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Gootzen TA, Kalra A, Sarig K, Sobočan M, Oxley SG, Dworschak N, Georgiannakis A, Glynou S, Taniskidi A, Ganesan S, Ferris M, Legood R, Eeles R, Evans DGR, Fierheller CT, Manchanda R. Online Provision of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Health Information: A Search Engine Driven Systematic Web-Based Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2324. [PMID: 39001386 PMCID: PMC11240379 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16132324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BRCA genetic testing is available for UK Jewish individuals but the provision of information online for BRCA is unknown. We aimed to evaluate online provision of BRCA information by UK organisations (UKO), UK Jewish community organisations (JCO), and genetic testing providers (GTP). Google searches for organisations offering BRCA information were performed using relevant sets of keywords. The first 100 website links were categorised into UKOs/JCOs/GTPs; additional JCOs were supplemented through community experts. Websites were reviewed using customised questionnaires for BRCA information. Information provision was assessed for five domains: accessibility, scope, depth, accuracy, and quality. These domains were combined to provide a composite score (maximum score = 5). Results were screened (n = 6856) and 45 UKOs, 16 JCOs, and 18 GTPs provided BRCA information. Accessibility was high (84%,66/79). Scope was lacking with 35% (28/79) addressing >50% items. Most (82%, 65/79) described BRCA-associated cancers: breast and/or ovarian cancer was mentioned by 78%(62/79), but only 34% (27/79) mentioned ≥1 pancreatic, prostate, melanoma. Few websites provided carrier frequencies in the general (24%,19/79) and Jewish populations (20%,16/79). Only 15% (12/79) had quality information with some/minimal shortcomings. Overall information provision was low-to-moderate: median scores UKO = 2.1 (IQR = 1), JCO = 1.6 (IQR = 0.9), and GTP = 2.3 (IQR = 1) (maximum-score = 5). There is a scarcity of high-quality BRCA information online. These findings have implications for UK Jewish BRCA programmes and those considering BRCA testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar A Gootzen
- Centre for Cancer Screening, Prevention & Early Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ashwin Kalra
- Centre for Cancer Screening, Prevention & Early Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E1 1BB, UK
| | - Katrina Sarig
- Centre for Cancer Screening, Prevention & Early Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Monika Sobočan
- Centre for Cancer Screening, Prevention & Early Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborksa ul, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Samuel George Oxley
- Centre for Cancer Screening, Prevention & Early Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E1 1BB, UK
| | - Nina Dworschak
- Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK
| | - Ariadni Georgiannakis
- Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK
| | - Sevasti Glynou
- Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK
| | - Angeliki Taniskidi
- Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK
| | - Subhasheenee Ganesan
- Centre for Cancer Screening, Prevention & Early Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E1 1BB, UK
| | | | - Rosa Legood
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Ros Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5PT, UK
| | - D Gareth R Evans
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester, MAHSC, 6th Floor Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Caitlin T Fierheller
- Centre for Cancer Screening, Prevention & Early Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ranjit Manchanda
- Centre for Cancer Screening, Prevention & Early Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E1 1BB, UK
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London WC1V 6LJ, UK
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2
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Sarig K, Oxley S, Kalra A, Sobocan M, Fierheller CT, Sideris M, Gootzen T, Ferris M, Eeles RA, Evans DG, Quaife SL, Manchanda R. BRCA awareness and testing experience in the UK Jewish population: a qualitative study. J Med Genet 2024; 61:716-725. [PMID: 38575303 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2023-109576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1 in 40 UK Jewish individuals carry a pathogenic variant in BRCA1/BRCA2. Traditional testing criteria miss half of carriers, and so population genetic testing is being piloted for Jewish people in England. There has been no qualitative research into the factors influencing BRCA awareness and testing experience in this group. This study aimed to explore these and inform improvements for the implementation of population genetic testing. METHODS Qualitative study of UK Jewish adults who have undergone BRCA testing. We conducted one-to-one semistructured interviews via telephone or video call using a predefined topic guide, until sufficient information power was reached. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and interpreted using applied thematic analysis. RESULTS 32 individuals were interviewed (28 carriers, 4 non-carriers). We interpreted five themes intersecting across six time points of the testing pathway: (1) individual differences regarding personal/family history of cancer, demographics and personal attitudes/approach; (2) healthcare professionals' support; (3) pathway access and integration; (4) nature of family/partner relationships; and (5) Jewish community factors. Testing was largely triggered by connecting information to a personal/family history of cancer. No participants reported decision regret, although there was huge variation in satisfaction. Suggestions were given around increasing UK Jewish community awareness, making information and support services personally relevant and proactive case management of carriers. CONCLUSIONS There is a need to improve UK Jewish community BRCA awareness and to highlight personal relevance of testing for individuals without a personal/family history of cancer. Traditional testing criteria caused multiple issues regarding test access and experience. Carriers want information and support services tailored to their individual circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Oxley
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Ashwin Kalra
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Monika Sobocan
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | | | - Michail Sideris
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Rosalind A Eeles
- Oncogenetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ranjit Manchanda
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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Vortman R, Echar M, Singer A, Sagi-Dain L. Compliance and satisfaction with BRCA surveillance in specialized clinics versus community follow-up. Eur J Cancer Prev 2024:00008469-990000000-00157. [PMID: 38870036 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess adherence to medical follow-up protocols among BRCA1/2 carriers and compare outcomes between dedicated carrier clinics and community healthcare settings. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted by distributing an anonymous questionnaire within the 'Good BRCA Genes - Support and Information Group for BRCA Carriers' association. The questionnaire assessed adherence to recommended surveillance and satisfaction with various aspects of the follow-up. RESULTS Of the 682 BRCA carriers surveyed, 68.5% reported fully adhering to recommended medical follow-up. Those not fully adhering cited bureaucracy challenges, scheduling difficulties, timing uncertainties, and difficulty remembering examination dates. Less than 50% were satisfied with appointment availability, scheduling, contact persons, and general practitioners' knowledge of BRCA carrier risks and follow-up. The 417 women monitored in dedicated breast clinics reported notably higher optimal adherence to recommended surveillance (78.3 vs. 53.6%, P < 0.0001). In addition, they noted greater satisfaction with appointment availability (63.7 vs. 25.0%, P < 0.0001), appointment scheduling process (58.1 vs. 24.7%, P < 0.0001), availability of breast surgeons/gynecology specialists (67.4 vs. 50.8%, P < 0.0001), and availability of a contact person for consultations between appointments (53.5 vs. 20.8%, P < 0.0001). DISCUSSION Our findings highlight the advantages of surveillance in dedicated BRCA1/2 clinics, including closer monitoring and increased satisfaction. Given the limited availability of such clinics and the growing number of BRCA1/2 carriers, the opening of additional dedicated clinics and the consideration of alternative surveillance-enhancing solutions, such as training healthcare professionals, using digital tools, and employing artificial intelligence, are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Vortman
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus
| | - Moran Echar
- Genetics Institute, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa
| | - Amihood Singer
- Community Genetics, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem
| | - Lena Sagi-Dain
- Genetics Institute, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Paranal RM, Wood LD, Klein AP, Roberts NJ. Understanding familial risk of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Fam Cancer 2024:10.1007/s10689-024-00383-2. [PMID: 38609521 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-024-00383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly disease that is the result of an accumulation of sequential genetic alterations. These genetic alterations can either be inherited, such as pathogenic germline variants that are associated with an increased risk of cancer, or acquired, such as somatic mutations that occur during the lifetime of an individual. Understanding the genetic basis of inherited risk of PDAC is essential to advancing patient care and outcomes through improved clinical surveillance, early detection initiatives, and targeted therapies. In this review we discuss factors associated with an increased risk of PDAC, the prevalence of genetic variants associated with an increased risk in patients with PDAC, estimates of PDAC risk in carriers of pathogenic germline variants in genes associated with an increased risk of PDAC. The role of common variants in pancreatic cancer risk will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond M Paranal
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Human Genetics Predoctoral Training Program, the McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura D Wood
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alison P Klein
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Nicholas J Roberts
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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5
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Pensabene M, Calabrese A, von Arx C, Caputo R, De Laurentiis M. Cancer genetic counselling for hereditary breast cancer in the era of precision oncology. Cancer Treat Rev 2024; 125:102702. [PMID: 38452709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
A relevant percentage of breast cancers (BCs) are tied to pathogenetic (P)/likely pathogenetic (LP) variants in predisposing genes. The knowledge of P/LP variants is an essential element in the management of BC patients since the first diagnosis because it influences surgery and subsequent oncological treatments and follow-up. Moreover, patients with metastatic BCs can benefit from personalized treatment if carriers of P/LP in BRCA1/2 genes. Multigene panels allow the identification of other predisposing genes with an impact on management. Cascade genetic testing for healthy family members allows personalized preventive strategies. Here, we review the advances and the challenges of Cancer Genetic Counseling (CGC). We focus on the area of oncology directed to hereditary BC management describing the peculiar way to lead CGC and how CGC changes over time. The authors describe the impact of genetic testing by targeted approach or universal approach on the management of BC according to the stage at diagnosis. Moreover, they describe the burden of CGC and testing and future perspectives to widely offer testing. A new perspective is needed for models of service delivery of CGC and testing, beyond formal genetic counselling. A broader genetic test can be quickly usable in clinical practice for comprehensive BC management and personalized prevention in the era of precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pensabene
- Clinical and Experimental Unit of Breast Cancer, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy.
| | - A Calabrese
- Clinical and Experimental Unit of Breast Cancer, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy.
| | - C von Arx
- Clinical and Experimental Unit of Breast Cancer, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy.
| | - R Caputo
- Clinical and Experimental Unit of Breast Cancer, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy.
| | - M De Laurentiis
- Clinical and Experimental Unit of Breast Cancer, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy.
