1
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Harding-Larsen D, Funk J, Madsen NG, Gharabli H, Acevedo-Rocha CG, Mazurenko S, Welner DH. Protein representations: Encoding biological information for machine learning in biocatalysis. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 77:108459. [PMID: 39366493 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
Enzymes offer a more environmentally friendly and low-impact solution to conventional chemistry, but they often require additional engineering for their application in industrial settings, an endeavour that is challenging and laborious. To address this issue, the power of machine learning can be harnessed to produce predictive models that enable the in silico study and engineering of improved enzymatic properties. Such machine learning models, however, require the conversion of the complex biological information to a numerical input, also called protein representations. These inputs demand special attention to ensure the training of accurate and precise models, and, in this review, we therefore examine the critical step of encoding protein information to numeric representations for use in machine learning. We selected the most important approaches for encoding the three distinct biological protein representations - primary sequence, 3D structure, and dynamics - to explore their requirements for employment and inductive biases. Combined representations of proteins and substrates are also introduced as emergent tools in biocatalysis. We propose the division of fixed representations, a collection of rule-based encoding strategies, and learned representations extracted from the latent spaces of large neural networks. To select the most suitable protein representation, we propose two main factors to consider. The first one is the model setup, which is influenced by the size of the training dataset and the choice of architecture. The second factor is the model objectives such as consideration about the assayed property, the difference between wild-type models and mutant predictors, and requirements for explainability. This review is aimed at serving as a source of information and guidance for properly representing enzymes in future machine learning models for biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Harding-Larsen
- The Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Bygning 220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Funk
- The Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Bygning 220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niklas Gesmar Madsen
- The Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Bygning 220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hani Gharabli
- The Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Bygning 220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Carlos G Acevedo-Rocha
- The Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Bygning 220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stanislav Mazurenko
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ditte Hededam Welner
- The Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Bygning 220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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2
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Duran C, Casadevall G, Osuna S. Harnessing conformational dynamics in enzyme catalysis to achieve nature-like catalytic efficiencies: the shortest path map tool for computational enzyme redesign. Faraday Discuss 2024; 252:306-322. [PMID: 38910409 PMCID: PMC11389851 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00156c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Enzymes exhibit diverse conformations, as represented in the free energy landscape (FEL). Such conformational diversity provides enzymes with the ability to evolve towards novel functions. The challenge lies in identifying mutations that enhance specific conformational changes, especially if located in distal sites from the active site cavity. The shortest path map (SPM) method, which we developed to address this challenge, constructs a graph based on the distances and correlated motions of residues observed in nanosecond timescale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We recently introduced a template based AlphaFold2 (tAF2) approach coupled with 10 nanosecond MD simulations to quickly estimate the conformational landscape of enzymes and assess how the FEL is shifted after mutation. In this study, we evaluate the potential of SPM when coupled with tAF2-MD in estimating conformational heterogeneity and identifying key conformationally-relevant positions. The selected model system is the beta subunit of tryptophan synthase (TrpB). We compare how the SPM pathways differ when integrating tAF2 with different MD simulation lengths from as short as 10 ns until 50 ns and considering two distinct Amber forcefield and water models (ff14SB/TIP3P versus ff19SB/OPC). The new methodology can more effectively capture the distal mutations found in laboratory evolution, thus showcasing the efficacy of tAF2-MD-SPM in rapidly estimating enzyme dynamics and identifying the key conformationally relevant hotspots for computational enzyme engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Duran
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain.
| | - Guillem Casadevall
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain.
| | - Sílvia Osuna
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain.
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Hou M, Jin S, Cui X, Peng C, Zhao K, Song L, Zhang G. Protein Multiple Conformation Prediction Using Multi-Objective Evolution Algorithm. Interdiscip Sci 2024; 16:519-531. [PMID: 38190097 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-023-00597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The breakthrough of AlphaFold2 and the publication of AlphaFold DB represent a significant advance in the field of predicting static protein structures. However, AlphaFold2 models tend to represent a single static structure, and multiple-conformation prediction remains a challenge. In this work, we proposed a method named MultiSFold, which uses a distance-based multi-objective evolutionary algorithm to predict multiple conformations. To begin, multiple energy landscapes are constructed using different competing constraints generated by deep learning. Subsequently, an iterative modal exploration and exploitation strategy is designed to sample conformations, incorporating multi-objective optimization, geometric optimization and structural similarity clustering. Finally, the final population is generated using a loop-specific sampling strategy to adjust the spatial orientations. MultiSFold was evaluated against state-of-the-art methods using a benchmark set containing 80 protein targets, each characterized by two representative conformational states. Based on the proposed metric, MultiSFold achieves a remarkable success ratio of 56.25% in predicting multiple conformations, while AlphaFold2 only achieves 10.00%, which may indicate that conformational sampling combined with knowledge gained through deep learning has the potential to generate conformations spanning the range between different conformational states. In addition, MultiSFold was tested on 244 human proteins with low structural accuracy in AlphaFold DB to test whether it could further improve the accuracy of static structures. The experimental results demonstrate the performance of MultiSFold, with a TM-score better than that of AlphaFold2 by 2.97% and RoseTTAFold by 7.72%. The online server is at http://zhanglab-bioinf.com/MultiSFold .
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Hou
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Sirong Jin
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Xinyue Cui
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Chunxiang Peng
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Kailong Zhao
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Le Song
- BioMap & MBZUAI, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Guijun Zhang
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China.
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4
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Sultana F, Ghosh A. Exploring the evolutionary landscape and structural resonances of ferritin with insights into functional significance in plant. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00173-1. [PMID: 39047810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The mineral iron plays a crucial role in facilitating the optimal functioning of numerous biological processes within the cellular environment. These processes involve the transportation of oxygen, energy production, immune system functioning, cognitive abilities, and muscle function. However, it is crucial to note that excessive levels of iron can result in oxidative damage within cells, primarily through Fenton reactions. Iron availability and toxicity present significant challenges that have been addressed through evolution. Ferritin is an essential protein that stores iron and is divided into different subfamilies, including DNA-binding proteins under starvation (Dps), bacterioferritin, and classical ferritin. Ferritin plays a critical role in maintaining cellular balance and protecting against oxidative damage. This study delves into ferritin's evolutionary dynamics across diverse taxa, emphasizing structural features and regulatory mechanisms. Insights into ferritin's evolution and functional diversity are gained through phylogenetic and structural analysis in bacterial Dps, bacterioferritin, and classical ferritin proteins. Additionally, the involvement of ferritin in plant stress responses and development is explored. Analysis of ferritin gene expression across various developmental stages and stress conditions provides insights into its regulatory roles. This comprehensive exploration enhances our understanding of ferritin's significance in plant biology, offering insights into its evolutionary history, structural diversity, and protective mechanisms against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmida Sultana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Ajit Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh.
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5
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Schnettler JD, Wang MS, Gantz M, Bunzel HA, Karas C, Hollfelder F, Hecht MH. Selection of a promiscuous minimalist cAMP phosphodiesterase from a library of de novo designed proteins. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1200-1208. [PMID: 38702405 PMCID: PMC11230910 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01490-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The ability of unevolved amino acid sequences to become biological catalysts was key to the emergence of life on Earth. However, billions of years of evolution separate complex modern enzymes from their simpler early ancestors. To probe how unevolved sequences can develop new functions, we use ultrahigh-throughput droplet microfluidics to screen for phosphoesterase activity amidst a library of more than one million sequences based on a de novo designed 4-helix bundle. Characterization of hits revealed that acquisition of function involved a large jump in sequence space enriching for truncations that removed >40% of the protein chain. Biophysical characterization of a catalytically active truncated protein revealed that it dimerizes into an α-helical structure, with the gain of function accompanied by increased structural dynamics. The identified phosphodiesterase is a manganese-dependent metalloenzyme that hydrolyses a range of phosphodiesters. It is most active towards cyclic AMP, with a rate acceleration of ~109 and a catalytic proficiency of >1014 M-1, comparable to larger enzymes shaped by billions of years of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael S Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Maximilian Gantz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H Adrian Bunzel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christina Karas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | | | - Michael H Hecht
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, USA.
