1
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El Mohamad M, Han Q, Dyett B, Yu H, Edgecomb S, Pride MC, Chism CM, Roberts A, Jones D, Tanner EEL, Drummond CJ, Greaves TL, Zhai J. Cytotoxicity and cell membrane interactions of choline-based ionic liquids: comparing amino acids, acetate, and geranate anions. CHEMOSPHERE 2024:143252. [PMID: 39236918 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have found diverse applications in research and industry. Biocompatible ILs, a subset considered less toxic than traditional ILs, have expanded their applications into biomedical fields. However, there is limited understanding of the toxicity profiles, safe concentrations, and underlying factors driving their toxicity. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of 13 choline-based ILs using four different cell lines: Human dermal fibroblasts (HDF), epidermoid carcinoma cells (A431), cervical cancer cells (HeLa), and gastric cancer cells (AGS). Additionally, we explored the haemolytic activity of these ILs. Our findings showed that the cytotoxic and haemolytic activities of ILs can be attributed to the hydrophobicity of the anions and the pH of the IL solutions. Furthermore, utilising quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) technique, we delved into the interaction of selected ILs, including choline acetate [Cho][Ac] and choline geranate [Cho][Ge], with model cell membranes composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC). The QCM-D data showed that ILs with higher toxicities exhibited more pronounced interactions with membranes. Increased variations in frequency and dissipation reflected substantial changes in membrane fluidity and mass following the addition of the more toxic ILs. Furthermore, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy study revealed that [Cho][Ac] could cause lipid rearrangements and pore formation in the membrane, while [Cho][Ge] disrupted the bilayer packing. This study advances our understanding of the cellular toxicities associated with choline-based ILs and provides valuable insights into their mechanisms of action concerning IL-membrane interactions. These findings have significant implications for the safe and informed utilisation of biocompatible ILs in the realm of drug delivery and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad El Mohamad
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Qi Han
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Brendan Dyett
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Haitao Yu
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Sara Edgecomb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677 USA
| | - Mercedes C Pride
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677 USA
| | - Claylee M Chism
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677 USA
| | - Angela Roberts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677 USA
| | - Deauntaye Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677 USA
| | - Eden E L Tanner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677 USA
| | - Calum J Drummond
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Tamar L Greaves
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Jiali Zhai
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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2
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Manna E, Barai M, Mandal MK, Sultana H, Guchhait KC, Gawali SL, Aswal VK, Ghosh C, Patra A, Misra AK, Yusa SI, Hassan PA, Panda AK. Impact of Ionic Liquids on the Physicochemical Behavior of Vesicles. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:6816-6829. [PMID: 38959082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The effects of two ionic liquids (ILs), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF4) and 1-butyl-1-methyl pyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate ([bmp]BF4), on a mixture of phospholipids (PLs) 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DPPE), and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (DPPG) (6:3:1, M/M/M, 70% PL) in combination with 30 mol % cholesterol (CHOL) were investigated in the form of a solvent-spread monolayer and bilayer (vesicle). Surface pressure (π)-area (A) isotherm studies, using a Langmuir surface balance, revealed the formation of an expanded monolayer, while the cationic moiety of the IL molecules could electrostatically and hydrophobically bind to the PLs on the palisade layer. Turbidity, dynamic light scattering (size, ζ-potential, and polydispersity index), electron microscopy, small-angle X-ray/neutron scattering, fluorescence spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetric studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of IL on the structural organization of bilayer in the vesicles. The ILs could induce vesicle aggregation by acting as a "glue" at lower concentrations (<1.5 mM), while at higher concentrations, the ILs disrupt the bilayer structure. Besides, ILs could result in the thinning of the bilayer, evidenced from the scattering studies. Steady-state fluorescence anisotropy and lifetime studies suggest asymmetric insertion of ILs into the lipid bilayer. MTT assay using human blood lymphocytes indicates the safe application of vesicles in the presence of ILs, with a minimal toxicity of up to 2.5 mM IL in the dispersion. These results are proposed to have applications in the field of drug delivery systems with benign environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emili Manna
- Centre for Life Sciences, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Manas Barai
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
- Chemistry of Interfaces Group, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Manas K Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Habiba Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Kartik C Guchhait
- Department of Human Physiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Santosh L Gawali
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhaba Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Vinod K Aswal
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhaba Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Chandradipa Ghosh
- Department of Human Physiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Anuttam Patra
- Chemistry of Interfaces Group, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Ajay K Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Shin-Ichi Yusa
- Department of Applied Chemistry,Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | | | - Amiya K Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
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3
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Sharma VK, Gupta J, Mitra JB, Srinivasan H, Sakai VG, Ghosh SK, Mitra S. The Physics of Antimicrobial Activity of Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:7075-7083. [PMID: 38950375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The bactericidal potency of ionic liquids (ILs) is well-established, yet their precise mechanism of action remains elusive. Here, we show evidence that the bactericidal action of ILs primarily involves the permeabilization of the bacterial cell membrane. Our findings reveal that ILs exert their effects by directly interacting with the lipid bilayer and enhancing the membrane dynamics. Lateral lipid diffusion is accelerated, which in turn augments membrane permeability, ultimately leading to bacterial death. Furthermore, our results establish a significant connection: an increase in the alkyl chain length of ILs correlates with a notable enhancement in both lipid lateral diffusion and antimicrobial potency. This underscores a compelling correlation between membrane dynamics and antimicrobial effectiveness, providing valuable insights for the rational design and optimization of IL-based antimicrobial agents in healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Sharma
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - J Gupta
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - J Bhatt Mitra
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - H Srinivasan
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - V García Sakai
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - S K Ghosh
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, NH91, Tehsil Dadri, G. B. Nagar Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - S Mitra
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
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4
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Itoh T, Kamada K, Nokami T, Ikawa T, Yagi K, Ikegami S, Inoue R, DeYoung AD, Kim HJ. On the Moisture Absorption Capability of Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:6134-6150. [PMID: 38874477 PMCID: PMC11215776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c02289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Due to their many attractive physicochemical properties, ionic liquids (ILs) have received extensive attention with numerous applications proposed in various fields of science and technology. Despite this, the molecular origins of many of their properties, such as the moisture absorption capability, are still not well understood. For insight into this, we systematically synthesized 24 types of ILs by the combination of the dimethyl phosphate anion with various types of alkyl group-substituted cyclic cations─imidazolium, pyrazolium, 1,2,3-triazolium, and 1,2,4-triazolium cations─and performed a detailed analysis of the dehumidification properties of these ILs and their aqueous solutions. It was found that these IL systems have a high dehumidification capability (DC). Among the monocationic ILs, the best performance was obtained with 1-cyclohexylmethyl-4-methyl-1,2,4-triazolium dimethyl phosphate, whose DC (per mol) value is 14 times higher than that of popular solid desiccants like CaCl2 and silica gel. Dicationic ILs, such as 1,1'-(propane-1,3-diyl)bis(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazolium) bis(dimethyl phosphate), showed an even better moisture absorption, with a DC (per mol) value about 20 times higher than that of CaCl2. Small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements of eight types of 1,2,4-triazolium dimethyl phosphate ILs were performed and revealed that the majority of these ILs form nanostructures. Such nanostructures, which vary with the identity of the IL and the water content, fall into three main categories: bicontinuous microemulsions, hexagonal cylinders, and micelle-like structures. Water in the solutions exists primarily in polar regions in the nanostructures; these spaces function as water pockets at relatively low water concentrations. Since the structure and stability of the aggregated forms of the ILs are mainly governed by the interactions of nonpolar groups, the alkyl side chains of the cations play an important role in the DC and temperature-dependent equilibrium water vapor pressure of the IL solutions. Our experimental findings and molecular dynamics simulation results shed light on the moisture absorption mechanism of the IL aqueous solutions from a molecular perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Itoh
- Toyota
Physical and Chemical Research Institute, 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kamada
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Toshiki Nokami
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Taiji Ikawa
- Toyota
Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yagi
- Toyota
Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Shuji Ikegami
- Technology
and Innovation Center, Daikin Industries,
Ltd., 1-1 Nishi-Hitotsuya, Settsu, Osaka 566-8585, Japan
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Technology
and Innovation Center, Daikin Industries,
Ltd., 1-1 Nishi-Hitotsuya, Settsu, Osaka 566-8585, Japan
| | - Andrew D. DeYoung
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hyung J. Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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5
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Egorova KS, Kibardin AV, Posvyatenko AV, Ananikov VP. Mechanisms of Biological Effects of Ionic Liquids: From Single Cells to Multicellular Organisms. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4679-4733. [PMID: 38621413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The review presents a detailed discussion of the evolving field studying interactions between ionic liquids (ILs) and biological systems. Originating from molten salt electrolytes to present multiapplication substances, ILs have found usage across various fields due to their exceptional physicochemical properties, including excellent tunability. However, their interactions with biological systems and potential influence on living organisms remain largely unexplored. This review examines the cytotoxic effects of ILs on cell cultures, biomolecules, and vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. Our understanding of IL toxicity, while growing in recent years, is yet nascent. The established findings include correlations between harmful effects of ILs and their ability to disturb cellular membranes, their potential to trigger oxidative stress in cells, and their ability to cause cell death via apoptosis. Future research directions proposed in the review include studying the distribution of various ILs within cellular compartments and organelles, investigating metabolic transformations of ILs in cells and organisms, detailed analysis of IL effects on proteins involved in oxidative stress and apoptosis, correlation studies between IL doses, exposure times and resulting adverse effects, and examination of effects of subtoxic concentrations of ILs on various biological objects. This review aims to serve as a critical analysis of the current body of knowledge on IL-related toxicity mechanisms. Furthermore, it can guide researchers toward the design of less toxic ILs and the informed use of ILs in drug development and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S Egorova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey V Kibardin
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Alexandra V Posvyatenko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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6
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Awad MN, Brown SJ, Abraham AN, Sezer D, Han Q, Wang X, Le TC, Elbourne A, Bryant G, Greaves TL, Bryant SJ. Biophysical Characterization and Cryopreservation of Mammalian Cells Using Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2504-2515. [PMID: 38416751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a diverse class of solvents which can be selected for task-specific properties, making them attractive alternatives to traditional solvents. To tailor ILs for specific biological applications, it is necessary to understand the structure-property relationships of ILs and their interactions with cells. Here, a selection of carboxylate anion-based ILs were investigated as cryoprotectants, which are compounds added to cells before freezing to mitigate lethal freezing damage. The cytotoxicity, cell permeability, thermal behavior, and cryoprotective efficacy of the ILs were assessed with two model mammalian cell lines. We found that the biophysical interactions, including permeability of the ILs, were influenced by considering the IL pair together, rather than as single species acting independently. All of the ILs tested had high cytotoxicity, but ethylammonium acetate demonstrated good cryoprotective efficacy for both cell types tested. These results demonstrate that despite toxicity, ILs may be suitable for certain biological applications. It also demonstrates that more research is required to understand the contribution of ion pairs to structure-property relationships and that knowing the behavior of a single ionic species will not necessarily predict its behavior as part of an IL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyah N Awad
- School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Stuart J Brown
- School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Amanda N Abraham
- School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Dilek Sezer
- School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Qi Han
- School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- School of Engineering, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Digital Services, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria 3008, Australia
| | - Tu C Le
- School of Engineering, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Aaron Elbourne
- School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Gary Bryant
- School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Tamar L Greaves
- School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Saffron J Bryant
- School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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7
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Caselli L, Nylander T, Malmsten M. Neutron reflectometry as a powerful tool to elucidate membrane interactions of drug delivery systems. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 325:103120. [PMID: 38428362 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The last couple of decades have seen an explosion of novel colloidal drug delivery systems, which have been demonstrated to increase drug efficacy, reduce side-effects, and provide various other advantages for both small-molecule and biomacromolecular drugs. The interactions of delivery systems with biomembranes are increasingly recognized to play a key role for efficient eradication of pathogens and cancer cells, as well as for intracellular delivery of protein and nucleic acid drugs. In parallel, there has been a broadening of methodologies for investigating such systems. For example, advanced microscopy, mass-spectroscopic "omic"-techniques, as well as small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering techniques, which only a few years ago were largely restricted to rather specialized areas within basic research, are currently seeing increased interest from researchers within wide application fields. In the present discussion, focus is placed on the use of neutron reflectometry to investigate membrane interactions of colloidal drug delivery systems. Although the technique is still less extensively employed for investigations of drug delivery systems than, e.g., X-ray scattering, such studies may provide key mechanistic information regarding membrane binding, re-modelling, translocation, and permeation, of key importance for efficacy and toxicity of antimicrobial, cancer, and other therapeutics. In the following, examples of this are discussed and gaps/opportunities in the research field identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tommy Nylander
- Physical Chemistry 1, Lund University, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Malmsten
- Physical Chemistry 1, Lund University, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden; Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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8
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Benedetto A. Ionic liquids meet lipid bilayers: a state-of-the-art review. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:1909-1939. [PMID: 38192351 PMCID: PMC10771448 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In the past 25 years, a vast family of complex organic salts known as room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs) has received increasing attention due to their potential applications. ILs are composed by an organic cation and either an organic or inorganic anion, and possess several intriguing properties such as low vapor pressure and being liquid around room temperature. Several biological studies flagged their moderate-to-high (cyto)-toxicity. Toxicity is, however, also a synonym of affinity, and this boosted a series of biophysical and chemical-physical investigations aimed at exploiting ILs in bio-nanomedicine, drug-delivery, pharmacology, and bio-nanotechnology. Several of these investigations focused on the interaction between ILs and lipid membranes, aimed at determining the microscopic mechanisms behind their interaction. This is the focus of this review work. These studies have been carried out on a variety of different lipid bilayer systems ranging from 1-lipid to 5-lipids systems, and also on cell-extracted membranes. They have been carried out at different chemical-physical conditions and by the use of a number of different approaches, including atomic force microscopy, neutron and X-ray scattering, dynamic light scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, surface quartz microbalance, nuclear magnetic resonance, confocal fluorescence microscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations. The aim of this "2023 Michèle Auger Award" review work is to provide the reader with an up-to-date overview of this fascinating research field where "ILs meet lipid bilayers (aka biomembranes)," with the aim to boost it further and expand its cross-disciplinary edges towards novel high-impact ideas/applications in pharmacology, drug delivery, biomedicine, and bio-nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Benedetto
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Science, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
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9
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Mitra S, Sharma VK, Ghosh SK. Effects of ionic liquids on biomembranes: A review on recent biophysical studies. Chem Phys Lipids 2023; 256:105336. [PMID: 37586678 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2023.105336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have been emerged as a versatile class of compounds that can be easily tuned to achieve desirable properties for various applications. The ability of ILs to interact with biomembranes has attracted significant interest, as they have been shown to modulate membrane properties in ways that may have implications for various biological processes. This review provides an overview of recent studies that have investigated the interaction between ILs and biomembranes. We discuss the effects of ILs on the physical and chemical properties of biomembranes, including changes in membrane fluidity, permeability, and stability. We also explore the mechanisms underlying the interaction of ILs with biomembranes, such as electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces. Additionally, we discuss the future prospects of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saheli Mitra
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, G. B. Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India.
| | - Veerendra K Sharma
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
| | - Sajal K Ghosh
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, G. B. Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India.
