
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
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He J, Bhargav A, Shin W, Manthiram A. Stable Dendrite-Free Sodium-Sulfur Batteries Enabled by a Localized High-Concentration Electrolyte. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20241-20248. [PMID: 34816711 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ambient-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries are an appealing, sustainable, and low-cost alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to their high material abundance and specific energy of 1274 W h kg-1. However, their viability is hampered by Na polysulfide (NaPS) shuttling, Na loss due to side reactions with the electrolyte, and dendrite formation. Here, we demonstrate that a solid-electrolyte interphase rich in inorganic components can be realized at both the sulfur cathode and the Na anode by tweaking the solvation structure of the electrolyte. This transforms the sulfur redox process from conventional dissolution-precipitation chemistry into a quasi-solid-state reaction, which eliminates NaPS shuttling and facilitates dendrite-free Na-metal plating and stripping. With the solvated ionic liquid electrolyte structure, a high initial capacity of 922 mA h g-1 with a capacity fade of as low as 0.10% per cycle over 300 cycles was achieved. The scalability of this approach to pouch cells with practically necessary parameters demonstrates its potential for practical viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui He
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Amruth Bhargav
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Woochul Shin
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Arumugam Manthiram
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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49
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Jayan R, Islam MM. Design Principles of Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Engineered Interfaces in Na–S Batteries. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Jayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Md Mahbubul Islam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Wu C, Lai WH, Cai X, Chou SL, Liu HK, Wang YX, Dou SX. Carbonaceous Hosts for Sulfur Cathode in Alkali-Metal/S (Alkali Metal = Lithium, Sodium, Potassium) Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006504. [PMID: 33908696 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alkali-metal/sulfur batteries hold great promise for offering relatively high energy density compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries. By providing viable sulfur composites that can be effectively used, carbonaceous hosts as a key component play critical roles in overcoming the preliminary challenges associated with the insulating sulfur and its relatively soluble polysulfides. Herein, a comprehensive overview and recent progress on carbonaceous hosts for advanced next-generation alkali-metal/sulfur batteries are presented. In order to encapsulate the highly active sulfur mass and fully limit polysulfide dissolution, strategies for tailoring the design and synthesis of carbonaceous hosts are summarized in this work. The sticking points that remain for sulfur cathodes in current alkali-metal/sulfur systems and the future remedies that can be provided by carbonaceous hosts are also indicated, which can lead to long cycling lifetimes and highly reversible capacities under repeated sulfur reduction reactions in alkali-metal/sulfur during cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wu
- Institute of Powder and New Energy Material Preparation Technology, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Wei-Hong Lai
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Xiaolan Cai
- Institute of Powder and New Energy Material Preparation Technology, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Shu-Lei Chou
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Hua-Kun Liu
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Yun-Xiao Wang
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Shi-Xue Dou
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
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