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6
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Wang Z, Zhang S, Xu Q, Li Z, Gu X, Wood K, García Sakai V, Wan Q, Chu XQ. Experimental Evidence for the Role of Dynamics in pH-Dependent Enzymatic Activity. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:5814-5822. [PMID: 38726956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Enzymatic activity is heavily influenced by pH, but the rationale for the dynamical mechanism of pH-dependent enzymatic activity has not been fully understood. In this work, combined neutron scattering techniques, including quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS), are used to study the structural and dynamic changes of a model enzyme, xylanase, under different pH and temperature environments. The QENS results reveal that xylanase at optimal pH exhibits faster relaxational dynamics and a lower energy barrier between conformational substates. The SANS results demonstrate that pH affects both xylanase's stability and monodispersity. Our findings indicate that enzymes have optimized stability and function under their optimal pH conditions, with both structure and dynamics being affected. The current study offers valuable insights into enzymatic functionality mechanisms, allowing for broad industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Wang
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengkai Zhang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Institute of Advanced Science Facilities, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Qin Xu
- College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xudong Gu
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kathleen Wood
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Victoria García Sakai
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Qun Wan
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizer, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Qiang Chu
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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7
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Jacquet P, Billot R, Shimon A, Hoekstra N, Bergonzi C, Jenks A, Chabrière E, Daudé D, Elias MH. Changes in Active Site Loop Conformation Relate to the Transition toward a Novel Enzymatic Activity. JACS AU 2024; 4:1941-1953. [PMID: 38818068 PMCID: PMC11134384 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Enzymatic promiscuity, the ability of enzymes to catalyze multiple, distinct chemical reactions, has been well documented and is hypothesized to be a major driver of the emergence of new enzymatic functions. Yet, the molecular mechanisms involved in the transition from one activity to another remain debated and elusive. Here, we evaluated the redesign of the active site binding cleft of lactonase SsoPox using structure-based design and combinatorial libraries. We created variants with largely improved catalytic abilities against phosphotriesters, the best ones being >1000-fold better compared to the wild-type enzyme. The observed shifts in activity specificity are large, and some variants completely lost their initial activity. The selected combinations of mutations have considerably reshaped the active site cavity via side chain changes but mostly through large rearrangements of the active site loops and changes to their conformations, as revealed by a suite of crystal structures. This suggests that a specific active site loop configuration is critical to the lactonase activity. Interestingly, analysis of high-resolution structures hints at the potential role of conformational sampling and its directionality in defining the enzyme activity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raphaël Billot
- Gene&GreenTK, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Amir Shimon
- Biotechnology
Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Nathan Hoekstra
- Biotechnology
Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Céline Bergonzi
- Gene&GreenTK, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France
- Biotechnology
Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Anthony Jenks
- Department
of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics & Biotechnology
Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Eric Chabrière
- Gene&GreenTK, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France
- Aix
Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13005, France
| | - David Daudé
- Gene&GreenTK, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Mikael H. Elias
- Biotechnology
Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics & Biotechnology
Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
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8
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Ose NJ, Campitelli P, Modi T, Kazan IC, Kumar S, Ozkan SB. Some mechanistic underpinnings of molecular adaptations of SARS-COV-2 spike protein by integrating candidate adaptive polymorphisms with protein dynamics. eLife 2024; 12:RP92063. [PMID: 38713502 PMCID: PMC11076047 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
We integrate evolutionary predictions based on the neutral theory of molecular evolution with protein dynamics to generate mechanistic insight into the molecular adaptations of the SARS-COV-2 spike (S) protein. With this approach, we first identified candidate adaptive polymorphisms (CAPs) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and assessed the impact of these CAPs through dynamics analysis. Not only have we found that CAPs frequently overlap with well-known functional sites, but also, using several different dynamics-based metrics, we reveal the critical allosteric interplay between SARS-CoV-2 CAPs and the S protein binding sites with the human ACE2 (hACE2) protein. CAPs interact far differently with the hACE2 binding site residues in the open conformation of the S protein compared to the closed form. In particular, the CAP sites control the dynamics of binding residues in the open state, suggesting an allosteric control of hACE2 binding. We also explored the characteristic mutations of different SARS-CoV-2 strains to find dynamic hallmarks and potential effects of future mutations. Our analyses reveal that Delta strain-specific variants have non-additive (i.e., epistatic) interactions with CAP sites, whereas the less pathogenic Omicron strains have mostly additive mutations. Finally, our dynamics-based analysis suggests that the novel mutations observed in the Omicron strain epistatically interact with the CAP sites to help escape antibody binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas James Ose
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Paul Campitelli
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Tushar Modi
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - I Can Kazan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Department of Biology, Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Center for Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Sefika Banu Ozkan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
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9
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Pu Z, Cao J, Wu W, Song Z, Yang L, Wu J, Yu H. Reconstructing dynamics correlation network to simultaneously improve activity and stability of 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase by design of distal interchain disulfide bonds. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131415. [PMID: 38582485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The complete enzyme catalytic cycle includes substrate binding, chemical reaction and product release, in which different dynamic conformations are adopted. Due to the complex relationship among enzyme activity, stability and dynamics, the directed evolution of enzymes for improved activity or stability commonly leads to a trade-off in stability or activity. It hence remains a challenge to engineer an enzyme to have both enhanced activity and stability. Here, we have attempted to reconstruct the dynamics correlation network involved with active center to improve both activity and stability of a 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase (2,3-BDH) by introducing inter-chain disulfide bonds. A computational strategy was first applied to evaluate the effect of introducing inter-chain disulfide bond on activity and stability of three 2,3-BDHs, and the N258C mutation of 2,3-BDH from Corynebacterium glutamicum (CgBDH) was proved to be effective in improving both activity and stability. In the results, CgBDH-N258C showed a different unfolding curve from the wild type, with two melting temperatures (Tm) of 68.3 °C and 50.8 °C, 19.7 °C and 2 °C higher than 48.6 °C of the wild type. Its half-life was also improved by 14.8-fold compared to the wild type. Catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of the mutant was increased by 7.9-fold toward native substrate diacetyl and 8.8-fold toward non-native substrate 2,5-hexanedione compared to the wild type. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that an interaction network formed by Cys258, Arg162, Ala144 and the catalytic residues was reconstructed in the mutant and the dynamics change caused by the disulfide bond could be propagated through the interactions network. This improved the enzyme stability and activity by decreasing the flexibility and locking more "reactive" pose, respectively. Further construction of mutations including A144G showing a 44-fold improvement in catalytic efficiency toward meso-2,3-BD confirmed the role of modifying dynamics correlation network in tunning enzyme activity and selectivity. This study provided important insights into the relationship among dynamics, enzyme catalysis and stability, and will be useful in the designing new enzymes with co-evolution of stability, activity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongji Pu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China; Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, China
| | - Jiawen Cao
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Wenhui Wu
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China
| | - Zhongdi Song
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Lirong Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China.
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10
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Meger AT, Spence MA, Sandhu M, Matthews D, Chen J, Jackson CJ, Raman S. Rugged fitness landscapes minimize promiscuity in the evolution of transcriptional repressors. Cell Syst 2024; 15:374-387.e6. [PMID: 38537640 PMCID: PMC11299162 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
How a protein's function influences the shape of its fitness landscape, smooth or rugged, is a fundamental question in evolutionary biochemistry. Smooth landscapes arise when incremental mutational steps lead to a progressive change in function, as commonly seen in enzymes and binding proteins. On the other hand, rugged landscapes are poorly understood because of the inherent unpredictability of how sequence changes affect function. Here, we experimentally characterize the entire sequence phylogeny, comprising 1,158 extant and ancestral sequences, of the DNA-binding domain (DBD) of the LacI/GalR transcriptional repressor family. Our analysis revealed an extremely rugged landscape with rapid switching of specificity, even between adjacent nodes. Further, the ruggedness arises due to the necessity of the repressor to simultaneously evolve specificity for asymmetric operators and disfavors potentially adverse regulatory crosstalk. Our study provides fundamental insight into evolutionary, molecular, and biophysical rules of genetic regulation through the lens of fitness landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Meger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Matthew A Spence
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Mahakaran Sandhu
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Dana Matthews
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jackie Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Colin J Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide & Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Synthetic Biology, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Srivatsan Raman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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11
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Kozome D, Sljoka A, Laurino P. Remote loop evolution reveals a complex biological function for chitinase enzymes beyond the active site. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3227. [PMID: 38622119 PMCID: PMC11018821 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47588-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Loops are small secondary structural elements that play a crucial role in the emergence of new enzyme functions. However, the evolutionary molecular mechanisms how proteins acquire these loop elements and obtain new function is poorly understood. To address this question, we study glycoside hydrolase family 19 (GH19) chitinase-an essential enzyme family for pathogen degradation in plants. By revealing the evolutionary history and loops appearance of GH19 chitinase, we discover that one loop which is remote from the catalytic site, is necessary to acquire the new antifungal activity. We demonstrate that this remote loop directly accesses the fungal cell wall, and surprisingly, it needs to adopt a defined structure supported by long-range intramolecular interactions to perform its function. Our findings prove that nature applies this strategy at the molecular level to achieve a complex biological function while maintaining the original activity in the catalytic pocket, suggesting an alternative way to design new enzyme function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Kozome