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10
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Moshikur RM, Carrier RL, Moniruzzaman M, Goto M. Recent Advances in Biocompatible Ionic Liquids in Drug Formulation and Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1179. [PMID: 37111664 PMCID: PMC10145603 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of effective drug formulations and delivery systems for newly developed or marketed drug molecules remains a significant challenge. These drugs can exhibit polymorphic conversion, poor bioavailability, and systemic toxicity, and can be difficult to formulate with traditional organic solvents due to acute toxicity. Ionic liquids (ILs) are recognized as solvents that can improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs. ILs can address the operational/functional challenges associated with traditional organic solvents. However, many ILs are non-biodegradable and inherently toxic, which is the most significant challenge in developing IL-based drug formulations and delivery systems. Biocompatible ILs comprising biocompatible cations and anions mainly derived from bio-renewable sources are considered a green alternative to both conventional ILs and organic/inorganic solvents. This review covers the technologies and strategies developed to design biocompatible ILs, focusing on the design of biocompatible IL-based drug formulations and delivery systems, and discusses the advantages of these ILs in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Furthermore, this review will provide guidance on transitioning to biocompatible ILs rather than commonly used toxic ILs and organic solvents in fields ranging from chemical synthesis to pharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahman Md Moshikur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Carrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Muhammad Moniruzzaman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Masahiro Goto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Advanced Transdermal Drug Delivery System Center, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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11
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Ankner JF, Ashkar R, Browning JF, Charlton TR, Doucet M, Halbert CE, Islam F, Karim A, Kharlampieva E, Kilbey SM, Lin JYY, Phan MD, Smith GS, Sukhishvili SA, Thermer R, Veith GM, Watkins EB, Wilson D. Cinematic reflectometry using QIKR, the quite intense kinetics reflectometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:013302. [PMID: 36725568 DOI: 10.1063/5.0122279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Quite Intense Kinetics Reflectometer (QIKR) will be a general-purpose, horizontal-sample-surface neutron reflectometer. Reflectometers measure the proportion of an incident probe beam reflected from a surface as a function of wavevector (momentum) transfer to infer the distribution and composition of matter near an interface. The unique scattering properties of neutrons make this technique especially useful in the study of soft matter, biomaterials, and materials used in energy storage. Exploiting the increased brilliance of the Spallation Neutron Source Second Target Station, QIKR will collect specular and off-specular reflectivity data faster than the best existing such machines. It will often be possible to collect complete specular reflectivity curves using a single instrument setting, enabling "cinematic" operation, wherein the user turns on the instrument and "films" the sample. Samples in time-dependent environments (e.g., temperature, electrochemical, or undergoing chemical alteration) will be observed in real time, in favorable cases with frame rates as fast as 1 Hz. Cinematic data acquisition promises to make time-dependent measurements routine, with time resolution specified during post-experiment data analysis. This capability will be deployed to observe such processes as in situ polymer diffusion, battery electrode charge-discharge cycles, hysteresis loops, and membrane protein insertion into lipid layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Ankner
- Second Target Station Project, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - R Ashkar
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - J F Browning
- Neutron Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - T R Charlton
- Neutron Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - M Doucet
- Neutron Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - C E Halbert
- Neutron Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - F Islam
- Neutron Technologies Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - A Karim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - E Kharlampieva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - S M Kilbey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - J Y Y Lin
- Second Target Station Project, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - M D Phan
- Neutron Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - G S Smith
- Neutron Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - S A Sukhishvili
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - R Thermer
- Second Target Station Project, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - G M Veith
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - E B Watkins
- Neutron Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - D Wilson
- Second Target Station Project, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
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12
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Kumari H, Negin S, Eisenhart A, Patel MB, Beck TL, Heinrich F, Spikes HJ, Gokel GW. Assessment of a host-guest interaction in a bilayer membrane model. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32046-32055. [PMID: 36415550 PMCID: PMC9648047 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03851j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular interactions are well recognized and many of them have been extensively studied in chemistry. The formation of supramolecular complexes that rely on weak force interactions are less well studied in bilayer membranes. Herein, a supported bilayer membrane is used to probe the penetration of a complex between tetracycline and a macrocyclic polyether. In a number of bacterial systems, the presence of the macrocycle has been found to significantly enhance the potency of the antimicrobial in vitro. The crown·tetracycline complex has been characterized in solution, neutron reflectometry has probed complex penetration, and the phenomena have been modeled by computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Kumari
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio USA 45267-0514
| | - Saeedeh Negin
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis 1 University Blvd. St. Louis MO 63121 USA
| | | | - Mohit B Patel
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis 1 University Blvd. St. Louis MO 63121 USA
| | - Thomas L Beck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati OH 45267 USA
- National Center for Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37830 USA
| | - Frank Heinrich
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA
| | - Helena J Spikes
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis 1 University Blvd. St. Louis MO 63121 USA
| | - George W Gokel
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis 1 University Blvd. St. Louis MO 63121 USA
- Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis 1 University Blvd. St. Louis MO 63121 USA
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13
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Defeat undefeatable: ionic liquids as novel antimicrobial agents. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Han C, Yuan X, Ren L. Self-Assembly of a C 16M[Mn] Magnetic Surfactant in Water. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11770-11777. [PMID: 36164807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A magnetic surfactant, which combines the properties of a surfactant with magnetic responsiveness, shows great potential in biotechnology, separation, adsorption, and catalysis, especially in non-invasive manipulation through a magnetic field. However, a molecularly magnetic surfactant is usually paramagnetic for the amorphous and less ordered structures. In this work, magnetic surfactant 1-methyl-3-hexadecane-imidazolium [MnCl2Br] (C16M[Mn]) is reported to self-assemble in water. The C16M[Mn] magnetic surfactant self-assembles in water to form a lamellar hydrogel from 10 to 50 wt % at and below room temperature. The hydrogel changes from a gel to a sol at 30 °C, and the hexadecane chains in the hydrogel change from noncrystalline to crystalline at 0 °C. In the hydrogel state, the lamellar domain spacing is varied from 36 to 45 nm depending on the concentration and self-assembly temperature. After self-assembly, the magnetic susceptibility of the freeze-dried magnetic surfactant is increased. Most important is the fact that the freeze-dried sample at a high concentration (40-50 wt %) shows the highest magnetic susceptibility, which is related to the closer molecular packing and the more ordered structures. The self-assembly-induced increase in magnetic susceptibility provides a method for improving the magnetic properties of a magnetic surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenming Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lixia Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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15
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Hao XL, Cao B, Dai D, Wu FG, Yu ZW. Cholesterol Protects the Liquid-Ordered Phase of Raft Model Membranes from the Destructive Effect of Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7386-7391. [PMID: 35925657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs), although being a class of promising green solvents, have received many reports on the toxicity to living organisms. In this work, aiming at elucidating the disruptive effect of ILs to cell membrane lipid rafts, we investigated the effect of three 1-octylimidazolium-based ILs on the properties of the liquid ordered phase (Lo, a commonly used lipid raft model) of egg sphingomyelin (SM)-cholesterol model membrane. We found that, in the absence of cholesterol, a very low IL:SM molar ratio of 0.01:1 could disrupt the integrity of the bilayer structure. In sharp contrast, the presence of cholesterol in lipid bilayers helps the Lo phase resist the damaging effect of the ILs. For the role of the IL headgroup, we found that the mono- and trisubstituted species show a stronger destructive effect on the structures of the model rafts than the commonly used disubstituted counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lei Hao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Bobo Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Dong Dai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Gen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Wu Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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16
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Sharma VK, Mamontov E. Multiscale lipid membrane dynamics as revealed by neutron spectroscopy. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 87:101179. [PMID: 35780913 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane is one of the principal structural components of the cell and, therefore, one of the key components of the cellular life. Because the membrane's dynamics links the membrane's structure and function, the complexity and the broad range of the membrane's motions are essential for the enormously diverse functionality of the cell membrane. Even for the main membrane component, the lipid bilayer, considered alone, the range and complexity of the lipid motions are remarkable. Spanning the time scale from sub-picosecond to minutes and hours, the lipid motion in a bilayer is challenging to study even when a broad array of dynamic measurement techniques is employed. Neutron scattering plays a special role among such dynamic measurement techniques, particularly, because it involves the energy transfers commensurate with the typical intra- and inter- molecular dynamics and the momentum transfers commensurate with intra- and inter-molecular distances. Thus, using neutron scattering-based techniques, the spatial and temporal information on the lipid motion can be obtained and analysed simultaneously. Protium vs. deuterium sensitivity and non-destructive character of the neutron probe add to the remarkable prowess of neutron scattering for elucidating the lipid dynamics. Herein we present an overview of the neutron scattering-based studies of lipid dynamics in model membranes, with a discussion of the direct relevance and implications to the real-life cell membranes. The latter are much more complex systems than simple model membranes, consisting of heterogeneous non-stationary domains composed of lipids, proteins, and other small molecules, such as carbohydrates. Yet many fundamental aspects of the membrane behavior and membrane interactions with other molecules can be understood from neutron scattering measurements of the model membranes. For example, such studies can provide a great deal of information on the interactions of antimicrobial compounds with the lipid matrix of a pathogen membrane, or the interactions of drug molecules with the plasma membrane. Finally, we briefly discuss the recently emerging field of neutron scattering membrane studies with a reach far beyond the model membrane systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Sharma
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India.
| | - E Mamontov
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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17
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Navti PD, Pandey A, Nikam AN, Padya BS, Kalthur G, Koteshwara KB, Mutalik S. Ionic Liquids Assisted Topical Drug Delivery for Permeation Enhancement: Formulation Strategies, Biomedical Applications, and Toxicological Perspective. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:161. [PMID: 35676441 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02313-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Topical drug delivery provides several benefits over other conventional routes by providing localizing therapeutic effects and also avoids the gastrointestinal tract circumventing the first-pass metabolism and enzymatic drug degradation. Being painless, the topical route also prevents the difficulties linked with the parenteral route. However, there are limitations to the current topical systems which necessitate the need for further research to find functional excipients to overcome these limitations. This review deals in depth with the ionic liquids concerning their physicochemical properties and applicability as well as their role in the arena of topical drug delivery in permeation enhancement, bioavailability enhancement of the drugs by solvation, and drug moiety modification. The review gives a detailed insight into the recent literature on ionic liquid-based topical formulations like ionic liquid-based emulsions, active pharmaceutical ingredient-ionic liquids, ionic liquid-based bacterial cellulose membranes, topical small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery, and ionogels as a possible solutions for overcoming the challenges associated with the topical route. This review also takes into account the toxicological aspects and biomedical applications of ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerana D Navti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Abhijeet Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Ajinkya Nitin Nikam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Bharath Singh Padya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Guruprasad Kalthur
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Kunnatur B Koteshwara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India.
