1
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Wang K, Xu C, Zhao X, Jiang Y, Bisker G, Yang F. Advances in Liquid-Phase Assembly of Clusters into Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:51826-51836. [PMID: 39288211 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Insight into the behaviors of molecules in confined space is highly desired for the deep understanding of the mechanism of chemical reactions in a microenvironment. Yet the direct access of molecular evolutions at atomic resolution in nanoconfinements is still challenging. Among various guests, atomically precise clusters with well-defined structures are better suited for monitoring the chemical and physical processes in nanochannels because of their visibility under electron microscopy and identical structures that ensure homogeneous interactions. Developing an efficient method for assembling clusters into a confined space is essential for advancing mechanisms of these processes. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the assembly of clusters into single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in the liquid phase. We begin with the introduction of assembling methodologies, followed by a discussion of mechanisms of confined assembly in liquids. The host-guest interactions between clusters and nanotubes and the molecular reactions in nanochannels revealed by transmission electron microscopy are unveiled, and the cluster@SWCNT heterostructure-based emerging applications are highlighted. At the end, we discuss the challenges and opportunities and expound our outlook in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yulong Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Gili Bisker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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2
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Sakakibara M, Nakamuro T, Nakamura E. Kinetic Exploration of Nanoscale Polymorphs through Interface Energy Adjustment. ACS NANO 2024; 18:22325-22333. [PMID: 39117583 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Traditionally, the study of crystal polymorphism has relied on thermodynamics and measurements averaged over time and the crystal's constituents. This work introduces a kinetic approach to phase identification─millisecond cinematographic electron microscopic imaging of the dynamics of phase transitions of crystals of a few nm in diameter. We demonstrate a remarkable impact of the interface energy on the relative stability of the nanocrystal's polymorphs, enabling in situ manipulation of phase transitions through size increase or decrease. Starting with the B1 NaI polymorph at 298 K, we identified the previously unknown B2 polymorph of a 1 s lifetime upon sublimation of the crystal. From the CsCl liquid phase, we produced the B1 phase, previously described only at 749 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Sakakibara
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakamuro
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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3
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Ganner L, Bergmeister S, Lorenz L, Ončák M, Scheier P, Gruber E. Formation of Doubly and Triply Charged Fullerene Dimers in Superfluid Helium Nanodroplets. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:023001. [PMID: 39073966 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.023001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Sequential ionization of fullerene cluster ions (C_{60})_{n}^{+} within multiply charged helium nanodroplets leads to the intriguing phenomenon of forming and stabilizing doubly and triply charged fullerene oligomers. While the formation of doubly charged dimers (C_{60})_{2}^{2+} has been predicted in earlier studies, the observation of even triply charged ones (C_{60})_{2}^{3+} is highly surprising. This remarkable resilience against Coulomb explosion is achieved through efficient cooling within the superfluid environment of helium nanodroplets and a sequential ionization scheme that populates covalently bound or physisorbed fullerene dimers. Calculations support the stability of four differently bonded (C_{60})_{2}^{2+} and (C_{60})_{2}^{3+} isomers and predict a low Coulomb barrier (<0.4 eV) preventing even dissociation of cold van der Waals complexes.
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4
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Harano K, Nakamuro T, Nakamura E. Cinematographic study of stochastic chemical events at atomic resolution. Microscopy (Oxf) 2024; 73:101-116. [PMID: 37864546 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfad052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of single-molecule atomic-resolution time-resolved electron microscopy (SMART-EM) has created a new field of 'cinematic chemistry,' allowing for the cinematographic recording of dynamic behaviors of organic and inorganic molecules and their assembly. However, the limited electron dose per frame of video images presents a major challenge in SMART-EM. Recent advances in direct electron counting cameras and techniques to enhance image quality through the implementation of a denoising algorithm have enabled the tracking of stochastic molecular motions and chemical reactions with sub-millisecond temporal resolution and sub-angstrom localization precision. This review showcases the development of dynamic molecular imaging using the SMART-EM technique, highlighting insights into nanomechanical behavior during molecular shuttle motion, pathways of multistep chemical reactions, and elucidation of crystallization processes at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Harano
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakamuro
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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5
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Cardillo-Zallo I, Biskupek J, Bloodworth S, Marsden ES, Fay MW, Ramasse QM, Rance GA, Stoppiello CT, Cull WJ, Weare BL, Whitby RJ, Kaiser U, Brown PD, Khlobystov AN. Atomic-Scale Time-Resolved Imaging of Krypton Dimers, Chains and Transition to a One-Dimensional Gas. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2958-2971. [PMID: 38251654 PMCID: PMC10832048 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Single-atom dynamics of noble-gas elements have been investigated using time-resolved transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with direct observation providing for a deeper understanding of chemical bonding, reactivity, and states of matter at the nanoscale. We report on a nanoscale system consisting of endohedral fullerenes encapsulated within single-walled carbon nanotubes ((Kr@C60)@SWCNT), capable of the delivery and release of krypton atoms on-demand, via coalescence of host fullerene cages under the action of the electron beam (in situ) or heat (ex situ). The state and dynamics of Kr atoms were investigated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Kr atom positions were measured precisely using aberration-corrected high-resolution TEM (AC-HRTEM), aberration-corrected scanning TEM (AC-STEM), and single-atom spectroscopic imaging (STEM-EELS). The electron beam drove the formation of 2Kr@C120 capsules, in which van der Waals Kr2 and transient covalent [Kr2]+ bonding states were identified. Thermal coalescence led to the formation of longer coalesced nested nanotubes containing more loosely bound Krn chains (n = 3-6). In some instances, delocalization of Kr atomic positions was confirmed by STEM analysis as the transition to a one-dimensional (1D) gas, as Kr atoms were constrained to only one degree of translational freedom within long, well-annealed, nested nanotubes. Such nested nanotube structures were investigated by Raman spectroscopy. This material represents a highly compressed and dimensionally constrained 1D gas stable under ambient conditions. Direct atomic-scale imaging has revealed elusive bonding states and a previously unseen 1D gaseous state of matter of this noble gas element, demonstrating TEM to be a powerful tool in the discovery of chemistry at the single-atom level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Cardillo-Zallo
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Biskupek
- Electron
Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Central Facility for Electron
Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Sally Bloodworth
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth S. Marsden
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W. Fay
- Nanoscale
and Microscale Research Centre, University
of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QL, United
Kingdom
| | - Quentin M. Ramasse
- SuperSTEM
Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
- School of
Chemical and Process Engineering and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Graham A. Rance
- Nanoscale
and Microscale Research Centre, University
of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QL, United
Kingdom
| | - Craig T. Stoppiello
- Centre
for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - William J. Cull
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin L. Weare
- Nanoscale
and Microscale Research Centre, University
of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QL, United
Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Whitby
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Electron
Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Central Facility for Electron
Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Paul D. Brown
- Department
of Mechanical, Materials & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei N. Khlobystov
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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6
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Abella L, Novell-Leruth G, Ricart JM, Poblet JM, Rodríguez-Fortea A. Electron-beam-promoted fullerene dimerization in nanotubes: insights from DFT computations. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:92-100. [PMID: 38264452 PMCID: PMC10804564 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fullerene dimerization inside a peapod is analyzed at DFT level by characterizing the stationary points and deriving the energy profile of the initial and reversible process named phase 1. We find that the barriers for the radical cation mechanism are significantly lower than those found for the neutral pathway. The peapod is mainly providing one-dimensional confinement for the reaction to take place in a more efficient way. Car-Parrinello metadynamics simulations provide hints on structures for the initial steps of the irreversible phase 2 where bond formation and breaking lead to important structural reorganizations within the coalescence process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Abella