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Buckley CW, O’Reilly EM. Next-generation therapies for pancreatic cancer. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 18:55-72. [PMID: 38415709 PMCID: PMC10960610 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2024.2322648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreas ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a frequently lethal malignancy that poses unique therapeutic challenges. The current mainstay of therapy for metastatic PDAC (mPDAC) is cytotoxic chemotherapy. NALIRIFOX (liposomal irinotecan, fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin) is an emerging standard of care in the metastatic setting. An evolving understanding of PDAC pathogenesis is driving a shift toward targeted therapy. Olaparib, a poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, has regulatory approval for maintenance therapy in BRCA-mutated mPDAC along with other targeted agents receiving disease-agnostic approvals including for PDAC with rare fusions and mismatch repair deficiency. Ongoing research continues to identify and evaluate an expanding array of targeted therapies for PDAC. AREAS COVERED This review provides a brief overview of standard therapies for PDAC and an emphasis on current and emerging targeted therapies. EXPERT OPINION There is notable potential for targeted therapies for KRAS-mutated PDAC with opportunity for meaningful benefit for a sizable portion of patients with this disease. Further, emerging approaches are focused on novel immune, tumor microenvironment, and synthetic lethality strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor W. Buckley
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Eileen M. O’Reilly
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
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Roheel A, Khan A, Anwar F, Akbar Z, Akhtar MF, Imran Khan M, Sohail MF, Ahmad R. Global epidemiology of breast cancer based on risk factors: a systematic review. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1240098. [PMID: 37886170 PMCID: PMC10598331 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1240098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous reviews of the epidemiology and risk factors for breast cancer have been published previously which heighted different directions of breast cancer. Aim The present review examined the likelihood that incidence, prevalence, and particular risk factors might vary by geographic region and possibly by food and cultural practices as well. Methods A systematic review (2017-2022) was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, reporting on epidemiological and risk factor reports from different world regions. Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms: "Breast neoplasm" "AND" country terms such as "Pakistan/epidemiology", "India/epidemiology", "North America/epidemiology", "South Africa/epidemiology" were used to retrieve 2068 articles from PubMed. After applying inclusion and exclusion terms, 49 papers were selected for systematic review. Results Results of selected articles were summarized based on risk factors, world regions and study type. Risk factors were classified into five categories: demographic, genetic and lifestyle risk factors varied among countries. This review article covers a variety of topics, including regions, main findings, and associated risk factors such as genetic factors, and lifestyle. Several studies revealed that lifestyle choices including diet and exercise could affect a person's chance of developing breast cancer. Breast cancer risk has also been linked to genetic variables, including DNA repair gene polymorphisms and mutations in the breast cancer gene (BRCA). It has been found that most of the genetic variability links to the population of Asia while the cause of breast cancer due to lifestyle modifications has been found in American and British people, indicating that demographic, genetic, and, lifestyle risk factors varied among countries. Conclusion There are many risk factors for breast cancer, which vary in their importance depending on the world region. However, further investigation is required to better comprehend the particular causes of breast cancer in these areas as well as to create efficient prevention and treatment plans that cater to the local population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Roheel
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aslam Khan
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fareeha Anwar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zunaira Akbar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Furqan Akhtar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Imran Khan
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Farhan Sohail
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Natural Products, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Andulrahman Bin Faisal University, Rakah, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Jia KY, Menes TS, Bernstein-Molho R, Nissan A, Zippel D. Characterization of patients with a diagnosis of breast cancer and melanoma: genetic susceptibility or increased surveillance? Eur J Cancer Prev 2023; 32:418-422. [PMID: 36912151 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer diagnosis had been linked to an increased risk of melanoma in several reports. The aim of the current study was to assess the role of genetics, increased surveillance, and radiation treatment in patients with a dual diagnosis of breast cancer and melanoma (DBM). MATERIALS AND METHODS All patients treated at Sheba Medical Center between 2007 and 2021 with DBM were included in the cohort. Data on family history, genetic tests, characteristics, and treatment of both cancers were collected. The proportion of patients with a pathogenic variant (PV) in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes was compared to a control group of patients with breast cancer. The proportion of patients presenting with in-situ disease was compared to the national registry data. RESULTS The cohort included 222 DBM patients of whom 114 had documentation of genetic testing. Twenty patients tested positive for PVs of which 13 (11%) were in BRCA genes. This was comparable to the proportion in patients with a diagnosis of breast cancer (736; 19%). The proportion of melanoma diagnosed at stage 0 was comparable to the national proportion ( N = 40; 30% vs. 28%, respectively). In comparison to the national registry, a larger proportion of breast cancers were ductal carcinoma in situ or lobular carcinoma in situ [10% in the registry vs. 19% (22) in the cohort; P < 0.003]. CONCLUSIONS In patients with DBM we did not find an increased proportion of PVs in BRCA genes. Our findings suggest that the increased standardized incidence ratio of the dual diagnosis may be partially explained by increased surveillance and detection of earlier-stage cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Y Jia
- Department of Surgery, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
| | - Tehillah S Menes
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery-Surgery C, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer
| | - Rinat Bernstein-Molho
- Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Chaim, Israel
| | - Aviram Nissan
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery-Surgery C, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer
| | - Dov Zippel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery-Surgery C, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer
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Friedman E. Insights from 25 years of oncogenetics: one person's perspective. Front Genet 2023; 14:1180879. [PMID: 37252658 PMCID: PMC10213307 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1180879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In early 1995, I established the oncogenetics service at the Genetics Institute of the Sheba Medical Center in Israel. The purpose of this article is to describe the key points and issues that were raised throughout my personal journey since then: physician and public awareness; ethical and legal issues; guidelines for oncogenetic counseling; the development of oncogenetic testing within the unique Israeli reality of the limited spectrum of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations; high-risk vs. population screening; and the definition and implementation of guidelines for surveillance of asymptomatic mutation carriers. Since 1995, oncogenetics has been transformed from a rare oddity to a pivotal player, and it represents a successful example of implementing personalized preventive medicine by identifying and providing care and by offering means for early detection and risk reduction for adults who are genetically predisposed to develop a potentially life-threatening disease-cancer in this case. Lastly, I outline my personal vision for the possible way forward for oncogenetics.
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Loboda AP, Adonin LS, Zvereva SD, Guschin DY, Korneenko TV, Telegina AV, Kondratieva OK, Frolova SE, Pestov NB, Barlev NA. BRCA Mutations-The Achilles Heel of Breast, Ovarian and Other Epithelial Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054982. [PMID: 36902416 PMCID: PMC10003548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Two related tumor suppressor genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, attract a lot of attention from both fundamental and clinical points of view. Oncogenic hereditary mutations in these genes are firmly linked to the early onset of breast and ovarian cancers. However, the molecular mechanisms that drive extensive mutagenesis in these genes are not known. In this review, we hypothesize that one of the potential mechanisms behind this phenomenon can be mediated by Alu mobile genomic elements. Linking mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes to the general mechanisms of genome stability and DNA repair is critical to ensure the rationalized choice of anti-cancer therapy. Accordingly, we review the literature available on the mechanisms of DNA damage repair where these proteins are involved, and how the inactivating mutations in these genes (BRCAness) can be exploited in anti-cancer therapy. We also discuss a hypothesis explaining why breast and ovarian epithelial tissues are preferentially susceptible to mutations in BRCA genes. Finally, we discuss prospective novel therapeutic approaches for treating BRCAness cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P. Loboda
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | | | - Svetlana D. Zvereva
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Dmitri Y. Guschin
- School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Tatyana V. Korneenko
- Group of Cross-Linking Enzymes, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Nikolay B. Pestov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia
- Group of Cross-Linking Enzymes, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, 108819 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (N.B.P.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Nick A. Barlev
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia
- School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, 108819 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Cytology, Tikhoretsky ave 4, 194064 St-Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (N.B.P.); (N.A.B.)