- Protein Engineering and Evolution Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Adnan Sljoka
- Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, Tokyo, 103-0027, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Paola Laurino
- Protein Engineering and Evolution Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
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12
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Wiśniewski M, Babirye P, Musubika C, Papakonstantinou E, Kirimunda S, Łaźniewski M, Szczepińska T, Joloba ML, Eliopoulos E, Bongcam-Rudloff E, Vlachakis D, Kumar Halder A, Plewczyński D, Wayengera M. Use of in silico approaches, synthesis and profiling of Pan-filovirus GP-1,2 preprotein specific antibodies. Brief Funct Genomics 2024:elae012. [PMID: 38605526 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Intermolecular interactions of protein-protein complexes play a principal role in the process of discovering new substances used in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. Among such complexes of proteins, we have to mention antibodies; they interact with specific antigens of two genera of single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the family Filoviridae-Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus; both cause rare but fatal viral hemorrhagic fever in Africa, with pandemic potential. In this research, we conduct studies aimed at the design and evaluation of antibodies targeting the filovirus glycoprotein precursor GP-1,2 to develop potential targets for the pan-filovirus easy-to-use rapid diagnostic tests. The in silico research using the available 3D structure of the natural antibody-antigen complex was carried out to determine the stability of individual protein segments in the process of its formation and maintenance. The computed free binding energy of the complex and its decomposition for all amino acids allowed us to define the residues that play an essential role in the structure and indicated the spots where potential antibodies can be improved. Following that, the study involved targeting six epitopes of the filovirus GP1,2 with two polyclonal antibodies (pABs) and 14 monoclonal antibodies (mABs). The evaluation conducted using Enzyme Immunoassays tested 62 different sandwich combinations of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), identifying 10 combinations that successfully captured the recombinant GP1,2 (rGP). Among these combinations, the sandwich option (3G2G12* - (rGP) - 2D8F11) exhibited the highest propensity for capturing the rGP antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Wiśniewski
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Genomics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peace Babirye
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Old Mulago Hill Road P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Carol Musubika
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Old Mulago Hill Road P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eleni Papakonstantinou
- Genetics Laboratory, Biotechnology Department, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology,Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 7511855 Athens, Greece
| | - Samuel Kirimunda
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Old Mulago Hill Road P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michal Łaźniewski
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Genomics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Szczepińska
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Genomics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Moses L Joloba
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Old Mulago Hill Road P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Elias Eliopoulos
- Genetics Laboratory, Biotechnology Department, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology,Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 7511855 Athens, Greece
| | - Erik Bongcam-Rudloff
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Bioinformatics section, Swedish University for Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 26, PO Box 7023, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Genetics Laboratory, Biotechnology Department, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 7511855 Athens, Greece
| | - Anup Kumar Halder
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Genomics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics, Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Plewczyński
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Genomics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics, Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Misaki Wayengera
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Old Mulago Hill Road P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
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13
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Rakotoharisoa RV, Seifinoferest B, Zarifi N, Miller JDM, Rodriguez JM, Thompson MC, Chica RA. Design of Efficient Artificial Enzymes Using Crystallographically Enhanced Conformational Sampling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10001-10013. [PMID: 38532610 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The ability to create efficient artificial enzymes for any chemical reaction is of great interest. Here, we describe a computational design method for increasing the catalytic efficiency of de novo enzymes by several orders of magnitude without relying on directed evolution and high-throughput screening. Using structural ensembles generated from dynamics-based refinement against X-ray diffraction data collected from crystals of Kemp eliminases HG3 (kcat/KM 125 M-1 s-1) and KE70 (kcat/KM 57 M-1 s-1), we design from each enzyme ≤10 sequences predicted to catalyze this reaction more efficiently. The most active designs display kcat/KM values improved by 100-250-fold, comparable to mutants obtained after screening thousands of variants in multiple rounds of directed evolution. Crystal structures show excellent agreement with computational models, with catalytic contacts present as designed and transition-state root-mean-square deviations of ≤0.65 Å. Our work shows how ensemble-based design can generate efficient artificial enzymes by exploiting the true conformational ensemble to design improved active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojo V Rakotoharisoa
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Behnoush Seifinoferest
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Niayesh Zarifi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jack D M Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Joshua M Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Michael C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Roberto A Chica
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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14
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Breeze CW, Nakano Y, Campbell EC, Frkic RL, Lupton DW, Jackson CJ. Mononuclear binding and catalytic activity of europium(III) and gadolinium(III) at the active site of the model metalloenzyme phosphotriesterase. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2024; 80:289-298. [PMID: 38512071 PMCID: PMC10994177 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798324002316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Lanthanide ions have ideal chemical properties for catalysis, such as hard Lewis acidity, fast ligand-exchange kinetics, high coordination-number preferences and low geometric requirements for coordination. As a result, many small-molecule lanthanide catalysts have been described in the literature. Yet, despite the ability of enzymes to catalyse highly stereoselective reactions under gentle conditions, very few lanthanoenzymes have been investigated. In this work, the mononuclear binding of europium(III) and gadolinium(III) to the active site of a mutant of the model enzyme phosphotriesterase are described using X-ray crystallography at 1.78 and 1.61 Å resolution, respectively. It is also shown that despite coordinating a single non-natural metal cation, the PTE-R18 mutant is still able to maintain esterase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum W. Breeze
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yuji Nakano
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Eleanor C. Campbell
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Rebecca L. Frkic
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - David W. Lupton
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Colin J. Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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15
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Brissos V, Borges PT, Sancho F, Lucas MF, Frazão C, Conzuelo F, Martins LO. Flexible active-site loops fine-tune substrate specificity of hyperthermophilic metallo-oxidases. J Biol Inorg Chem 2024; 29:339-351. [PMID: 38227199 PMCID: PMC11111587 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-023-02040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Hyperthermophilic ('superheat-loving') archaea found in high-temperature environments such as Pyrobaculum aerophilum contain multicopper oxidases (MCOs) with remarkable efficiency for oxidizing cuprous and ferrous ions. In this work, directed evolution was used to expand the substrate specificity of P. aerophilum McoP for organic substrates. Six rounds of error-prone PCR and DNA shuffling followed by high-throughput screening lead to the identification of a hit variant with a 220-fold increased efficiency (kcat/Km) than the wild-type for 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) without compromising its intrinsic activity for metal ions. The analysis of the X-ray crystal structure reveals four proximal mutations close to the T1Cu active site. One of these mutations is within the 23-residues loop that occludes this site, a distinctive feature of prokaryotic MCOs. The increased flexibility of this loop results in an enlarged tunnel and one additional pocket that facilitates bulky substrate-enzyme interactions. These findings underscore the synergy between mutations that modulate the dynamics of the active-site loop enabling enhanced catalytic function. This study highlights the potential of targeting loops close to the T1Cu for engineering improvements suitable for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Brissos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Patrícia T Borges
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ferran Sancho
- Zymvol Biomodeling, C/ Pau Claris, 94, 3B, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Frazão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Felipe Conzuelo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Lígia O Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
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16
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Schmutzer M, Dasmeh P, Wagner A. Frustration can Limit the Adaptation of Promiscuous Enzymes Through Gene Duplication and Specialisation. J Mol Evol 2024; 92:104-120. [PMID: 38470504 PMCID: PMC10978624 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-024-10161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Virtually all enzymes catalyse more than one reaction, a phenomenon known as enzyme promiscuity. It is unclear whether promiscuous enzymes are more often generalists that catalyse multiple reactions at similar rates or specialists that catalyse one reaction much more efficiently than other reactions. In addition, the factors that shape whether an enzyme evolves to be a generalist or a specialist are poorly understood. To address these questions, we follow a three-pronged approach. First, we examine the distribution of promiscuity in empirical enzymes reported in the BRENDA database. We find that the promiscuity distribution of empirical enzymes is bimodal. In other words, a large fraction of promiscuous enzymes are either generalists or specialists, with few intermediates. Second, we demonstrate that enzyme biophysics is not sufficient to explain this bimodal distribution. Third, we devise a constraint-based model of promiscuous enzymes undergoing duplication and facing selection pressures favouring subfunctionalization. The model posits the existence of constraints between the catalytic efficiencies of an enzyme for different reactions and is inspired by empirical case studies. The promiscuity distribution predicted by our constraint-based model is consistent with the empirical bimodal distribution. Our results suggest that subfunctionalization is possible and beneficial only in certain enzymes. Furthermore, the model predicts that conflicting constraints and selection pressures can cause promiscuous enzymes to enter a 'frustrated' state, in which competing interactions limit the specialisation of enzymes. We find that frustration can be both a driver and an inhibitor of enzyme evolution by duplication and subfunctionalization. In addition, our model predicts that frustration becomes more likely as enzymes catalyse more reactions, implying that natural selection may prefer catalytically simple enzymes. In sum, our results suggest that frustration may play an important role in enzyme evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schmutzer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pouria Dasmeh
- Center for Human Genetics, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Wagner
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA.