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Gerard Novell-Leruth
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Hydrogen and Power-to-X Department, Iberian Center for Research in Energy Storage (CIIAE), FUNDECYT-PCTEx, Polytechnic School of Caceres Building, Office CIIAE-C7, Av. Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Josep M Ricart
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Josep M Poblet
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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7
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Hashikawa Y, Okamoto S, Murata Y. Synthesis of inter-[60]fullerene conjugates with inherent chirality. Nat Commun 2024; 15:514. [PMID: 38225251 PMCID: PMC10789730 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Coalescence of [60]fullerenes potentially produces hypothetical nanocarbon assemblies with non-naturally occurring topologies. Since the discovery of [60]fullerene in 1985, coalesced [60]fullerene oligomers have only been observed as transient species by transmission electron microscopy during an oligomerization process under a high electron acceleration voltage. Herein, we showcase the rational synthesis of covalent assemblies consisting of inherently chiral open-[60]fullerenes. The crystallographic analyses unveiled double-caged structures of non-conjugated and conjugated inter-[60]fullerene hybrids, in which the two [60]fullerene cages are bounds to each other through a covalent linkage. The former one further assembles via a heterochiral recognition so that four carbon cages are arranged in a tetrahedral manner both in solution and solid state. Reflecting radially-conjugated double π-surface nature, the inter-[60]fullerene conjugate exhibits strong electronic communication in its reduced states, intense absorption behavior, and chiroptical activity with a dissymmetry factor of 0.21 (at 674 nm) which breaks the record for known chiral organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Shu Okamoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
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8
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Ikemoto K, Takahashi K, Ozawa T, Isobe H. Akaike's Information Criterion for Stoichiometry Inference of Supramolecular Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219059. [PMID: 36764927 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
"How do we decide the stoichiometry of host-guest complexes?" This question has long been answered by the Job plot since its first report in 1928. However, as the Job plot was claimed to be misleading in 2016, the question became an open question again and called for renewed investigations. An information-theoretic approach, called Akaike's information criterion, is introduced in this study to select the best model of host-guest complexes, which can rank the models with weight of evidence. A few test cases with unique cylindrical hosts were examined to demonstrate the applicability of the information-theoretic method. Consequently, reasonable views over the thermodynamic behaviors of dumbbell-and-cylinder complexes were obtained. Akaike's information criterion can be a useful and superior alternative to statistical null hypothesis testing, which was proposed as a remedy in place of the Job plot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Ikemoto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kanato Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takeaki Ozawa
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Isobe
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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9
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Gao M, Park Y, Jin J, Chen PC, Devyldere H, Yang Y, Song C, Lin Z, Zhao Q, Siron M, Scott MC, Limmer DT, Yang P. Direct Observation of Transient Structural Dynamics of Atomically Thin Halide Perovskite Nanowires. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4800-4807. [PMID: 36795997 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Halide perovskite is a unique dynamical system, whose structural and chemical processes happening across different timescales have significant impact on its physical properties and device-level performance. However, due to its intrinsic instability, real-time investigation of the structure dynamics of halide perovskite is challenging, which hinders the systematic understanding of the chemical processes in the synthesis, phase transition, and degradation of halide perovskite. Here, we show that atomically thin carbon materials can stabilize ultrathin halide perovskite nanostructures against otherwise detrimental conditions. Moreover, the protective carbon shells enable atomic-level visualization of the vibrational, rotational, and translational movement of halide perovskite unit cells. Albeit atomically thin, protected halide perovskite nanostructures can maintain their structural integrity up to an electron dose rate of 10,000 e-/Å2·s while exhibiting unusual dynamical behaviors pertaining to the lattice anharmonicity and nanoscale confinement. Our work demonstrates an effective method to protect beam-sensitive materials during in situ observation, unlocking new solutions to study new modes of structure dynamics of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yoonjae Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jianbo Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peng-Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hannah Devyldere
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chengyu Song
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zhenni Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Qiuchen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Siron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mary C Scott
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David T Limmer
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peidong Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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10
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Excited state modulation of C70 dimerization in a carbon nanotube under a variable electron acceleration voltage. Micron 2022; 160:103316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2022.103316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Shimizu T, Lungerich D, Harano K, Nakamura E. Time-Resolved Imaging of Stochastic Cascade Reactions over a Submillisecond to Second Time Range at the Angstrom Level. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9797-9805. [PMID: 35609254 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Many chemical reactions, such as multistep catalytic cycles, are cascade reactions in which a series of transient intermediates appear and disappear stochastically over an extended period. The mechanisms of such reactions are challenging to study, even in ultrafast pump-probe experiments. The dimerization of a van der Waals dimer of [60]fullerene producing a short carbon nanotube is a typical cascade reaction and is probably the most frequently studied in carbon materials chemistry. As many as 23 intermediates were predicted by theory, but only the first stable one has been verified experimentally. With the aid of fast electron microscopy, we obtained cinematographic recordings of individual molecules at a maximum frame rate of 1600 frames per second. Using Chambolle total variation algorithm processing and automated cross-correlation image matching analysis, we report on the identification of several metastable intermediates by their shape and size. Although the reaction events occurred stochastically, varying the lifetime of each intermediate accordingly, the average lifetime for each intermediate structure could be obtained from statistical analysis of many cinematographic images for the cascade reaction. Among the shortest-living intermediates, we detected one that lasted less than 3 ms in three independent cascade reactions. We anticipate that the rapid technological development of microscopy and image processing will soon initiate an era of cinematographic studies of chemical reactions and cinematic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Dominik Lungerich
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Center for Nanomedicine (CNM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), IBS Hall, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea.,Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Koji Harano
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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12
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Kharel P, Janicek BE, Bae SH, Loutris AL, Carmichael PT, Huang PY. Atomic-Resolution Imaging of Small Organic Molecules on Graphene. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3628-3635. [PMID: 35413204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging of light elements in small organic molecules on graphene. We use low-dose, room-temperature, aberration-corrected STEM to image 2D monolayer and bilayer molecular crystals, followed by advanced image processing methods to create high-quality composite images from ∼102-104 individual molecules. In metalated porphyrin and phthalocyanine derivatives, these images contain an elementally sensitive contrast with up to 1.3 Å resolution─sufficient to distinguish individual carbon and nitrogen atoms. Importantly, our methods can be applied to molecules with low masses (∼0.6 kDa) and nanocrystalline domains containing just a few hundred molecules, making it possible to study systems for which large crystals cannot easily be grown. Our approach is enabled by low-background graphene substrates, which we show increase the molecules' critical dose by 2-7×. These results indicate a new route for low-dose, atomic-resolution electron microscopy imaging to solve the structures of small organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Kharel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Blanka E Janicek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sang Hyun Bae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Amanda L Loutris
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Patrick T Carmichael
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Pinshane Y Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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13