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18
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Pillai VV, Kumari P, Benedetto A, Gobbo D, Ballone P. Absorption of Phosphonium Cations and Dications into a Hydrated POPC Phospholipid Bilayer: A Computational Study. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:4272-4288. [PMID: 35666883 PMCID: PMC9207913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) based on an empirical force field is applied to investigate the effect of phosphonium cations ([P6,6,6,6]+) and geminal dications ([DxC10]2+) inserted at T = 300 K into the hydration layer separating planar POPC phospholipid bilayers. Up to high concentration, nearly every added cation and dication becomes absorbed into the lipid phase. Absorption takes place during several microseconds and is virtually irreversible. The neutralizing counterions ([Cl]-, in the present simulation) remain dissolved in water, giving origin to the charge separation and the strong electrostatic double layer at the water/lipid interface. Incorporation of cations and dications changes the properties of the lipid bilayer such as diffusion, viscosity, and the electrostatic pattern. At high ionic concentration, the bilayer acquires a long-wavelength standing undulation, corresponding to a change of phase from fluid planar to ripple. All these changes are potentially able to affect processes relevant in the context of cell biology. The major difference between cations and dications concerns the kinetics of absorption, which takes place nearly two times faster in the [P6,6,6,6]+ case, and for [DxC10]2+ dications displays a marked separation into two-stages, corresponding to the easy absorption of the first phosphonium head of the dication and the somewhat more activated absorption of the second phosphonium head of each dication.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. V.
S. Pillai
- School
of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Conway
Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin
4, Ireland
| | - P. Kumari
- School
of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Conway
Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin
4, Ireland
| | - A. Benedetto
- School
of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Conway
Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin
4, Ireland
- Department
of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, I-00154 Rome, Italy
| | - D. Gobbo
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ISPSO, University
of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet
1, CH-1211, Geneva
4, Switzerland
- Computational
and Chemical Biology, Fondazione Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - P. Ballone
- School
of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Conway
Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin
4, Ireland
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19
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Benedetto A, Kelley EG. Absorption of the [bmim][Cl] Ionic Liquid in DMPC Lipid Bilayers across Their Gel, Ripple, and Fluid Phases. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3309-3318. [PMID: 35472281 PMCID: PMC9082605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipid bilayers are a key component of cell membranes and play a crucial role in life and in bio-nanotechnology. As a result, controlling their physicochemical properties holds the promise of effective therapeutic strategies. Ionic liquids (ILs)─a vast class of complex organic electrolytes─have shown a high degree of affinity with lipid bilayers and can be exploited in this context. However, the chemical physics of IL absorption and partitioning into lipid bilayers is yet to be fully understood. This work focuses on the absorption of the model IL [bmim][Cl] into 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) lipid bilayers across their gel, ripple, and fluid phases. Here, by small-angle neutron scattering, we show that (i) the IL cations are absorbed in the lipid bilayer in all its thermodynamic phases and (ii) the amount of IL inserted into the lipid phase increased with increasing temperature, changing from three to four IL cations per 10 lipids with increasing temperature from 10 °C in the gel phase to 40 °C in the liquid phase, respectively. An explicative hypothesis, based on the entropy gain coming from the IL hydration water, is presented to explain the observed temperature trend. The ability to control IL absorption with temperature can be used as a handle to tune the effect of ILs on biomembranes and can be exploited in bio-nanotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Benedetto
- Department
of Science, University of Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy
- School
of Physics, and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Laboratory
for Neutron Scattering, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth G. Kelley
- NIST
Center for Neutron Research, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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20
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Gupta R, Sharma VK, Gupta J, Ghosh SK. 1,3 Dialkylated Imidazolium Ionic Liquid Causes Interdigitated Domains in a Phospholipid Membrane. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3412-3421. [PMID: 35263113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) have proven their efficacy in altering the membrane integrity and dynamics. The present article investigates the phase-separated domains in a 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) membrane induced by 1,3 dialkylated imidazolium IL. Isotherm measurements on DPPC monolayers formed at the air-water interface have shown a decrease in the mean molecular area with the addition of this IL. The positive value of the excess Gibbs free energy of mixing indicates an unfavorable mixing of the IL into the lipid. This leads to IL-induced phase-separated domains in the multilayer of the lipid confirmed by the occurrence of two sets of equidistance peaks in the X-ray reflectivity data. The electron density profile along the surface normal obtained by the swelling method shows the bilayer thickness of the newly formed IL-rich phase to be substantially lower (∼34 Å) than the DPPC phase (∼45.8 Å). This IL-rich phase has been confirmed to be interdigitated, showing an enhanced electron density in the tail region due to the overlapping hydrocarbon chains. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements showed that the incorporation of IL enhances the fluidity of the lipid bilayer. Therefore, the study indicates the formation of an interdigitated phase with a lower order compared to the gel phase in the DPPC membrane supplemented with the IL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Gupta
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, G. B. Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Veerendra K Sharma
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Jyoti Gupta
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Sajal K Ghosh
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, G. B. Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
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21
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Galluzzi M, Marfori L, Asperti S, De Vita A, Giannangeli M, Caselli A, Milani P, Podestà A. Interaction of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with supported phospholipid bilayers as model biomembranes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:27328-27342. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02866b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of ionic liquids (ILs) is receiving increasing attention due to their potential biological and environmental impact. We have used atomic force microscopy to investigate the interaction of ILs with supported phospholipid bilayers, as models of biomembranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Galluzzi
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
- C.I.Ma.I.Na and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133-Milano, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marfori
- C.I.Ma.I.Na and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133-Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Asperti
- C.I.Ma.I.Na and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133-Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Vita
- C.I.Ma.I.Na and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133-Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Giannangeli
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CNR-SCITEC, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133-Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Caselli
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CNR-SCITEC, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133-Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Milani
- C.I.Ma.I.Na and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133-Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Podestà
- C.I.Ma.I.Na and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133-Milano, Italy
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22
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Kumar S, Fischer M, Kaur N, Scheidt HA, Mithu VS. Impact of Lipid Ratio on the Permeability of Mixed Phosphatidylcholine/Phosphatidylglycerol Membranes in the Presence of 1-Dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium Bromide Ionic Liquid. J Phys Chem B 2021; 126:174-183. [PMID: 34965130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the impact of the lipid ratio on the membrane permeability of mixed phosphatidylcholine (POPC)/phosphatidylglycerol (POPG) membranes induced by 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C12MIM]+Br-) ionic liquid by evaluating the role of affinity and architecture of the phospholipid bilayer. Nine different model membranes composed of negatively charged POPG and zwitterionic POPC lipids mixed in molar ratios of 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, 3:7, 2:8, and 1:9 have been studied. The membrane permeability of each composition has been evaluated using fluorescence-based dye leakage assays. Despite having the highest membrane affinity, POPG-rich membranes doped with 10 and 20 mol % POPC are found to be the least permeable. 31P- and 2H-based solid-state NMR investigations reveal that the minor POPC component is homogeneously dispersed in the PG/PC (8:2) membrane. In contrast, the lipids seem to be segregated into POPG- and POPC-rich domains in the complementary PG/PC (2:8) composition. Although [C12MIM]+ cations have a stronger interaction with the POPG component in the mixed membranes, their insertion has a limited impact on the overall structure and dynamics of the PG/PC (8:2) composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04109, Germany
| | - Navleen Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Holger A Scheidt
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04109, Germany
| | - Venus Singh Mithu
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
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23
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Liu J, Wang Y, Wang C, Gao J, Cui W, Zhao B, Zhang L, He H, Zhang S. Thermodynamical Origin of Nonmonotonic Inserting Behavior of Imidazole Ionic Liquids into the Lipid Bilayer. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9926-9932. [PMID: 34613726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The GPU-accelerated molecular dynamics simulations are performed to explore the dynamical inserting process of ionic liquids (ILs) into the lipid bilayer. We found that the free ions and clusters coexist in the system, but only the cation can insert into the lipid bilayer. In specific, after a microsecond-scale simulation (up to 1.16 μs), the inserting rate increases first and then decreases nonmonotonic as side chain of cation (nchain) elongates, peaking at nchain = 10. However, the inserting free energy decreases with nchain, indicating the inserting process is easier for the larger nchain. Such contrary originates from the formation of cluster, where the cluster dissociating energy shows that only cluster for nchain ≤ 10 can dissociate spontaneously. Hence, the inserting rate is determined by the balance between nchain and cluster stability. These quantitative competition mechanisms shed light to the rational design of the biocompatible ILs toward their applications in the biochemical-related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanlei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chenlu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinai Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Cui