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17
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Smith N, Dasgupta M, Wych DC, Dolamore C, Sierra RG, Lisova S, Marchany-Rivera D, Cohen AE, Boutet S, Hunter MS, Kupitz C, Poitevin F, Moss FR, Mittan-Moreau DW, Brewster AS, Sauter NK, Young ID, Wolff AM, Tiwari VK, Kumar N, Berkowitz DB, Hadt RG, Thompson MC, Follmer AH, Wall ME, Wilson MA. Changes in an enzyme ensemble during catalysis observed by high-resolution XFEL crystallography. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk7201. [PMID: 38536910 PMCID: PMC10971408 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk7201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Enzymes populate ensembles of structures necessary for catalysis that are difficult to experimentally characterize. We use time-resolved mix-and-inject serial crystallography at an x-ray free electron laser to observe catalysis in a designed mutant isocyanide hydratase (ICH) enzyme that enhances sampling of important minor conformations. The active site exists in a mixture of conformations, and formation of the thioimidate intermediate selects for catalytically competent substates. The influence of cysteine ionization on the ICH ensemble is validated by determining structures of the enzyme at multiple pH values. Large molecular dynamics simulations in crystallo and time-resolved electron density maps show that Asp17 ionizes during catalysis and causes conformational changes that propagate across the dimer, permitting water to enter the active site for intermediate hydrolysis. ICH exhibits a tight coupling between ionization of active site residues and catalysis-activated protein motions, exemplifying a mechanism of electrostatic control of enzyme dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Medhanjali Dasgupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - David C. Wych
- Computer, Computational, and Statistical Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 875405, USA
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Cole Dolamore
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Raymond G. Sierra
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Stella Lisova
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Darya Marchany-Rivera
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Aina E. Cohen
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Mark S. Hunter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Christopher Kupitz
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Frédéric Poitevin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Frank R. Moss
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - David W. Mittan-Moreau
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Aaron S. Brewster
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas K. Sauter
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Iris D. Young
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alexander M. Wolff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, CA 95340, USA
| | - Virendra K. Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Nivesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - David B. Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Michael C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, CA 95340, USA
| | - Alec H. Follmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Michael E. Wall
- Computer, Computational, and Statistical Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 875405, USA
| | - Mark A. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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18
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Meller A, Kelly D, Smith LG, Bowman GR. Toward physics-based precision medicine: Exploiting protein dynamics to design new therapeutics and interpret variants. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4902. [PMID: 38358129 PMCID: PMC10868452 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The goal of precision medicine is to utilize our knowledge of the molecular causes of disease to better diagnose and treat patients. However, there is a substantial mismatch between the small number of food and drug administration (FDA)-approved drugs and annotated coding variants compared to the needs of precision medicine. This review introduces the concept of physics-based precision medicine, a scalable framework that promises to improve our understanding of sequence-function relationships and accelerate drug discovery. We show that accounting for the ensemble of structures a protein adopts in solution with computer simulations overcomes many of the limitations imposed by assuming a single protein structure. We highlight studies of protein dynamics and recent methods for the analysis of structural ensembles. These studies demonstrate that differences in conformational distributions predict functional differences within protein families and between variants. Thanks to new computational tools that are providing unprecedented access to protein structural ensembles, this insight may enable accurate predictions of variant pathogenicity for entire libraries of variants. We further show that explicitly accounting for protein ensembles, with methods like alchemical free energy calculations or docking to Markov state models, can uncover novel lead compounds. To conclude, we demonstrate that cryptic pockets, or cavities absent in experimental structures, provide an avenue to target proteins that are currently considered undruggable. Taken together, our review provides a roadmap for the field of protein science to accelerate precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Meller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiophysicsWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Medical Scientist Training ProgramWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Departments of Biochemistry & Biophysics and BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Devin Kelly
- Departments of Biochemistry & Biophysics and BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Louis G. Smith
- Departments of Biochemistry & Biophysics and BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Gregory R. Bowman
- Departments of Biochemistry & Biophysics and BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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19
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Fröhlich C, Bunzel HA, Buda K, Mulholland AJ, van der Kamp MW, Johnsen PJ, Leiros HKS, Tokuriki N. Epistasis arises from shifting the rate-limiting step during enzyme evolution of a β-lactamase. Nat Catal 2024; 7:499-509. [PMID: 38828429 PMCID: PMC11136654 DOI: 10.1038/s41929-024-01117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Epistasis, the non-additive effect of mutations, can provide combinatorial improvements to enzyme activity that substantially exceed the gains from individual mutations. Yet the molecular mechanisms of epistasis remain elusive, undermining our ability to predict pathogen evolution and engineer biocatalysts. Here we reveal how directed evolution of a β-lactamase yielded highly epistatic activity enhancements. Evolution selected four mutations that increase antibiotic resistance 40-fold, despite their marginal individual effects (≤2-fold). Synergistic improvements coincided with the introduction of super-stochiometric burst kinetics, indicating that epistasis is rooted in the enzyme's conformational dynamics. Our analysis reveals that epistasis stemmed from distinct effects of each mutation on the catalytic cycle. The initial mutation increased protein flexibility and accelerated substrate binding, which is rate-limiting in the wild-type enzyme. Subsequent mutations predominantly boosted the chemical steps by fine-tuning substrate interactions. Our work identifies an overlooked cause for epistasis: changing the rate-limiting step can result in substantial synergy that boosts enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H. Adrian Bunzel
- Department of Biosystem Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Karol Buda
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - Adrian J. Mulholland
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marc W. van der Kamp
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Pål J. Johnsen
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Nobuhiko Tokuriki
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
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20
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Ose NJ, Campitelli P, Modi T, Can Kazan I, Kumar S, Banu Ozkan S. Some mechanistic underpinnings of molecular adaptations of SARS-COV-2 spike protein by integrating candidate adaptive polymorphisms with protein dynamics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.14.557827. [PMID: 37745560 PMCID: PMC10515954 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.14.557827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
We integrate evolutionary predictions based on the neutral theory of molecular evolution with protein dynamics to generate mechanistic insight into the molecular adaptations of the SARS-COV-2 Spike (S) protein. With this approach, we first identified Candidate Adaptive Polymorphisms (CAPs) of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and assessed the impact of these CAPs through dynamics analysis. Not only have we found that CAPs frequently overlap with well-known functional sites, but also, using several different dynamics-based metrics, we reveal the critical allosteric interplay between SARS-CoV-2 CAPs and the S protein binding sites with the human ACE2 (hACE2) protein. CAPs interact far differently with the hACE2 binding site residues in the open conformation of the S protein compared to the closed form. In particular, the CAP sites control the dynamics of binding residues in the open state, suggesting an allosteric control of hACE2 binding. We also explored the characteristic mutations of different SARS-CoV-2 strains to find dynamic hallmarks and potential effects of future mutations. Our analyses reveal that Delta strain-specific variants have non-additive (i.e., epistatic) interactions with CAP sites, whereas the less pathogenic Omicron strains have mostly additive mutations. Finally, our dynamics-based analysis suggests that the novel mutations observed in the Omicron strain epistatically interact with the CAP sites to help escape antibody binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Ose
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Paul Campitelli
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tushar Modi
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - I. Can Kazan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - S. Banu Ozkan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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21
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Casadevall G, Casadevall J, Duran C, Osuna S. The shortest path method (SPM) webserver for computational enzyme design. Protein Eng Des Sel 2024; 37:gzae005. [PMID: 38431867 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
SPMweb is the online webserver of the Shortest Path Map (SPM) tool for identifying the key conformationally-relevant positions of a given enzyme structure and dynamics. The server is built on top of the DynaComm.py code and enables the calculation and visualization of the SPM pathways. SPMweb is easy-to-use as it only requires three input files: the three-dimensional structure of the protein of interest, and the two matrices (distance and correlation) previously computed from a Molecular Dynamics simulation. We provide in this publication information on how to generate the files for SPM construction even for non-expert users and discuss the most relevant parameters that can be modified. The tool is extremely fast (it takes less than one minute per job), thus allowing the rapid identification of distal positions connected to the active site pocket of the enzyme. SPM applications expand from computational enzyme design, especially if combined with other tools to identify the preferred substitution at the identified position, but also to rationalizing allosteric regulation, and even cryptic pocket identification for drug discovery. The simple user interface and setup make the SPM tool accessible to the whole scientific community. SPMweb is freely available for academia at http://spmosuna.com/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Casadevall
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, Girona 17003, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Duran
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, Girona 17003, Spain
| | - Sílvia Osuna
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, Girona 17003, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
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22
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Crean RM, Corbella M, Calixto AR, Hengge AC, Kamerlin SCL. Sequence - dynamics - function relationships in protein tyrosine phosphatases. QRB DISCOVERY 2024; 5:e4. [PMID: 38689874 PMCID: PMC11058592 DOI: 10.1017/qrd.2024.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are crucial regulators of cellular signaling. Their activity is regulated by the motion of a conserved loop, the WPD-loop, from a catalytically inactive open to a catalytically active closed conformation. WPD-loop motion optimally positions a catalytically critical residue into the active site, and is directly linked to the turnover number of these enzymes. Crystal structures of chimeric PTPs constructed by grafting parts of the WPD-loop sequence of PTP1B onto the scaffold of YopH showed WPD-loops in a wide-open conformation never previously observed in either parent enzyme. This wide-open conformation has, however, been observed upon binding of small molecule inhibitors to other PTPs, suggesting the potential of targeting it for drug discovery efforts. Here, we have performed simulations of both enzymes and show that there are negligible energetic differences in the chemical step of catalysis, but significant differences in the dynamical properties of the WPD-loop. Detailed interaction network analysis provides insight into the molecular basis for this population shift to a wide-open conformation. Taken together, our study provides insight into the links between loop dynamics and chemistry in these YopH variants specifically, and how WPD-loop dynamic can be engineered through modification of the internal protein interaction network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory M. Crean
