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Ikumawoyi VO, Lynch KD, Iverson DT, Call MR, Yue GE, Prasad B, Clarke JD. Microcystin-LR activates serine/threonine kinases and alters the phosphoproteome in human HepaRG cells. Toxicon 2024; 249:108072. [PMID: 39154757 PMCID: PMC11402562 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) exposure has been associated with development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Many of the carcinogenic mechanisms for MCLR have been attributed to the induction of cell survival and proliferation through altered protein phosphorylation pathways by inhibition of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and PP2A. The current study determined MCLR effects on the phosphoproteome in human HepaRG cells. Differentiated HepaRG cells were treated with either vehicle or MCLR followed by phosphoproteomic analysis and Western blotting of MAPK-activated proteins. MCLR decreased cell viability at 24 h at doses as low as 0.03 μM. MCLR also caused a dose-dependent increase in phosphorylation of signaling and stress kinases. The number of decreased phosphosites by 0.1 μM MCLR was similar between the 2 h (212) and 24 h (154) timepoints. In contrast, a greater number of phosphosites were increased at 24 h (567) versus the 2 h timepoint (136), indicating the hyperphosphorylation state caused by MCLR-mediated inhibition of PPs is time-dependent. A kinase perturbation analysis predicted that MCLR exposure at both 2 h and 24 h increased the function of aurora kinase B (AURKB), checkpoint kinase 1 (CHEK1), and serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1). STRING database analysis of the phosphosites altered by MCLR exposure revealed pathways associated with cell proliferation and survival, including ribosomal protein S6 kinase (RSK), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR2)-mediated vascular permeability. In addition, several cancer-related KEGG pathways were enriched at both 2 h and 24 h timepoints, and multiple cancer-related disease-gene associations were identified at the 24 h timepoint. Many of the kinases and pathways described above play crucial roles in the development of HCC by affecting processes such as invasion and metastasis. Overall, our data indicate that MCLR-mediated changes in protein phosphorylation involve biological pathways related to carcinogenesis that may contribute to the development of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor O Ikumawoyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, United States
| | - Katherine D Lynch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, United States
| | - Dayne T Iverson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, United States
| | - M Ridge Call
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, United States
| | - Guihua Eileen Yue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, United States
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, United States
| | - John D Clarke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, United States.
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2
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Ma Y, Zhou X. Accurate and efficient integrative reference-informed spatial domain detection for spatial transcriptomics. Nat Methods 2024; 21:1231-1244. [PMID: 38844627 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-024-02284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Spatially resolved transcriptomics (SRT) studies are becoming increasingly common and large, offering unprecedented opportunities in mapping complex tissue structures and functions. Here we present integrative and reference-informed tissue segmentation (IRIS), a computational method designed to characterize tissue spatial organization in SRT studies through accurately and efficiently detecting spatial domains. IRIS uniquely leverages single-cell RNA sequencing data for reference-informed detection of biologically interpretable spatial domains, integrating multiple SRT slices while explicitly considering correlations both within and across slices. We demonstrate the advantages of IRIS through in-depth analysis of six SRT datasets encompassing diverse technologies, tissues, species and resolutions. In these applications, IRIS achieves substantial accuracy gains (39-1,083%) and speed improvements (4.6-666.0) in moderate-sized datasets, while representing the only method applicable for large datasets including Stereo-seq and 10x Xenium. As a result, IRIS reveals intricate brain structures, uncovers tumor microenvironment heterogeneity and detects structural changes in diabetes-affected testis, all with exceptional speed and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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3
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Jung S, Wang S, Lee D. CancerGATE: Prediction of cancer-driver genes using graph attention autoencoders. Comput Biol Med 2024; 176:108568. [PMID: 38744009 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Discovery of the cancer type specific-driver genes is important for understanding the molecular mechanisms of each cancer type and for providing proper treatment. Recently, graph deep learning methods became widely used in finding cancer-driver genes. However, previous methods had limited performance in individual cancer types due to a small number of cancer-driver genes used in training and biases toward the cancer-driver genes used in training the models. Here, we introduce a novel pipeline, CancerGATE that predicts the cancer-driver genes using graph attention autoencoder (GATE) to learn in a