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baofeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hongyan He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Suojiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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24
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Hao XL, Guo HY, Cao B, Mo G, Li ZH, Yu ZW. The distinct effects of two imidazolium-based ionic liquids, [C 4mim][OAc] and [C 6mim][OAc], on the phase behaviours of DPPC. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:17888-17893. [PMID: 34378570 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01220g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are potential green solvents with very broad application prospects. Their toxicity and other biological effects are largely related to their hydrophobic properties. In this work, the effects of two imidazolium-based ILs with either a butyl or a hexyl chain, [C4mim][OAc] or [C6mim][OAc], on the phase behaviours of a representative phospholipid, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), were examined using synchrotron small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. A series of samples with a lipid : IL molar ratio ranging from 1 : 0 to 1 : 4/1 : 5 were prepared as aqueous dispersions in the form of multi-lamellar vesicles. The two ILs were found to have distinct effects on the phase behaviours of DPPC. For [C4mim][OAc], its effect is very limited. In contrast, for [C6mim][OAc], it could eliminate the pre-transition of DPPC, markedly affect the main phase transition of the lipid, and insert into the DPPC bilayer at gel state to form an interdigitated gel phase. The findings increased our understanding on the biological effects of imidazolium-based ILs and might shed light on the design of novel IL-based antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lei Hao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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25
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Curreri AM, Mitragotri S, Tanner EEL. Recent Advances in Ionic Liquids in Biomedicine. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2004819. [PMID: 34245140 PMCID: PMC8425867 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents in biomedical applications has grown dramatically in recent years due to their unique properties and their inherent tunability. This review will introduce ionic liquids and deep eutectics and discuss their biomedical applications, namely solubilization of drugs, creation of active pharmaceutical ingredients, delivery of pharmaceuticals through biological barriers, stabilization of proteins and other nucleic acids, antibacterial agents, and development of new biosensors. Current challenges and future outlooks are discussed, including biocompatibility, the potential impact of the presence of impurities, and the importance of understanding the microscopic interactions in ionic liquids in order to design task-specific solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Curreri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired EngineeringBostonMA02115USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired EngineeringBostonMA02115USA
| | - Eden E. L. Tanner
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
- Present address:
Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of MississippiUniversityMS38677USA
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26
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Kumari P, Faraone A, Kelley EG, Benedetto A. Stiffening Effect of the [Bmim][Cl] Ionic Liquid on the Bending Dynamics of DMPC Lipid Vesicles. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7241-7250. [PMID: 34169716 PMCID: PMC8279542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The elastic properties of the cellular lipid membrane play a crucial role for life. Their alteration can lead to cell malfunction, and in turn, being able to control them holds the promise of effective therapeutic and diagnostic approaches. In this context, due to their proven strong interaction with lipid bilayers, ionic liquids (ILs)-a vast class of organic electrolytes-may play an important role. This work focuses on the effect of the model imidazolium-IL [bmim][Cl] on the bending modulus of DMPC lipid vesicles, a basic model of cellular lipid membranes. Here, by combining small-angle neutron scattering and neutron spin-echo spectroscopy, we show that the IL, dispersed at low concentrations at the bilayer-water interface, (i) diffuses into the lipid region, accounting for five IL-cations for every 11 lipids, and (ii) causes an increase of the lipid bilayer bending modulus, up to 60% compared to the neat lipid bilayer at 40 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Kumari
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy.,School of Physics and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Antonio Faraone
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Elizabeth G Kelley
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Antonio Benedetto
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy.,School of Physics and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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27
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Discerning perturbed assembly of lipids in a model membrane in presence of violacein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183647. [PMID: 33989532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Violacein is a naturally found pigment that is used by some gram negative bacteria to defend themselves from various gram positive bacteria. As a result, this molecule has caught attention for its potential biomedical applications and has already shown promising outcomes as an antiviral, an antibacterial, and an anti-tumor agent. Understanding the interaction of this molecule with a cellular membrane is an essential step to extend its use in the pharmaceutical paradigm. Here, the interaction of violacein with a lipid monolayer formed at the air-water interface is found to depend on electrostatic nature of lipids. In presence of violacein, the two dimensional (2D) pressure-area isotherms of lipids have exhibited changes in their phase transition pressure and in-plane elasticity. To gain insights into the out-of-plane structural organization of lipids in a membrane, X-ray reflectivity (XRR) study on a solid supported lipid monolayer on a hydrophilic substrate has been performed. It has revealed that the increase in membrane thickness is more pronounced in the zwitterionic and positively charged lipids compared to the negatively charged one. Further, the lipid molecules are observed to decrease their tilt angle made with the normal of lipid membrane along with an alteration in their in-plane ordering. This has been quantified by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) experiments on the multilayer membrane formed in an environment with controlled humidity. The structural reorganization of lipid molecules in presence of violacein can be utilized to provide a detailed mechanism of the interaction of this molecule with cellular membrane.
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28
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Kaur N, Kumar S, Shiksha, Gahlay GK, Mithu VS. Cytotoxicity and Membrane Permeability of Double-Chained 1,3-Dialkylimidazolium Cations in Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3613-3621. [PMID: 33818103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated ionic liquids based on double-chained 1-alkyl-3-octylimidazolium cations ([CnC8IM]+, n = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12) for their cytotoxicity toward various cell lines. The toxicity of ionic liquids was correlated to their ability to partition into and permeabilize phosphocholine (POPC)- or phosphoglycerol (POPG)-based large unilamellar vesicles. Membrane partitioning of ionic liquids was assessed using the ζ-potential measurements, and membrane permeability was determined using fluorescence-based dye leakage assays. Both cytotoxicity and membrane permeability of these ILs were found to increase in a sigmoidal fashion with increasing chain length on the N1 atom (n in [CnC8IM]+) cations. These results were compared with those for ionic liquids based on single-chained 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cations ([Cn+8C1IM]+), carrying a similar number of carbon atoms but as a single alkyl chain. Our studies show that ionic liquids containing double-chained cations are relatively less cytotoxic and membrane-permeabilizing than the cations bearing a single long alkyl chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navleen Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Shiksha
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Gagandeep Kaur Gahlay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Venus Singh Mithu
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.,Department of NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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29
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Mitra S, Sharma VK, Mitra JB, Chowdhury S, Mukhopadhyay MK, Mukhopadhyay R, Ghosh SK. Thermodynamics and structure of model bio-membrane of liver lipids in presence of imidazolium-based ionic liquids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183589. [PMID: 33652006 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are the attractions of researchers today due to their vast area of potential applications. For biomedical uses, it becomes essential to understand their interactions with cellular membrane. Here, the membrane is mimicked with lipid bilayer and monolayer composed of liver lipids extract. Three archetypal imidazolium based ILs, 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([DMIM][BF4] or [C10MIM][BF4]), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, ([OMIM][BF4] or [C8MIM][BF4]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM][BF4] or [C2MIM][BF4]) having different alkyl chain lengths are used in the present study. The isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) measurements showed that [DMIM][BF4] interacts strongest with the liver lipid membrane compared to other two ILs which have relatively shorter alkyl chain length. The low values of stoichiometry ratio of ILs indicates that ILs penetrate within the core of the lipid bilayer. The interaction of ILs with the liver lipid membrane is found to be mainly driven by entropy which could be due to the change in the structure of the lipid membrane at local or global scales. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements indicate that there are no changes in the size of vesicles due to addition of [DMIM][BF4] indicating stability of the vesicles. On the other hand, x-ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements showed a concentration dependent change in the monolayer structure. At low concentration of the IL, the monolayer thickness decreases, exhibiting an increase in the electron density of the layer. However, at higher concentrations, the monolayer thickness increases proving a concentration dependent effects of the IL on the arrangement of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saheli Mitra
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH 92, Tehsil Dadri, G. B. Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | | | - Jyotsna Bhatt Mitra
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Subhadip Chowdhury
- Surface Physics and Material Science Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Mrinmay Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Surface Physics and Material Science Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | | | - Sajal Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH 92, Tehsil Dadri, G. B. Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India.
