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Gündoğdu S, Elbir T. Elevating hourly PM 2.5 forecasting in Istanbul, Türkiye: Leveraging ERA5 reanalysis and genetic algorithms in a comparative machine learning model analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143096. [PMID: 39146993 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization and industrialization have intensified air pollution, posing severe health risks and necessitating accurate PM2.5 predictions for effective urban air quality management. This study distinguishes itself by utilizing high-resolution ERA5 reanalysis data for a grid-based spatial analysis of Istanbul, Türkiye, a densely populated city with diverse pollutant sources. It assesses the predictive accuracy of advanced machine learning (ML) models-Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Light Gradient Boosting (LGB), Random Forest (RF), and Nonlinear Autoregressive with Exogenous Inputs (NARX). Notably, it introduces genetic algorithm optimization for the NARX model to enhance its performance. The models were trained on hourly PM2.5 concentrations from twenty monitoring stations across 2020-2021. Istanbul was divided into seven regions based on ERA5 grid distributions to examine PM2.5 spatial variability. Seventeen input variables from ERA5, including meteorological, land cover, and vegetation parameters, were analyzed using the Neighborhood Component Analysis (NCA) method to identify the most predictive variables. Comparative analysis showed that while all models provided valuable insights (RF > LGB > XGB > MLR), the NARX model outperformed them, particularly with the complex dataset used. The NARX model achieved a high R-value (0.89), low RMSE (5.24 μg/m³), and low MAE (2.94 μg/m³). It performed best in autumn and winter, with the highest accuracy in Region-1 (R-value 0.94) and the lowest in Region-5 (R-value 0.75). This study's success in a complex urban setting with limited monitoring underscores the robustness of the NARX model and the methodology's potential for global application in similar urban contexts. By addressing temporal and spatial variability in air quality predictions, this research sets a new benchmark and highlights the importance of advanced data analysis techniques for developing targeted pollution control strategies and public health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Gündoğdu
- Department of Computer Technologies, Bergama Vocational School, Dokuz Eylul University, Bergama, Izmir, 35700, Türkiye.
| | - Tolga Elbir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca, Izmir, 35390, Türkiye; Dokuz Eylul University, Environmental Research and Application Center (ÇEVMER), Tinaztepe Campus, 35390, Buca, Izmir, Türkiye.
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2
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Tuna Tuygun G, Elbir T. Long-term spatiotemporal variation in atmospheric aerosol properties over Türkiye based on MERRA-2 reanalysis data: aerosol classification based on city type. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:40655-40668. [PMID: 37268812 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27920-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to their complex aerosol characteristics, it is crucial to analyze the trends and properties of atmospheric aerosols over the eastern Mediterranean countries. This study comprehensively evaluates Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Angström Exponent (AE) trends and aerosol classification over Türkiye, using the MERRA-2 reanalysis data from 1980 to 2019. The spatial distributions of AOD and AE were determined across various temporal scales, including multiannual, 5-year intervals, seasonal, and monthly periods. The analysis of the spatial distribution of AOD values revealed that the mean values in the northwestern areas, ranging from 0.20 to 0.25, were comparatively higher than those observed in the eastern regions, which ranged from 0.10 to 0.15. Between 1980 and 1994, the AOD values gradually increased, followed by a subsequent decline from 1995 to 2019. Based on 5-year intervals between 1980 and 2019, the coastal regions exhibited higher AOD values than the inland areas. Specifically, higher AOD values were noted between May and August, whereas lower values were observed during autumn and winter. Additionally, higher AE values were detected over the northwestern region, while the southeastern region had the lowest AE values, particularly during spring, attributed to the frequent occurrence of dust transport events in this area. The AOD and AE values were also examined in different city types, using the population thresholds of the European Commission. The global city category consisting only of Istanbul showed the highest AOD values across all seasons, while the category of very small cities, which includes 12 cities, had the lowest AOD values. Furthermore, this study investigated the contributions of dominant aerosol categories across various city types based on multiannual and seasonal variations of AOD and AE. The results showed that mixed and continental aerosols had higher portions across all city types. However, biomass burning/industrial and mixed aerosol categories were more prominent in global and large cities. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the atmospheric aerosol properties in Türkiye and can serve as a useful guide for researchers intending to conduct future studies utilizing AOD and AE data obtained through MERRA-2 aerosol diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Tuna Tuygun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Buca, Türkiye.
| | - Tolga Elbir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Buca, Türkiye
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Salvador P, Pey J, Pérez N, Alastuey A, Querol X, Artíñano B. Estimating the probability of occurrence of African dust outbreaks over regions of the western Mediterranean basin from thermodynamic atmospheric parameters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171307. [PMID: 38428593 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Desert dust is currently recognized as a health risk factor. Therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) is actively promoting the establishment of early warning systems for sand and dust storms. This study introduces a methodology to estimate the probability of African dust outbreaks occurring in eight different regions of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands. In each region, a multilinear regression model was developed to calculate daily probabilities of dust events using three thermodynamic variables (geopotential thickness in the 1000-500 hPa layer, mean potential temperature between 925 and 700 hPa, and temperature anomalies at 850 hPa) as assessment parameters. All days with African dust transport over each study region were identified in the period 2001-2021 using a proven procedure. This information was then utilized to establish a functional relationship between the values of the thermodynamic parameters and the probability of African dust outbreaks occurring. The validation of this methodology involved comparing the daily probabilities of dust events generated by the models in 2001-2021 with the daily African dust contributions to PM10 regional background levels in each region. On average, daily dust contributions increased proportionally with the increase in daily probabilities, reaching zero for days with low probabilities. Furthermore, a well-defined seasonal evolution of probability values was observed in all regions, with the highest values in the summer months and the lowest in the winter period, ensuring the physical relevance of the models' results. Finally, upward trends were observed in all regions for the three thermodynamic parameters over 1940-2021. Thus, the probability of dust events development also increased in this period. It demonstrates that the aggravation of warm conditions in southern Europe in the last decades, have modified the frequency of North-African dust outbreaks over the western Mediterranean basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Salvador
- CIEMAT, Department of Environment - Joint Research Unit Atmospheric Pollution CIEMAT-CSIC, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jorge Pey
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE), CSIC, Av. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, c. Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, c. Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, c. Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Artíñano
- CIEMAT, Department of Environment - Joint Research Unit Atmospheric Pollution CIEMAT-CSIC, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Birinci E, Denizoğlu M, Özdemir H, Özdemir ET, Deniz A. Ambient air quality assessment at the airports based on a meteorological perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1542. [PMID: 38012423 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Natural mineral dust episodes elevate particle concentrations and eventually decrease air quality. Air pollutant emissions from aircraft, airport ground operations, and long-range dust transport are producing problems for the aviation sector. Dust transport from the Sahara Desert, one of the primary dust sources globally, significantly affects the eastern Mediterranean basin, including Türkiye. This study investigates the effect of long-range dust transport on particulate matter (PM) concentrations at Turkish airports. Three different approaches were used to analyse dust episodes in the study area. Firstly, routine reports of meteorological conditions at the airports were investigated. For this purpose, airport routine meteorological reports (Metar) and aviation-selected special weather report (Speci) codes, recorded at 11 airports from 2012 to 2021, were used to determine the dust episode days. Secondly, the hourly PM measurement dataset was analyzed from the closest air quality monitoring stations to the airports. Finally, regional atmospheric model results and backward-trajectory analysis were used to validate the dust episodes and determine the dust origin. Results showed that 163 dust episodes occurred during the study period, 17% from North Africa and 12% from the Mediterranean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enes Birinci
- Department of Meteorological Engineering, İstanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Muhammed Denizoğlu
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Climate and Marine Sciences, İstanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Özdemir
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Climate and Marine Sciences, İstanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Emrah Tuncay Özdemir
- Department of Meteorological Engineering, İstanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Deniz
- Department of Meteorological Engineering, İstanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, İstanbul, Turkey
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5
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Masoud AA. Spatio-temporal patterns and trends of the air pollution integrating MERRA-2 and in situ air quality data over Egypt (2013-2021). AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2023; 16:1-28. [PMID: 37359392 PMCID: PMC10195670 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-023-01357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