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Lux MP, Fasching PA. Breast Cancer and Genetic BRCA1/2 Testing in Routine Clinical Practice: Why, When and For Whom? Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2023; 83:310-320. [PMID: 36908286 PMCID: PMC9998182 DOI: 10.1055/a-1929-2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants of the tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are responsible for the majority of hereditary breast cancers; they are also becoming increasingly important to identify whether patients are suitable for targeted therapy with poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi). Patients with HER2-negative breast cancer and BRCA1/2 germline mutations can benefit significantly from PARPi therapy, and the findings of the OlympiAD and the EMBRACA phase III clinical trials for regulatory approval were recently expanded by the addition of the most recent OlympiA data on the treatment of patients with early disease and a high risk of recurrence. This means that BRCA1/2 germline testing to plan patient therapy is now also relevant for patients with early breast cancer and therefore has a direct impact on survival. Healthcare research data shows, however, that BRCA1/2 testing rates are strongly affected by familial history, cancer subtype (particularly triple-negative subtypes), and patient age at onset of disease (especially with regards to younger patients with breast cancer), despite the existing clear recommendations for BRCA1/2 germline testing to identify whether PARPi therapy is indicated. This article presents the clinical implications of identifying BRCA1/2 germline mutations in patients with breast cancer, the current recommendations on molecular diagnostics, and their implementation in practice. The treatment of patients with breast cancer has progressed greatly in recent years and now offers individual treatment concepts which can only be implemented after the targeted identification of individual parameters. As detection of a BRCA1/2 germline mutation is essential for planning individual therapy, where indicated, testing should be arranged as early as possible. It is the only way of identifying patients suitable for PARPi therapy and ensuring they receive the best possible treatment. This also applies to patients with a negative familial history, HR-positive disease, or who are older at onset of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Lux
- Klinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Frauenklinik St. Louise, Paderborn, St. Josefs-Krankenhaus, Salzkotten, St. Vincenz Kliniken, Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Peter A. Fasching
- Frauenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Imyanitov EN, Kuligina ES, Sokolenko AP, Suspitsin EN, Yanus GA, Iyevleva AG, Ivantsov AO, Aleksakhina SN. Hereditary cancer syndromes. World J Clin Oncol 2023; 14:40-68. [PMID: 36908677 PMCID: PMC9993141 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v14.i2.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary cancer syndromes (HCSs) are arguably the most frequent category of Mendelian genetic diseases, as at least 2% of presumably healthy subjects carry highly-penetrant tumor-predisposing pathogenic variants (PVs). Hereditary breast-ovarian cancer and Lynch syndrome make the highest contribution to cancer morbidity; in addition, there are several dozen less frequent types of familial tumors. The development of the majority albeit not all hereditary malignancies involves two-hit mechanism, i.e. the somatic inactivation of the remaining copy of the affected gene. Earlier studies on cancer families suggested nearly fatal penetrance for the majority of HCS genes; however, population-based investigations and especially large-scale next-generation sequencing data sets demonstrate that the presence of some highly-penetrant PVs is often compatible with healthy status. Hereditary cancer research initially focused mainly on cancer detection and prevention. Recent studies identified multiple HCS-specific drug vulnerabilities, which translated into the development of highly efficient therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny N Imyanitov
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S Kuligina
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Anna P Sokolenko
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Evgeny N Suspitsin
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Grigoriy A Yanus
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Aglaya G Iyevleva
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Alexandr O Ivantsov
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Svetlana N Aleksakhina
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
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13
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Abdallah N, Purrington KS, Tatineni S, Assad H, Petrucelli N, Simon MS. Racial and ethnic variation in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic test results among individuals referred for genetic counseling at a large urban comprehensive cancer center. Cancer Causes Control 2023; 34:141-149. [PMID: 36370215 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-022-01648-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The prevalence of pathogenic variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 in populations other than Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) is not well defined. We describe the racial and ethnic-specific prevalence of BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants and variants of uncertain significance (VUS) among individuals referred for genetic testing in a large urban comprehensive cancer center over a 20-year period. METHODS The population included 3,537 unrelated individuals who underwent genetic testing from January 1999 to October 2019 at the Karmanos Cancer Institute. We estimated the prevalence of pathogenic variants and VUS and evaluated associations with race and ethnicity for African American (AA), Arab, AJ and Hispanic individuals compared to Non-Hispanic Whites (NHW). We used multivariable models to adjust for other predictors of pathogenic variants. We also reported the most common pathogenic variants by racial and ethnic group. RESULTS The racial and ethnic breakdown of our population was: NHW (68.9%), AA (20.3%), AJ (2.5%), Arab (2.2%), Hispanic (1.0%), Asian Pacific Islander, Native American/Alaskan Native (4.7%), and < 1% unknown. The overall prevalence of pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2 was 8.9% and the prevalence of VUS was 5.6%. Compared to NHW, there were no racial or ethnic differences in the rate of pathogenic variants. However, AA individuals were more likely to have VUS in BRCA1 (adjusted OR 2.43, 95% CI 1.38-4.28) and AJ were more likely to have VUS in BRCA2 (adjusted OR 3.50, 95% CI 1.61-6.58). CONCLUSION These results suggest the continued need for genetic testing and variant reclassification for individuals of all racial and ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Abdallah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kristen S Purrington
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute at Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sushma Tatineni
- Department of Oncology, Minnesota Oncology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Hadeel Assad
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute at Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nancie Petrucelli
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute at Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael S Simon
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute at Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
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14
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Ding YC, Adamson AW, Bakhtiari M, Patrick C, Park J, Laitman Y, Weitzel JN, Bafna V, Friedman E, Neuhausen SL. Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) as modifiers of breast cancer risk in carriers of BRCA1 185delAG. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:216-222. [PMID: 36434258 PMCID: PMC9905572 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-022-01238-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial efforts in identifying both rare and common variants affecting disease risk, in the majority of diseases, a large proportion of unexplained genetic risk remains. We propose that variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) may explain a proportion of the missing genetic risk. Herein, in a pilot study with a retrospective cohort design, we tested whether VNTRs are causal modifiers of breast cancer risk in 347 female carriers of the BRCA1 185delAG pathogenic variant, an important group given their high risk of developing breast cancer. We performed targeted-capture to sequence VNTRs, called genotypes with adVNTR, tested the association of VNTRs and breast cancer risk using Cox regression models, and estimated the effect size using a retrospective likelihood approach. Of 303 VNTRs that passed quality control checks, 4 VNTRs were significantly associated with risk to develop breast cancer at false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.05 and an additional 4 VNTRs had FDR < 0.25. After determining the specific risk alleles, there was a significantly earlier age at diagnosis of breast cancer in carriers of the risk alleles compared to those without the risk alleles for seven of eight VNTRs. One example is a VNTR in exon 2 of LINC01973 with a per-allele hazard ratio of 1.58 (1.07-2.33) and 5.28 (2.79-9.99) for the homozygous risk-allele genotype. Results from this first systematic study of VNTRs demonstrate that VNTRs may explain a proportion of the unexplained genetic risk for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chun Ding
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Aaron W Adamson
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Mehrdad Bakhtiari
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Carmina Patrick
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jonghun Park
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yael Laitman
- Oncogenetics Unit, Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Jeffrey N Weitzel
- Latin American School of Oncology, Tuxla Gutierrez, Chiapas, MX and Natera, San Carlos, CA, USA
| | - Vineet Bafna
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eitan Friedman
- Oncogenetics Unit, Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Center for Preventive Personalized Medicine, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Susan L Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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15
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Sessa C, Balmaña J, Bober SL, Cardoso MJ, Colombo N, Curigliano G, Domchek SM, Evans DG, Fischerova D, Harbeck N, Kuhl C, Lemley B, Levy-Lahad E, Lambertini M, Ledermann JA, Loibl S, Phillips KA, Paluch-Shimon S. Risk reduction and screening of cancer in hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndromes: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline. Ann Oncol 2023; 34:33-47. [PMID: 36307055 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Sessa
- Medical Oncology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, EOC, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - J Balmaña
- Medical Oncology Hospital Vall d'Hebron and Hereditary Cancer Genetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S L Bober
- Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - M J Cardoso
- Champalimaud Foundation, Breast Unit and Faculdade de Medicina, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - N Colombo
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia e IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - G Curigliano
- Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies Division, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - S M Domchek
- Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - D G Evans
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Division of Evolution Infection and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester, MAHSC, Manchester, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, MAHSC, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - D Fischerova
- Gynecologic Oncology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - N Harbeck
- Breast Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - C Kuhl
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Aachen, University Hospital Aachen (UKA), RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - B Lemley
- KIU - Patient Organisation for Women with Gynaecological Cancer, Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Trials Project, ESGO ENGAGe, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - E Levy-Lahad
- Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - M Lambertini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), School of Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy; Department of Medical Oncology, U.O. Clinica di Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - J A Ledermann
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London and UCL Hospitals, London, UK
| | - S Loibl
- GBG Forschungs GmbH, Neu-Isenburg, Germany
| | - K-A Phillips
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S Paluch-Shimon
- Sharett Institute of Oncology Department, Hadassah University Hospital & Faculty of Medicine Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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16
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Daum H, Segel R, Meiner V, Goldberg Y, Zeligson S, Weiss O, Stern S, Frumkin A, Zenvirt S, Ganz G, Shkedi-Rafid S. Detection of copy number variants associated with late-onset conditions in ~16 200 pregnancies: parameters for disclosure and pregnancy outcome. J Med Genet 2023; 60:99-105. [PMID: 35264407 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-107890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copy number variants (CNVs) associated with late-onset medical conditions are rare but important secondary findings in chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) performed during pregnancy. Here, we critically review the cases at two tertiary centres to assess the criteria which guide the disclosure of such findings and develop a disclosure decision tool (DDT) aimed at facilitating disclosure decision. Parental decisions on receiving CNVs associated with risks for late-onset conditions were also recorded. METHODS Prenatal CMAs in Hadassah and Shaare Zedek Medical Centers from November 2013 to October 2021 were reviewed for CNVs associated with late-onset conditions. The DDT proposed uses a five-parameter scoring system, which considers the severity, median age of onset, penetrance, understanding of genotype-phenotype correlation and actionability of the finding. RESULTS Out of 16 238 prenatal CMAs, 16 (0.1%) harboured CNVs associated with late-onset conditions, 15 of which were disclosed. Outcome information was available on 13 of the 16 pregnancies, all of which continued to delivery. CONCLUSIONS Our suggested DDT will help clinicians to quantitatively weigh the variables associated with CNVs of this type and arrive at a well thought out clinical decision regarding disclosure. Although the prevalence of late-onset conditions as a major finding in the prenatal setup is low, it is expected to rise with the increasing use of non-invasive CMA testing and whole exome and genome sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Daum
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reeval Segel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vardiella Meiner
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Goldberg
- Rabin Medical Center, Recanati Genetics Institute, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sharon Zeligson
- Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Omri Weiss
- Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shira Stern
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ayala Frumkin
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shamir Zenvirt
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gael Ganz
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shiri Shkedi-Rafid
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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17
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Brace S, Diekmann Y, Booth T, Macleod R, Timpson A, Stephen W, Emery G, Cabot S, Thomas MG, Barnes I. Genomes from a medieval mass burial show Ashkenazi-associated hereditary diseases pre-date the 12th century. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4350-4359.e6. [PMID: 36044903 PMCID: PMC10499757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report genome sequence data from six individuals excavated from the base of a medieval well at a site in Norwich, UK. A revised radiocarbon analysis of the assemblage is consistent with these individuals being part of a historically attested episode of antisemitic violence on 6 February 1190 CE. We find that four of these individuals were closely related and all six have strong genetic affinities with modern Ashkenazi Jews. We identify four alleles associated with genetic disease in Ashkenazi Jewish populations and infer variation in pigmentation traits, including the presence of red hair. Simulations indicate that Ashkenazi-associated genetic disease alleles were already at appreciable frequencies, centuries earlier than previously hypothesized. These findings provide new insights into a significant historical crime, into Ashkenazi population history, and into the origins of genetic diseases associated with modern Jewish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Brace
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Yoan Diekmann
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Booth
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ruairidh Macleod
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, UK
| | - Adrian Timpson
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Will Stephen
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Giles Emery
- Norvic Archaeology, 7 Foxburrow Road, Norwich NR7 8QU, UK
| | - Sophie Cabot
- Norfolk Record Office, The Archive Centre, Martineau Lane, Norwich, Norfolk NR1 2DQ, UK
| | - Mark G Thomas
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Ian Barnes
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.