- Department of Chemistry – BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marina Corbella
- Department of Chemistry – BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana R. Calixto
- Department of Chemistry – BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alvan C. Hengge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Shina C. L. Kamerlin
- Department of Chemistry – BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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23
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Dangat Y, Freindorf M, Kraka E. Mechanistic Insights into S-Depalmitolyse Activity of Cln5 Protein Linked to Neurodegeneration and Batten Disease: A QM/MM Study. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:145-158. [PMID: 38055807 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Ceroid lipofuscinosis neuronal protein 5 (Cln5) is encoded by the CLN5 gene. The genetic variants of this gene are associated with the CLN5 form of Batten disease. Recently, the first crystal structure of Cln5 was reported. Cln5 shows cysteine palmitoyl thioesterase S-depalmitoylation activity, which was explored via fluorescent emission spectroscopy utilizing the fluorescent probe DDP-5. In this work, the mechanism of the reaction between Cln5 and DDP-5 was studied computationally by applying a QM/MM methodology at the ωB97X-D/6-31G(d,p):AMBER level. The results of our study clearly demonstrate the critical role of the catalytic triad Cys280-His166-Glu183 in S-depalmitoylation activity. This is evidenced through a comparison of the pathways catalyzed by the Cys280-His166-Glu183 triad and those with only Cys280 involved. The computed reaction barriers are in agreement with the catalytic efficiency. The calculated Gibb's free-energy profile suggests that S-depalmitoylation is a rate-limiting step compared to the preceding S-palmitoylation, with barriers of 26.1 and 25.3 kcal/mol, respectively. The energetics were complemented by monitoring the fluctuations in the electron density distribution through NBO charges and bond strength alterations via local mode stretching force constants during the catalytic pathways. This comprehensive protocol led to a more holistic picture of the reaction mechanism at the atomic level. It forms the foundation for future studies on the effects of gene mutations on both the S-palmitoylation and S-depalmitoylation steps, providing valuable data for the further development of enzyme replacement therapy, which is currently the only FDA-approved therapy for childhood neurodegenerative diseases, including Batten disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuvraj Dangat
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Marek Freindorf
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Elfi Kraka
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
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24
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Borsley S, Gallagher JM, Leigh DA, Roberts BMW. Ratcheting synthesis. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:8-29. [PMID: 38102412 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemistry has traditionally relied on reactions between reactants of high chemical potential and transformations that proceed energetically downhill to either a global or local minimum (thermodynamic or kinetic control). Catalysts can be used to manipulate kinetic control, lowering activation energies to influence reaction outcomes. However, such chemistry is still constrained by the shape of one-dimensional reaction coordinates. Coupling synthesis to an orthogonal energy input can allow ratcheting of chemical reaction outcomes, reminiscent of the ways that molecular machines ratchet random thermal motion to bias conformational dynamics. This fundamentally distinct approach to synthesis allows multi-dimensional potential energy surfaces to be navigated, enabling reaction outcomes that cannot be achieved under conventional kinetic or thermodynamic control. In this Review, we discuss how ratcheted synthesis is ubiquitous throughout biology and consider how chemists might harness ratchet mechanisms to accelerate catalysis, drive chemical reactions uphill and programme complex reaction sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Borsley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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25
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Buda K, Miton CM, Tokuriki N. Pervasive epistasis exposes intramolecular networks in adaptive enzyme evolution. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8508. [PMID: 38129396 PMCID: PMC10739712 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme evolution is characterized by constant alterations of the intramolecular residue networks supporting their functions. The rewiring of these network interactions can give rise to epistasis. As mutations accumulate, the epistasis observed across diverse genotypes may appear idiosyncratic, that is, exhibit unique effects in different genetic backgrounds. Here, we unveil a quantitative picture of the prevalence and patterns of epistasis in enzyme evolution by analyzing 41 fitness landscapes generated from seven enzymes. We show that >94% of all mutational and epistatic effects appear highly idiosyncratic, which greatly distorted the functional prediction of the evolved enzymes. By examining seemingly idiosyncratic changes in epistasis along adaptive trajectories, we expose several instances of higher-order, intramolecular rewiring. Using complementary structural data, we outline putative molecular mechanisms explaining higher-order epistasis along two enzyme trajectories. Our work emphasizes the prevalence of epistasis and provides an approach to exploring this phenomenon through a molecular lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Buda
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Charlotte M Miton
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nobuhiko Tokuriki
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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26
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Rakotoharisoa RV, Seifinoferest B, Zarifi N, Miller JD, Rodriguez JM, Thompson MC, Chica RA. Design of efficient artificial enzymes using crystallographically-enhanced conformational sampling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.01.564846. [PMID: 37961474 PMCID: PMC10635043 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.01.564846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to create efficient artificial enzymes for any chemical reaction is of great interest. Here, we describe a computational design method for increasing catalytic efficiency of de novo enzymes to a level comparable to their natural counterparts without relying on directed evolution. Using structural ensembles generated from dynamics-based refinement against X-ray diffraction data collected from crystals of Kemp eliminases HG3 (kcat/KM 125 M-1 s-1) and KE70 (kcat/KM 57 M-1 s-1), we design from each enzyme ≤10 sequences predicted to catalyze this reaction more efficiently. The most active designs display kcat/KM values improved by 100-250-fold, comparable to mutants obtained after screening thousands of variants in multiple rounds of directed evolution. Crystal structures show excellent agreement with computational models. Our work shows how computational design can generate efficient artificial enzymes by exploiting the true conformational ensemble to more effectively stabilize the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojo V. Rakotoharisoa
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Behnoush Seifinoferest
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Niayesh Zarifi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Jack D.M. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Joshua M. Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Michael C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Roberto A. Chica
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
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27
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Dym O, Aggarwal N, Ashani Y, Leader H, Albeck S, Unger T, Hamer-Rogotner S, Silman I, Tawfik DS, Sussman JL. The impact of molecular variants, crystallization conditions and the space group on ligand-protein complexes: a case study on bacterial phosphotriesterase. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2023; 79:992-1009. [PMID: 37860961 PMCID: PMC10619419 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798323007672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A bacterial phosphotriesterase was employed as an experimental paradigm to examine the effects of multiple factors, such as the molecular constructs, the ligands used during protein expression and purification, the crystallization conditions and the space group, on the visualization of molecular complexes of ligands with a target enzyme. In this case, the ligands used were organophosphates that are fragments of the nerve agents and insecticides on which the enzyme acts as a bioscavenger. 12 crystal structures of various phosphotriesterase constructs obtained by directed evolution were analyzed, with resolutions of up to 1.38 Å. Both apo forms and holo forms, complexed with the organophosphate ligands, were studied. Crystals obtained from three different crystallization conditions, crystallized in four space groups, with and without N-terminal tags, were utilized to investigate the impact of these factors on visualizing the organophosphate complexes of the enzyme. The study revealed that the tags used for protein expression can lodge in the active site and hinder ligand binding. Furthermore, the space group in which the protein crystallizes can significantly impact the visualization of bound ligands. It was also observed that the crystallization precipitants can compete with, and even preclude, ligand binding, leading to false positives or to the incorrect identification of lead drug candidates. One of the co-crystallization conditions enabled the definition of the spaces that accommodate the substituents attached to the P atom of several products of organophosphate substrates after detachment of the leaving group. The crystal structures of the complexes of phosphotriesterase with the organophosphate products reveal similar short interaction distances of the two partially charged O atoms of the P-O bonds with the exposed β-Zn2+ ion and the buried α-Zn2+ ion. This suggests that both Zn2+ ions have a role in stabilizing the transition state for substrate hydrolysis. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the challenges and considerations involved in studying the crystal structures of ligand-protein complexes, highlighting the importance of careful experimental design and rigorous data analysis in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the resulting phosphotriesterase-organophosphate structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Dym
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nidhi Aggarwal
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yacov Ashani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Haim Leader
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shira Albeck
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tamar Unger
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shelly Hamer-Rogotner
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Israel Silman
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dan S. Tawfik
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Joel L. Sussman
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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28
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Guo Z, Wang L, Rao D, Liu W, Xue M, Fu Q, Lu M, Su L, Chen S, Wang B, Wu J. Conformational Switch of the 250s Loop Enables the Efficient Transglycosylation in GH Family 77. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:6118-6128. [PMID: 37768640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Amylomaltases (AMs) play important roles in glycogen and maltose metabolism. However, the molecular mechanism is elusive. Here, we investigated the conformational dynamics of the 250s loop and catalytic mechanism of Thermus aquaticus TaAM using path-metadynamics and QM/MM MD simulations. The results demonstrate that the transition of the 250s loop from an open to closed conformation promotes polysaccharide sliding, leading to the ideal positioning of the acid/base. Furthermore, the conformational dynamics can also modulate the selectivity of hydrolysis and transglycosylation. The closed conformation of the 250s loop enables the tight packing of the active site for transglycosylation, reducing the energy penalty and efficiently preventing the penetration of water into the active site. Conversely, the partially closed conformation for hydrolysis results in a loosely packed active site, destabilizing the transition state. These computational findings guide mutation experiments and enable the identification of mutants with an improved disproportionation/hydrolysis ratio. The present mechanism is in line with experimental data, highlighting the critical role of conformational dynamics in regulating the catalytic reactivity of GHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Deming Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Qisheng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingqia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
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29
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St-Jacques AD, Rodriguez JM, Eason MG, Foster SM, Khan ST, Damry AM, Goto NK, Thompson MC, Chica RA. Computational remodeling of an enzyme conformational landscape for altered substrate selectivity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6058. [PMID: 37770431 PMCID: PMC10539519 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41762-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural plasticity of enzymes dictates their function. Yet, our ability to rationally remodel enzyme conformational landscapes to tailor catalytic properties remains limited. Here, we report a computational procedure for tuning conformational landscapes that is based on multistate design of hinge-mediated domain motions. Using this method, we redesign the conformational landscape of a natural aminotransferase to preferentially stabilize a less populated but reactive conformation and thereby increase catalytic efficiency with a non-native substrate, resulting in altered substrate selectivity. Steady-state kinetics of designed variants reveals activity increases with the non-native substrate of approximately 100-fold and selectivity switches of up to 1900-fold. Structural analyses by room-temperature X-ray crystallography and multitemperature nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy confirm that conformational equilibria favor the target conformation. Our computational approach opens the door to targeted alterations of conformational states and equilibria, which should facilitate the design of biocatalysts with customized activity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony D St-Jacques