For best-informed decision-making to improve climate change adaptation and reduce present and future air pollution health hazards, it is essential to identify major trends in spatiotemporal air quality patterns of common air contaminants. This study examined the patterns and trends of SO2, NO2, CO, O3, and particulate matter (PM) air pollutants over 91 monitoring stations in Egypt during 93 months in the August (2013)-April (2021) period. In situ data with their monthly, seasonal, and yearly spatial trends are defined and used to validate the counterpart satellite reanalysis MERRA-2 data. The Mann-Kendall test characterized the seasonal monotonic trends and their Sen's slope, and annual change rate for both data series. Regression analysis of MERRA-2 against in situ concentrations of SO2 and PM10 revealed underestimation with RMSE values of 13.38 g m-3 and 69.46 g m-3, respectively. Local plumes with variable magnitudes characterized distinct industrial places clarified by patterns of in situ pollutants. As a result of the COVID-19 lockdown, the in situ air pollutants showed a considerable regional decline in the yearly average in 2020 compared to the years before. The in situ air pollutants showed annual trends far more significant than those seen in the MERRA-2 data. The shortcomings of the few and spatiotemporal discontinuities of the in situ contaminants are addressed by MERRA-2 air quality products. The in situ data made trends and magnitudes clear that were hidden in their MERRA-2 counterparts. The results clarified air pollution patterns, trends, and spatial variability over Egypt that are essential for climate risk management and for reducing environmental/health concerns. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11869-023-01357-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A. Masoud
- Remote Sensing Laboratory, Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527 Egypt
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Rodríguez-Arias RM, Rojo J, Fernández-González F, Pérez-Badia R. Desert dust intrusions and their incidence on airborne biological content. Review and case study in the Iberian Peninsula. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120464. [PMID: 36273688 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Desert dust intrusions cause the transport of airborne particulate matter from natural sources, with important consequences for climate regulation, biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and dynamics, human health, and socio-economic activities. Some effects of desert intrusions are reinforced or aggravated by the bioaerosol content of the air during these episodes. The influence of desert intrusions on airborne bioaerosol content has been very little studied from a scientific point of view. In this study, a systematic review of scientific literature during 1970-2021 was carried out following the standard protocol Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). After this literature review, only 6% of the articles on airborne transport from desert areas published in the last 50 years are in some way associated with airborne pollen, and of these, only a small proportion focus on the study of pollen-related parameters. The Iberian Peninsula is affected by Saharan intrusions due to its proximity to the African continent and is seeing an increasing trend the number of intrusion events. There is a close relationship among the conditions favouring the occurrence of intrusion episodes, the transport of particulate matter, and the transport of bioaerosols such as pollen grains, spores, or bacteria. The lack of linearity in this relationship and the different seasonal patterns in the occurrence of intrusion events and the pollen season of most plants hinders the study of the correspondence between both phenomena. It is therefore important to analyse the proportion of pollen that comes from regional sources and the proportion that travels over long distances, and the atmospheric conditions that cause greater pollen emission during dust episodes. Current advances in aerobiological techniques make it possible to identify bioaerosols such as pollen and spores that serve as indicators of long-distance transport from remote areas belonging to other bioclimatic and biogeographical units. A greater incidence of desert intrusion episodes may pose a challenge for both traditional systems and for the calibration and correct validation of automatic aerobiological monitoring methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Rodríguez-Arias
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Environmental Sciences (Botany), Toledo, Spain
| | - J Rojo
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Fernández-González
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Environmental Sciences (Botany), Toledo, Spain
| | - R Pérez-Badia
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Environmental Sciences (Botany), Toledo, Spain.
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7
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15-Year Analysis of Direct Effects of Total and Dust Aerosols in Solar Radiation/Energy over the Mediterranean Basin. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14071535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The direct radiative effects of atmospheric aerosols are essential for climate, as well as for other societal areas, such as the energy sector. The goal of the present study is to exploit the newly developed ModIs Dust AeroSol (MIDAS) dataset for quantifying the direct effects on the downwelling surface solar irradiance (DSSI), induced by the total and dust aerosol amounts, under clear-sky conditions and the associated impacts on solar energy for the broader Mediterranean Basin, over the period 2003–2017. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) and dust optical depth (DOD) derived by the MIDAS dataset, along with additional aerosol and dust optical properties and atmospheric variables, were used as inputs to radiative transfer modeling to simulate DSSI components. A 15-year climatology of AOD, DOD and clear-sky global horizontal irradiation (GHI) and direct normal irradiation (DNI) was derived. The spatial and temporal variability of the aerosol and dust effects on the different DSSI components was assessed. Aerosol attenuation of annual GHI and DNI were 1–13% and 5–47%, respectively. Over North Africa and the Middle East, attenuation by dust was found to contribute 45–90% to the overall attenuation by aerosols. The GHI and DNI attenuation during extreme dust episodes reached 12% and 44%, respectively, over particular areas. After 2008, attenuation of DSSI by aerosols became weaker mainly because of changes in the amount of dust. Sensitivity analysis using different AOD/DOD inputs from Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) reanalysis dataset revealed that using CAMS products leads to underestimation of the aerosol and dust radiative effects compared to MIDAS, mainly because the former underestimates DOD.
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8
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A Climatological Assessment of Intense Desert Dust Episodes over the Broader Mediterranean Basin Based on Satellite Data. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13152895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A satellite algorithm able to identify Dust Aerosols (DA) is applied for a climatological investigation of Dust Aerosol Episodes (DAEs) over the greater Mediterranean Basin (MB), one of the most climatologically sensitive regions of the globe. The algorithm first distinguishes DA among other aerosol types (such as Sea Salt and Biomass Burning) by applying threshold values on key aerosol optical properties describing their loading, size and absorptivity, namely Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Aerosol Index (AI) and Ångström Exponent (α). The algorithm operates on a daily and 1° × 1° geographical cell basis over the 15-year period 2005–2019. Daily gridded spectral AOD data are taken from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua Collection 6.1, and are used to calculate the α data, which are then introduced into the algorithm, while AI data are obtained by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) -Aura- Near-UV aerosol product OMAERUV dataset. The algorithm determines the occurrence of Dust Aerosol Episode Days (DAEDs), whenever high loads of DA (higher than their climatological mean value plus two/four standard deviations for strong/extreme DAEDs) exist over extended areas (more than 30 pixels or 300,000 km2). The identified DAEDs are finally grouped into Dust Aerosol Episode Cases (DAECs), consisting of at least one DAED. According to the algorithm results, 166 (116 strong and 50 extreme) DAEDs occurred over the MB during the study period. DAEDs are observed mostly in spring (47%) and summer (38%), with strong DAEDs occurring primarily in spring and summer and extreme ones in spring. Decreasing, but not statistically significant, trends of the frequency, spatial extent and intensity of DAECs are revealed. Moreover, a total number of 98 DAECs was found, primarily in spring (46 DAECs) and secondarily in summer (36 DAECs). The seasonal distribution of the frequency of DAECs varies geographically, being highest in early spring over the eastern Mediterranean, in late spring over the central Mediterranean and in summer over the western MB.
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Nirel R, Levy I, Adar SD, Vakulenko-Lagun B, Peretz A, Golovner M, Dayan U. Concentration-response relationships between hourly particulate matter and ischemic events: A case-crossover analysis of effect modification by season and air-mass origin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143407. [PMID: 33199016 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Most studies linking cardiovascular disease with particulate matter (PM) exposures have focused on total mass concentrations, regardless of their origin. However, the origin of an air mass is inherently linked to particle composition and possible toxicity. We examine how the concentration-response relation between hourly PM exposure and ischemic events is modified by air-mass origin and season. Using telemedicine data, we conducted a case-crossover study of 1855 confirmed ischemic cardiac events in Israel (2005-2013). Based on measurements at three fixed-sites in Tel Aviv and Haifa, ambient PM with diameter < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and 2.5-10 μm (PM10-2.5) concentrations during the hours before event onset were compared with matched control periods using conditional logistic regression that allowed for non-linearity. We also examined effect modification of these associations based on the geographical origin of each air mass by season. Independent of the geographical origin of the air mass, we observed concentration-response curves that were supralinear. For example, the overall odds ratios (ORs) of ischemic events for an increase of 10-μg/m3 in the 2-h average of PM10-2.5 were 1.08 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.14) and 1.00 (0.99-1.01) at the median (17.8 μg/m3) and 95th percentile (82.3 μg/m3) values, respectively. Associations were strongest at low levels of PM10-2.5 when air comes from central Europe in the summer (OR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.52). Our study demonstrates that hourly associations between PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 and ischemic cardiac events are supralinear during diverse pollution conditions in a single population that experiences a wide range of exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Nirel
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Ilan Levy
- Air quality and Climate Change Division, Israel Ministry for Environment Protection, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Sara D Adar
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Bella Vakulenko-Lagun
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Alon Peretz
- Occupational Medicine Clinic, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tiqua, Israel.