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18
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Mighton C, Shickh S, Aguda V, Krishnapillai S, Adi-Wauran E, Bombard Y. From the patient to the population: Use of genomics for population screening. Front Genet 2022; 13:893832. [PMID: 36353115 PMCID: PMC9637971 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.893832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic medicine is expanding from a focus on diagnosis at the patient level to prevention at the population level given the ongoing under-ascertainment of high-risk and actionable genetic conditions using current strategies, particularly hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC), Lynch Syndrome (LS) and familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). The availability of large-scale next-generation sequencing strategies and preventive options for these conditions makes it increasingly feasible to screen pre-symptomatic individuals through public health-based approaches, rather than restricting testing to high-risk groups. This raises anew, and with urgency, questions about the limits of screening as well as the moral authority and capacity to screen for genetic conditions at a population level. We aimed to answer some of these critical questions by using the WHO Wilson and Jungner criteria to guide a synthesis of current evidence on population genomic screening for HBOC, LS, and FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Mighton
- Genomics Health Services Research Program, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Salma Shickh
- Genomics Health Services Research Program, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vernie Aguda
- Genomics Health Services Research Program, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Medical Education, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Suvetha Krishnapillai
- Genomics Health Services Research Program, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ella Adi-Wauran
- Genomics Health Services Research Program, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yvonne Bombard
- Genomics Health Services Research Program, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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19
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Cellular and molecular mechanisms of breast cancer susceptibility. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1025-1043. [PMID: 35786748 DOI: 10.1042/cs20211158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a plethora of recognized risk factors for breast cancer (BC) with poorly understood or speculative biological mechanisms. The lack of prevention options highlights the importance of understanding the mechanistic basis of cancer susceptibility and finding new targets for breast cancer prevention. Until now, we have understood risk and cancer susceptibility primarily through the application of epidemiology and assessing outcomes in large human cohorts. Relative risks are assigned to various human behaviors and conditions, but in general the associations are weak and there is little understanding of mechanism. Aging is by far the greatest risk factor for BC, and there are specific forms of inherited genetic risk that are well-understood to cause BC. We propose that bringing focus to the biology underlying these forms of risk will illuminate biological mechanisms of BC susceptibility.
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20
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Pomerantz A, Tsoref D, Grubstein A, Wadhawker S, Rapson Y, Gadiel I, Goldvaser H, Feldhamer I, Hammerman A, Shochat T, Sharon E, Kedar I, Yerushalmi R. Rate of breast biopsy referrals in female BRCA mutation carriers aged 50 years or more: a retrospective comparative study and matched analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2022; 193:507-514. [PMID: 35391652 PMCID: PMC9090689 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the total biopsy and positive biopsy rates in women at high risk of breast cancer compared to the general population. METHODS The study group consisted of 330 women with pathogenic variants (PVs) in BRCA1/2 attending the dedicated multidisciplinary breast cancer clinic of a tertiary medical center in Israel. Clinical, genetic, and biopsy data were retrieved from the central healthcare database and the medical files. Patients aged 50 years or older during follow-up were matched 1:10 to women in the general population referred for routine breast cancer screening at the same age, as recommended by international guidelines. The groups were compared for rate of biopsy studies performed and percentage of positive biopsy results. Matched analysis was performed to correct for confounders. RESULTS The total biopsy rate per 1000 follow-up years was 61.7 in the study group and 22.7 in the control group (p < 0.001). The corresponding positive biopsy rates per 1000 follow-up years were 26.4 and 2.0 (p < 0.001), and the positive biopsy percentages, 42.9% and 8.7% (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Women aged 50 + years with PVs in BRCA1/2 attending a dedicated clinic have a 2.7 times higher biopsy rate per 1000 follow-up years, a 13.2 times higher positive biopsy rate per 1000 follow-up years, and a 4.9 times higher positive biopsy percentage than same-aged women in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Pomerantz
- Institute of Oncology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, 4941492, Israel
| | - Daliah Tsoref
- Institute of Oncology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, 4941492, Israel
| | - Ahuva Grubstein
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Imaging Department, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, 4941492, Israel
| | - Sonya Wadhawker
- Surgery Department, Breast Cancer Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, 4941492, Israel
| | - Yael Rapson
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Imaging Department, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, 4941492, Israel
| | - Itay Gadiel
- Imaging Department, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, 4941492, Israel
| | - Hadar Goldvaser
- Institute of Oncology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, 4941492, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Ilan Feldhamer
- Chief Physician's Office, Clalit Health Services Headquarters, Tel Aviv, 6340412, Israel
| | - Ariel Hammerman
- Chief Physician's Office, Clalit Health Services Headquarters, Tel Aviv, 6340412, Israel
| | - Tzipora Shochat
- Statistical Consulting Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, 4941492, Israel
| | - Eran Sharon
- Surgery Department, Breast Cancer Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, 4941492, Israel
| | - Inbal Kedar
- Raphael Recanati Genetic Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, 4941492, Israel
| | - Rinat Yerushalmi
- Institute of Oncology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, 4941492, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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21
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Pace LE, Tung N, Lee YS, Hamilton JG, Gabriel C, Revette A, Raja S, Jenkins C, Braswell A, Morgan K, Levin J, Block J, Domchek SM, Nathanson K, Symecko H, Spielman K, Karlan B, Kamara D, Lester J, Offit K, Garber JE, Keating NL. Challenges and Opportunities in Engaging Primary Care Providers in BRCA Testing: Results from the BFOR Study. J Gen Intern Med 2022; 37:1862-1869. [PMID: 34173196 PMCID: PMC9198181 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-021-06970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Engaging primary care providers (PCPs) in BRCA1/2 testing and results disclosure would increase testing access. The BRCA Founder OutReach (BFOR) study is a prospective study of BRCA1/2 founder mutation screening among individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent that sought to involve participants' PCPs in results disclosure. We used quantitative and qualitative methods to evaluate PCPs' perspectives, knowledge, and experience disclosing results in BFOR. METHODS Among PCPs nominated by BFOR participants to disclose BRCA1/2 results, we assessed the proportion agreeing to disclose. To examine PCP's perspectives, knowledge, and willingness to disclose results, we surveyed 501 nominated PCPs. To examine PCPs' experiences disclosing results in BFOR, we surveyed 101 PCPs and conducted 10 semi-structured interviews. RESULTS In the BFOR study overall, PCPs agreed to disclose their patient's results 40.5% of the time. Two hundred thirty-four PCPs (46.7%) responded to the initial survey. Responding PCPs were more likely to agree to disclose patients' results than non-responders (57.3% vs. 28.6%, p<0.001). Among all respondents, most felt very (19.7%) or somewhat (39.1%) qualified to share results. Among PCPs declining to disclose, insufficient knowledge was the most common reason. In multivariable logistic regression, feeling qualified was the only variable significantly associated with agreeing to disclose results (OR 6.53, 95% CI 3.31, 12.88). In post-disclosure surveys (response rate=55%), PCPs reported largely positive experiences. Interview findings suggested that although PCPs valued the study-provided educational materials, they desired better integration of results and decision support into workflows. CONCLUSION Barriers exist to incorporating BRCA1/2 testing into primary care. Most PCPs declined to disclose their patients' BFOR results, although survey respondents were motivated and had positive disclosure experiences. PCP training and integrated decision support could be beneficial. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03351803), November 24, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia E Pace
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Nadine Tung
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yeonsoo S Lee
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sahitya Raja
- Rush Medical College at Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Kelly Morgan
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Levin
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy Block
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan M Domchek
- Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine Nathanson
- Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Heather Symecko
- Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kelsey Spielman
- Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Beth Karlan
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniella Kamara
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jenny Lester
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth Offit
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Nancy L Keating
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Castillo C, Artagaveytia N, Brignoni L, Laitman Y, Camejo N, Hernández AL, Krygier G, Cayota A, Delgado L, Friedman E. Population-based screening of Uruguayan Ashkenazi Jews for recurrent BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic sequence variants. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e1928. [PMID: 35332707 PMCID: PMC9184654 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In Ashkenazi Jews (AJ) three recurring pathogenic sequence variants (PSVs) are detected in ~2.5% of the general population in the BRCA1 (c.68_69del = 185delAG, c.5266dup = 5382insC), and BRCA2 (c.5946del = 6174delT). Population‐based screening for these PSVs in AJ women is part of the health basket in Israel. To assess the feasibility and outcome of BRCA genotyping in the Jewish population of Uruguay, AJ in the greater Montevideo area were recruited using ethically approved protocol and without pretest counseling were genotyped for the three predominant AJ PSVs in the BRCA genes. Independently confirmed PSV carriers were counseled, and genetic testing was offered to additional family members. Overall, 327 participants were enrolled: 312 (95%) female, 261 (80%) had all four grandparents AJ, and 14 (4%) women were breast cancer survivors with a mean age ± standard deviation (SD) 50 ± 11.5 years. The BRCA1 c.68_69del PSV was detected in three cancer free participants (0.92%, CI 95% 0.31–2.6), all with a suggestive family history. No carriers of the other two recurrent PSVs were detected. Online oncogenetic counseling was provided for all carriers. In conclusion, the rate of the BRCA1 c.68_69del PSV was similar with the rate in other AJ communities. AJ population BRCA genotyping screens in Uruguay seem feasible and should be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Castillo
- Servicio de Oncología Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas "Dr. Manuel Quintela", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nora Artagaveytia
- Departamento Básico de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucia Brignoni
- Departamento Básico de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Yael Laitman
- The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, Institute of Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Natalia Camejo
- Servicio de Oncología Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas "Dr. Manuel Quintela", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Laura Hernández
- Departamento de Psicología Médica, Hospital de Clínicas "Dr. Manuel Quintela", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriel Krygier
- Servicio de Oncología Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas "Dr. Manuel Quintela", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alfonso Cayota
- Departamento Básico de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucia Delgado
- Servicio de Oncología Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas "Dr. Manuel Quintela", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eitan Friedman
- The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, Institute of Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,The Department of Genetics and biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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23