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30
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Gupta R, Singh A, Srihari V, Ghosh SK. Ionic Liquid-Induced Phase-Separated Domains in Lipid Multilayers Probed by X-ray Scattering Studies. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:4977-4987. [PMID: 33644605 PMCID: PMC7905935 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A cellular membrane, primarily a lipid bilayer, surrounds the internal components of a biological cell from the external components. This self-assembled bilayer is known to be perturbed by ionic liquids (ILs) causing malfunctioning of a cellular organism. In the present study, surface-sensitive X-ray scattering techniques have been employed to understand this structural perturbation in a lipid multilayer system formed by a zwitterionic phospholipid, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. The ammonium and phosphonium-based ILs with methanesulfonate anions are observed to induce phase-separated domains in the plane of a bilayer. The lamellar X-ray diffraction peaks suggest these domains to correlate across the bilayers in a smectic liquid crystalline phase. This induced IL-rich lamellar phase has a very low lamellar repeat distance, suggesting the formation of an interdigitated bilayer. The IL-poor phase closely related to the pristine lipid phase shows a decrement in the in-plane chain lattice parameters with a reduced tilt angle. The ammonium and phosphonium-based ILs with a relatively bulky anion, p-toluenemethanesulfonate, have shown a similar effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Gupta
- Department
of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH 92, Tehsil Dadri, G. B. Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Arnab Singh
- Surface
Physics and Material Science Division, Saha
Institute of Nuclear Physics, AF Block, Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Velaga Srihari
- High
Pressure and Synchrotron Radiation Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Sajal K. Ghosh
- Department
of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH 92, Tehsil Dadri, G. B. Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
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31
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De Mel JU, Gupta S, Willner L, Allgaier J, Stingaciu LR, Bleuel M, Schneider GJ. Manipulating Phospholipid Vesicles at the Nanoscale: A Transformation from Unilamellar to Multilamellar by an n-Alkyl-poly(ethylene oxide). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:2362-2375. [PMID: 33570419 PMCID: PMC8023706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of an n-alkyl-PEO polymer on the structure and dynamics of phospholipid vesicles. Multilayer formation and about a 9% increase in the size in vesicles were observed by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and small-angle neutron/X-ray scattering (SANS/SAXS). The results indicate a change in the lamellar structure of the vesicles by a partial disruption caused by polymer chains, which seems to correlate with about a 30% reduction in bending rigidity per unit bilayer, as revealed by neutron spin echo (NSE) spectroscopy. Also, a strong change in lipid tail relaxation was observed. Our results point to opportunities using synthetic polymers to control the structure and dynamics of membranes, with possible applications in technical materials and also in drug and nutraceutical delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith U. De Mel
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Sudipta Gupta
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Lutz Willner
- Jülich
Center for Neutron Science (JCNS-1) and Institute of Biological Information
Processing (IBI-8) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Allgaier
- Jülich
Center for Neutron Science (JCNS-1) and Institute of Biological Information
Processing (IBI-8) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Laura R. Stingaciu
- Neutron
Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory (ORNL), POB 2008, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Markus Bleuel
- NIST
Center for Neutron Research, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8562, United States
| | - Gerald J. Schneider
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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32
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Yang DD, Paterna NJ, Senetra AS, Casey KR, Trieu PD, Caputo GA, Vaden TD, Carone BR. Synergistic interactions of ionic liquids and antimicrobials improve drug efficacy. iScience 2021; 24:101853. [PMID: 33364575 PMCID: PMC7753145 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Combinations of ionic liquids (ILs) with antimicrobial compounds have been shown to produce synergistic activities in model liposomes. In this study, imidazolium chloride-based ILs with alkyl tail length variations are combined with commercially available, small-molecule antimicrobials to examine the potential for combinatorial and synergistic antimicrobial effects on P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, and S. cerevisiae. The effects of these treatments in a human cell culture model indicate the cytotoxic limits of ILs paired with antimicrobials. The analysis of these ILs demonstrates that the length of the alkyl chain on the IL molecule is proportional to both antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity. Moreover, the ILs which exhibit synergy with small-molecule antibiotics appear to be acting in a membrane permeabilizing manner. Collectively, results from these experiments demonstrate an increase in antimicrobial efficacy with specific IL + antimicrobial combinations on microbial cultures while maintaining low cytotoxicity in a mammalian cell culture model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D. Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Paterna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Alexandria S. Senetra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Kaitlyn R. Casey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Phillip D. Trieu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Gregory A. Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Timothy D. Vaden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Benjamin R. Carone
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
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33
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Role of cationic head-group in cytotoxicity of ionic liquids: Probing changes in bilayer architecture using solid-state NMR spectroscopy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 581:954-963. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.08.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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34
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Sharma VK, Ghosh SK, García Sakai V, Mukhopadhyay R. Enhanced Microscopic Dynamics of a Liver Lipid Membrane in the Presence of an Ionic Liquid. Front Chem 2020; 8:577508. [PMID: 33330366 PMCID: PMC7710540 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.577508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are an important class of emerging compounds, owing to their widespread industrial applications in high-performance lubricants for food and cellulose processing, despite their toxicity to living organisms. It is believed that this toxicity is related to their actions on the cellular membrane. Hence, it is vital to understand the interaction of ILs with cell membranes. Here, we report on the effects of an imidazolium-based IL, 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (DMIM[BF4]), on the microscopic dynamics of a membrane formed by liver extract lipid, using quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS). The presence of significant quasielastic broadening indicates that stochastic molecular motions of the lipids are active in the system. Two distinct molecular motions, (i) lateral motion of the lipid within the membrane leaflet and (ii) localized internal motions of the lipid, are found to contribute to the QENS broadening. While the lateral motion could be described assuming continuous diffusion, the internal motion is explained on the basis of localized translational diffusion. Incorporation of the IL into the liver lipid membrane is found to enhance the membrane dynamics by accelerating both lateral and internal motions of the lipids. This indicates that the IL induces disorder in the membrane and enhances the fluidity of lipids. This could be explained on the basis of its location in the lipid membrane. Results are compared with various other additives and we provide an indication of a possible correlation between the effects of guest molecules on the dynamics of the membrane and its location within the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerendra K Sharma
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Sajal K Ghosh
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Victoria García Sakai
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - R Mukhopadhyay
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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35
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Lai X, Ding Y, Wu CM, Chen X, Jiang JH, Hsu HY, Wang Y, Le Brun AP, Song J, Han ML, Li J, Shen HH. Phytantriol-Based Cubosome Formulation as an Antimicrobial against Lipopolysaccharide-Deficient Gram-Negative Bacteria. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:44485-44498. [PMID: 32942850 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections increasingly relies on last-line antibiotics, such as polymyxins, with the urgent need for discovery of new antimicrobials. Nanotechnology-based antimicrobials have gained significant importance to prevent the catastrophic emergence of MDR over the past decade. In this study, phytantriol-based nanoparticles, named cubosomes, were prepared and examined in vitro by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and time-kill assays against Gram-negative bacteria: Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phytantriol-based cubosomes were highly bactericidal against polymyxin-resistant, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-deficient A. baumannii strains. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) was employed to understand the structural changes in biomimetic membranes that replicate the composition of these LPS-deficient strains upon treatment with cubosomes. Additionally, to further understand the membrane-cubosome interface, neutron reflectivity (NR) was used to investigate the interaction of cubosomes with model bacterial membranes on a solid support. These results reveal that cubosomes might be a new strategy for combating LPS-deficient Gram-negative pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Lai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yue Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Chun-Ming Wu
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, New South Wales 2232, Australia
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jhih-Hang Jiang
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Hsien-Yi Hsu
- School of Energy and Environment & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anton P Le Brun
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, New South Wales 2232, Australia
| | - Jiangning Song
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mei-Ling Han
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jian Li
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Hsin-Hui Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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36
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Kumari P, Pillai VVS, Benedetto A. Mechanisms of action of ionic liquids on living cells: the state of the art. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:1187-1215. [PMID: 32936423 PMCID: PMC7575683 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00754-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a relatively new class of organic electrolytes composed of an organic cation and either an organic or inorganic anion, whose melting temperature falls around room-temperature. In the last 20 years, the toxicity of ILs towards cells and micro-organisms has been heavily investigated with the main aim to assess the risks associated with their potential use in (industrial) applications, and to develop strategies to design greener ILs. Toxicity, however, is synonym with affinity, and this has stimulated, in turn, a series of biophysical and chemical-physical investigations as well as few biochemical studies focused on the mechanisms of action (MoAs) of ILs, key step in the development of applications in bio-nanomedicine and bio-nanotechnology. This review has the intent to present an overview of the state of the art of the MoAs of ILs, which have been the focus of a limited number of studies but still sufficient enough to provide a first glimpse on the subject. The overall picture that emerges is quite intriguing and shows that ILs interact with cells in a variety of different mechanisms, including alteration of lipid distribution and cell membrane viscoelasticity, disruption of cell and nuclear membranes, mitochondrial permeabilization and dysfunction, generation of reactive oxygen species, chloroplast damage (in plants), alteration of transmembrane and cytoplasmatic proteins/enzyme functions, alteration of signaling pathways, and DNA fragmentation. Together with our earlier review work on the biophysics and chemical-physics of IL-cell membrane interactions (Biophys. Rev. 9:309, 2017), we hope that the present review, focused instead on the biochemical aspects, will stimulate a series of new investigations and discoveries in the still new and interdisciplinary field of "ILs, biomolecules, and cells."