| | | | - Uri Dayan
- Department of Geography, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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The Potential of GRASP/GARRLiC Retrievals for Dust Aerosol Model Evaluation: Case Study during the PreTECT Campaign. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13050873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We use the Generalized Retrieval of Aerosol Surface Properties algorithm (GRASP) to compare with dust concentration profiles derived from the NMME-DREAM model for a specific dust episode. The GRASP algorithm provides the possibility of deriving columnar and vertically-resolved aerosol properties from a combination of lidar and sun-photometer observations. Herein, we apply GRASP for analysis of a Saharan dust outburst observed during the “PREparatory: does dust TriboElectrification affect our ClimaTe” campaign (PreTECT) that took place at the North coast of Crete, at the Finokalia ACTRIS station. GRASP provides column-averaged and vertically resolved microphysical and optical properties of the particles. The retrieved dust concentration profiles are compared with modeled concentration profiles derived from the NMME-DREAM dust model. To strengthen the results, we use dust concentration profiles from the POlarization-LIdar PHOtometer Networking method (POLIPHON). A strong underestimation of the maximum dust concentration is observed from the NMME-DREAM model. The reported differences between the retrievals and the model indicate a high potential of the GRASP algorithm for future studies of dust model evaluation.
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Lemou A, Rabhi L, Merabet H, Ladji R, Nicolas JB, Bonnaire N, Mustapha MA, Dilmi R, Sciare J, Mihalopoulos N, Yassaa N. Chemical characterization of fine particles (PM 2.5) at a coastal site in the South Western Mediterranean during the ChArMex experiment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:20427-20445. [PMID: 32240509 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As part of the ChArMEx project (Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment, http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr), one year of continuous filter sampling was conducted from August 2012 to August 2013 at a rural (coastal) site in Algeria aiming to better document fine aerosol seasonal variability and chemical composition in the Southern part of the Mediterranean. Over 350 filters have been collected, weighted, and analyzed for the main ions and organic and elemental carbon. The obtained mass concentrations varied between 2.5 and 50.6 μg/m3 for PM2.5. The annual modulations of PM2.5 showed higher concentrations in the end summer 2012 and the early summer 2013 (28.50 μg/m3 in August 2012, 20.23 μg/m3 in September 2012, 20.19 μg/m3 in July 2013, and 17.88 μg/m3in August 2013). The particulate organic matter (POM) presented the greatest contribution (50%), followed by the secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA, 27%). The average organic carbon OC concentrations ranged from 1.66 to 6.05 μgC/m3. The average elemental carbon EC concentrations ranged from 0.92 to 3.49 μgC/m3 and contributed 7% of the PM2.5 mass to Bou-Ismail. The average value of the OC /EC ratio was close to 5.1 in Bou-Ismail, and was close to that found in Finokalia 4 (Greece 2004, 2006) but was lower than that of Montseny 11 (Spain 2002-2007) Western Mediterranean Basin (WMB). The concentrations of water-soluble organic carbon WSOC in the PM2.5 ranging from 0.66 to 3.70 μg/m3 recorded the minimum level in March 2013, and the maximum level in August 2012, with an average of 2.02 μg/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkader Lemou
- Laboratoire d'Analyse Organique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Chimie, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, BP 32, El-Alia, Bab-Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
- Unité de Recherche en Analyses et Développement Technologiques en Environnement-Centre de Recherche Scientifiques et Techniques en Analyses Physico-chimiques UR-ADTE- CRAPC, BP 384 Zone Industrielle Bou-Ismail RP, 42004, Bou-Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Lyes Rabhi
- Laboratoire d'Analyse Organique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Chimie, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, BP 32, El-Alia, Bab-Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
- Unité de Recherche en Analyses et Développement Technologiques en Environnement-Centre de Recherche Scientifiques et Techniques en Analyses Physico-chimiques UR-ADTE- CRAPC, BP 384 Zone Industrielle Bou-Ismail RP, 42004, Bou-Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Hamza Merabet
- Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables, CDER, BP 62, Route de l'Observatoire, Bouzaréah, 16340, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Riad Ladji
- Unité de Recherche en Analyses et Développement Technologiques en Environnement-Centre de Recherche Scientifiques et Techniques en Analyses Physico-chimiques UR-ADTE- CRAPC, BP 384 Zone Industrielle Bou-Ismail RP, 42004, Bou-Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - José B Nicolas
- LSCE, CEA Orme des Merisiers, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Bonnaire
- LSCE, CEA Orme des Merisiers, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Mohamed Abou Mustapha
- Unité de Recherche en Analyses et Développement Technologiques en Environnement-Centre de Recherche Scientifiques et Techniques en Analyses Physico-chimiques UR-ADTE- CRAPC, BP 384 Zone Industrielle Bou-Ismail RP, 42004, Bou-Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Redha Dilmi
- Unité de Recherche en Analyses et Développement Technologiques en Environnement-Centre de Recherche Scientifiques et Techniques en Analyses Physico-chimiques UR-ADTE- CRAPC, BP 384 Zone Industrielle Bou-Ismail RP, 42004, Bou-Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Jean Sciare
- LSCE, CEA Orme des Merisiers, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- The Cyprus Institute, Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
- The Cyprus Institute, Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P. O. Box 2208, Voutes, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Noureddine Yassaa
- Laboratoire d'Analyse Organique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Chimie, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, BP 32, El-Alia, Bab-Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria.
- Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables, CDER, BP 62, Route de l'Observatoire, Bouzaréah, 16340, Algiers, Algeria.
- Commissariat aux Energies Renouvelables et à l'Efficacité Energétique, CEREFE, 12 Rue Docteur Saâdane, Algiers, Algeria.
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12
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Varga G. Changing nature of Saharan dust deposition in the Carpathian Basin (Central Europe): 40 years of identified North African dust events (1979-2018). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105712. [PMID: 32283354 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Several billion tonnes of mineral dust is emitted, and transported through winds every year from arid-semiarid areas. North African dust hot spots located in the Sahara are responsible for 50-70% of the global mineral dust budget. Dust-loaded air-masses originated from these sources can be transported over long distances and can also affect remote areas, such as North and South Americas, Europe, and the Middle East. In this study, we analysed 218 identified Saharan dust events (SDEs) in the Carpathian Basin (Central Europe) during 1979 to 2018. Systematic identification of SDEs and analyses of dust emission, dust source area activity, dust transporting wind systems, and transport routes revealed that different synoptic meteorological patterns are responsible for SDEs, and these are occurring mostly in spring and summer. The characteristic synoptic meteorological background of episodes was also identified, and three major types of atmospheric pressure-system patterns were distinguished. In recent years, several intense wintertime dust deposition events have been recorded in Central Europe. All of the identified unusual episodes were characterised by severe washout of mineral dust material and were related to very similar synoptic meteorological situations. Enhanced southward propagation of a high-latitude upper-level atmospheric trough to north-western Africa and orographic blocking of Atlas Mountains played an essential role in the formation of severe dust storms, whereas the long-range transport was associated with the northward branch of the meandering jet. The occurrence and southerly penetration of high-latitude upper-level atmospheric trough to low-latitudes and the increased meridionality of the dominant flow patterns may be associated with enhanced warming of the Arctic, leading to more meandering jet streams. Particles size of sampled dust material of some intense deposition episodes were very coarse with a considerable volumetric proportion of > 20 µm particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Varga
- Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budapest H-1112, Hungary.