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Joshua M Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Matthew G Eason
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Scott M Foster
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Safwat T Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Adam M Damry
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Natalie K Goto
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michael C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Roberto A Chica
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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30
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Marshall LR, Bhattacharya S, Korendovych IV. Fishing for Catalysis: Experimental Approaches to Narrowing Search Space in Directed Evolution of Enzymes. JACS AU 2023; 3:2402-2412. [PMID: 37772192 PMCID: PMC10523367 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Directed evolution has transformed protein engineering offering a path to rapid improvement of protein properties. Yet, in practice it is limited by the hyper-astronomic protein sequence search space, and approaches to identify mutagenic hot spots, i.e., locations where mutations are most likely to have a productive impact, are needed. In this perspective, we categorize and discuss recent progress in the experimental approaches (broadly defined as structural, bioinformatic, and dynamic) to hot spot identification. Recent successes in harnessing protein dynamics and machine learning approaches provide new opportunities for the field and will undoubtedly help directed evolution reach its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam R. Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse
University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13224, United States
| | - Sagar Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse
University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13224, United States
| | - Ivan V. Korendovych
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse
University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13224, United States
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31
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Jeong WJ, Lee J, Eom H, Song WJ. A Specific Guide for Metalloenzyme Designers: Introduction and Evolution of Metal-Coordination Spheres Embedded in Protein Environments. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2416-2425. [PMID: 37643364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Woo Jae Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunuk Eom
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Ju Song
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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32
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Abstract
A survey of protein databases indicates that the majority of enzymes exist in oligomeric forms, with about half of those found in the UniProt database being homodimeric. Understanding why many enzymes are in their dimeric form is imperative. Recent developments in experimental and computational techniques have allowed for a deeper comprehension of the cooperative interactions between the subunits of dimeric enzymes. This review aims to succinctly summarize these recent advancements by providing an overview of experimental and theoretical methods, as well as an understanding of cooperativity in substrate binding and the molecular mechanisms of cooperative catalysis within homodimeric enzymes. Focus is set upon the beneficial effects of dimerization and cooperative catalysis. These advancements not only provide essential case studies and theoretical support for comprehending dimeric enzyme catalysis but also serve as a foundation for designing highly efficient catalysts, such as dimeric organic catalysts. Moreover, these developments have significant implications for drug design, as exemplified by Paxlovid, which was designed for the homodimeric main protease of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Wei Chen
- Lab of Computional Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tian-Yu Sun
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- Lab of Computional Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
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33
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Smith N, Dasgupta M, Wych DC, Dolamore C, Sierra RG, Lisova S, Marchany-Rivera D, Cohen AE, Boutet S, Hunter MS, Kupitz C, Poitevin F, Moss FR, Brewster AS, Sauter NK, Young ID, Wolff AM, Tiwari VK, Kumar N, Berkowitz DB, Hadt RG, Thompson MC, Follmer AH, Wall ME, Wilson MA. Changes in an Enzyme Ensemble During Catalysis Observed by High Resolution XFEL Crystallography. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.15.553460. [PMID: 37645800 PMCID: PMC10462001 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.15.553460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes populate ensembles of structures with intrinsically different catalytic proficiencies that are difficult to experimentally characterize. We use time-resolved mix-and-inject serial crystallography (MISC) at an X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) to observe catalysis in a designed mutant (G150T) isocyanide hydratase (ICH) enzyme that enhances sampling of important minor conformations. The active site exists in a mixture of conformations and formation of the thioimidate catalytic intermediate selects for catalytically competent substates. A prior proposal for active site cysteine charge-coupled conformational changes in ICH is validated by determining structures of the enzyme over a range of pH values. A combination of large molecular dynamics simulations of the enzyme in crystallo and time-resolved electron density maps shows that ionization of the general acid Asp17 during catalysis causes additional conformational changes that propagate across the dimer interface, connecting the two active sites. These ionization-linked changes in the ICH conformational ensemble permit water to enter the active site in a location that is poised for intermediate hydrolysis. ICH exhibits a tight coupling between ionization of active site residues and catalysis-activated protein motions, exemplifying a mechanism of electrostatic control of enzyme dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588
| | - Medhanjali Dasgupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588
| | - David C. Wych
- Computer, Computational, and Statistical Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 875405
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - Cole Dolamore
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588
| | - Raymond G. Sierra
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Stella Lisova
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Darya Marchany-Rivera
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Aina E. Cohen
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Mark S. Hunter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Christopher Kupitz
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Frédéric Poitevin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Frank R. Moss
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Aaron S. Brewster
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Nicholas K. Sauter
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Iris D. Young
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Alexander M. Wolff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, CA, 93540
| | - Virendra K. Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588
| | - Nivesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588
| | - David B. Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588
| | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Michael C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, CA, 93540
| | - Alec H. Follmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Michael E. Wall
- Computer, Computational, and Statistical Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 875405
| | - Mark A. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588
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34
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Lee E, Redzic JS, Zohar Eisenmesser E. Relaxation and single site multiple mutations to identify and control allosteric networks. Methods 2023; 216:51-57. [PMID: 37302521 PMCID: PMC11066977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have allowed for the identification and characterization of movements in enzymes over the last 20 years that has also revealed the complexities of allosteric coupling. For example, many of the inherent movements of enzymes, and proteins in general, have been shown to be highly localized but nonetheless still coupled over long distances. Such partial couplings provide challenges to both identifying allosteric networks of dynamic communication and determining their roles in catalytic function. We have developed an approach to help identify and engineer enzyme function, called Relaxation And Single Site Multiple Mutations (RASSMM). This approach is a powerful extension of mutagenesis and NMR that is based on the observation that multiple mutations to a single site distal to the active site allosterically induces different effects to networks. Such an approach generates a panel of mutations that can also be subjected to functional studies in order to match catalytic effects with changes to coupled networks. In this review, the RASSMM approach is briefly outlined together with two applications that include cyclophilin-A and Biliverdin Reductase B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjeong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jasmina S Redzic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Elan Zohar Eisenmesser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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35
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Corbella M, Pinto GP, Kamerlin SCL. Loop dynamics and the evolution of enzyme activity. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:536-547. [PMID: 37225920 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00495-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the early 2000s, Tawfik presented his 'New View' on enzyme evolution, highlighting the role of conformational plasticity in expanding the functional diversity of limited repertoires of sequences. This view is gaining increasing traction with increasing evidence of the importance of conformational dynamics in both natural and laboratory evolution of enzymes. The past years have seen several elegant examples of harnessing conformational (particularly loop) dynamics to successfully manipulate protein function. This Review revisits flexible loops as critical participants in regulating enzyme activity. We showcase several systems of particular interest: triosephosphate isomerase barrel proteins, protein tyrosine phosphatases and β-lactamases, while briefly discussing other systems in which loop dynamics are important for selectivity and turnover. We then discuss the implications for engineering, presenting examples of successful loop manipulation in either improving catalytic efficiency, or changing selectivity completely. Overall, it is becoming clearer that mimicking nature by manipulating the conformational dynamics of key protein loops is a powerful method of tailoring enzyme activity, without needing to target active-site residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Corbella
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gaspar P Pinto
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Cortex Discovery GmbH, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Shina C L Kamerlin
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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36
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Ose NJ, Campitelli P, Patel R, Kumar S, Ozkan SB. Protein dynamics provide mechanistic insights about epistasis among common missense polymorphisms. Biophys J 2023; 122:2938-2947. [PMID: 36726312 PMCID: PMC10398253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequencing of the protein coding genome has revealed many different missense mutations of human proteins and different population frequencies of corresponding haplotypes, which consist of different sets of those mutations. Here, we present evidence for pairwise intramolecular epistasis (i.e., nonadditive interactions) between many such mutations through an analysis of protein dynamics. We suggest that functional compensation for conserving protein dynamics is a likely evolutionary mechanism that maintains high-frequency mutations that are individually nonneutral but epistatically compensating within proteins. This analysis is the first of its type to look at human proteins with specific high population frequency mutations and examine the relationship between mutations that make up that observed high-frequency protein haplotype. Importantly, protein dynamics revealed a separation between high and low frequency haplotypes within a target protein cytochrome P450 2A7, with the high-frequency haplotypes showing behavior closer to the wild-type protein. Common protein haplotypes containing two mutations display dynamic compensation in which one mutation can correct for the dynamic effects of the other. We also utilize a dynamics-based metric, EpiScore, that evaluates the epistatic interactions and allows us to see dynamic compensation within many other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Ose
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Paul Campitelli
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Ravi Patel
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - S Banu Ozkan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.