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Discovery of BRCA1/BRCA2 Founder Variants by Haplotype Analysis. Cancer Genet 2022; 266-267:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2022.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Lavoro A, Scalisi A, Candido S, Zanghì GN, Rizzo R, Gattuso G, Caruso G, Libra M, Falzone L. Identification of the most common BRCA alterations through analysis of germline mutation databases: Is droplet digital PCR an additional strategy for the assessment of such alterations in breast and ovarian cancer families? Int J Oncol 2022; 60:58. [PMID: 35383859 PMCID: PMC8997337 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast and ovarian cancer represent two of the most common tumor types in females worldwide. Over the years, several non‑modifiable and modifiable risk factors have been associated with the onset and progression of these tumors, including age, reproductive factors, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and lifestyle factors, as well as family history and genetic factors. Of note, BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two tumor suppressor genes with a key role in DNA repair processes, whose mutations may induce genomic instability and increase the risk of cancer development. Specifically, females with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer harboring BRCA1/2 germline mutations have a 60‑70% increased risk of developing breast cancer and a 15‑40% increased risk for ovarian cancer. Different databases have collected the most frequent germline mutations affecting BRCA1/2. Through the analysis of such databases, it is possible to identify frequent hotspot mutations that may be analyzed with next‑generation sequencing (NGS) and novel innovative strategies. In this context, NGS remains the gold standard method for the assessment of BRCA1/2 mutations, while novel techniques, including droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), may improve the sensitivity to identify such mutations in the hereditary forms of breast and ovarian cancer. On these bases, the present study aimed to provide an update of the current knowledge on the frequency of BRCA1/2 mutations and cancer susceptibility, focusing on the diagnostic potential of the most recent methods, such as ddPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Lavoro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Aurora Scalisi
- Italian League Against Cancer, Section of Catania, I‑95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Saverio Candido
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Guido Nicola Zanghì
- Department of General Surgery and Medical‑Surgical Specialties, Policlinico‑Vittorio Emanuele Hospital, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gattuso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Luca Falzone
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, National Cancer Institute IRCCS Fondazione 'G. Pascale', I‑80131 Naples, Italy
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25
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Pekarek L, Fraile-Martinez O, Garcia-Montero C, Saez MA, Barquero-Pozanco I, Del Hierro-Marlasca L, de Castro Martinez P, Romero-Bazán A, Alvarez-Mon MA, Monserrat J, García-Honduvilla N, Buján J, Alvarez-Mon M, Guijarro LG, Ortega MA. Clinical Applications of Classical and Novel Biological Markers of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1866. [PMID: 35454771 PMCID: PMC9029823 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma have increased in recent years. Pancreatic cancer is the seventh leading cause of cancer death, but it is projected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality by 2040. Most patients are diagnosed in an advanced stage of the disease, with very limited 5-year survival. The discovery of different tissue markers has elucidated the underlying pathophysiology of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and allowed stratification of patient risk at different stages and assessment of tumour recurrence. Due to the invasive capacity of this tumour and the absence of screening markers, new immunohistochemical and serological markers may be used as prognostic markers for recurrence and in the study of possible new therapeutic targets because the survival of these patients is low in most cases. The present article reviews the currently used main histopathological and serological markers and discusses the main characteristics of markers under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Pekarek
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Oncology Service, Guadalajara University Hospital, 19002 Guadalajara, Spain
| | - Oscar Fraile-Martinez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cielo Garcia-Montero
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Saez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Pathological Anatomy Service, Central University Hospital of Defence-UAH Madrid, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Ines Barquero-Pozanco
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Laura Del Hierro-Marlasca
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Patricia de Castro Martinez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Adoración Romero-Bazán
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Miguel A Alvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Monserrat
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalio García-Honduvilla
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Buján
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Melchor Alvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology, Oncology Service an Internal Medicine (CIBEREHD), University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, 28806 Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Luis G Guijarro
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of System Biology (CIBEREHD), University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Miguel A Ortega
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Registry and Pathology Department, Principe de Asturias University Hospital, 28806 Alcala de Henares, Spain
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26
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Rajagopal T, Seshachalam A, Jothi A, Rathnam KK, Talluri S, Venkatabalasubranian S, Dunna NR. Analysis of pathogenic variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes using next-generation sequencing in women with triple negative breast cancer from South India. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:3025-3032. [PMID: 35020120 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequency of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) incidence varies among different populations suggesting the involvement of genetic components towards TNBC development. Previous studies have reported that BRCA1/2 germline mutations confer a lifetime risk of developing TNBC. However, there is hardly any information regarding the common pathogenic variants (PVs) in BRCA1/2 genes that contribute to TNBC in the Indian population. Hence, we screened for PVs in BRCA1/2 and their association with clinico-pathological features in TNBC patients. METHODS AND RESULTS The study recruited 59 TNBC patients without hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) from South India. The entire BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes were sequenced for the 59 patients using the Illumina HiSeq X Ten sequencer. Among the 59 TNBC genomic DNA samples sequenced, BRCA mutations were identified in 8 patients (13.6%), BRCA1 mutations in 6 patients, and BRCA2 mutations in 2 patients. Among the 6 BRCA1 mutations, three were c.68_69delAG (185delAG) mutation. Remarkably, all the TNBC patients with BRCA mutations exhibited higher-grade tumors (grade 2 or 3). However, among all the BRCA mutation carriers, only one patient with a BRCA2 mutation (p.Glu1879Lys) developed metastasis. CONCLUSION Our data advocates that South Indian women with higher grade TNBC tumors and without HBOC could be considered for BRCA mutation screening, thereby enabling enhanced decision-making and preventive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taruna Rajagopal
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA - Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613 401, India
| | - Arun Seshachalam
- Department of Medical and Paediatric Oncology, Dr.G.V.N Cancer Institute, Singarathope, Trichy, 620 008, India
| | - Arunachalam Jothi
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA - Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613 401, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Rathnam
- Department of Hemato Oncology - Medical Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Meenakshi Mission Hospital & Research Centre, Madurai, 625 107, India
| | - Srikanth Talluri
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Sivaramakrishnan Venkatabalasubranian
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India
| | - Nageswara Rao Dunna
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA - Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613 401, India.
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27
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Common founder BRCA2 pathogenic variants and breast cancer characteristics in Ethiopian Jews. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2022; 193:217-224. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-022-06557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Akhtar A, Danish M. Newly synthesized metal complexes of sulfonamides: DNA cleavage, BRCA1 gene interaction, expression analysis, antioxidant and antiglycation studies. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01878-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Szymaniak BM, Facchini LA, Kelsten MF, Cheng HH, Morgans AK. Operationalizing Genetic Testing in the Care of Patients with Prostate Cancer. Urol Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89891-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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30
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Finch A, Metcalfe K, Akbari M, Friedman E, Tung N, Rosen B, Eisen A, Karlan B, Foulkes W, Neuhausen SL, Senter L, McKinnon W, Elser C, Sun P, Narod SA. The Risks of Breast and Ovarian Cancer Associated with the Ashkenazi Jewish Founder Allele BRCA2 6174delT. Clin Genet 2021; 101:317-323. [PMID: 34897671 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one percent of the Ashkenazi Jewish population carries the BRCA2 6174delT (c.5946del) pathogenic variant. It is important to have accurate knowledge of the risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with this specific variant so that women may be counselled accordingly. In this prospective study, we estimated the risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with the 6174delT variant compared with the risks for other pathogenic variants in the BRCA2 gene. The annual risk for developing breast cancer was significantly lower in 246 women who carried the 6174delT variant compared with 721 non-Jewish women who carried a variant at any other locus in BRCA2 (1.2% per year vs. 2.4% per year, p=0.003). We estimated the cumulative risk of breast cancer from age 30 to 70 to be 39% for carriers of the BRCA2 6174delT variant and 61% for carriers of other BRCA2 variants. The annual risk for ovarian or fallopian tube cancer was 0.51% per year for the 233 women who carried the 6174delT variant compared to 0.22% per year for the 1128 carriers of other BRCA2 variants; the difference was not significant. Lower risks for breast cancer associated with 6174delT may not impact screening and prevention choices, however, the discussion should be based on accurate risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Finch
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kelly Metcalfe
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammad Akbari
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eitan Friedman
- The Meiray Center High Risk Clinic, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Nadine Tung
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Andrea Eisen
- Toronto-Sunnybrook Regional Cancer Center, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Beth Karlan
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - William Foulkes
- Program in Cancer Genetics, Department of Oncology and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Susan L Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Leigha Senter
- Division of Human Genetics, the Ohio State University Medical Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wendy McKinnon
- Familial Cancer Program, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Christine Elser
- Marvelle Koffler Breast Centre, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ping Sun
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven A Narod
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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31
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Morgan KM, Hamilton JG, Symecko H, Kamara D, Jenkins C, Lester J, Spielman K, Pace LE, Gabriel C, Levin JD, Tejada PR, Braswell A, Marcell V, Wildman T, Devolder B, Baum RC, Block JN, Fesko Y, Boehler K, Howell V, Heitler J, Robson ME, Nathanson KL, Tung N, Karlan BY, Domchek SM, Garber JE, Offit K. Targeted BRCA1/2 population screening among Ashkenazi Jewish individuals using a web-enabled medical model: An observational cohort study. Genet Med 2021; 24:564-575. [PMID: 34906490 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2021.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate uptake and follow-up using internet-assisted population genetic testing (GT) for BRCA1/2 Ashkenazi Jewish founder pathogenic variants (AJPVs). METHODS Across 4 cities in the United States, from December 2017 to March 2020, individuals aged ≥25 years with ≥1 Ashkenazi Jewish grandparent were offered enrollment. Participants consented and enrolled online with chatbot and video education, underwent BRCA1/2 AJPV GT, and chose to receive results from their primary care provider (PCP) or study staff. Surveys were conducted at baseline, at 12 weeks, and annually for 5 years. RESULTS A total of 5193 participants enrolled and 4109 (79.1%) were tested (median age = 54, female = 77.1%). Upon enrollment, 35.1% of participants selected a PCP to disclose results, and 40.5% of PCPs agreed. Of those tested, 138 (3.4%) were AJPV heterozygotes of whom 21 (15.2%) had no significant family history of cancer, whereas 86 (62.3%) had a known familial pathogenic variant. At 12 weeks, 85.5% of participants with AJPVs planned increased cancer screening; only 3.7% with negative results and a significant family history reported further testing. CONCLUSION Although continued follow-up is needed, internet-enabled outreach can expand access to targeted GT using a medical model. Observed challenges for population genetic screening efforts include recruitment barriers, improving PCP engagement, and increasing uptake of additional testing when indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heather Symecko
- Department of Medicine and Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daniella Kamara
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Colby Jenkins
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Jenny Lester
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kelsey Spielman
- Department of Medicine and Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lydia E Pace
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | - Anthony Braswell
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark E Robson
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Department of Medicine and Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nadine Tung
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Beth Y Karlan
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Susan M Domchek
- Department of Medicine and Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Kenneth Offit
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.