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13
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Russo A, Sousa PM, Durão RM, Ramos AM, Salvador P, Linares C, Díaz J, Trigo RM. Saharan dust intrusions in the Iberian Peninsula: Predominant synoptic conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:137041. [PMID: 32065896 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The Iberian Peninsula (IP) is recurrently affected by dust transport from the Sahara Desert and from the semi-arid Sahel regions. African dust is one of the most important sources of particulate matter in the southern Mediterranean. Therefore, it is vital to understand the underlying processes that lead to episodes of air pollution associated to the occurrence of dust intrusions. This work proposes to make an extended characterization of the preferential circulation weather patterns associated to the onset of dust events affecting the IP between 2006 and 2016. Saharan dust intrusions were analysed and an automatic objective classification procedure was used to classify circulation weather patterns associated to dust events. The spatial distribution of intrusion episodes is not homogeneous throughout the IP, occurring less frequently at northern and northwestern locations than at central and southern sites. Moreover, days with Saharan dust intrusions were more frequent in summer months, and more probable to occur under regimes with a southerly component. Finally, two extreme events with high concentration of particulate matter were analysed relatively to their life-cycle and particle trajectories. The distinct extreme episodes can be associated to different synoptic situations. However, and despite different large-scale configurations, a south or south-easterly component over the region is responsible for the establishment of a dust transport from the Saharan region towards Iberia, and thus leading to the intrusion onset. These results were supported by the calculation of back-trajectories which allowed to source apportioning the particles' origin, through a clear trajectory of air parcels originating from northern Africa in both events. The proposed framework can be useful to the prediction of dust and air pollution events based on the forecast of circulation weather patterns, as the results show that these events across the IP are mainly induced by specific patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Russo
- Instituto Dom Luíz, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edifício C8, Piso 3, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - P M Sousa
- Instituto Dom Luíz, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edifício C8, Piso 3, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R M Durão
- IPMA-Instituto Português do Mar e Atmosfera, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Arquitectura e Georrecursos, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A M Ramos
- Instituto Dom Luíz, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edifício C8, Piso 3, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - P Salvador
- Environmental Department of the Research Center for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Linares
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistic, National School of Public Health, Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Díaz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistic, National School of Public Health, Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - R M Trigo
- Instituto Dom Luíz, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edifício C8, Piso 3, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-916, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Five Years of Dust Episodes at the Southern Italy GAW Regional Coastal Mediterranean Observatory: Multisensors and Modeling Analysis. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11050456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Mediterranean area is a climate-change hotspot because of the natural and anthropogenic pollution pressure. The presence of natural aerosols, such as dust, influences solar radiation and contributes to the detection, in storm episodes, of significant concentrations of PM10 in Southern Italy, where generally fresh and clean air is due to local circulation, and particulate matter concentrations are very low. We present the results of medium-term observations (2015–2019) at Lamezia Terme GAW (Global Atmospheric Watch) Regional Observatory, with the purpose of identifying the dust incursion events by studying the aerosol properties in the site. To achieve this goal, the experimental data, collected by several instruments, have been also correlated with the large-scale atmospheric patterns derived by the ERA5 reanalysis dataset, in order to study the meteorological conditions that strongly influence dust outbreaks and their spatio-temporal behavior. An intense dust-outbreak episode, which occurred on 23–27 April 2019, was chosen as a case study; a detailed analysis was carried out considering surface and column optical properties, chemical properties, large-scale pattern circulation, air-quality modeling/satellite products, and back-trajectory analysis, to confirm the capability of the modeled large-scale atmospheric fields to correctly simulate the conditions mainly related to the desert dust-outbreak events.
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15
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Querol X, Pérez N, Reche C, Ealo M, Ripoll A, Tur J, Pandolfi M, Pey J, Salvador P, Moreno T, Alastuey A. African dust and air quality over Spain: Is it only dust that matters? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:737-752. [PMID: 31195282 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The 2001-2016 contribution of African dust outbreaks to ambient regional background PM10 and PM2.5 levels over Spain, as well as changes induced in the PMx composition over NE Spain in 2009-2016, were investigated. A clear decrease in PMx dust contributions from the Canary Islands to N Iberia was found. A parallel increase in the PM2.5/PM10 ratio (30% in the Canary Islands to 57% in NW Iberia) was evidenced, probably due to size segregation and the larger relative contribution of the local PMx with increasing distance from Africa. PM1-10 and PM2.5-10 measured in Barcelona during African dust outbreaks (ADOs) were 43-46% higher compared to non-ADO days. The continental background contribution prevailed in terms of both PM1-10 and PM2.5-10 during ADO days (62 and 69%, respectively, and 31 and 27% for non-ADO days). The relative contributions of Al2O3/Fe2O3/CaO to PMx fraction showed that Al2O3 is a suitable tracer for African dust in our context; while CaO at the urban site is clearly affected by local resuspension, construction and road dust, and Fe2O3 by dust from vehicle brake discs. The results also provide evidence that PM increases during ADOs are caused not only by the mineral dust load, but by an increased accumulation of locally emitted or co-transported anthropogenic pollutants as compared with non-ADO days. Possible causes for this accumulation are discussed. We recommend that further epidemiological studies should explore independently the potential effects of mineral dust and the anthropogenic PM during ADOs, because, at least over SW Europe, not only mineral dust affects the air quality during African dust episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain.
| | - N Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - C Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - M Ealo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - A Ripoll
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - J Tur
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - M Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - J Pey
- ARAID, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - P Salvador
- Department of Environment, Joint Research Unit Atmospheric Pollution CIEMAT-CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - T Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - A Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
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16
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Impact of Desert Dust on Air Quality: What is the Meaningfulness of Daily PM Standards in Regions Close to the Sources? The Example of Southern Tunisia. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10080452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Desert dust is now recognized as a major health hazard. However, there still exists a lack of measurements of desert dust atmospheric loads in regions located in the vicinity of the major desert areas, where a growing part of the world population is living. Dust emission is a sporadic and intense phenomenon so that the classical air quality standards should not be appropriate to reflect the real population exposure to desert dust. In order to give some insight to answer this question, PM10 concentrations were continuously measured at a five-minute time step in southern Tunisia from February 2014 to February 2019. The daily and annual PM10 concentrations were first discussed according to the Tunisian air quality standards: In this relatively remote area, close to dust source, these standards were respected at the annual, but no longer at the daily scale. Measurements performed at a high temporal resolution (five minutes) allowed to discriminate the different situations that led to exceed Tunisian daily standards in southern Tunisia. In particular, intense (five-minute PM10 concentrations up to more than 1500 µg m−3) and short-lived (a few hours) dust outbreaks were regularly observed. This result raises the question of the necessity of defining specific air quality standards at the sub-daily scale in countries affected by intense desert dust outbreaks.