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Ionization and electron excitation of C 60 in a carbon nanotube: A variable temperature/voltage transmission electron microscopic study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200290119. [PMID: 35377799 PMCID: PMC9169795 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200290119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The destruction of specimen molecules by an electron beam (e-beam) is either beneficial, as in mass spectrometry capitalizing on ion formation, or deleterious, as in electron microscopy. In the latter application, the e-beam not only produces the specimen image, but also causes information loss upon prolonged irradiation. However, the atomistic mechanism of such loss has been unclear. Performing single-molecule kinetic analysis of C60 dimerization in a carbon nanotube (CNT) under variable-temperature/voltage conditions, we identified three reactive species—that is, radical cation, singlet, and triplet excited states—reacting competitively as the voltage and the properties of the CNT were changed. The key enabler was in situ continuous recording of the whole reaction process, suggesting an upcoming new era of “cinematic chemistry.” There is increasing attention to chemical applications of transmission electron microscopy, which is often plagued by radiation damage. The damage in organic matter predominantly occurs via radiolysis. Although radiolysis is highly important, previous studies on radiolysis have largely been descriptive and qualitative, lacking in such fundamental information as the product structure, the influence of the energy of the electrons, and the reaction kinetics. We need a chemically well-defined system to obtain such data and have chosen as a model a variable-temperature and variable-voltage (VT/VV) study of the [2 + 2] dimerization of a van der Waals dimer [60]fullerene (C60) to C120 in a carbon nanotube (CNT), as studied for several hundred individual reaction events at atomic resolution. We report here the identification of five reaction pathways that serve as mechanistic models of radiolysis damage. Two of them occur via a radical cation of the specimen generated by specimen ionization, and three involve singlet or triplet excited states of the specimen, as initiated by electron excitation of the CNT, followed by energy transfer to the specimen. The [2 + 2] product was identified by measuring the distance between the two C60 moieties, and the mechanisms were distinguished by the pre-exponential factor and the Arrhenius activation energy—the standard protocol of chemical kinetic studies. The results illustrate the importance of VT/VV kinetic analysis in the studies of radiation damage and show that chemical ionization and electron excitation are inseparable, but different, mechanisms of radiation damage, which has so far been classified loosely under the single term “ionization.”
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14
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Fung KLY, Skowron ST, Allen CS, Khlobystov AN. Counting molecules in nano test tubes: a method for determining the activation parameters of thermally driven reactions through direct imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10628-10631. [PMID: 34580683 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03827c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A methodology for measuring activation parameters of a thermally driven chemical reaction by direct imaging and counting reactant molecules has been developed. The method combines the use of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as a nano test tube, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as an imaging tool, and a heating protocol that decouples the effect of the electron beam from the thermal activation. Polycyclic aromatic perchlorocoronene molecules are stable within SWNTs at room temperature, allowing imaging of individual molecules before and after each heating cycle between 500-600 °C. Polymerisation reaction rates can be determined at different temperatures simply by counting the number of molecules, resulting in an enthalpy of activation of 104 kJ mol-1 and very large entropic contributions to the Gibbs free energy of activation. This experimental methodology provides a link between reactions at the single-molecule level and macroscopic chemical kinetics parameters, through filming the chemical reaction in direct space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh L Y Fung
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Stephen T Skowron
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Christopher S Allen
- Electron Physical Sciences Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK.,Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Andrei N Khlobystov
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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15
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Lungerich D, Hoelzel H, Harano K, Jux N, Amsharov KY, Nakamura E. A Singular Molecule-to-Molecule Transformation on Video: The Bottom-Up Synthesis of Fullerene C 60 from Truxene Derivative C 60H 30. ACS NANO 2021; 15:12804-12814. [PMID: 34018713 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Singular reaction events of small molecules and their dynamics remain a hardly understood territory in chemical sciences since spectroscopy relies on ensemble-averaged data, and microscopic scanning probe techniques show snapshots of frozen scenes. Herein, we report on continuous high-resolution transmission electron microscopic video imaging of the electron-beam-induced bottom-up synthesis of fullerene C60 through cyclodehydrogenation of tailor-made truxene derivative 1 (C60H30), which was deposited on graphene as substrate. During the reaction, C60H30 transformed in a multistep process to fullerene C60. Hereby, the precursor, metastable intermediates, and the product were identified by correlations with electron dose-corrected molecular simulations and single-molecule statistical analysis, which were substantiated with extensive density functional theory calculations. Our observations revealed that the initial cyclodehydrogenation pathway leads to thermodynamically favored intermediates through seemingly classical organic reaction mechanisms. However, dynamic interactions of the intermediates with the substrate render graphene as a non-innocent participant in the dehydrogenation process, which leads to a deviation from the classical reaction pathway. Our precise visual comprehension of the dynamic transformation implies that the outcome of electron-beam-initiated reactions can be controlled with careful molecular precursor design, which is important for the development and design of materials by electron beam lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Lungerich
- Center for Nanomedicine (CNM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), IBS Hall, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Helen Hoelzel
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Koji Harano
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Yu Amsharov
- Department of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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16
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Rizvi A, Mulvey JT, Carpenter BP, Talosig R, Patterson JP. A Close Look at Molecular Self-Assembly with the Transmission Electron Microscope. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14232-14280. [PMID: 34329552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular self-assembly is pervasive in the formation of living and synthetic materials. Knowledge gained from research into the principles of molecular self-assembly drives innovation in the biological, chemical, and materials sciences. Self-assembly processes span a wide range of temporal and spatial domains and are often unintuitive and complex. Studying such complex processes requires an arsenal of analytical and computational tools. Within this arsenal, the transmission electron microscope stands out for its unique ability to visualize and quantify self-assembly structures and processes. This review describes the contribution that the transmission electron microscope has made to the field of molecular self-assembly. An emphasis is placed on which TEM methods are applicable to different structures and processes and how TEM can be used in combination with other experimental or computational methods. Finally, we provide an outlook on the current challenges to, and opportunities for, increasing the impact that the transmission electron microscope can have on molecular self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoon Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Justin T Mulvey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Brooke P Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Rain Talosig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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17
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Jordan JW, Fung KLY, Skowron ST, Allen CS, Biskupek J, Newton GN, Kaiser U, Khlobystov AN. Single-molecule imaging and kinetic analysis of intermolecular polyoxometalate reactions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7377-7387. [PMID: 34163827 PMCID: PMC8171355 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01874d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We induce and study reactions of polyoxometalate (POM) molecules, [PW12O40]3- (Keggin) and [P2W18O62]6- (Wells-Dawson), at the single-molecule level. Several identical carbon nanotubes aligned side by side within a bundle provided a platform for spatiotemporally resolved imaging of ca. 100 molecules encapsulated within the nanotubes by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Due to the entrapment of POM molecules their proximity to one another is effectively controlled, limiting molecular motion in two dimensions but leaving the third dimension available for intermolecular reactions between pairs of neighbouring molecules. By coupling the information gained from high resolution structural and kinetics experiments via the variation of key imaging parameters in the TEM, we shed light on the reaction mechanism. The dissociation of W-O bonds, a key initial step of POM reactions, is revealed to be reversible by the kinetic analysis, followed by an irreversible bonding of POM molecules to their nearest neighbours, leading to a continuous tungsten oxide nanowire, which subsequently transforms into amorphous tungsten-rich clusters due to progressive loss of oxygen atoms. The overall intermolecular reaction can therefore be described as a step-wise reductive polycondensation of POM molecules, via an intermediate state of an oxide nanowire. Kinetic analysis enabled by controlled variation of the electron flux in TEM revealed the reaction to be highly flux-dependent, which leads to reaction rates too fast to follow under the standard TEM imaging conditions. Although this presents a challenge for traditional structural characterisation of POM molecules, we harness this effect by controlling the conditions around the molecules and tuning the imaging parameters in TEM, which combined with theoretical modelling and image simulation, can shed light on the atomistic mechanisms of the reactions of POMs. This approach, based on the direct space and real time chemical reaction analysis by TEM, adds a new method to the arsenal of single-molecule kinetics techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack W Jordan