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37
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Casadevall G, Duran C, Osuna S. AlphaFold2 and Deep Learning for Elucidating Enzyme Conformational Flexibility and Its Application for Design. JACS AU 2023; 3:1554-1562. [PMID: 37388680 PMCID: PMC10302747 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The recent success of AlphaFold2 (AF2) and other deep learning (DL) tools in accurately predicting the folded three-dimensional (3D) structure of proteins and enzymes has revolutionized the structural biology and protein design fields. The 3D structure indeed reveals key information on the arrangement of the catalytic machinery of enzymes and which structural elements gate the active site pocket. However, comprehending enzymatic activity requires a detailed knowledge of the chemical steps involved along the catalytic cycle and the exploration of the multiple thermally accessible conformations that enzymes adopt when in solution. In this Perspective, some of the recent studies showing the potential of AF2 in elucidating the conformational landscape of enzymes are provided. Selected examples of the key developments of AF2-based and DL methods for protein design are discussed, as well as a few enzyme design cases. These studies show the potential of AF2 and DL for allowing the routine computational design of efficient enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Casadevall
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Cristina Duran
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Osuna
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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38
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Nussinov R, Zhang M, Liu Y, Jang H. AlphaFold, allosteric, and orthosteric drug discovery: Ways forward. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103551. [PMID: 36907321 PMCID: PMC10238671 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Drug discovery is arguably a highly challenging and significant interdisciplinary aim. The stunning success of the artificial intelligence-powered AlphaFold, whose latest version is buttressed by an innovative machine-learning approach that integrates physical and biological knowledge about protein structures, raised drug discovery hopes that unsurprisingly, have not come to bear. Even though accurate, the models are rigid, including the drug pockets. AlphaFold's mixed performance poses the question of how its power can be harnessed in drug discovery. Here we discuss possible ways of going forward wielding its strengths, while bearing in mind what AlphaFold can and cannot do. For kinases and receptors, an input enriched in active (ON) state models can better AlphaFold's chance of rational drug design success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yonglan Liu
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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39
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Jacquet P, Billot R, Shimon A, Hoekstra N, Bergonzi C, Jenks A, Chabrière E, Daudé D, Elias MH. Changes in Active Site Loop Conformation Relate to the Transition toward a Novel Enzymatic Activity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.22.541809. [PMID: 37292757 PMCID: PMC10245850 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.22.541809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic promiscuity, the ability of enzymes to catalyze multiple, distinct chemical reactions, has been well documented and is hypothesized to be a major driver for the emergence of new enzymatic functions. Yet, the molecular mechanisms involved in the transition from one activity to another remain debated and elusive. Here, we evaluated the redesign of the active site binding cleft of the lactonase SsoPox using structure-based design and combinatorial libraries. We created variants with largely improved catalytic abilities against phosphotriesters, the best ones being > 1,000-fold better compared to the wild-type enzyme. The observed shifts in activity specificity are large, ~1,000,000-fold and beyond, since some variants completely lost their initial activity. The selected combinations of mutations have considerably reshaped the active site cavity via side chain changes but mostly through large rearrangements of the active site loops, as revealed by a suite of crystal structures. This suggests that specific active site loop configuration is critical to the lactonase activity. Interestingly, analysis of high-resolution structures hints at the potential role of conformational sampling and its directionality in defining an enzyme activity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Jacquet
- Gene&GreenTK, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Raphaël Billot
- Gene&GreenTK, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Amir Shimon
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics & Biotechnology Institute, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Nathan Hoekstra
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics & Biotechnology Institute, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Céline Bergonzi
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics & Biotechnology Institute, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Anthony Jenks
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics & Biotechnology Institute, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Eric Chabrière
- Gene&GreenTK, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13005, France
| | - David Daudé
- Gene&GreenTK, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Mikael H. Elias
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics & Biotechnology Institute, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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40
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Deng J, Cui Q. Second-Shell Residues Contribute to Catalysis by Predominately Preorganizing the Apo State in PafA. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11333-11347. [PMID: 37172218 PMCID: PMC10810092 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Residues beyond the first coordination shell are often observed to make considerable cumulative contributions in enzymes. Due to typically indirect perturbations of multiple physicochemical properties of the active site, however, their individual and specific roles in enzyme catalysis and disease-causing mutations remain difficult to predict and understand at the molecular level. Here we analyze the contributions of several second-shell residues in phosphate-irrepressible alkaline phosphatase of flavobacterium (PafA), a representative system as one of the most efficient enzymes. By adopting a multifaceted approach that integrates quantum-mechanical/molecular-mechanical free energy computations, molecular-mechanical molecular dynamics simulations, and density functional theory cluster model calculations, we probe the rate-limiting phosphoryl transfer step and structural properties of all relevant enzyme states. In combination with available experimental data, our computational results show that mutations of the studied second-shell residues impact catalytic efficiency mainly by perturbation of the apo state and therefore substrate binding, while they do not affect the ground state or alter the nature of phosphoryl transfer transition state significantly. Several second-shell mutations also modulate the active site hydration level, which in turn influences the energetics of phosphoryl transfer. These mechanistic insights also help inform strategies that may improve the efficiency of enzyme design and engineering by going beyond the current focus on the first coordination shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Qiang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Physics, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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41
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Athiyarath V, Mathew LA, Zhao Y, Khazeber R, Ramamurty U, Sureshan KM. Rational design and topochemical synthesis of polymorphs of a polymer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5132-5140. [PMID: 37206383 PMCID: PMC10189859 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00053b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Packing a polymer in different ways can give polymorphs of the polymer having different properties. β-Turn forming peptides such as 2-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib)-rich peptides adopt several conformations by varying the dihedral angles. Aiming at this, a β-turn-forming peptide monomer would give different polymorphs and these polymorphs upon topochemical polymerization would yield polymorphs of the polymer, we designed an Aib-rich monomer N3-(Aib)3-NHCH2-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CH. This monomer crystallizes as two polymorphs and one hydrate. In all forms, the peptide adopts β-turn conformations and arranges in a head-to-tail manner with their azide and alkyne units proximally placed in a ready-to-react alignment. On heating, both the polymorphs undergo topochemical azide-alkyne cycloaddition polymerization. Polymorph I polymerized in a single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) fashion and the single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the polymer revealed its screw-sense reversing helical structure. Polymorph II maintains its crystallinity during polymerization but gradually becomes amorphous upon storage. The hydrate III undergoes a dehydrative transition to polymorph II. Nanoindentation studies revealed that different polymorphs of the monomer and the corresponding polymers exhibited different mechanical properties, in accordance with their crystal packing. This work demonstrates the promising future of the marriage of polymorphism and topochemistry for obtaining polymorphs of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Athiyarath
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Liby Ann Mathew
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Yakai Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 639798 Singapore
| | - Ravichandran Khazeber
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Upadrasta Ramamurty
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 639798 Singapore
| | - Kana M Sureshan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
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42
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Tian J, Garcia AA, Donnan PH, Bridwell-Rabb J. Leveraging a Structural Blueprint to Rationally Engineer the Rieske Oxygenase TsaM. Biochemistry 2023. [PMID: 37188334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Rieske nonheme iron oxygenases use two metallocenters, a Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] cluster and a mononuclear iron center, to catalyze oxidation reactions on a broad range of substrates. These enzymes are widely used by microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants and to build complexity in a myriad of biosynthetic pathways that are industrially interesting. However, despite the value of this chemistry, there is a dearth of understanding regarding the structure-function relationships in this enzyme class, which limits our ability to rationally redesign, optimize, and ultimately exploit the chemistry of these enzymes. Therefore, in this work, by leveraging a combination of available structural information and state-of-the-art protein modeling tools, we show that three "hotspot" regions can be targeted to alter the site selectivity, substrate preference, and substrate scope of the Rieske oxygenase p-toluenesulfonate methyl monooxygenase (TsaM). Through mutation of six to 10 residues distributed between three protein regions, TsaM was engineered to behave as either vanillate monooxygenase (VanA) or dicamba monooxygenase (DdmC). This engineering feat means that TsaM was rationally engineered to catalyze an oxidation reaction at the meta and ortho positions of an aromatic substrate, rather than its favored native para position, and that TsaM was redesigned to perform chemistry on dicamba, a substrate that is not natively accepted by the enzyme. This work thus contributes to unlocking our understanding of structure-function relationships in the Rieske oxygenase enzyme class and expands foundational principles for future engineering of these metalloenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | | | - Patrick H Donnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jennifer Bridwell-Rabb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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43
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Escobedo N, Monzon AM, Fornasari MS, Palopoli N, Parisi G. Combining Protein Conformational Diversity and Phylogenetic Information Using CoDNaS and CoDNaS-Q. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e764. [PMID: 37184204 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
CoDNaS (http://ufq.unq.edu.ar/codnas/) and CoDNaS-Q (http://ufq.unq.edu.ar/codnasq) are repositories of proteins with different degrees of conformational diversity. Following the ensemble nature of the native state, conformational diversity represents the structural differences between the conformers in the ensemble. Each entry in CoDNaS and CoDNaS-Q contains a redundant collection of experimentally determined conformers obtained under different conditions. These conformers represent snapshots of the protein dynamism. While CoDNaS contains examples of conformational diversity at the tertiary level, a recent development, CoDNaS-Q, contains examples at the quaternary level. In the emerging age of accurate protein structure prediction by machine learning approaches, many questions remain open regarding the characterization of protein dynamism. In this context, most bioinformatics resources take advantage of distinct features derived from protein alignments, however, the complexity and heterogeneity of information makes it difficult to recover reliable biological signatures. Here we present five protocols to explore tertiary and quaternary conformational diversity at the individual protein level as well as for the characterization of the distribution of conformational diversity at the protein family level in a phylogenetic context. These protocols can provide curated protein families with experimentally known conformational diversity, facilitating the exploration of sequence determinants of protein dynamism. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Assessing conformational diversity with CoDNaS Alternate Protocol 1: Assessing conformational diversity at the quaternary level with CoDNaS-Q Basic Protocol 2: Exploring conformational diversity in a protein family Alternate Protocol 2: Exploring quaternary conformational diversity in a protein family Basic Protocol 3: Representing conformational diversity in a phylogenetic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahuel Escobedo
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - María Silvina Fornasari
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolas Palopoli
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Parisi
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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44