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17
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Baltaci H, Akkoyunlu BO, Arslan H, Yetemen O, Ozdemir ET. The influence of meteorological conditions and atmospheric circulation types on PM 10 levels in western Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:466. [PMID: 31243561 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7609-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High levels of atmospheric pollutants have been frequently measured in Turkey during the last decade. Specifically, the occurrence of these high particulate matter concentrations is often related to either local-scale conditions or regional-scale transport. In order to better understand the atmospheric factors that trigger poor air quality, further research investigating the relationship between air pollution and meteorological variables or atmospheric circulation patterns is needed. In this study, the influence of synoptic-scale weather types on PM10 levels over the Aegean region of Turkey is investigated for the period 2008-2015. First of all, hourly PM10 concentrations of 13 air quality stations are respectively converted to daily, seasonal, and regional averages. The seasonal variability of PM10 values in the region indicates that high particulate matter concentrations are registered in winter, fall, spring, and summer months with mean values at 90.6 (± 38.3 standard deviation), 66.9 (± 28.3), 61.6 (± 23.4), and 54.1 (± 12.8) μg m-3, respectively. In regard to the synoptic-scale approach, eight directional and two vorticity types of the Lamb weather type (LWT) method are used in the analysis. Based on the results, poor air quality conditions are observed in all seasons during active southeasterly (SE, interaction between a low pressure over Italy and a high pressure over the Caspian Sea) circulation types (CTs). In winter, mainly easterly (E), SE, southerly (S), and anticyclonic (A) weather patterns result in above normal PM10 concentrations. In addition to these four CTs, southwesterly (SW) types also cause higher PM10 values in the spring season. During summer, SE, SW, westerly (W), and cyclonic (C) CTs are associated with above-normal PM10 values. During fall, obvious higher PM10 concentrations are found during SE, S, and A types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakki Baltaci
- Turkish State Meteorological Service, Regional Weather Forecast and Early Warning Center, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | - Hilal Arslan
- Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, Occupational Safety, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Occupational Health and Safety, Istanbul Gedik University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omer Yetemen
- Civil, Surveying and Environmental Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Emrah Tuncay Ozdemir
- Civil, Surveying and Environmental Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
- Ataturk International Airport Meteorology Office, Turkish State Meteorological Service, Yesilkoy, 34149, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Kuśmierczyk-Michulec J, Bourgouin P. Influence of mineral dust on changes of 7Be concentrations in air as measured by CTBTO global monitoring system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 192:454-466. [PMID: 30081313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric Transport Modelling (ATM) results were combined with 7Be observations collected during the 2009-2015 period by the three radionuclide stations from the International Monitoring System (IMS), located in Mauritania (18.1 N, 15.9 W), Kuwait (29.3 N, 47.9 E) and Panama (9.0 N, 79.5 W), to study the influence of Saharan dust on changes in 7Be surface concentrations. It is demonstrated that for long-range transport (>3000 km), the overall impact of Sahara can be reproduced using a single point source located in the Bodélé depression (17.0 N, 18.0 E). To monitor the arrival time of dust plumes at the IMS stations, a series of 14-day forward simulations with daily releases from the Bodélé, during dusty episodes between 2009 and 2015, were generated. In total 1020 simulations with the output at the surface level (0-150 m) and 420 simulations with the output at 9 vertical layers ranging from the surface up to 10 km, were analysed. In the simulations, the analysed meteorological input data provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) were used. It is demonstrated that an influx of dust at high levels (3-10 km) tends to locally increase surface 7Be concentrations in area under the influence of subsiding dust plume. It is also shown that an influx of dust at lower altitudes (up to 1 km) will have the opposite effect on surface concentrations. In case dust is present in the whole column of atmosphere, its final impact depends on the ratio between its amount in the upper layers (3-10 km) and lower layers (0-1 km). In consequence an increase up to 30% or a decrease up 20% in daily 7Be surface values may be observed during such an episode. On a monthly scale a few episodes related to an increase of 7Be values or its decrease may follow each other. It was estimated that on average the presence of dust leads to the increase of 7Be mean monthly surface values. The largest increase was noted at the station MRP43, of about 4.1 ± 1.3%; and the smallest at the stations KWP40, of about 2.0 ± 1.6% and PAP50, of about 2.0 ± 1.0%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kuśmierczyk-Michulec
- International Data Centre, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, PO Box 1200, 1400, Vienna, Austria.
| | - P Bourgouin
- International Data Centre, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, PO Box 1200, 1400, Vienna, Austria
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19
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Characterization of In Situ Aerosol Optical Properties at Three Observatories in the Central Mediterranean. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9100369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, results of scattering and backscattering coefficients, scattering Ångström exponent (SAE), single scattering albedo (SSA), and asymmetry parameter (g) of atmospheric aerosols are presented. All these parameters were measured during the month of April 2016 in Southern Italy on three different Global Atmosphere Watch observatories in the Central Mediterranean. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that optical aerosol properties were studied at the same time, even if in a brief intensive measurement campaign, at three sites in the South of Italy. In order to obtain a characteristic value for aerosol optical properties, different kinds of particle sources (i.e., dust, marine, and anthropic) have been identified and studied. In the measurement period, one event of a long-range transport of Saharan dust from Northern Africa was observed at all observatories. During the Saharan dust transport event, a minimum value of the SAE (0.69 ± 0.34) and a relatively higher values of SSA were observed. During the dust event, g increased up to 0.69. Marine aerosol contribution and anthropic/urban aerosol intrusion were analysed. From this analysis, SAE average values were 0.70, 0.84, and 1.22, respectively, for dust, marine, and anthropic particles. On the other hand, the SSA minimum value was 0.86 for anthropic particles, and it increased for dust (0.88) and marine (0.93) aerosols. The asymmetry parameter had a limited variability for the three types of aerosol from 0.62 to 0.58, as reported also in literature.
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20
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Kabatas B, Pierce RB, Unal A, Rogal MJ, Lenzen A. April 2008 Saharan dust event: Its contribution to PM 10 concentrations over the Anatolian Peninsula and relation with synoptic conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:317-328. [PMID: 29574376 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
An online-coupled regional Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry (WRF-Chem) is utilized incorporating 0.1°×0.1° spatial resolution HTAP (Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution) anthropogenic emissions to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of a Saharan dust outbreak, which contributed to high levels (>50μg/m3) of daily PM10 concentrations over Turkey in April 2008. Aerosol optical depth and cloud optical thickness retrievals from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor on board of Aqua satellite are used to better analyze the synoptic conditions that generated the dust outbreak in April 2008. A "Sharav" low pressure system, which transports the dust from Saharan source region over Turkey along the cold front, tends to move faster in WRF-Chem simulations than observed. This causes the predicted dust event to arrive earlier than observed leading to an overestimation of surface PM10 concentrations in WRF-Chem simulation at the beginning of the event.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kabatas
- Istanbul Technical University, Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Space Science and Engineering Center, Madison, WI, USA.
| | | | - A Unal
- Istanbul Technical University, Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M J Rogal
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Space Science and Engineering Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - A Lenzen
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Space Science and Engineering Center, Madison, WI, USA
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21
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Spatial and Temporal Variation of the Extreme Saharan Dust Event over Turkey in March 2016. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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de Winter NJ, Snoeck C, Claeys P. Seasonal Cyclicity in Trace Elements and Stable Isotopes of Modern Horse Enamel. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166678. [PMID: 27875538 PMCID: PMC5119779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of stable isotopes in fossil bioapatite has yielded useful results and has shown that bioapatites are able to faithfully record paleo-environmental and paleo-climatic parameters from archeological to geological timescales. In an effort to establish new proxies for the study of bioapatites, intra-tooth records of enamel carbonate stable isotope ratios from a modern horse are compared with trace element profiles measured using laboratory micro X-Ray Fluorescence scanning. Using known patterns of tooth eruption and the relationship between stable oxygen isotopes and local temperature seasonality, an age model is constructed that links records from six cheek upper right teeth from the second premolar to the third molar. When plotted on this age model, the trace element ratios from horse tooth enamel show a seasonal pattern with a small shift in phase compared to stable oxygen isotope ratios. While stable oxygen and carbon isotopes in tooth enamel are forced respectively by the state of the hydrological cycle and the animal’s diet, we argue that the seasonal signal in trace elements reflects seasonal changes in dust intake and diet of the animal. The latter explanation is in agreement with seasonal changes observed in carbon isotopes of the same teeth. This external forcing of trace element composition in mammal tooth enamel implies that trace element ratios may be used as proxies for seasonal changes in paleo-environment and paleo-diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels J. de Winter