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Kayleigh L Y Fung
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Stephen T Skowron
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Christopher S Allen
- Electron Physical Science Imaging Center, Diamond Light Source Ltd. Didcot OX11 0DE UK
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3HP UK
| | - Johannes Biskupek
- Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm University 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Graham N Newton
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2TU UK
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm University 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Andrei N Khlobystov
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
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18
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Harano K. Self-Assembly Mechanism in Nucleation Processes of Molecular Crystalline Materials. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Harano
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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19
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Biskupek J, Skowron ST, Stoppiello CT, Rance GA, Alom S, Fung KLY, Whitby RJ, Levitt MH, Ramasse QM, Kaiser U, Besley E, Khlobystov AN. Bond Dissociation and Reactivity of HF and H 2O in a Nano Test Tube. ACS NANO 2020; 14:11178-11189. [PMID: 32816453 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular motion and bond dissociation are two of the most fundamental phenomena underpinning the properties of molecular materials. We entrapped HF and H2O molecules within the fullerene C60 cage, encapsulated within a single-walled carbon nanotube (X@C60)@SWNT, where X = HF or H2O. (X@C60)@SWNT represents a class of molecular nanomaterial composed of a guest within a molecular host within a nanoscale host, enabling investigations of the interactions of isolated single di- or triatomic molecules with the electron beam. The use of the electron beam simultaneously as a stimulus of chemical reactions in molecules and as a sub-angstrom resolution imaging probe allows investigations of the molecular dynamics and reactivity in real time and at the atomic scale, which are probed directly by chromatic and spherical aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging, or indirectly by vibrational electron energy loss spectroscopy in situ during scanning transmission electron microscopy experiments. Experimental measurements indicate that the electron beam triggers homolytic dissociation of the H-F or H-O bonds, respectively, causing the expulsion of the hydrogen atoms from the fullerene cage, leaving fluorine or oxygen behind. Because of a difference in the mechanisms of penetration through the carbon lattice available for F or O atoms, atomic fluorine inside the fullerene cage appears to be more stable than the atomic oxygen under the same conditions. The use of (X@C60)@SWNT, where each molecule X is "packaged" separately from each other, in combination with the electron microscopy methods and density functional theory modeling in this work, enable bond dynamics and reactivity of individual atoms to be probed directly at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Biskupek
- Electron Microscopy of Materials Science, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Stephen T Skowron
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Craig T Stoppiello
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Graham A Rance
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Shamim Alom
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kayleigh L Y Fung
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Whitby
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm H Levitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin M Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Electron Microscopy of Materials Science, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Elena Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei N Khlobystov
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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20
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Shimizu T, Lungerich D, Stuckner J, Murayama M, Harano K, Nakamura E. Real-Time Video Imaging of Mechanical Motions of a Single Molecular Shuttle with Sub-Millisecond Sub-Angstrom Precision. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Dominik Lungerich
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Joshua Stuckner
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Mitsuhiro Murayama
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Reactor Materials and Mechanical Design Group, Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Koji Harano
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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21
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Grommet AB, Feller M, Klajn R. Chemical reactivity under nanoconfinement. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:256-271. [PMID: 32303705 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0652-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Confining molecules can fundamentally change their chemical and physical properties. Confinement effects are considered instrumental at various stages of the origins of life, and life continues to rely on layers of compartmentalization to maintain an out-of-equilibrium state and efficiently synthesize complex biomolecules under mild conditions. As interest in synthetic confined systems grows, we are realizing that the principles governing reactivity under confinement are the same in abiological systems as they are in nature. In this Review, we categorize the ways in which nanoconfinement effects impact chemical reactivity in synthetic systems. Under nanoconfinement, chemical properties can be modulated to increase reaction rates, enhance selectivity and stabilize reactive species. Confinement effects also lead to changes in physical properties. The fluorescence of light emitters, the colours of dyes and electronic communication between electroactive species can all be tuned under confinement. Within each of these categories, we elucidate design principles and strategies that are widely applicable across a range of confined systems, specifically highlighting examples of different nanocompartments that influence reactivity in similar ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela B Grommet
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Moran Feller
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rafal Klajn
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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22
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A Conversion Dynamics of (C
60
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Dimer Fullerenes to a Fused Dimer Cage in Carbon Nanopeapods: Tight‐Binding Molecular Dynamics Simulation. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Lee JK, Bulut I, Rickhaus M, Sheng Y, Li X, Han GGD, Briggs GAD, Anderson HL, Warner JH. Metal Atom Markers for Imaging Epitaxial Molecular Self-Assembly on Graphene by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS NANO 2019; 13:7252-7260. [PMID: 31117373 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Direct imaging of single molecules has to date been primarily achieved using scanning probe microscopy, with limited success using transmission electron microscopy due to electron beam damage and low contrast from the light elements that make up the majority of molecules. Here, we show single complex molecule interactions can be imaged using annular dark field scanning TEM (ADF-STEM) by inserting heavy metal markers of Pt atoms and detecting their positions. Using the high angle ADF-STEM Z1.7 contrast, combined with graphene as an electron transparent support, we track the 2D monolayer self-assembly of solution-deposited individual linear porphyrin hexamer (Pt-L6) molecules and reveal preferential alignment along the graphene zigzag direction. The epitaxial interactions between graphene and Pt-L6 drive a reduction in the interporphyrin distance to allow perfect commensuration with the graphene. These results demonstrate how single metal atom markers in complex molecules can be used to study large scale packing and chain bending at the single molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Kyung Lee
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Bulut
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Michel Rickhaus
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Yuewen Sheng
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
| | - Grace G D Han
- Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
| | - G Andrew D Briggs
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
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24
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Jin P, Li Y, Magagula S, Chen Z. Exohedral functionalization of endohedral metallofullerenes: Interplay between inside and outside. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Abstract
The unique morphological characteristics of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) present the intriguing opportunity of exploiting the inner cavity for carrying out chemical reactions. Such reactions are catalysed either by the individual tubes that function both as catalysts and nanoreactors or by additional catalytic species that are confined within the channel. Such confinement creates what is called “confinement effect”, which can result in different catalytic features affecting activity, stability and selectivity. The review highlights the recent major advancements of catalysis conducted within the CNTs, starting from the synthesis of the catalytic composite, and discussing the most notable catalytic processes that have been reported in the last decade.