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Deng H, Qin M, Liu Z, Yang Y, Wang Y, Yao L. Engineering the Active Site Lid Dynamics to Improve the Catalytic Efficiency of Yeast Cytosine Deaminase. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076592. [PMID: 37047565 PMCID: PMC10095239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Conformational dynamics is important for enzyme catalysis. However, engineering dynamics to achieve a higher catalytic efficiency is still challenging. In this work, we develop a new strategy to improve the activity of yeast cytosine deaminase (yCD) by engineering its conformational dynamics. Specifically, we increase the dynamics of the yCD C-terminal helix, an active site lid that controls the product release. The C-terminal is extended by a dynamical single α-helix (SAH), which improves the product release rate by up to ~8-fold, and the overall catalytic rate kcat by up to ~2-fold. It is also shown that the kcat increase is due to the favorable activation entropy change. The NMR H/D exchange data indicate that the conformational dynamics of the transition state analog complex increases as the helix is extended, elucidating the origin of the enhanced catalytic entropy. This study highlights a novel dynamics engineering strategy that can accelerate the overall catalysis through the entropy-driven mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhong Deng
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingming Qin
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- National Facility for Protein Science, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yefei Wang
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Lishan Yao
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
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45
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Wang S, Lei H, Ji Z. Exploring Oxidoreductases from Extremophiles for Biosynthesis in a Non-Aqueous System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076396. [PMID: 37047370 PMCID: PMC10094897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic solvent tolerant oxidoreductases are significant for both scientific research and biomanufacturing. However, it is really challenging to obtain oxidoreductases due to the shortages of natural resources and the difficulty to obtained it via protein modification. This review summarizes the recent advances in gene mining and structure-functional study of oxidoreductases from extremophiles for non-aqueous reaction systems. First, new strategies combining genome mining with bioinformatics provide new insights to the discovery and identification of novel extreme oxidoreductases. Second, analysis from the perspectives of amino acid interaction networks explain the organic solvent tolerant mechanism, which regulate the discrete structure-functional properties of extreme oxidoreductases. Third, further study by conservation and co-evolution analysis of extreme oxidoreductases provides new perspectives and strategies for designing robust enzymes for an organic media reaction system. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities in designing biocatalysis non-aqueous systems are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biotechnology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hangbin Lei
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhehui Ji
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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46
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Jiang F, Bian J, Liu H, Li S, Bai X, Zheng L, Jin S, Liu Z, Yang GY, Hong L. Creatinase: Using Increased Entropy to Improve the Activity and Thermostability. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:2671-2682. [PMID: 36926920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Improving protein thermostability in mutagenesis-based enzyme engineering was often achieved by enhancing interresidue interactions via mutation to increase the enthalpy penalty of unfolding. However, this approach may trade off the functional activity due to the loss of structural flexibility of the biomolecule. Here, by performing X-ray crystallography, enzymatic kinetic experiments, neutron scattering, and thermodynamical measurements, we compared the structures, catalytic behaviors, dynamics, and thermostability between a wild-type creatinase and its four-point mutant. We found that the mutant is an entropy-driven thermostable protein with higher structural flexibility, i.e., higher conformational entropy, in the folded state compared to the wild type. The increased conformational entropy of the mutant in the folded state can reduce the entropy gain during unfolding and thus renders it greater thermostability. Moreover, the increased structural flexibility, particularly around the catalytic site, can broaden the mutant's working temperature range and considerably improve its activity at ambient conditions, which is crucial for its application in diagnosing kidney diseases. Complementary all-atom molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the four mutations replaced several of the strong interresidue interactions (electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds) with weak hydrophobic interactions. These substitutions not only release the structural flexibility to promote the thermostability and enzymatic activity of the protein but they also preserve the protein structure from collapsing. Our findings may pave a route for the entropy-driven strategy to design proteins with high thermostability and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiahao Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Song Li
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xue Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Sha Jin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Shanghai National Center for Applied Mathematics (SJTU Center), MOE-LSC, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Guang-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liang Hong
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Shanghai National Center for Applied Mathematics (SJTU Center), MOE-LSC, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai 200232, China
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47
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Gutierrez-Rus LI, Gamiz-Arco G, Gavira JA, Gaucher EA, Risso VA, Sanchez-Ruiz JM. Protection of catalytic cofactors by polypeptides as a driver for the emergence of primordial enzymes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.14.532612. [PMID: 36993774 PMCID: PMC10055001 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes catalyze the chemical reactions of life. For nearly half of known enzymes, catalysis requires the binding of small molecules known as cofactors. Polypeptide-cofactor complexes likely formed at a primordial stage and became starting points for the evolution of many efficient enzymes. Yet, evolution has no foresight so the driver for the primordial complex formation is unknown. Here, we use a resurrected ancestral TIM-barrel protein to identify one potential driver. Heme binding at a flexible region of the ancestral structure yields a peroxidation catalyst with enhanced efficiency when compared to free heme. This enhancement, however, does not arise from protein-mediated promotion of catalysis. Rather, it reflects protection of bound heme from common degradation processes and a resulting longer life time and higher effective concentration for the catalyst. Protection of catalytic cofactors by polypeptides emerges as a general mechanism to enhance catalysis and may have plausibly benefited primordial polypeptide-cofactor associations.
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48
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Bernard DN, Narayanan C, Hempel T, Bafna K, Bhojane PP, Létourneau M, Howell EE, Agarwal PK, Doucet N. Conformational exchange divergence along the evolutionary pathway of eosinophil-associated ribonucleases. Structure 2023; 31:329-342.e4. [PMID: 36649708 PMCID: PMC9992247 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary role of conformational exchange in the emergence and preservation of function within structural homologs remains elusive. While protein engineering has revealed the importance of flexibility in function, productive modulation of atomic-scale dynamics has only been achieved on a finite number of distinct folds. Allosteric control of unique members within dynamically diverse structural families requires a better appreciation of exchange phenomena. Here, we examined the functional and structural role of conformational exchange within eosinophil-associated ribonucleases. Biological and catalytic activity of various EARs was performed in parallel to mapping their conformational behavior on multiple timescales using NMR and computational analyses. Despite functional conservation and conformational seclusion to a specific domain, we show that EARs can display similar or distinct motional profiles, implying divergence rather than conservation of flexibility. Comparing progressively more distant enzymes should unravel how this subfamily has evolved new functions and/or altered their behavior at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Bernard
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Chitra Narayanan
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; Department of Chemistry, New Jersey City University, Jersey City, NJ 07305, USA
| | - Tim Hempel
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 12, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Khushboo Bafna
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Purva Prashant Bhojane
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Myriam Létourneau
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Elizabeth E Howell
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Pratul K Agarwal
- Department of Physiological Sciences and High-Performance Computing Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Nicolas Doucet
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; PROTEO, the Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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49
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Gu J, Xu Y, Nie Y. Role of distal sites in enzyme engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 63:108094. [PMID: 36621725 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The limitations associated with natural enzyme catalysis have triggered the rise of the field of protein engineering. Traditional rational design was based on the analysis of protein structural information and catalytic mechanisms to identify key active sites or ligand binding sites to reshape the substrate pocket. The role and significance of functional sites in the active center have been studied extensively. With a deeper understanding of the structure-catalysis relationship map, the entire protein molecule can be filled with residues that play a substantial role in its structure and function. However, the catalytic mechanism underlying distal mutations remains unclear. The aim of this review was to highlight the criticality of the distal site in enzyme engineering based on the following three aspects: What can distal mutations exert on function from mutability landscape? How do distal sites influence enzyme function? How to predict and design distal mutations? This review provides insights into the catalytic mechanism of enzymes from the global interaction network, knowledge from sequence-structure-dynamics-function relationships, and strategies for distal mutation-based protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gu
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yao Nie
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Suqian Industrial Technology Research Institute of Jiangnan University, Suqian 223814, China.
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50
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Lemay-St-Denis C, Alejaldre L, Jemouai Z, Lafontaine K, St-Aubin M, Hitache K, Valikhani D, Weerasinghe NW, Létourneau M, Thibodeaux CJ, Doucet N, Baron C, Copp JN, Pelletier JN. A conserved SH3-like fold in diverse putative proteins tetramerizes into an oxidoreductase providing an antimicrobial resistance phenotype. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220040. [PMID: 36633286 PMCID: PMC9835603 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a potential mechanism for emergence of catalytic activity that is essential for survival, from a non-catalytic protein fold. The type B dihydrofolate reductase (DfrB) family of enzymes were first identified in pathogenic bacteria because their dihydrofolate reductase activity is sufficient to provide trimethoprim (TMP) resistance. DfrB enzymes are described as poorly evolved as a result of their unusual structural and kinetic features. No characterized protein shares sequence homology with DfrB enzymes; how they evolved to emerge in the modern resistome is unknown. In this work, we identify DfrB homologues from a database of putative and uncharacterized proteins. These proteins include an SH3-like fold homologous to the DfrB enzymes, embedded in a variety of additional structural domains. By means of functional, structural and biophysical characterization, we demonstrate that these distant homologues and their extracted SH3-like fold can display dihydrofolate reductase activity and confer TMP resistance. We provide evidence of tetrameric assembly and catalytic mechanism analogous to that of DfrB enzymes. These results contribute, to our knowledge, the first insights into a potential evolutionary path taken by this SH3-like fold to emerge in the modern resistome following introduction of TMP. This article is part of the theme issue 'Reactivity and mechanism in chemical and synthetic biology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudèle Lemay-St-Denis
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein, Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- CGCC, Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Lorea Alejaldre
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein, Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- CGCC, Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Zakaria Jemouai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Kiana Lafontaine
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein, Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- CGCC, Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Maxime St-Aubin
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein, Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- CGCC, Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Katia Hitache
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein, Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- CGCC, Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Donya Valikhani
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein, Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- CGCC, Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
- Chemistry Department, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Nuwani W. Weerasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Myriam Létourneau
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein, Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Christopher J. Thibodeaux
- Department of Chemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Nicolas Doucet
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein, Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Christian Baron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Janine N. Copp
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Joelle N. Pelletier
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein, Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- CGCC, Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
- Chemistry Department, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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