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Kumari
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, 00146, Rome, Italy
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Visakh V S Pillai
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, 00146, Rome, Italy
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Antonio Benedetto
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, 00146, Rome, Italy.
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.
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Benedetto A. From protein and its hydration water dynamics to controlling mechano-elasticity of cellular lipid membranes and cell migration via ionic liquids. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:1111-1115. [PMID: 32940859 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this invited Commentary, as requested, I will walk the reader through my research path starting from my first works on proteins and their hydration water dynamics to my most recent activity on the use of ionic liquids (ILs) as molecular handles to control and manipulate cell membrane mechano-elasticity and cell migration. In doing so I will comment on my research activity on polymers, proteins, natural bioprotectants, phospholipid bilayers, amyloids and cells, which I have carried out by combining several different experimental and computational approaches including neutron scattering, atomic force microscopy, classical molecular dynamics and ab initio calculations, used in tandem with several biological assays and a palette of complementary techniques ranging from calorimetry to static and dynamic light scattering. In parallel to this biophysical/chemical-physical core activity, a smaller portion of my interest and effort has been-I may say always-dedicated to the development of a new neutron scattering method/spectroscopy for dynamics based on "elastic" scattering. I will comment on this instrumental side of my research as well and show its relationship with the biophysical core of my activity. The overall picture that emerges is, from my personal prospective, of a coherent 13-year research path based on curiosity and a problem-solving approach, in which the fundamental importance of inter- and trans-disciplinary approaches and collaborations is emerging on the way, forecasting a prosper and intriguing future for physics in biology and in nanomedicine and bionanotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Benedetto
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, 00146, Rome, Italy. .,School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland. .,Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland. .,Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.
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Kumari P, Pillai VVS, Rodriguez BJ, Prencipe M, Benedetto A. Sub-Toxic Concentrations of Ionic Liquids Enhance Cell Migration by Reducing the Elasticity of the Cellular Lipid Membrane. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7327-7333. [PMID: 32794718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is a universal and crucial mechanism for life. It is required in a series of physiological processes, in wound repair and immune response and is involved in several pathological conditions, including cancer and virus dissemination. Among the several biochemical and biophysical routes, changing cell membrane elasticity holds the promise to be a universal strategy to alter cell mobility. Due to their affinity with cell membranes, ionic liquids (ILs) may play an important role. This work focuses on the effect of subtoxic amounts of imidazolium-ILs on the migration of the model cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Here we show that ILs are able to enhance cell mobility by reducing the elasticity of the cellular lipid membrane, and that both mobility and elasticity can be tuned by IL-concentration and IL-cation chain length. This biochemical-physical mechanism is potentially valid for all mammalian cells, and its impact in bionanomedicine and bionanotechnology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Kumari
- School of Physics, and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Visakh V S Pillai
- School of Physics, and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Brian J Rodriguez
- School of Physics, and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Maria Prencipe
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, and Conway Institute Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Antonio Benedetto
- School of Physics, and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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39
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Zheng W, Huang W, Song Z, Tang Z, Sun W. Insight into the structure-antibacterial activity of amino cation-based and acetate anion-based ionic liquids from computational interactions with the POPC phospholipid bilayer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:15573-15581. [PMID: 32613219 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02353a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Investigations relevant to ionic liquids (ILs) as antibacterial agents have drawn considerable attention. However, the high cost and potential toxicity of ILs have severely limited their extensive applications, which has motivated researchers to design inexpensive and health-benign ILs. In this work, the interactions between the hydrated zwitterionic phospholipid (POPC) bilayer and a series of hypothetical amino cation-based and acetate anion-based ILs with different counterparts were investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to predict their antibacterial abilities. The cations of the ILs were found to insert into the lipid bilayer spontaneously, especially amino cations. Reorientation of the inserted imidazolium-based cations was observed, while the inserted amino cations showed no obvious reorientation phenomena, probably because of the strong charge interactions between the positive NH3 groups of the amino cation and the negative PO4 groups of the lipid bilayer. Due to their strong affinity with water, acetate-based anions disperse better in water solution, which weakens the insertion of the cations into the lipid bilayer to some extent. The structure and dynamic properties of the lipid bilayer, such as electrostatic potential, local ordering, area per lipid, volume per lipid, bilayer thickness, and lateral diffusion, are significantly influenced by the insertion of the cations, which results in disorder of the lipid bilayer and further disruption of the activity of the cell membrane. The insights into the relationship between the structures of ILs and their antibacterial activity in this work will provide a good reference for the screening and design of less expensive, safer, and greener IL candidates as antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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40
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Kim M, Heinrich F, Haugstad G, Yu G, Yuan G, Satija SK, Zhang W, Seo HS, Metzger JM, Azarin SM, Lodge TP, Hackel BJ, Bates FS. Spatial Distribution of PEO-PPO-PEO Block Copolymer and PEO Homopolymer in Lipid Bilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:3393-3403. [PMID: 32216370 PMCID: PMC8097911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining the integrity of cell membranes is indispensable for cellular viability. Poloxamer 188 (P188), a poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) triblock copolymer with a number-average molecular weight of 8700 g/mol and containing 80% by mass PEO, protects cell membranes from various external injuries and has the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent in diverse applications. The membrane protection mechanism associated with P188 is intimately connected with how this block copolymer interacts with the lipid bilayer, the main component of a cell membrane. Here, we report the distribution of P188 in a model lipid bilayer comprising 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) using neutron reflectivity (NR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We also investigated the association of a PEO homopolymer (PEO8.4K; Mn = 8400 g/mol) that does not protect living cell membranes. These experiments were conducted following incubation of a 4.5 mmol/L polymer solution in a buffer that mimics physiological conditions with supported POPC bilayer membranes followed by washing with the aqueous medium. In contrast to previous reports, which dealt with P188 and PEO in salt-free solutions, both P188 and PEO8.4K penetrate into the inner portion of the lipid bilayer as revealed by NR, with approximately 30% by volume occupancy across the membrane without loss of bilayer structural integrity. These results indicate that PEO is the chemical moiety that principally drives P188 binding to bilayer membranes. No defects or phase-separated domains were observed in either P188- or PEO8.4K-incubated lipid bilayers when examined by AFM, indicating that polymer chains mingle homogeneously with lipid molecules in the bilayer. Remarkably, the breakthrough force required for penetration of the AFM tip through the bilayer membrane is unaffected by the presence of the large amount of P188 and PEO8.4K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihee Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank Heinrich
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Greg Haugstad
- Characterization Facility, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Guichuan Yu
- Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Guangcui Yuan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Sushil K Satija
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Wenjia Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Hannah S Seo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Joseph M Metzger
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Samira M Azarin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Benjamin J Hackel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Bakshi K, Mitra S, Sharma VK, Jayadev MSK, Sakai VG, Mukhopadhyay R, Gupta A, Ghosh SK. Imidazolium-based ionic liquids cause mammalian cell death due to modulated structures and dynamics of cellular membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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42
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Mitra S, Das R, Singh A, Mukhopadhyay MK, Roy G, Ghosh SK. Surface Activities of a Lipid Analogue Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid and Its Effects on Phospholipid Membrane. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:328-339. [PMID: 31826620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There are great efforts of synthesizing imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) for developing new antibiotics as these molecules have shown strong antibacterial activities. Compared to a single-hydrocarbon-chained IL, the lipid analogues (LAs) with two chains are more effective. In the present study, the LA molecule MeIm(COOH)Me(Oleylamine)Iodide has been synthesized and its surface activities along with the effectiveness in restructuring of a model cellular membrane have been quantified. The molecule is found to be highly surface active as estimated from the area-pressure isotherm of a monolayer of the molecules formed at the air-water interface. The X-ray reflectivity (XRR) studies of a monolayer dip-coated on a hydrophilic substrate have shown the structural properties of the layer which resembles to those of unsaturated phospholipids. The LA molecules are observed to fluidize a phospholipid bilayer formed by the saturated lipid 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC). At a lower surface pressure, the lipid monolayer of DPPC has exhibited a thickening effect at a low concentration of added LA and a thinning effect at higher concentration. However, at a high surface pressure of the monolayer, the thickness is found to decrease monotonically. The in-plane pressure-dependent interaction of LA molecules with model cellular membrane and the corresponding perturbation in the structure and physical properties of the membrane may be linked to the strong lysing effect of these types of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A Singh