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26
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27
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Song Y, Huo F, Jiang Y, Zhang S, Chen S. In Situ Tracking of Organic Reactions at the Vapor/Liquid Interfaces of Ionic Liquids. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2741-2750. [PMID: 30003635 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The molecular structures of ionic liquids at interfaces play a crucial role in determining their chemical activities in applications. In situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to track the evolution of X-ray irradiation-induced chemical reactions in a series of ionic liquids ([Cn mim][AuCl4 ]; n=4, 6, 8, 10) on the Si (111) single-crystal surface. Analyses of microstructure and chemical bonding based on the XPS results indicated that reactions occurred at the vapor/liquid interfaces of the ionic liquids. The time-resolved XPS spectra revealed that with increasing irradiation time, the intensity of the peak corresponding to trivalent Au anion decreased for the four ionic liquids as Au was continually reduced to a lower chemical state and finally converted to gold nanoparticles. The rate and conversion of the reaction were associated with the length of the alkyl chain of the ionic liquids cation. Molecular dynamics simulations further revealed that the alkyl chain of the cation in the ionic liquids was oriented towards the vacuum environment at the vapor/liquid interface. Our results provide a real-time atomic-scale experimental evidence of organic reactions at the vapor/liquid interfaces of ionic liquids. The findings are important for understanding the roles of ionic liquids in catalysis, separation, electrochemistry, functional materials, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Feng Huo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Suojiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shimou Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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28
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Comparison of atomic scale dynamics for the middle and late transition metal nanocatalysts. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3382. [PMID: 30139935 PMCID: PMC6107508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05831-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalysis of chemical reactions by nanosized clusters of transition metals holds the key to the provision of sustainable energy and materials. However, the atomistic behaviour of nanocatalysts still remains largely unknown due to uncertainties associated with the highly labile metal nanoclusters changing their structure during the reaction. In this study, we reveal and explore reactions of nm-sized clusters of 14 technologically important metals in carbon nano test tubes using time-series imaging by atomically-resolved transmission electron microscopy (TEM), employing the electron beam simultaneously as an imaging tool and stimulus of the reactions. Defect formation in nanotubes and growth of new structures promoted by metal nanoclusters enable the ranking of the different metals both in order of their bonding with carbon and their catalytic activity, showing significant variation across the Periodic Table of Elements. Metal nanoclusters exhibit complex dynamics shedding light on atomistic workings of nanocatalysts, with key features mirroring heterogeneous catalysis. The atomistic behaviour of nanocatalysts still remains largely unknown. Here, the authors reveal and explore reactions of nm-sized clusters of 14 technologically important metals in carbon nano test tubes using time-series imaging by atomically-resolved transmission electron microscopy.
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29
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Silva RAL, de Brito SF, Machado DFS, Carvalho-Silva VH, de Oliveira HCB, Ribeiro L. The influence of the configuration of the (C 70) 2 dimer on its rovibrational spectroscopic properties: a theoretical survey. J Mol Model 2018; 24:235. [PMID: 30112677 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A study of the spectroscopic properties of the buckyball dimer (C70)2 was performed, which involved mapping the potential energy curve of this system. The spectroscopic constants of the system were obtained using theoretical Dunham and discrete variable representation methods, as well as the Rydberg analytical function expanded to the sixth degree. Because the fullerenes in the dimer have both hexagonal and pentagonal faces, the properties of (C70)2 were examined for different system configurations. The fullerene dimerization process involves a weak interaction, possibly mediated by short-range components such as van der Waals forces. The differences between the spectroscopic constants of the various (C70)2 configurations and between their dissociation energies De were found to be rather small, which can be attributed to the dominant influence of the hexagonal faces of the fullerenes on the interaction between the fullerenes. These results should aid our understanding of the process of fullerene dimer formation and hopefully facilitate the development and application of new materials based on these dimers. Graphical Abstract Comparison of the potential energy curve and a schematic representation for the all (C70)2 fullerenes dimers configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A L Silva
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis (GQTEA), Câmpus Anápolis de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas Henrique Santillo, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, CP 459, Anápolis, GO, Brazil
| | - Sandro F de Brito
- Laboratório de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular I (LEEDMOL I), Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, CP 4478, Brasília, DF, 70919-970, Brazil
| | - Daniel F S Machado
- Laboratório de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular I (LEEDMOL I), Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, CP 4478, Brasília, DF, 70919-970, Brazil
| | - Valter H Carvalho-Silva
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis (GQTEA), Câmpus Anápolis de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas Henrique Santillo, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, CP 459, Anápolis, GO, Brazil
| | - Heibbe C B de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular I (LEEDMOL I), Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, CP 4478, Brasília, DF, 70919-970, Brazil.,Laboratório de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular II (LEEDMOL II), Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, CP 131, Goiânia, GO, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Luciano Ribeiro
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis (GQTEA), Câmpus Anápolis de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas Henrique Santillo, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, CP 459, Anápolis, GO, Brazil.