- Department of Analytical-, Environmental-, and Geochemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Christophe Snoeck
- Department of Analytical-, Environmental-, and Geochemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Claeys
- Department of Analytical-, Environmental-, and Geochemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Georgoulias AK, Alexandri G, Kourtidis KA, Lelieveld J, Zanis P, Pöschl U, Levy R, Amiridis V, Marinou E, Tsikerdekis A. Spatiotemporal variability and contribution of different aerosol types to the Aerosol Optical Depth over the Eastern Mediterranean. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2016; 16:13853-13884. [PMID: 29755508 PMCID: PMC5946319 DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-13853-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study characterizes the spatiotemporal variability and relative contribution of different types of aerosols to the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) over the Eastern Mediterranean as derived from MODIS Terra (3/2000-12/2012) and Aqua (7/2002-12/2012) satellite instruments. For this purpose, a 0.1° × 0.1° gridded MODIS dataset was compiled and validated against sunphotometric observations from the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET). The high spatial resolution and long temporal coverage of the dataset allows for the determination of local hot spots like megacities, medium sized cities, industrial zones, and power plant complexes, seasonal variabilities, and decadal averages. The average AOD at 550 nm (AOD550) for the entire region is ~ 0.22 ± 0.19 with maximum values in summer and seasonal variabilities that can be attributed to precipitation, photochemical production of secondary organic aerosols, transport of pollution and smoke from biomass burning in Central and Eastern Europe, and transport of dust from the Sahara Desert and the Middle East. The MODIS data were analyzed together with data from other satellite sensors, reanalysis projects and a chemistry-aerosol-transport model using an optimized algorithm tailored for the region and capable of estimating the contribution of different aerosol types to the total AOD550. The spatial and temporal variability of anthropogenic, dust and fine mode natural aerosols over land and anthropogenic, dust and marine aerosols over the sea is examined. The relative contribution of the different aerosol types to the total AOD550 exhibits a low/high seasonal variability over land/sea areas, respectively. Overall, anthropogenic aerosols, dust and fine mode natural aerosols account for ~ 51 %, ~ 34 % and ~ 15 % of the total AOD550 over land, while, anthropogenic aerosols, dust and marine aerosols account ~ 40 %, ~ 34 % and ~ 26 % of the total AOD550 over the sea, based on MODIS Terra and Aqua observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristeidis K Georgoulias
- Department of Meteorology and Climatology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Georgia Alexandri
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution and Pollution Control Engineering of Atmospheric Pollutants, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100, Xanthi, Greece
| | - Konstantinos A Kourtidis
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution and Pollution Control Engineering of Atmospheric Pollutants, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100, Xanthi, Greece
| | - Jos Lelieveld
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Prodromos Zanis
- Department of Meteorology and Climatology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Levy
- Earth Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, MD 20771, Greenbelt, USA
| | - Vassilis Amiridis
- Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Application and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Marinou
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Application and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Tsikerdekis
- Department of Meteorology and Climatology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Georgoulias AK, Alexandri G, Kourtidis KA, Lelieveld J, Zanis P, Pöschl U, Levy R, Amiridis V, Marinou E, Tsikerdekis A. Spatiotemporal variability and contribution of different aerosol types to the Aerosol Optical Depth over the Eastern Mediterranean. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2016; 16:13853-13884. [PMID: 29755508 DOI: 10.5194/acp-2016-401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study characterizes the spatiotemporal variability and relative contribution of different types of aerosols to the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) over the Eastern Mediterranean as derived from MODIS Terra (3/2000-12/2012) and Aqua (7/2002-12/2012) satellite instruments. For this purpose, a 0.1° × 0.1° gridded MODIS dataset was compiled and validated against sunphotometric observations from the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET). The high spatial resolution and long temporal coverage of the dataset allows for the determination of local hot spots like megacities, medium sized cities, industrial zones, and power plant complexes, seasonal variabilities, and decadal averages. The average AOD at 550 nm (AOD550) for the entire region is ~ 0.22 ± 0.19 with maximum values in summer and seasonal variabilities that can be attributed to precipitation, photochemical production of secondary organic aerosols, transport of pollution and smoke from biomass burning in Central and Eastern Europe, and transport of dust from the Sahara Desert and the Middle East. The MODIS data were analyzed together with data from other satellite sensors, reanalysis projects and a chemistry-aerosol-transport model using an optimized algorithm tailored for the region and capable of estimating the contribution of different aerosol types to the total AOD550. The spatial and temporal variability of anthropogenic, dust and fine mode natural aerosols over land and anthropogenic, dust and marine aerosols over the sea is examined. The relative contribution of the different aerosol types to the total AOD550 exhibits a low/high seasonal variability over land/sea areas, respectively. Overall, anthropogenic aerosols, dust and fine mode natural aerosols account for ~ 51 %, ~ 34 % and ~ 15 % of the total AOD550 over land, while, anthropogenic aerosols, dust and marine aerosols account ~ 40 %, ~ 34 % and ~ 26 % of the total AOD550 over the sea, based on MODIS Terra and Aqua observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristeidis K Georgoulias
- Department of Meteorology and Climatology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Georgia Alexandri
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution and Pollution Control Engineering of Atmospheric Pollutants, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100, Xanthi, Greece
| | - Konstantinos A Kourtidis
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution and Pollution Control Engineering of Atmospheric Pollutants, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100, Xanthi, Greece
| | - Jos Lelieveld
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Prodromos Zanis
- Department of Meteorology and Climatology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Levy
- Earth Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, MD 20771, Greenbelt, USA
| | - Vassilis Amiridis
- Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Application and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Marinou
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Application and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Tsikerdekis
- Department of Meteorology and Climatology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Floutsi AA, Korras-Carraca MB, Matsoukas C, Hatzianastassiou N, Biskos G. Climatology and trends of aerosol optical depth over the Mediterranean basin during the last 12years (2002-2014) based on Collection 006 MODIS-Aqua data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 551-552:292-303. [PMID: 26878641 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean basin is a region of particular interest for studying atmospheric aerosols due to the large variety of air masses it receives, and its sensitivity to climate change. In this study we use the newest collection (C006) of aerosol optical depth from MODIS-Aqua, from which we also derived the fine-mode fraction and Ångström exponent over the last 12years (i.e., from 2002 to 2014), providing the longest analyzed dataset for this region. The long-term regional optical depth average is 0.20±0.05, with the indicated uncertainty reflecting the inter-annual variability. Overall, the aerosol optical depth exhibits a south-to-north decreasing gradient and an average decreasing trend of 0.0030 per year (19% total decrease over the study period). The correlation between the reported AOD observations with measurements from the ground AERONET stations is high (R=0.76-0.80 depending on the wavelength), with the MODIS-Aqua data being slightly overestimated. Both fine-fraction and Ångström exponent data highlight the dominance of anthropogenic aerosols over the northern, and of desert aerosols over the southern part of the region. Clear intrusions of desert dust over the Eastern Mediterranean are observed principally in spring, and in some cases in winter. Dust intrusions dominate the Western Mediterranean in the summer (and sometimes in autumn), whereas anthropogenic aerosols dominate the sub-region of the Black Sea in all seasons but especially during summer. Fine-mode optical depth is found to decrease over almost all areas of the study region during the 12-year period, marking the decreasing contribution of anthropogenic particulate matter emissions over the study area. Coarse-mode aerosol load also exhibits an overall decreasing trend. However, its decrease is smaller than that of fine aerosols and not as uniformly distributed, underlining that the overall decrease in the region arises mainly from reduced anthropogenic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Floutsi
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene 81100, Greece
| | - M B Korras-Carraca
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene 81100, Greece
| | - C Matsoukas
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene 81100, Greece
| | - N Hatzianastassiou
- Laboratory of Meteorology, Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - G Biskos
- Energy Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CN, The Netherlands.