self-supervised manner and can be applied to each of the cancer types. CancerGATE utilizes biological network topology and multi-omics data from 15 types of cancer of 20,079 samples from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA). Attention coefficients calculated in the model are used to prioritize cancer-driver genes by comparing coefficients of cancer and normal contexts. CancerGATE shows a higher AUPRC with a difference ranging from 1.5 % to 36.5 % compared to the previous graph deep learning models in each cancer type. We also show that CancerGATE is free from the bias toward cancer-driver genes used in training, revealing mechanisms of the cancer-driver genes in specific cancer types. Finally, we propose novel cancer-driver gene candidates that could be therapeutic targets for specific cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwan Jung
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seunghyun Wang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Doheon Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Maekawa M, Tanaka A, Ogawa M, Roehrl MH. Propensity score matching as an effective strategy for biomarker cohort design and omics data analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302109. [PMID: 38696425 PMCID: PMC11065211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of omics data that contain multidimensional biological and clinical information can be complex and make it difficult to deduce significance of specific biomarker factors. METHODS We explored the utility of propensity score matching (PSM), a statistical technique for minimizing confounding factors and simplifying the examination of specific factors. We tested two datasets generated from cohorts of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, one comprised of immunohistochemical analysis of 12 protein markers in 544 CRC tissues and another consisting of RNA-seq profiles of 163 CRC cases. We examined the efficiency of PSM by comparing pre- and post-PSM analytical results. RESULTS Unlike conventional analysis which typically compares randomized cohorts of cancer and normal tissues, PSM enabled direct comparison between patient characteristics uncovering new prognostic biomarkers. By creating optimally matched groups to minimize confounding effects, our study demonstrates that PSM enables robust extraction of significant biomarkers while requiring fewer cancer cases and smaller overall patient cohorts. CONCLUSION PSM may emerge as an efficient and cost-effective strategy for multiomic data analysis and clinical trial design for biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Maekawa
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Makiko Ogawa
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Roehrl
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
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5
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Lin CC, Suen KM, Lidster J, Ladbury JE. The emerging role of receptor tyrosine kinase phase separation in cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:371-379. [PMID: 37777392 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-mediated signal transduction is fundamental to cell function and drives important cellular outcomes which, when dysregulated, can lead to malignant tumour growth and metastasis. The initiation of signals from plasma membrane-bound RTKs is subjected to multiple regulatory mechanisms that control downstream effector protein recruitment and function. The high propensity of RTKs to condense via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) into membraneless organelles with downstream effector proteins provides a further fundamental mechanism for signal regulation. Herein we highlight how this phenomenon contributes to cancer signalling and consider the potential impact of LLPS on outcomes for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chuan Lin
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Kin Man Suen
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jessica Lidster
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - John E Ladbury
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Popović L, Wintgens JP, Wu Y, Brankatschk B, Menninger S, Degenhart C, Jensen N, Wichert SP, Klebl B, Rossner MJ, Wehr MC. Profiling of ERBB receptors and downstream pathways reveals selectivity and hidden properties of ERBB4 antagonists. iScience 2024; 27:108839. [PMID: 38303712 PMCID: PMC10831936 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
ERBB receptor tyrosine kinases are involved in development and diseases like cancer, cardiovascular, neurodevelopmental, and mental disorders. Although existing drugs target ERBB receptors, the next generation of drugs requires enhanced selectivity and understanding of physiological pathway responses to improve efficiency and reduce side effects. To address this, we developed a multilevel barcoded reporter profiling assay, termed 'ERBBprofiler', in living cells to monitor the activity of all ERBB targets and key physiological pathways simultaneously. This assay helps differentiate on-target therapeutic effects from off-target and off-pathway side effects of ERBB antagonists. To challenge the assay, eight established ERBB antagonists were profiled. Known effects were confirmed, and previously uncharacterized properties were discovered, such as pyrotinib's preference for ERBB4 over EGFR. Additionally, two lead compounds selectively targeting ERBB4 were profiled, showing promise for clinical trials. Taken together, this multiparametric profiling approach can guide early-stage drug development and lead to improved future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukša Popović