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30
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Zhu JC, Cui DX, Li YD, Jiang R, Chen WP, Wang PA. Ferrocene as a Privileged Framework for Chiral Organocatalysts. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Chao Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy; Fourth Military Medical University; Changle West Road 169 Xi'an 710032 P.R. China
| | - Dong-Xiao Cui
- Department of Authentication of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy; Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine; Shiji Ave. Xi'an-Xianyang New Economic Zone 712046 P.R. China
| | - Yue-Dan Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy; Fourth Military Medical University; Changle West Road 169 Xi'an 710032 P.R. China
| | - Ru Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy; Fourth Military Medical University; Changle West Road 169 Xi'an 710032 P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ping Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy; Fourth Military Medical University; Changle West Road 169 Xi'an 710032 P.R. China
| | - Ping-An Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy; Fourth Military Medical University; Changle West Road 169 Xi'an 710032 P.R. China
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqian Li
- Stress Department, Shanghai Aircraft Design and Research Institute, Shanghai, China
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haijun Shen
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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32
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NAKAMURA E, HARANO K. Chemical kinetics study through observation of individual reaction events with atomic-resolution electron microscopy. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2018; 94:428-440. [PMID: 30541968 PMCID: PMC6374138 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.94.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule atomic-resolution real-time electron microscopic movie imaging is an emerging new tool for obtaining dynamic structural information on molecules and molecular assemblies. This method provides a hitherto inaccessible possibility to in situ observe the time evolution of chemical events at various temperatures from the beginning till the end, as demonstrated for the kinetics study of [2 + 2] cycloaddition of [60]fullerene molecules, which was found to occur via an excited state or via radical cation depending on the temperature. One unique feature of this methodology is that, by observing directly the reaction events, one can obtain information on the frequency of events unperturbed by molecular diffusion. With the obtained experimental data set, we provided the first experimental proof of what the quantum mechanical transition state theory predicted, in that isolated molecules behave as if all their accessible states were occupied in a random order. We also found that, under the 1-D reaction conditions, molecular-level information on a few hundred molecules suffices to deduce statistically meaningful kinetics data that match with those obtained by bulk experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi NAKAMURA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji HARANO
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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33
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Okada S, Kowashi S, Schweighauser L, Yamanouchi K, Harano K, Nakamura E. Direct Microscopic Analysis of Individual C 60 Dimerization Events: Kinetics and Mechanisms. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:18281-18287. [PMID: 29172523 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Modern transition state theory states that the statistical behavior of a chemical reaction is the sum of individual chemical events that occur randomly. Statistical analysis of each event for individual molecules in a three-dimensional space however is practically impossible. We report here that kinetics and mechanisms of chemical reactions can be investigated by using a one-dimensional system where reaction events can be observed in situ and counted one by one using variable-temperature (VT) atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We thereby provide direct proof that the ensemble behavior of random events conforms to the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus theory, as illustrated for [2 + 2] cycloaddition of C60 molecules in carbon nanotubes (CNTs). This method gives kinetic and structural information for different types of reactions occurring simultaneously in the microscopic view field, suggesting that the VT-TEM opens a new dimension of chemical kinetics research on molecules and their assemblies in their excited and ionized states. The study carried out at 393-493 K showed that pristine CNT primarily acts as a singlet sensitizer of the cycloaddition reaction that takes place with an activation energy of 33.5 ± 6.8 kJ/mol. On the other hand, CNT suffers electron damage of the conjugated system at 103-203 K and promotes a reactive radical cation path that takes place with an activation energy of only 1.9 ± 0.7 kJ/mol. The pre-exponential factor of the Arrhenius plot gave us further mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Okada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satori Kowashi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Luca Schweighauser
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamanouchi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koji Harano
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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34
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Dallas P, Zhou S, Cornes S, Niwa H, Nakanishi Y, Kino Y, Puchtler T, Taylor RA, Briggs GAD, Shinohara H, Porfyrakis K. CF2
-Bridged C60
Fullerene Dimers and their Optical Transitions. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:3540-3543. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Dallas
- Department of Materials; University of Oxford; Oxford OX1 3PH United Kingdom
| | - Shen Zhou
- Department of Materials; University of Oxford; Oxford OX1 3PH United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Cornes
- Department of Materials; University of Oxford; Oxford OX1 3PH United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Tim Puchtler
- Department of Physics; Clarendon Laboratory; University of Oxford; United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Taylor
- Department of Physics; Clarendon Laboratory; University of Oxford; United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Kyriakos Porfyrakis
- Department of Materials; University of Oxford; Oxford OX1 3PH United Kingdom
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35
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Nakamura E. Atomic-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopic Movies for Study of Organic Molecules, Assemblies, and Reactions: The First 10 Years of Development. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:1281-1292. [PMID: 28481074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A molecule is a quantum mechanical entity. "Watching motions and reactions of a molecule with our eyes" has therefore been a dream of chemists for a century. This dream has come true with the aid of the movies of atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopic (AR-TEM) molecular images through real-time observation of dynamic motions of single organic molecules (denoted hereafter as single-molecule atomic-resolution real-time (SMART) TEM imaging). Since 2007, we have reported movies of a variety of single organic molecules, organometallic molecules, and their assemblies, which are rotating, stretching, and reacting. Like movies in the theater, the atomic-resolution molecular movies provide us information on the 3-D structures of the molecules and also their time evolution. The success of the SMART-TEM imaging crucially depends on the development of "chemical fishhooks" with which fish (organic molecules) in solution can be captured on a single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT, serving as a "fishing rod"). The captured molecules are connected to a slowly vibrating CNT, and their motions are displayed on a monitor in real time. A "fishing line" connecting the fish and the rod may be a σ-bond, a van der Waals force, or other weak connections. Here, the molecule/CNT system behaves as a coupled oscillator, where the low-frequency anisotropic vibration of the CNT is transmitted to the molecules via the weak chemical connections that act as an energy filter. Interpretation of the observed motions of the molecules at atomic resolution needs us to consider the quantum mechanical nature of electrons as well as bond rotation, letting us deviate from the conventional statistical world of chemistry. What new horizons can we explore? We have so far carried out conformational studies of individual molecules, assigning anti or gauche conformations to each C-C bond in conformers that we saw. We can also determine the structures of van der Waals assemblies of organic molecules, thereby providing mechanistic insights into crystal formation-phenomena of general significance in science, engineering, and our daily life. Whereas many of the single organic molecules in a vacuum seen by SMART-TEM are sufficiently long-lived for detailed studies, molecules with low ionization potentials (<6 eV) were found to undergo chemical reactions, for example, [60]fullerene and organometallic compounds possibly via a hole catalysis mechanism, where a radical cation of CNT generated under electron irradiation catalyzes the transformation via an electron transfer mechanism. Common organic molecules whose ionization potentials are much higher (>8 eV) than that of CNT (5 eV) remain stable for a time long enough for observation at 60-120 kV acceleration voltage, as they are not oxidized by the CNT radical cation. Alternatively, the reaction may have taken place via an excited state of a molecule produced by energy transfer from CNT possessing excess energy provided by the electron beam. SMART-TEM imaging is a simple approach to the study of the structures and reactions of molecules and their assemblies and will serve as a gateway to the research and education of the science connecting the quantum mechanical world and the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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36
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Mirzayev R, Mustonen K, Monazam MRA, Mittelberger A, Pennycook TJ, Mangler C, Susi T, Kotakoski J, Meyer JC. Buckyball sandwiches. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700176. [PMID: 28630925 PMCID: PMC5466370 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have considerably expanded the field of materials science in the past decade. Even more recently, various 2D materials have been assembled into vertical van der Waals heterostacks, and it has been proposed to combine them with other low-dimensional structures to create new materials with hybridized properties. We demonstrate the first direct images of a suspended 0D/2D heterostructure that incorporates C60 molecules between two graphene layers in a buckyball sandwich structure. We find clean and ordered C60 islands with thicknesses down to one molecule, shielded by the graphene layers from the microscope vacuum and partially protected from radiation damage during scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging. The sandwich structure serves as a 2D nanoscale reaction chamber, allowing the analysis of the structure of the molecules and their dynamics at atomic resolution.