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Biller LH, Wolpin BM, Goggins M. Inherited Pancreatic Cancer Syndromes and High-Risk Screening. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2021; 30:773-786. [PMID: 34511196 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in the United States, with a 5-year survival rate of 9%. Individuals with inherited pancreatic cancer syndromes are at an increased risk for developing pancreatic cancer and may benefit from pancreatic cancer surveillance with the goal to detect and intervene on early-stage cancer or high-risk precursor lesions. Given the screening implications for family members and therapeutic implications for probands, all patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer are recommended to undergo germline genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah H Biller
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, USA. https://twitter.com/leahbillermd
| | - Brian M Wolpin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Michael Goggins
- Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Astiazaran-Symonds E, Goldstein AM. A systematic review of the prevalence of germline pathogenic variants in patients with pancreatic cancer. J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:713-721. [PMID: 34255164 PMCID: PMC8475496 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-021-01806-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The genetics of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is complex with patients reported to harbor germline pathogenic variants (PVs) in many different genes. PDAC patients with familial pancreatic cancer (FPC) are more likely to carry germline PVs but there is no consensus main gene involved in FPC. We performed a systematic review of publications from PubMed and Scopus reporting PVs in patients with FPC, sporadic pancreatic cancer (SPC) and unselected cohorts of PDAC patients undergoing genetic testing and calculated a cumulative prevalence of PVs for each gene evaluated across these three groups of patients. When available, variants in the selected publications were reclassified according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics classification system and used for prevalence calculations if classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic. We observed an increased prevalence of PVs in FPC compared to SPC or unselected PDAC patients for most of the 41 genes reported. The genes with the highest prevalence of carriers of PVs in FPC were ATM, BRCA2, and CDKN2A. BRCA2 and ATM showed the highest prevalence of PVs in both SPC and unselected PDAC cohorts. Several genes with the highest prevalence of PVs are involved in breast and ovarian cancer suggesting strong overlap with underlying genetics in these disorders but no single gene was predominant. More research is needed to further understand the risk of PDAC associated with these many diverse genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Astiazaran-Symonds
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA,National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alisa M Goldstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
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Bernstein-Molho R, Galmor L, Laitman Y, Segev S, Friedman E. Yield of targeted genotyping for the recurring pathogenic variants in cancer susceptibility genes in a healthy, multiethnic Israeli population. Cancer 2021; 127:3599-3604. [PMID: 34157778 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several recurring pathogenic variants in BRCA1/BRCA2 and other cancer susceptibility genes are encountered in ethnically diverse Jewish populations. The yield of genotyping for these recurring pathogenic variants in healthy Israeli individuals unselected for ethnicity, sex, or a family history of cancer has not been previously reported. METHODS Individuals voluntarily participating in annual medical surveillance at the Institute of Medical Screening of Sheba Medical Center were offered genotyping for predominant pathogenic variants in BRCA1/BRCA2 and recurring variants in CHEK2, MUTYH, APC, and the Lynch syndrome genes via a chip-based assay at the oncogenetic service of Sheba Medical Center from May 15, 2018, to December 15, 2020. All study participants were unrelated to one another. The study was approved by the Sheba ethics committee. RESULTS Overall, 1764 individuals, including 1008 females (57%), with a mean age of 54.2 years (range, 25-86 years) were genotyped. The yield of the testing was 4% (71 of 1764), and it was higher in Ashkenazi Jews (AJs) and mixed AJ-non-AJ participants (4.75% [58 of 1222]; 1.8% for BRCA1/BRCA2 pathogenic variants) than non-AJ patients (2.2% [9 of 401]; 1% for BRCA1 pathogenic variants). When BRCA1/BRCA2 pathogenic variants were excluded, 2.44% carried low-penetrance variants, including CHEK2 c.1283C>T (n = 3), APC c.3920T>A (n = 36), and heterozygous MUTYH c.1187G>A (n = 4). A family history of cancer was not associated with a higher yield of pathogenic variant detection. CONCLUSIONS The observed rates of positive genotyping in a healthy, unselected, multiethnic Israeli population warrant consideration of the inclusion of targeted genotyping of selected pathogenic variants in high-penetrance and perhaps lower penetrance cancer susceptibility genes for all Jewish individuals in Israel, regardless of their ethnicity or family history of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinat Bernstein-Molho
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Breast Cancer Unit, Oncology Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Lee Galmor
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Laitman
- Oncogenetics Unit, Institute of Genetics, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Shlomo Segev
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Institute of Medical Screening, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Eitan Friedman
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Oncogenetics Unit, Institute of Genetics, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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Rosen MN, Goodwin RA, Vickers MM. BRCA mutated pancreatic cancer: A change is coming. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:1943-1958. [PMID: 34007132 PMCID: PMC8108028 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i17.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related death with few available therapies for advanced disease. Recently, patients with germline BRCA mutations have received increased attention due to advances in the management of BRCA mutated ovarian and breast tumors. Germline BRCA mutations significantly increase risk of developing pancreatic cancer and can be found in up to 8% of patients with sporadic pancreatic cancer. In patients with germline BRCA mutations, platinum-based chemotherapies and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors are effective treatment options which may offer survival benefits. This review will focus on the molecular biology, epidemiology, and management of BRCA-mutated pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, we will discuss future directions for this area of research and promising active areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Rosen
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8L6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel A Goodwin
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8L6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael M Vickers
- The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Center, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8L6, Ontario, Canada
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BRCA1/2 Mutation Detection in the Tumor Tissue from Selected Polish Patients with Breast Cancer Using Next Generation Sequencing. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040519. [PMID: 33918338 PMCID: PMC8065856 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Although, in the mutated BRCA detected in the Polish population of patients with breast cancer, there is a large percentage of recurrent pathogenic variants, an increasing need for the assessment of rare BRCA1/2 variants using NGS can be observed. (2) Methods: We studied 75 selected patients with breast cancer (negative for the presence of 5 mutations tested in the Polish population in the prophylactic National Cancer Control Program). DNA extracted from the cancer tissue of these patients was used to prepare a library and to sequence all coding regions of the BRCA1/2 genes. (3) Results: We detected nine pathogenic variants in 8 out of 75 selected patients (10.7%). We identified one somatic and eight germline variants. We also used different bioinformatic NGS software programs to analyze NGS FASTQ files and established that tertiary analysis performed with different tools was more likely to give the same outcome if we analyzed files received from secondary analysis using the same method. (4) Conclusions: Our study emphasizes (i) the importance of an NGS validation process with a bioinformatic procedure included; (ii) the importance of screening both somatic and germline pathogenic variants; (iii) the urgent need to identify additional susceptible genes in order to explain the high percentage of non-BRCA-related hereditary cases of breast cancer.
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37
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Tariq H, Gul A, Khadim T, Ud-Din H, Tipu HN, Asif M, Ahmed R. Next Generation Sequencing-Based Germline Panel Testing for Breast and Ovarian Cancers in Pakistan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:719-724. [PMID: 33773534 PMCID: PMC8286662 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.3.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pathogenic germline mutations in BRCA1/2 constitute the majority of hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancers worldwide. Incidence and mortality rate of breast and ovarian cancers in Pakistani women is high. Thus, to establish the diagnosis for targeted therapy in Pakistan, we conducted Next-generation sequencing-based germline testing for the detection of BRCA1/2 oncogenic variants associated with breast and ovarian cancer subtype. Methods: Peripheral blood of 24 women, diagnosed with breast and epithelial ovarian cancers, was taken from the recruited cases with the consent of performing germline genetic testing. DNA was isolated from the peripheral blood and subjected to indexed BRCA Panel libraries. Targeted NGS was performed for all coding regions and splicing sites of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes using AmpliSeq for Illumina BRCA Panel and Illumina MiSeq sequencer (placed at AFIP). Analysis of the sequencing results has been done by using Illumina bioinformatics tools. Results: We detected 421 variants having a quality score of 100 in all cases under study. The list of identified variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes was narrowed down after filtering out those which did not pass q30 and those with a minor allele frequency (MAF) > 0.05 based on gnomAD browser. To classify these variants, clinical significance was predicted using external curated databases. As a result, we interpreted (n = 4) 16.7% pathogenic variants in BRCA1 and (n = 6) 25% variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in both genes. Descriptive statistics depicted that the age and BMI of BRCA positive cases are less than BRCA negative cases. Conclusion: Our findings exhibit an initial report for the NGS based cancer genetic testing in Pakistan. This will enable us to pursue screening and diagnosis of hereditary BRCA mutation utilizing the latest state-of-the-art technique locally available in Pakistan ultimately resulting in targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Tariq
- Department of Histopathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Asma Gul
- Department of Histopathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Khadim
- Department of Histopathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Hafeez Ud-Din
- Department of Histopathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Nawaz Tipu
- Department of Immunology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Department of Histopathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Ahmed
- Department of Histopathology, PNS Shifa Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
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Jain A, Sharma D, Bajaj A, Gupta V, Scaria V. Founder variants and population genomes-Toward precision medicine. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2021; 107:121-152. [PMID: 33641745 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human migration and community specific cultural practices have contributed to founder events and enrichment of the variants associated with genetic diseases. While many founder events in isolated populations have remained uncharacterized, the application of genomics in clinical settings as well as for population scale studies in the recent years have provided an unprecedented push towards identification of founder variants associated with human health and disease. The discovery and characterization of founder variants could have far reaching implications not only in understanding the history or genealogy of the disease, but also in implementing evidence based policies and genetic testing frameworks. This further enables precise diagnosis and prevention in an attempt towards precision medicine. This review provides an overview of founder variants along with methods and resources cataloging them. We have also discussed the public health implications and examples of prevalent disease associated founder variants in specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Jain