- Surface Physics and Material Science Division , Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , AF Block, Bidhannagar , Kolkata 700064 , India
| | - M K Mukhopadhyay
- Surface Physics and Material Science Division , Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , AF Block, Bidhannagar , Kolkata 700064 , India
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43
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Kumar S, Kaur N, Mithu VS. Amphiphilic ionic liquid induced fusion of phospholipid liposomes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25255-25263. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04014b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The impact of increasing concentration of imidazolium-based ionic liquids ([CnMIM]+[Br]−) on the structural integrity of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) made of pure phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar-143005
- India
| | - Navleen Kaur
- Department of Chemistry
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar-143005
- India
| | - Venus Singh Mithu
- Department of Chemistry
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar-143005
- India
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44
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Kumari H, Eisenhart A, Pajoubpong J, Heinrich F, Beck TL. Investigating partitioning of free versus macrocycle bound guest into a model POPC lipid bilayer. RSC Adv 2020; 10:15148-15153. [PMID: 35495443 PMCID: PMC9052308 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02850a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on the permeation of free and macrocycle-bound avobenzone across a POPC lipid bilayer through combined neutron reflectometry experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. Results indicate that the p-phosphonated calix[8]arene macrocycle limits the avobenzone penetration into the upper leaflet of the membrane. Hence, it could serve as a useful vehicle for safer formulations. We report on the permeation of free and macrocycle-bound avobenzone across a POPC lipid bilayer through combined neutron reflectometry experiments and molecular dynamics simulations.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Kumari
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy
- University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | | | | | - Frank Heinrich
- Department of Physics
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
- Center for Neutron Research
| | - Thomas L. Beck
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
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45
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Kumar S, Scheidt HA, Kaur N, Kang TS, Gahlay GK, Huster D, Mithu VS. Effect of the Alkyl Chain Length of Amphiphilic Ionic Liquids on the Structure and Dynamics of Model Lipid Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:12215-12223. [PMID: 31424219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We compare the biophysical and structural aspects of the interaction of amphiphilic ionic liquids containing 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cation ([CnMIM]+, n = 8, 12, or 16) with membranes composed of zwitterionic 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) or anionic 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-glycerol (POPG). Liposome affinity and permeabilization were determined using ζ-potential and fluorescence studies, correlated with the cytoxicity of [CnMIM]+Br- toward HeLa cell lines. Membrane affinity is strongest in the case of [C16MIM]+Br- followed by [C12MIM]+Br- and [C8MIM]+Br- for both membranes, and trends remained the same in the case of membrane permeability and cytotoxicity. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy was used to localize [CnMIM]+ inside the lipid bilayers and to study their impact on the head group and acyl chain structures and dynamics of the lipid molecules. The charged ring moiety of the [CnMIM]+ is localized in the lipid-water interface of the membranes irrespective of the chain length and membrane surface charge. While [C8MIM]+ binds the membrane most weakly, it induces the largest disorder in the lipid chain region. A lack of fast flip-flop motions of the amphiphiles in the case of long chain [C16MIM]+ is suggested to render the membrane unstable, which increases its permeability. Between the lipid molecules, the POPC membrane incurs larger disorder in lipid chain packing upon insertion of [CnMIM]+ molecules. The study provides structural details of the impact of increasing chain lengths in [CnMIM]+ on the structural properties of lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holger A Scheidt
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik , Leipzig University , Leipzig 04109 , Germany
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Huster
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik , Leipzig University , Leipzig 04109 , Germany
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46
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Acharyya A, DiGiuseppi D, Stinger BL, Schweitzer-Stenner R, Vaden TD. Structural Destabilization of Azurin by Imidazolium Chloride Ionic Liquids in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:6933-6945. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b04113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arusha Acharyya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - David DiGiuseppi
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, 32 S. 32nd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Brittany L. Stinger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Reinhard Schweitzer-Stenner
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, 32 S. 32nd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Timothy D. Vaden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
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Correlating Lipid Membrane Permeabilities of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids with their Cytotoxicities on Yeast, Bacterial, and Mammalian Cells. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9060251. [PMID: 31242711 PMCID: PMC6627299 DOI: 10.3390/biom9060251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkyl-imidazolium chloride ionic liquids (ILs) have been broadly studied for biochemical and biomedical technologies. They can permeabilize lipid bilayer membranes and have cytotoxic effects, which makes them targets for drug delivery biomaterials. We assessed the lipid-membrane permeabilities of ILs with increasing alkyl chain lengths from ethyl to octyl groups on large unilamellar vesicles using a trapped-fluorophore fluorescence lifetime-based leakage experiment. Only the most hydrophobic IL, with the octyl chain, permeabilizes vesicles, and the concentration required for permeabilization corresponds to its critical micelle concentration. To correlate the model vesicle studies with biological cells, we quantified the IL permeabilities and cytotoxicities on different cell lines including bacterial, yeast, and ovine blood cells. The IL permeabilities on vesicles strongly correlate with permeabilities and minimum inhibitory concentrations on biological cells. Despite exhibiting a broad range of lipid compositions, the ILs appear to have similar effects on the vesicles and cell membranes.
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48
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Guo HY, Cao B, Deng G, Hao XL, Wu FG, Yu ZW. Effect of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids on the Structure and Phase Behavior of Palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:5474-5482. [PMID: 31244097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b03562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among various applications, ionic liquids (ILs) have been used as antimicrobial agents in laboratories, possibly through induction of the leakage of bacteria. A molecular-level understanding of the mechanism that describes how ILs enhance the permeation of membranes is still lacking. In this study, the effects of imidazolium-based ILs with different alky chain lengths on the structure and phase behavior of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE), which is a representative bacteria-membrane-rich lipid, have been investigated. By employing differential scanning calorimetry and synchrotron small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering techniques, we found that ILs with longer alkyl chains influenced the phase behavior more effectively, and lower IL concentrations are needed to induce phase separation for both lamellar liquid crystalline phase and nonlamellar inverted hexagonal phase of POPE. Interestingly, the IL with an alkyl chain of 12 carbon atoms ([C12mim]Cl) shows a difference. It exhibits a stronger disturbing effect on the POPE bilayer structure than [C16mim]Cl, indicating that the ability of ILs to influence the membrane structures is dependent not only on the alkyl chain length of ILs, but also on the degree of matching of the alkyl chain lengths of ILs and lipids. The new lamellar and nonlamellar structures induced by ILs both have smaller repeat distances than that of pure POPE, implying thinner membrane structures. Data of the fluorescence-based vesicle dye leakage assay are consistent with these results, particularly the defects caused by IL-induced phase separation can enhance the membrane permeability markedly. The present work may shed light on our understanding of the antimicrobial mechanism of ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yue Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bobo Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Geng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lei Hao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Gen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Wu Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
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49
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Surface modification of nanodiamond: Toward the dispersion of reinforced phase in poly-l-lactic acid scaffolds. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 126:1116-1124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sidat Z, Marimuthu T, Kumar P, du Toit LC, Kondiah PPD, Choonara YE, Pillay V. Ionic Liquids as Potential and Synergistic Permeation Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E96. [PMID: 30813375 PMCID: PMC6409523 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) show clear advantages over conventional routes of drug administration. Nonetheless, there are limitations to current TDDS which warrant further research to improve current TDD platforms. Spurred by the synthesis of novel biodegradable ionic liquids (ILs) and favorable cytotoxicity studies, ILs were shown to be a possible solution to overcome these challenges. Their favorable application in overcoming challenges ranging from synthesis, manufacture, and even therapeutic benefits were documented. In this review, said ILs are highlighted and their role in TDDS is reviewed in terms of (a) ILs as permeation enhancers (single agents or combined), (b) ILs in drug modification, and (c) ILs as active pharmaceutical ingredients. Furthermore, future combination of ILs with other chemical permeation enhancers (CPEs) is proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainul Sidat
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
| | - Thashree Marimuthu
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
| | - Lisa C du Toit
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
| | - Pierre P D Kondiah
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
| | - Yahya E Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
| | - Viness Pillay
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
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