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37
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Chamberlain T, Biskupek J, Skowron ST, Markevich AV, Kurasch S, Reimer O, Walker KE, Rance GA, Feng X, Müllen K, Turchanin A, Lebedeva MA, Majouga AG, Nenajdenko VG, Kaiser U, Besley E, Khlobystov AN. Stop-Frame Filming and Discovery of Reactions at the Single-Molecule Level by Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS NANO 2017; 11:2509-2520. [PMID: 28191929 PMCID: PMC5371926 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report an approach, named chemTEM, to follow chemical transformations at the single-molecule level with the electron beam of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) applied as both a tunable source of energy and a sub-angstrom imaging probe. Deposited on graphene, disk-shaped perchlorocoronene molecules are precluded from intermolecular interactions. This allows monomolecular transformations to be studied at the single-molecule level in real time and reveals chlorine elimination and reactive aryne formation as a key initial stage of multistep reactions initiated by the 80 keV e-beam. Under the same conditions, perchlorocoronene confined within a nanotube cavity, where the molecules are situated in very close proximity to each other, enables imaging of intermolecular reactions, starting with the Diels-Alder cycloaddition of a generated aryne, followed by rearrangement of the angular adduct to a planar polyaromatic structure and the formation of a perchlorinated zigzag nanoribbon of graphene as the final product. ChemTEM enables the entire process of polycondensation, including the formation of metastable intermediates, to be captured in a one-shot "movie". A molecule with a similar size and shape but with a different chemical composition, octathio[8]circulene, under the same conditions undergoes another type of polycondensation via thiyl biradical generation and subsequent reaction leading to polythiophene nanoribbons with irregular edges incorporating bridging sulfur atoms. Graphene or carbon nanotubes supporting the individual molecules during chemTEM studies ensure that the elastic interactions of the molecules with the e-beam are the dominant forces that initiate and drive the reactions we image. Our ab initio DFT calculations explicitly incorporating the e-beam in the theoretical model correlate with the chemTEM observations and give a mechanism for direct control not only of the type of the reaction but also of the reaction rate. Selection of the appropriate e-beam energy and control of the dose rate in chemTEM enabled imaging of reactions on a time frame commensurate with TEM image capture rates, revealing atomistic mechanisms of previously unknown processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
W. Chamberlain
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United
Kingdom
| | - Johannes Biskupek
- Central
Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials
Science, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephen T. Skowron
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Simon Kurasch
- Central
Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials
Science, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Oliver Reimer
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kate E. Walker
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Graham A. Rance
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universitaet
Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck
Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller
University Jena, Lessingstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria A. Lebedeva
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander G. Majouga
- Department
of Chemistry, Moscow M.V. Lomonosov State
University, Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Valentin G. Nenajdenko
- Department
of Chemistry, Moscow M.V. Lomonosov State
University, Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central
Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials
Science, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Elena Besley
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei N. Khlobystov
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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38
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Sinitsa AS, Chamberlain TW, Zoberbier T, Lebedeva IV, Popov AM, Knizhnik AA, McSweeney RL, Biskupek J, Kaiser U, Khlobystov AN. Formation of Nickel Clusters Wrapped in Carbon Cages: Toward New Endohedral Metallofullerene Synthesis. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:1082-1089. [PMID: 28075593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high potential of endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) for application in biology, medicine and molecular electronics, and recent efforts in EMF synthesis, the variety of EMFs accessible by conventional synthetic methods remains limited and does not include, for example, EMFs of late transition metals. We propose a method in which EMF formation is initiated by electron irradiation in aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron spectroscopy (AC-HRTEM) of a metal cluster surrounded by amorphous carbon inside a carbon nanotube serving as a nanoreactor and apply this method for synthesis of nickel EMFs. The use of AC-HRTEM makes it possible not only to synthesize new, previously unattainable nanoobjects but also to study in situ the mechanism of structural transformations. Molecular dynamics simulations using the state-of-the-art approach for modeling the effect of electron irradiation are performed to rationalize the experimental observations and to link the observed processes with conditions of bulk EMF synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Sinitsa
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute" , Kurchatov Square 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Thomas W Chamberlain
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Thilo Zoberbier
- Group of Electron Microscopy of Materials Science, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University , Albert Einstein Allee 11, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Irina V Lebedeva
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Universidad del País Vasco, CFM CSIC-UPV/EHU , San Sebastian 20018, Spain
| | - Andrey M Popov
- Institute for Spectroscopy of Russian Academy of Sciences , Fizicheskaya Street 5, Troitsk, Moscow 108840, Russia
| | - Andrey A Knizhnik
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute" , Kurchatov Square 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
- Kintech Lab Ltd. , 3rd Khoroshevskaya Street 12, Moscow 123298, Russia
| | - Robert L McSweeney
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Biskupek
- Group of Electron Microscopy of Materials Science, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University , Albert Einstein Allee 11, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Group of Electron Microscopy of Materials Science, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University , Albert Einstein Allee 11, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Andrei N Khlobystov
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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39
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Danjo H, Nakagawa T, Morii A, Muraki Y, Sudoh K. Preparation of Peapod Polymer via the Supramolecular Chain Formation by Tris(spiroborate) Twin Bowl. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:62-65. [PMID: 35651106 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Successive guest-containing tubular polymer was prepared by the olefin metathesis polymerization of tris(spiroborate) twin bowl after the formation of supramolecular polymer. The cationic iridium(III) complexes were topologically fixed inside the polymer to form a peapod-like structure. The polymer was evaluated by SEC, ICP-AES, and DLS analyses, and string-like structures were found in the AFM observation of the peapod polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Koichi Sudoh
- The
Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1
Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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40
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Suzuki M, Yamada M, Maeda Y, Sato S, Takano Y, Uhlík F, Slanina Z, Lian Y, Lu X, Nagase S, Olmstead MM, Balch AL, Akasaka T. The Unanticipated Dimerization of Ce@C2v(9)-C82upon Co-crystallization with Ni(octaethylporphyrin) and Comparison with Monomeric M@C2v(9)-C82(M = La, Sc, and Y). Chemistry 2016; 22:18115-18122. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry; Josai University; Saitama 350-0295 Japan
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Gakugei University; Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Gakugei University; Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Gakugei University; Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Satoru Sato
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki 305-8588 Japan
| | - Yuta Takano
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS); Kyoto University; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Filip Uhlík
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Charles University in Prague; 128 43 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Slanina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; National Chung-Cheng University; Chia-Yi 62117 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Yongfu Lian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science; Heilongjiang University; Harbin 150080 P.R. China
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong; University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8103 Japan
| | - Marilyn M. Olmstead
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Alan L. Balch
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Takeshi Akasaka
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Gakugei University; Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki 305-8588 Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong; University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
- Foundation for Advancement of International Science; Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0821 Japan
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41
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Xu Z, Liang Z, Ding F. Isomerization of sp
2
‐hybridized carbon nanomaterials: structural transformation and topological defects of fullerene, carbon nanotube, and graphene. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Xu