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Disha Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Bajaj
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vishu Gupta
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vinod Scaria
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Cai L, Wu H, Zhou K. Improved cancer biomarkers identification using network-constrained infinite latent feature selection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246668. [PMID: 33571282 PMCID: PMC7877636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying biomarkers that are associated with different types of cancer is an important goal in the field of bioinformatics. Different researcher groups have analyzed the expression profiles of many genes and found some certain genetic patterns that can promote the improvement of targeted therapies, but the significance of some genes is still ambiguous. More reliable and effective biomarkers identification methods are then needed to detect candidate cancer-related genes. In this paper, we proposed a novel method that combines the infinite latent feature selection (ILFS) method with the functional interaction (FIs) network to rank the biomarkers. We applied the proposed method to the expression data of five cancer types. The experiments indicated that our network-constrained ILFS (NCILFS) provides an improved prediction of the diagnosis of the samples and locates many more known oncogenes than the original ILFS and some other existing methods. We also performed functional enrichment analysis by inspecting the over-represented gene ontology (GO) biological process (BP) terms and applying the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) method on selected biomarkers for each feature selection method. The enrichments analysis reports show that our network-constraint ILFS can produce more biologically significant gene sets than other methods. The results suggest that network-constrained ILFS can identify cancer-related genes with a higher discriminative power and biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Cai
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Computer Science & Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Honglong Wu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Computer Science & Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Shenzhen Genomics Institute, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Computer Science & Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Ginsburg O, Ashton-Prolla P, Cantor A, Mariosa D, Brennan P. The role of genomics in global cancer prevention. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:116-128. [PMID: 32973296 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-0428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite improvements in the understanding of cancer causation, much remains unknown regarding the mechanisms by which genomic and non-genomic factors initiate carcinogenesis, drive cell invasion and metastasis, and enable cancer to develop. Technological advances have enabled the analysis of whole genomes, comprising thousands of tumours across populations worldwide, with the aim of identifying mutation signatures associated with particular tumour types. Large collaborative efforts have resulted in the identification and improved understanding of causal factors, and have shed light on new opportunities to prevent cancer. In this new era in cancer genomics, discoveries from studies conducted on an international scale can inform evidence-based strategies in cancer control along the cancer care continuum, from prevention to treatment. In this Review, we present the relevant history and emerging frontiers of cancer genetics and genomics from the perspective of global cancer prevention. We highlight the importance of local context in the adoption of new technologies and emergent evidence, with illustrative examples from worldwide. We emphasize the challenges in implementing important genomic findings in clinical settings with disparate resource availability and present a conceptual framework for the translation of such findings into clinical practice, and evidence-based policies in order to maximize the utility for a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophira Ginsburg
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
- Section for Global Health, Division of Health and Behavior, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Patricia Ashton-Prolla
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre and Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Anna Cantor
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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Analysis of Italian BRCA1/2 Pathogenic Variants Identifies a Private Spectrum in the Population from the Bergamo Province in Northern Italy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030532. [PMID: 33573335 PMCID: PMC7866799 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Italian population is characterized by a high genetic heterogeneity mostly due to its long history of migration and colonization and to its geographical conformation. Consistently, several BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants (PVs) have been reported to be recurrent or even founder in defined geographical areas including the Bergamo province in Northern Italy. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the data from 1019 women affected with breast cancer with BRCA1/2 PVs. We compared the BRCA1/2 PVs spectrum found in the carrier individuals from the Bergamo province (BGP) with that of the general Italian population. We found that the majority of the BGP PVs had a local origin and remained confined to the BGP or to the surrounding Lombardy region. We also observed that the BGP BRCA1/2 PV spectrum is private and conserved comprising a smaller number of variants with an average higher frequency with respect to that of carrier individuals from the rest of Italy. Abstract Germline pathogenic variants (PVs) in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes cause high breast cancer risk. Recurrent or founder PVs have been described worldwide including some in the Bergamo province in Northern Italy. The aim of this study was to compare the BRCA1/2 PV spectra of the Bergamo and of the general Italian populations. We retrospectively identified at five Italian centers 1019 BRCA1/2 PVs carrier individuals affected with breast cancer and representative of the heterogeneous national population. Each individual was assigned to the Bergamo or non-Bergamo cohort based on self-reported birthplace. Our data indicate that the Bergamo BRCA1/2 PV spectrum shows less heterogeneity with fewer different variants and an average higher frequency compared to that of the rest of Italy. Consistently, four PVs explained about 60% of all carriers. The majority of the Bergamo PVs originated locally with only two PVs clearly imported. The Bergamo BRCA1/2 PV spectrum appears to be private. Hence, the Bergamo population would be ideal to study the disease risk associated with local PVs in breast cancer and other disease-causing genes. Finally, our data suggest that the Bergamo population is a genetic isolate and further analyses are warranted to prove this notion.
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Douvdevani A, Bernstein-Molho R, Asraf K, Doolman R, Laitman Y, Friedman E. Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) levels in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: A preliminary study. Cancer Biomark 2021; 28:269-273. [PMID: 32280079 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-190718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 germline mutations are at a substantially increased risk for developing breast and ovarian cancer. The lack of effective early detection schemes for ovarian cancer, mandate surgical removal of adnexa at age 35-40 years in these high-risk women. The role of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) levels as a marker for early detection in high-risk women has rarely been reported. OBJECTIVE To quantify cfDNA levels in BRCA1BRCA2 carriers. METHODS Serum cfDNA levels, measured by direct fluorometric assay in cancer-free female BRCA1BRCA2 mutation carriers were compared with cancer-free controls recruited from among women undergoing breast biopsy or routine colonoscopy. RESULTS Overall, 10 BRCA1 (185delAG) and 10 BRCA2 (6174delT) mutation carriers, 20 breast biopsy controls, and 20 colonoscopy controls participated. cfDNA levels [Median (95% CI)], were 472 (317-589) ng/ml and 525 (339-621) ng/ml in breast biopsy and colonoscopy controls, respectively. Median levels of cfDNA in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers combined were 921 (835-1087) ng/ml, significantly higher than in both controls (P< 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS cfDNA levels are significantly higher in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers compared with non-carriers. This finding, if validated, may facilitate development of early detection breast/ovarian cancer biomarker in high-risk women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Douvdevani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Soroka University Medical Center and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Rinat Bernstein-Molho
- Breast Cancer Unit, Institute of Oncology, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Keren Asraf
- Automated Mega-Laboratory, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ram Doolman
- Automated Mega-Laboratory, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Laitman
- Oncogenetics Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Eitan Friedman
- Oncogenetics Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Sukumar J, Kassem M, Agnese D, Pilarski R, Ramaswamy B, Sweet K, Sardesai S. Concurrent germline BRCA1, BRCA2, and CHEK2 pathogenic variants in hereditary breast cancer: a case series. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 186:569-575. [PMID: 33507482 PMCID: PMC7990865 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06095-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Concurrent germline (g) pathogenic variants related to hereditary breast cancer represent a rare occurrence. While double heterozygosity in gBRCA1 and gBRCA2 has been reported in the past, herein we describe the first case of three known concurrent pathogenic variants identified in a family with a strong history of breast cancer. Case presentation The proband is a 55-year-old female diagnosed with synchronous bilateral breast cancers. She underwent a multi-gene panel testing indicating the presence of 3 concurrent heterozygous germline deleterious variants in BRCA1 (c.181T > G), BRCA2 (c.4398_4402delACATT), and CHEK2 (1100delC). The patient’s two daughters (34 and 29 years-old) were found to be transheterozygous for inherited pathogenic variants in BRCA1 (c.181T > G) and CHEK2 (1100delC) genes. Conclusion The cancer risk and phenotypic manifestations associated with transheterozygous or multiple concurrent deleterious germline variants in hereditary breast cancer requires further investigation. A personalized approach to counseling, screening, and risk reduction should be undertaken for these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Sukumar
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 1204A Lincoln Tower, 1800 Cannon Dr., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Mahmoud Kassem
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 1204A Lincoln Tower, 1800 Cannon Dr., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Doreen Agnese
- Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Robert Pilarski
- Division of Human Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bhuvaneswari Ramaswamy
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 1204A Lincoln Tower, 1800 Cannon Dr., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kevin Sweet
- Division of Human Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sagar Sardesai
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 1204A Lincoln Tower, 1800 Cannon Dr., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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44
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Double heterozygosity for TP53 and BRCA1 mutations: clinical implications in populations with founder mutations. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 186:259-263. [PMID: 33449224 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-06084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The co-occurrence or double heterozygosity of pathogenic/likely pathogenic sequence variants (P/LPSVs) in major cancer susceptibility genes has rarely been reported. Such co-occurrence raises the issues of accurate genetic counseling, preferred recommended surveillance scheme, and the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). METHODS A clinical report of an Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) family with co occurrence of two PSVs in BRCA1 and TP53 and a literature search. RESULTS In an AJ family with a substantial history of cancer limited to the maternal side, two siblings co-harbored TP53 (c.733C>A; p.G245S) and the predominant 5266dup BRCA1 mutation, originating from the mother and the father, respectively. PGD is ongoing. Four families were thus far reported as double heterozygotes for both BRCA1/BRCA2 and TP53. Based on the limited available data, it seems that the phenotype in double PSV heterozygotes is not more severe than in single PSV carrier in either gene. CONCLUSIONS This family highlights the need to genotype both parents, especially in populations with founder mutations, when a BRCA1 mutation is detected in an offspring, regardless of family history. The combination of mutations in these two genes presents a challenge for PGD since both genes are located on chromosome 17.