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Stafoggia M, Zauli-Sajani S, Pey J, Samoli E, Alessandrini E, Basagaña X, Cernigliaro A, Chiusolo M, Demaria M, Díaz J, Faustini A, Katsouyanni K, Kelessis AG, Linares C, Marchesi S, Medina S, Pandolfi P, Pérez N, Querol X, Randi G, Ranzi A, Tobias A, Forastiere F. Desert Dust Outbreaks in Southern Europe: Contribution to Daily PM₁₀ Concentrations and Short-Term Associations with Mortality and Hospital Admissions. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124. [PMID: 26219103 PMCID: PMC4829979 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on the association between short-term exposure to desert dust and health outcomes is controversial. OBJECTIVES We aimed to estimate the short-term effects of particulate matter ≤ 10 μm (PM10) on mortality and hospital admissions in 13 Southern European cities, distinguishing between PM10 originating from the desert and from other sources. METHODS We identified desert dust advection days in multiple Mediterranean areas for 2001-2010 by combining modeling tools, back-trajectories, and satellite data. For each advection day, we estimated PM10 concentrations originating from desert, and computed PM10 from other sources by difference. We fitted city-specific Poisson regression models to estimate the association between PM from different sources (desert and non-desert) and daily mortality and emergency hospitalizations. Finally, we pooled city-specific results in a random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS On average, 15% of days were affected by desert dust at ground level (desert PM10 > 0 μg/m3). Most episodes occurred in spring-summer, with increasing gradient of both frequency and intensity north-south and west-east of the Mediterranean basin. We found significant associations of both PM10 concentrations with mortality. Increases of 10 μg/m3 in non-desert and desert PM10 (lag 0-1 days) were associated with increases in natural mortality of 0.55% (95% CI: 0.24, 0.87%) and 0.65% (95% CI: 0.24, 1.06%), respectively. Similar associations were estimated for cardio-respiratory mortality and hospital admissions. CONCLUSIONS PM10 originating from the desert was positively associated with mortality and hospitalizations in Southern Europe. Policy measures should aim at reducing population exposure to anthropogenic airborne particles even in areas with large contribution from desert dust advections. CITATION Stafoggia M, Zauli-Sajani S, Pey J, Samoli E, Alessandrini E, Basagaña X, Cernigliaro A, Chiusolo M, Demaria M, Díaz J, Faustini A, Katsouyanni K, Kelessis AG, Linares C, Marchesi S, Medina S, Pandolfi P, Pérez N, Querol X, Randi G, Ranzi A, Tobias A, Forastiere F, MED-PARTICLES Study Group. 2016. Desert dust outbreaks in Southern Europe: contribution to daily PM10 concentrations and short-term associations with mortality and hospital admissions. Environ Health Perspect 124:413-419; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409164.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Stafoggia
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy
- Address correspondence to M. Stafoggia, Department of Epidemiology of the Lazio Region Health Service, Via C. Colombo 112, 00147, Rome, Italy. Telephone: 39-0699722185. E-mail:
| | - Stefano Zauli-Sajani
- Regional Centre for Environment and Health, Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention of Emilia-Romagna, Modena, Italy
| | - Jorge Pey
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Evangelia Samoli
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Xavier Basagaña
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Monica Chiusolo
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Regional Environmental Protection Agency of Piedmont, Turin, Italy
| | - Moreno Demaria
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Regional Environmental Protection Agency of Piedmont, Turin, Italy
| | - Julio Díaz
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Klea Katsouyanni
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Cristina Linares
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefano Marchesi
- Regional Centre for Environment and Health, Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention of Emilia-Romagna, Modena, Italy
| | - Sylvia Medina
- Environmental Health Department, French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Paolo Pandolfi
- Department of Public Health, Bologna Local Health Authority, Bologna, Italy
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giorgia Randi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Ranzi
- Regional Centre for Environment and Health, Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention of Emilia-Romagna, Modena, Italy
| | - Aurelio Tobias
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Barcelona, Spain
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Koçak M, Mihalopoulos N, Tutsak E, Theodosi C, Zarmpas P, Kalegeri P. PM10 and PM2.5 composition over the Central Black Sea: origin and seasonal variability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:18076-18092. [PMID: 26174981 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Daily PM10 and PM2.5 samples were collected between April 2009 and July 2010 at a rural site (Sinop) situated on the coast of the Central Black Sea. The concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 were 23.2 ± 16.7 and 9.8 ± 6.9 μg m(-3), respectively. Coarse and fine filters were analyzed for Cl(-), NO3(-), SO4(2-), C2O4(2-), PO4(3-), Na(+), NH4(+), K(+), Mg(2+), and Ca(2+) by using ion chromatography. Elemental and organic carbon content in bulk quartz filters were also analyzed. The highest PM2.5 contribution to PM10 was found in summer with a value of 0.54 due to enhanced secondary aerosols in relation to photochemistry. Cl(-), Na(+), and Mg(2+) illustrated their higher concentrations and variability during winter. Chlorine depletion was chiefly attributed to nitrate. Higher nssCa(2+) concentrations were ascribed to episodic mineral dust intrusions from North Africa into the region. Crustal material (31%) and sea salt (13%) were found to be accounted for the majority of the PM10. The ionic mass (IM), particulate organic matter (POM), and elemental carbon (EC) explained 13, 20, and 3% of the PM10 mass, correspondingly. The IM, POM, and EC dominated the PM2.5 (~74%) mass. Regarding EU legislation, the exceeded PM2.5 values were found to be associated with secondary aerosols, with a particular dominance of POM. For the exceeded PM10 values, six of the events were dominated by dust while two and four of these exceedances were caused by sea salt and mix events, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koçak
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, P.O. Box 28, 33731, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - N Mihalopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- National Observatory of Athens, IERSD, Lofos Koufou, Penteli, Greece
| | - E Tutsak
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, P.O. Box 28, 33731, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey
| | - C Theodosi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - P Zarmpas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - P Kalegeri
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, P.O. Box 28, 33731, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey
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Gordo E, Liger E, Dueñas C, Fernández MC, Cañete S, Pérez M. Study of ⁷Be and ²¹⁰Pb as radiotracers of African intrusions in Malaga (Spain). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2015; 148:141-153. [PMID: 26164283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the particulate matter in the atmosphere of Malaga and the origin of air masses with special attention to African intrusions was analyzed. The concentrations of PM10 and the activities of some radionuclides ((7)Be and (210)Pb) as tracers of these intrusions are discussed. The origin of these radiotracers is completely different. (210)Pb is a good tracer of air masses traveling close to the ground and come from inland areas. On the other hand, the production of (7)Be is very low in the vicinity of the Earth's surface, and increases with altitude, making it a great tracer of stratospheric air masses in the troposphere. Studies of radionuclide activities in aerosol particles provide a means for evaluating the integrated effects of transport and meteorology on the atmospheric loadings of substances with different sources. Measurements of aerosol mass concentration and specific activities of (7)Be and (210)Pb in aerosols at Malaga (36° 43' 40″ N; 4° 28' 8″ W) for the period 2009-2011 were used to obtain the relationships between radionuclide activities and airflow patterns by comparing the data grouped by air mass trajectory. The average concentration values of (7)Be and (210)Pb over the 3-year period have been found to be 5.05 and 0.55 mBq m(-3), respectively, with mean aerosol mass concentration of 53.6 μg m(-3). Taking into account the outbreaks of the daily values limits of PM10 in the study period (2009-2011), the origin of air masses is studied to explain three different situations of both radionuclides (7)Be and (210)Pb: 1) high concentrations of (7)Be and low concentrations of (210)Pb; 2) high concentrations of (210)Pb and low concentrations of (7)Be and 3) high concentrations of (7)Be and (210)Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gordo
- Central Research Facilities, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - E Liger
- Department of Applied Physics II, Technical College of Informatic Engineering, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - C Dueñas
- Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - M C Fernández
- Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - S Cañete
- Central Research Facilities, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - M Pérez
- Department of Radiology and Health Physics, Ophthalmology and OTL, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Bègue N, Tulet P, Chaboureau JP, Roberts G, Gomes L, Mallet M. Long-range transport of Saharan dust over northwestern Europe during EUCAARI 2008 campaign: Evolution of dust optical properties by scavenging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Cabello M, Orza JAG, Barrero MA, Gordo E, Berasaluce A, Cantón L, Dueñas C, Fernández MC, Pérez M. Spatial and temporal variation of the impact of an extreme Saharan dust event. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pierre C, Bergametti G, Marticorena B, Mougin E, Bouet C, Schmechtig C. Impact of vegetation and soil moisture seasonal dynamics on dust emissions over the Sahel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Israelevich P, Ganor E, Alpert P, Kishcha P, Stupp A. Predominant transport paths of Saharan dust over the Mediterranean Sea to Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang Q, Laurent B, Velay-Lasry F, Ngo R, Derognat C, Marticorena B, Albergel A. An air quality forecasting system in Beijing--application to the study of dust storm events in China in May 2008. J Environ Sci (China) 2012; 24:102-111. [PMID: 22783620 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(11)60733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An air pollution forecast system, ARIA Regional, was implemented in 2007-2008 at the Beijing Municipality Environmental Monitoring Center, providing daily forecast of main pollutant concentrations. The chemistry-transport model CHIMERE was coupled with the dust emission model MB95 for restituting dust storm events in springtime so as to improve forecast results. Dust storm events were sporadic but could be extremely intense and then control air quality indexes close to the source areas but also far in the Beijing area. A dust episode having occurred at the end of May 2008 was analyzed in this article, and its impact of particulate matter on the Chinese air pollution index (API) was evaluated. Following our estimation, about 23 Tg of dust were emitted from source areas in Mongolia and in the Inner Mongolia of China, transporting towards southeast. This episode of dust storm influenced a large part of North China and East China, and also South Korea. The model result was then evaluated using satellite observations and in situ data. The simulated daily concentrations of total suspended particulate at 6:00 UTC had a similar spatial pattern with respect to OMI satellite aerosol index. Temporal evolution of dust plume was evaluated by comparing dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) calculated from the simulations with AOD derived from MODIS satellite products. Finally, the comparison of reported Chinese API in Beijing with API calculated from the simulation including dust emissions had showed the significant improvement of the model results taking into account mineral dust correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijie Zhang
- ARIA Technologies, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
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Atmospheric Aerosol Climatology over the Globe: Emphasis on Dust Storms. NATIONAL SECURITY AND HUMAN HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2430-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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di Sarra A, Di Biagio C, Meloni D, Monteleone F, Pace G, Pugnaghi S, Sferlazzo D. Shortwave and longwave radiative effects of the intense Saharan dust event of 25-26 March 2010 at Lampedusa (Mediterranean Sea). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Mallone S, Stafoggia M, Faustini A, Gobbi GP, Marconi A, Forastiere F. Saharan dust and associations between particulate matter and daily mortality in Rome, Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:1409-14. [PMID: 21970945 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1003026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outbreaks of Saharan-Sahel dust over Euro-Mediterranean areas frequently induce exceedances of the Europen Union's 24-hr standard of 50 μg/m3 for particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter ≤ than 10 μm (PM10). OBJECTIVES We evaluated the effect of Saharan dust on the association between different PM fractions and daily mortality in Rome, Italy. METHODS In a study of 80,423 adult residents who died in Rome between 2001 and 2004, we performed a time-series analysis to explore the effects of PM2.5, PM2.5-10, and PM10 on natural, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and respiratory mortality. We defined Saharan dust days by combining light detection and ranging (LIDAR) observations and analyses from operational models. We tested a Saharan dust-PM interaction term to evaluate the hypothesis that the effects of PM, especially coarse PM (PM2.5-10), on mortality would be enhanced on dust days. RESULTS Interquartile range increases in PM2.5-10 (10.8 μg/m3) and PM10 (19.8 μg/m3) were associated with increased mortality due to natural, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and respiratory causes, with estimated effects ranging from 2.64% to 12.65% [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.18-25.42%] for the association between PM2.5-10 and respiratory mortality (0- to 5-day lag). Associations of PM2.5-10 with cardiac mortality were stronger on Saharan dust days (9.73%; 95% CI, 4.25-15.49%) than on dust-free days (0.86%; 95% CI, -2.47% to 4.31%; p = 0.005). Saharan dust days also modified associations between PM10 and cardiac mortality (9.55% increase; 95% CI, 3.81-15.61%; vs. dust-free days: 2.09%; 95% CI, -0.76% to 5.02%; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS We found evidence of effects of PM2.5-10 and PM10 on natural and cause-specific mortality, with stronger estimated effects on cardiac mortality during Saharan dust outbreaks. Toxicological and biological effects of particles from desert sources need to be further investigated and taken into account in air quality standards.