- School of Materials Science & EngineeringJiangsu University Zhenjiang China
- Institute of Textiles and ClothingHong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China
| | - Zilin Liang
- Institute of Textiles and ClothingHong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China
| | - Feng Ding
- Institute of Textiles and ClothingHong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China
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42
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Yang H, Rutte RN, Jones L, Simson M, Sagawa R, Ryll H, Huth M, Pennycook TJ, Green MLH, Soltau H, Kondo Y, Davis BG, Nellist PD. Simultaneous atomic-resolution electron ptychography and Z-contrast imaging of light and heavy elements in complex nanostructures. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12532. [PMID: 27561914 PMCID: PMC5007440 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) has emerged as a key tool for atomic resolution characterization of materials, allowing the use of imaging modes such as Z-contrast and spectroscopic mapping. The STEM has not been regarded as optimal for the phase-contrast imaging necessary for efficient imaging of light materials. Here, recent developments in fast electron detectors and data processing capability is shown to enable electron ptychography, to extend the capability of the STEM by allowing quantitative phase images to be formed simultaneously with incoherent signals. We demonstrate this capability as a practical tool for imaging complex structures containing light and heavy elements, and use it to solve the structure of a beam-sensitive carbon nanostructure. The contrast of the phase image contrast is maximized through the post-acquisition correction of lens aberrations. The compensation of defocus aberrations is also used for the measurement of three-dimensional sample information through post-acquisition optical sectioning. The use of ptychography with electrons has been limited. Here, Yang et al. demonstrate that the combination of Z-contrast and phase imaging reveals the structure of complex nanomaterials. This practical tool can be used to solve the structure of a beam-sensitive carbon nanostructure at atomic-resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yang
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, UK
| | - R N Rutte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK
| | - L Jones
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, UK
| | - M Simson
- PNDetector GmbH, Sckellstrasse 3, 81667 München, Germany
| | - R Sagawa
- JEOL Ltd 3-1-2 Musashino Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - H Ryll
- PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 München, Germany
| | - M Huth
- PNDetector GmbH, Sckellstrasse 3, 81667 München, Germany
| | - T J Pennycook
- Department of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - M L H Green
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK
| | - H Soltau
- PNDetector GmbH, Sckellstrasse 3, 81667 München, Germany
| | - Y Kondo
- JEOL Ltd 3-1-2 Musashino Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - B G Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK
| | - P D Nellist
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, UK
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43
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Botos A, Biskupek J, Chamberlain TW, Rance GA, Stoppiello CT, Sloan J, Liu Z, Suenaga K, Kaiser U, Khlobystov AN. Carbon Nanotubes as Electrically Active Nanoreactors for Multi-Step Inorganic Synthesis: Sequential Transformations of Molecules to Nanoclusters and Nanoclusters to Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:8175-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akos Botos
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Biskupek
- Central
Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas W. Chamberlain
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Process Research Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Graham A. Rance
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Craig T. Stoppiello
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Sloan
- Warwick
Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Zheng Liu
- Nanomaterials
Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
- Inorganic
Functional Materials Research Institute National, Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
| | - Kazutomo Suenaga
- Nanomaterials
Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central
Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrei N. Khlobystov
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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44
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Salemi S, Akbarzadeh H, Abdollahzadeh S. Nano-confined ionic liquid [emim][PF6] between graphite sheets: A molecular dynamics study. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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Sanada K, Ube H, Shionoya M. Rotational Control of a Dirhodium-Centered Supramolecular Four-Gear System by Ligand Exchange. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2945-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Sanada
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-003, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ube
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-003, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Shionoya
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-003, Japan
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46
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Tizei LH, Iizumi Y, Okazaki T, Nakanishi R, Kitaura R, Shinohara H, Suenaga K. Single atom spectroscopy: Decreased scattering delocalization at high energy losses, effects of atomic movement and X-ray fluorescence yield. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 160:239-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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47
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Miners SA, Rance GA, Khlobystov AN. Chemical reactions confined within carbon nanotubes. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4727-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00090h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The confinement of molecules and catalysts inside carbon nanotubes affects the yield and distribution of products of preparative chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham A. Rance
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre
| | - Andrei N. Khlobystov
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre
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48
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Molecular interactions on single-walled carbon nanotubes revealed by high-resolution transmission microscopy. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7732. [PMID: 26173983 PMCID: PMC4518305 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The close solid-state structure–property relationships of organic π−aromatic molecules have attracted interest due to their implications for the design of organic functional materials. In particular, a dimeric structure, that is, a unit consisting of two molecules, is required for precisely evaluating intermolecular interactions. Here, we show that the sidewall of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) represents a unique molecular dimer platform that can be directly visualized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Pyrene is chosen as the π−aromatic molecule; its dimer is covalently linked to the SWNT sidewalls by aryl addition. Reflecting the orientation and separation of the two molecules, the pyrene dimer on the SWNT exhibits characteristic optical and photophysical properties. The methodology discussed here—form and probe molecular dimers—is highly promising for the creation of unique models and provides indispensable and fundamental information regarding molecular interactions. Probing local molecular properties is crucial for the rational designs of functional organic materials. Here, Umeyama et al. prepare a dimeric structure of a model π-aromatic compound on the sidewall of a carbon nanotube to be visualized by transmission electron microscopy at a single-molecule level.
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49
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Xu T, Sun L. Dynamic In-Situ Experimentation on Nanomaterials at the Atomic Scale. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:3247-3262. [PMID: 25703228 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201403236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
With the development of in situ techniques inside transmission electron microscopes (TEMs), external fields and probes can be applied to the specimen. This development transforms the TEM specimen chamber into a nanolab, in which reactions, structures, and properties can be activated or altered at the nanoscale, and all processes can be simultaneously recorded in real time with atomic resolution. Consequently, the capabilities of TEM are extended beyond static structural characterization to the dynamic observation of the changes in specimen structures or properties in response to environmental stimuli. This extension introduces new possibilities for understanding the relationships between structures, unique properties, and functions of nanomaterials at the atomic scale. Based on the idea of setting up a nanolab inside a TEM, tactics for design of in situ experiments inside the machine, as well as corresponding examples in nanomaterial research, including in situ growth, nanofabrication with atomic precision, in situ property characterization, and nanodevice construction are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
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50
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Gorgoll RM, Yücelen E, Kumamoto A, Shibata N, Harano K, Nakamura E. Electron Microscopic Observation of Selective Excitation of Conformational Change of a Single Organic Molecule. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:3474-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M. Gorgoll
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Emrah Yücelen
- FEI
Company, Europe NanoPort, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Akihito Kumamoto
- Institute
of Engineering Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Naoya Shibata
- Institute
of Engineering Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Koji Harano
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- CREST, JST, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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