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45
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Momozawa Y, Mizukami K. Unique roles of rare variants in the genetics of complex diseases in humans. J Hum Genet 2021; 66:11-23. [PMID: 32948841 PMCID: PMC7728599 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-020-00845-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified >10,000 genetic variants associated with various phenotypes and diseases. Although the majority are common variants, rare variants with >0.1% of minor allele frequency have been investigated by imputation and using disease-specific custom SNP arrays. Rare variants sequencing analysis mainly revealed have played unique roles in the genetics of complex diseases in humans due to their distinctive features, in contrast to common variants. Unique roles are hypothesis-free evidence for gene causality, a precise target of functional analysis for understanding disease mechanisms, a new favorable target for drug development, and a genetic marker with high disease risk for personalized medicine. As whole-genome sequencing continues to identify more rare variants, the roles associated with rare variants will also increase. However, a better estimation of the functional impact of rare variants across whole genome is needed to enhance their contribution to improvements in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihide Momozawa
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Laboratory for Molecular Science for Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Keijiro Mizukami
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
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46
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Vuković P, Peccatori FA, Massarotti C, Miralles MS, Beketić-Orešković L, Lambertini M. Preimplantation genetic testing for carriers of BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 157:103201. [PMID: 33333149 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of germline BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant has relevant implications for the patients and their family members. Family planning, prophylactic surgery and the possibility of preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M) to avoid transmittance of pathogenic variants to the offspring are relevant topics in this setting. PGT-M is valuable option for BRCA carriers, but it remains a controversial and underdiscussed topic. Although the advances in PGT technologies have improved pregnancy rate, there are still several important challenges associated with its use. The purpose of this review is to report the current evidence on PGT-M for BRCA1/2 carriers, ethical concerns and controversy associated with its use, reproductive implications of BRCA pathogenic variants, underlying areas in which an educational effort would be beneficial as well as possibilities for future research efforts in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Vuković
- Division of Radiotherapy and Medical Oncology, University Hospital for Tumors, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia.
| | - Fedro Alessandro Peccatori
- Fertility and Procreation Unit, Gynecologic Oncology Program, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, 20125, Italy.
| | - Claudia Massarotti
- Physiopathology of Human Reproduction Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, 16132, Italy.
| | | | - Lidija Beketić-Orešković
- Division of Radiotherapy and Medical Oncology, University Hospital for Tumors, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia; Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia.
| | - Matteo Lambertini
- Department of Medical Oncology, U.O.C. Clinica di Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, 16132, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), School of Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, 16126, Italy.
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47
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Michaan N, Leshno M, Safra T, Sonnenblick A, Laskov I, Grisaru D. Cost Effectiveness of Whole Population BRCA Genetic Screening for Cancer Prevention in Israel. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 14:455-462. [PMID: 33355193 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the growing technical ease and reduction in genetic screening costs, whole population BRCA screening may be a feasible option. Our objective was to investigate the cost effectiveness of whole population screening for BRCA mutations in Israel, for varying degrees of BRCA carrier state. Lifetime costs of whole female population screening for BRCA mutation carrier state versus nonscreening were compared using a Markovian process decision analysis model. Model parameters including ovarian and breast cancer risks were obtained from previously published data. Screening and other treatment-related costs were received from the Israeli Ministry of Health pricing list according to specified codes. Quality-adjusted life years were used for cost-effectiveness analysis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate model uncertainties, specifically varying degrees of BRCA prevalence. Results show that whole population BRCA screening in Israel is cost effective across a wide range of BRCA prevalence rates with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 81,493 new Israeli Shekels for a BRCA prevalence of 2.5%, increasing to 250,000 new Israeli Shekels for a 0.75% prevalence rate, per quality-adjusted life year gained. Discount rate and population BRCA prevalence and rate of risk reduction salpingo-oophorectomy are the most influential parameters in the model. Whole population screening for BRCA mutations should be offered as part of general health screening strategies by national medical insurance providers, even for non-Ashkenazi Jews. Our algorithm can be applied for other countries, adjusting local costs of screening and treatment. PREVENTION RELEVANCE: Whole population BRCA mutation screening in Israel is cost effective across a wide prevalence rate and should be offered as part of general health screening strategies by national medical insurance providers for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Michaan
- Gynecologic Oncology, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Moshe Leshno
- Gastro-enterology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Coller School of Management and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamar Safra
- Oncology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Sonnenblick
- Oncology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ido Laskov
- Gynecologic Oncology, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Grisaru
- Gynecologic Oncology, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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48
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Laitman Y, Michaelson-Cohen R, Chen-Shtoyerman R, Goldberg Y, Reish O, Bernstein-Molho R, Levy-Lahad E, Baruch NEB, Kedar I, Evans DG, Haim S, Paluch-Shimon S, Friedman E. Age at diagnosis of cancer in 185delAG BRCA1 mutation carriers of diverse ethnicities: tentative evidence for modifier factors. Fam Cancer 2020; 20:189-194. [PMID: 33165727 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-020-00216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Germline pathogenic sequence variants (PSVs) in BRCA1 substantially increase risk for developing breast (BC) and ovarian cancer (OvC). Yet, incomplete penetrance suggests that modifier factors affect phenotypic expression of mutant BRCA1 alleles. Analysis of identical BRCA1 PSV carriers of diverse ethnicities may provide further evidence for modifier factors. Female carriers of the 185delAG BRCA1 PSV identified through high-risk clinics in Israel, and Manchester England from 1998-2018 were eligible. Data were retrieved from patients records and confirmed (in Israel) by cross referencing with the Israeli National Cancer Registry. Overall, 2503 female carriers were included: 1715 (71.4%) Ashkenazi Jews (AJ), 201 (8.3%) Iraqi Jews and 383 (15.9%) of mixed ethnicity. In 102 (4.2%) cases ethnicity could not be ascertained. Of Israeli AJ carriers 649 (37.8%), 256 (14.9%) and 62 (3.6%) were diagnosed with BC, OvC or both cancers, respectively. For the Iraqi Jews these frequencies were 76 (37.8%), 43 (21.4%), and 8 (3.98%), respectively. Age at diagnosis of BC in AJ and Iraqi Jews was 46.7 ± 12.3 years and 52.8 ± 12.2 years, respectively (p = 0.001). For OvC age at diagnosis for AJ was 53.5 ± 10.7 years and for Iraqi Jews 50.1 ± 8.8 years (p = 0.0027). No differences in these parameters were noted between English Jews (n = 110) and non-Jews (n = 32). Age at diagnosis of BC and OvC differs between AJ and Iraqi Jews who carry an identical BRCA1 PSV. This finding supports the existence of modifier factors that may be ethnic specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Laitman
- The Oncogenetics Unit, Institute of Human Genetics, and the Meirav High Risk Clinic, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Rachel Michaelson-Cohen
- The Medical Genetics Institute and the NOGA High Risk Clinic, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rakefet Chen-Shtoyerman
- The Oncogenetics Clinic, The Clinical Genetics Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Goldberg
- Rabin Medical Center, Recanati Genetics Institute, Belinson Hospital, 4941492, Petah Tikvah, Israel
| | - Orit Reish
- Genetics Institute, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Affiliated to The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rinat Bernstein-Molho
- The Oncogenetics Unit, Institute of Human Genetics, and the Meirav High Risk Clinic, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- The Breast Cancer unit, Oncology Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- The Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel- Aviv, Israel
| | - Ephrat Levy-Lahad
- The Medical Genetics Institute and the NOGA High Risk Clinic, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Noa Ephrat Ben Baruch
- The Oncology Department, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Inbal Kedar
- Rabin Medical Center, Recanati Genetics Institute, Belinson Hospital, 4941492, Petah Tikvah, Israel
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Haim
- Genetics Institute, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Affiliated to The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shani Paluch-Shimon
- Department of Oncology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eitan Friedman
- The Oncogenetics Unit, Institute of Human Genetics, and the Meirav High Risk Clinic, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
- The Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel- Aviv, Israel.
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49
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Hujoel MLA, Parmigiani G, Braun D. Statistical approaches for meta-analysis of genetic mutation prevalence. Genet Epidemiol 2020; 45:154-170. [PMID: 33000511 PMCID: PMC10391692 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Estimating the prevalence of rare germline genetic mutations in the general population is of interest as it can inform genetic counseling and risk management. Most studies that estimate the prevalence of mutations are performed in high-risk populations, and each study is designed with differing inclusion criteria, resulting in ascertained populations. Quantifying the effects of ascertainment is necessary to estimate the prevalence in the general population. This quantification is difficult as the inclusion criteria is often based on disease status and/or family history. Combining estimates from multiple studies through a meta-analysis is challenging due to the variety of study designs and ascertainment mechanisms as well as the complexity of quantifying the effect of these mechanisms. We provide guidelines on how to quantify the ascertainment mechanism for a wide range of settings and propose a general approach for conducting a meta-analysis in these complex settings by incorporating study-specific ascertainment mechanisms into a joint likelihood function. We implement the proposed likelihood-based approach using both frequentist and Bayesian methodologies. We evaluate these approaches in simulations and show that the methods are robust and produce unbiased estimates of the prevalence. An advantage of the Bayesian approach is that it can easily incorporate uncertainty in ascertainment probability values. We apply our methods to estimate the prevalence of PALB2 mutations in the United States by combining data from multiple studies and obtain a prevalence estimate of around 0.02%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux L A Hujoel
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Biostatistics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Giovanni Parmigiani
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Biostatistics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Danielle Braun
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Biostatistics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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50
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Galmor L, Bernstein-Molho R, Sklair-Levy M, Madoursky-Feldman D, Zippel D, Laitman Y, Friedman E. Time trends in uptake rates of risk-reducing mastectomy in Israeli asymptomatic BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 185:391-399. [PMID: 33000375 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-05949-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rate of risk-reducing bilateral mastectomy (RRBM) among cancer-free Israeli female BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers was reportedly 13% in 2010. Current RRBM rates in Israel and factors seemingly associated with opting for RRBM were reevaluated. METHODS Israeli female cancer-free BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers, who were followed at the high-risk clinic at Sheba Medical Center between January 2011 and April 2020 were eligible. Univariate Cox regression and log-rank test were used to study the crude association between potential predictors and performance of RRBM. RESULTS Overall, 427 cancer-free BRCA1 (n = 218) or BRCA2 (n = 209) mutation carriers were included. Median age at genotyping was 33.6 years (interquartile range 26.8-41.8 years), median follow-up 4.4 years (range 0.1-7.6 years). Overall, 41/427 (9.6%) participants underwent RRBM, all of them within 5 years of genotyping. Being married (HR-2.57, p = 0.017) and having a first degree relative with breast cancer (BC) (HR-2.19, p = 0.017) were positively associated with RRBM, whereas any previous benign breast biopsy was negatively associated (HR-0.48, p = 0.029) with performing RRBM. CONCLUSIONS RRBM is still infrequently elected by Israeli BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers, with married women with one relative with BC who have not undergone previous breast biopsy more likely to opt for RRBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Galmor
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Rinat Bernstein-Molho
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Breast Cancer Unit, Oncology Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Miri Sklair-Levy
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- The Meirav High-Risk Clinic-Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Dov Zippel
- The Meirav High-Risk Clinic-Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yael Laitman
- Oncogenetics Unit, Institute of Genetics, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Eitan Friedman
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
- The Meirav High-Risk Clinic-Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
- Oncogenetics Unit, Institute of Genetics, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
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