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Jiménez E, Linares C, Martínez D, Díaz J. Role of Saharan dust in the relationship between particulate matter and short-term daily mortality among the elderly in Madrid (Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:5729-36. [PMID: 20855107 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saharan dust outbreaks are a common phenomenon in the Madrid atmosphere. The current Directive 2008/50 CE governing air quality in European cities, draws no distinction between which particulate matter (PM(10), PM(2.5) or PM(10-2.5)) would be the best indicator on days with/without Saharan dust intrusions. This study sought to identify the role played by Saharan dust in the relationship between particulate matter (PM(10), PM(2.5) and PM(10-2.5)) concentrations and daily mortality among the elderly in the city of Madrid. METHODS We conducted an ecological longitudinal time-series study on daily mortality among the over-75 age group, from 2003 to 2005. Poisson regression models were constructed for days with and without Saharan dust intrusions. The following causes of daily mortality were analysed: total organic causes except accidents (International Classification of Diseases-10th revision (ICD-10): A00-R99); circulatory causes (ICD-10: I00-I99); and respiratory causes (ICD-10: J00-J99). Daily mean PM(10), PM(2.5) and PM(10-2.5) levels were used as independent variables. Control variables were: other ambient pollutants (chemical, biotic and acoustic); trend; seasonalities; influenza epidemics; and autocorrelations between mortality series. RESULTS While daily mean PM(2.5) concentrations in Madrid displayed a significant statistical association with daily mortality for all the above causes on days without Saharan dust intrusions, this association was not in evidence for PM(10) or PM(10-2.5) in the multivariate models. The relative risks (RRs) obtained for an increase of 10 μg/m(3) in PM(2.5) concentrations were: 1.023 (1.010-1.036) for total organic causes; 1.033 (1.031-1.035) for circulatory causes; and 1.032 (1.004-1.059) for respiratory causes. On Saharan dust days, a significant statistical association was detected between PM(10) (though not PM(2.5) or PM(10-2.5)) and mortality for all 3 causes analysed, with RRs statistically similar to those reported for PM(2.5). CONCLUSIONS The best air quality indicators for evaluating the short-term health effects of particulate matter in Madrid are therefore PM(10) concentrations on days with, and PM(2.5) concentrations on days without Saharan dust outbreaks. This fact should be taken into account in a European Directive regulating ambient air quality in almost all countries in the Mediterranean area.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jiménez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, San Carlos University Teaching Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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Prasad AK, El-Askary H, Kafatos M. Implications of high altitude desert dust transport from Western Sahara to Nile Delta during biomass burning season. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:3385-3391. [PMID: 20797813 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The air over major cities and rural regions of the Nile Delta is highly polluted during autumn which is the biomass burning season, locally known as black cloud. Previous studies have attributed the increased pollution levels during the black cloud season to the biomass or open burning of agricultural waste, vehicular, industrial emissions, and secondary aerosols. However, new multi-sensor observations (column and vertical profiles) from satellites, dust transport models and associated meteorology present a different picture of the autumn pollution. Here we show, for the first time, the evidence of long range transport of dust at high altitude (2.5-6 km) from Western Sahara and its deposition over the Nile Delta region unlike current Models. The desert dust is found to be a major contributor to the local air quality which was previously considered to be due to pollution from biomass burning enhanced by the dominant northerly winds coming from Europe.
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Bou Karam D, Flamant C, Cuesta J, Pelon J, Williams E. Dust emission and transport associated with a Saharan depression: February 2007 case. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hatzianastassiou N, Gkikas A, Mihalopoulos N, Torres O, Katsoulis BD. Natural versus anthropogenic aerosols in the eastern Mediterranean basin derived from multiyear TOMS and MODIS satellite data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pappalardo G, Papayannis A, Bösenberg J, Ansmann A, Apituley A, Arboledas LA, Balis D, Böckmann C, Chaikovsky A, Comeron A, Gustafsson O, Hansen G, Mitev V, Mona L, Nicolae D, Perrone MR, Pietruczuk A, Pujadas M, Putaud JP, Ravetta F, Rizi V, Simeonov V, Spinelli N, Stoyanov D, Trickl T, Wiegner M. EARLINET coordinated lidar observations of Saharan dust events on continental scale. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1307/7/1/012002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bacardit M, Camarero L. Fluxes of Al, Fe, Ti, Mn, Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni, Cu, and As in monthly bulk deposition over the Pyrenees (SW Europe): The influence of meteorology on the atmospheric component of trace element cycles and its implications for high mountain lakes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jg000732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Laurent B, Marticorena B, Bergametti G, Léon JF, Mahowald NM. Modeling mineral dust emissions from the Sahara desert using new surface properties and soil database. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Konare A, Zakey AS, Solmon F, Giorgi F, Rauscher S, Ibrah S, Bi X. A regional climate modeling study of the effect of desert dust on the West African monsoon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Papadimas CD, Hatzianastassiou N, Mihalopoulos N, Querol X, Vardavas I. Spatial and temporal variability in aerosol properties over the Mediterranean basin based on 6-year (2000–2006) MODIS data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Papayannis A, Amiridis V, Mona L, Tsaknakis G, Balis D, Bösenberg J, Chaikovski A, De Tomasi F, Grigorov I, Mattis I, Mitev V, Müller D, Nickovic S, Pérez C, Pietruczuk A, Pisani G, Ravetta F, Rizi V, Sicard M, Trickl T, Wiegner M, Gerding M, Mamouri RE, D'Amico G, Pappalardo G. Systematic lidar observations of Saharan dust over Europe in the frame of EARLINET (2000–2002). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu Z, Omar A, Vaughan M, Hair J, Kittaka C, Hu Y, Powell K, Trepte C, Winker D, Hostetler C, Ferrare R, Pierce R. CALIPSO lidar observations of the optical properties of Saharan dust: A case study of long-range transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kishcha P, Alpert P, Shtivelman A, Krichak SO, Joseph JH, Kallos G, Katsafados P, Spyrou C, Gobbi GP, Barnaba F, Nickovic S, Pérez C, Baldasano JM. Forecast errors in dust vertical distributions over Rome (Italy): Multiple particle size representation and cloud contributions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Engelstaedter S, Washington R. Atmospheric controls on the annual cycle of North African dust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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