- Research Group Cell Signalling, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Systasy Bioscience GmbH, Balanstrasse 6, 81669 Munich, Germany
| | - Jan P. Wintgens
- Research Group Cell Signalling, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Systasy Bioscience GmbH, Balanstrasse 6, 81669 Munich, Germany
| | - Yuxin Wu
- Research Group Cell Signalling, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Ben Brankatschk
- Systasy Bioscience GmbH, Balanstrasse 6, 81669 Munich, Germany
| | - Sascha Menninger
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Degenhart
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Niels Jensen
- Section of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Sven P. Wichert
- Systasy Bioscience GmbH, Balanstrasse 6, 81669 Munich, Germany
- Section of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Bert Klebl
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Moritz J. Rossner
- Systasy Bioscience GmbH, Balanstrasse 6, 81669 Munich, Germany
- Section of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael C. Wehr
- Research Group Cell Signalling, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Systasy Bioscience GmbH, Balanstrasse 6, 81669 Munich, Germany
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Zhang X, Zhang H, Wang Z, Ma X, Luo J, Zhu Y. PWSC: a novel clustering method based on polynomial weight-adjusted sparse clustering for sparse biomedical data and its application in cancer subtyping. BMC Bioinformatics 2023; 24:490. [PMID: 38129803 PMCID: PMC10740247 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-023-05595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clustering analysis is widely used to interpret biomedical data and uncover new knowledge and patterns. However, conventional clustering methods are not effective when dealing with sparse biomedical data. To overcome this limitation, we propose a hierarchical clustering method called polynomial weight-adjusted sparse clustering (PWSC). RESULTS The PWSC algorithm adjusts feature weights using a polynomial function, redefines the distances between samples, and performs hierarchical clustering analysis based on these adjusted distances. Additionally, we incorporate a consensus clustering approach to determine the optimal number of classifications. This consensus approach utilizes relative change in the cumulative distribution function to identify the best number of clusters, resulting in more stable clustering results. Leveraging the PWSC algorithm, we successfully classified a cohort of gastric cancer patients, enabling categorization of patients carrying different types of altered genes. Further evaluation using Entropy showed a significant improvement (p = 2.905e-05), while using the Calinski-Harabasz index demonstrates a remarkable 100% improvement in the quality of the best classification compared to conventional algorithms. Similarly, significantly increased entropy (p = 0.0336) and comparable CHI, were observed when classifying another colorectal cancer cohort with microbial abundance. The above attempts in cancer subtyping demonstrate that PWSC is highly applicable to different types of biomedical data. To facilitate its application, we have developed a user-friendly tool that implements the PWSC algorithm, which canbe accessed at http://pwsc.aiyimed.com/ . CONCLUSIONS PWSC addresses the limitations of conventional approaches when clustering sparse biomedical data. By adjusting feature weights and employing consensus clustering, we achieve improved clustering results compared to conventional methods. The PWSC algorithm provides a valuable tool for researchers in the field, enabling more accurate and stable clustering analysis. Its application can enhance our understanding of complex biological systems and contribute to advancements in various biomedical disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhihao Wang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiancheng Luo
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Yingying Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China.
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8
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Das S, Srivastava DK. ioSearch: An approach for identifying interacting multiomics biomarkers using a novel algorithm with application on breast cancer data sets. Genet Epidemiol 2023; 47:600-616. [PMID: 37795815 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Identification of biomarkers by integrating multiple omics together is important because complex diseases occur due to an intricate interplay of various genetic materials. Traditional single-omics association tests neither explore this crucial interomics dependence nor identify moderately weak signals due to the multiple-testing burden. Conversely, multiomics data integration imparts complementary information but suffers from an increased multiple-testing burden, data diversity inherent with different omics features, high-dimensionality, and so forth. Most of the available methods address subtype classification using dimension-reduction techniques to circumvent the sample size issue but interacting multiomics biomarker identification methods are unavailable. We propose a two-step model that first investigates phenotype-omics association using logistic regression. Then, selects disease-associated omics using sparse principal components which explores the interrelationship of multiple variables from two omics in a multivariate multiple regression framework. On the basis of this model, we developed a multiomics biomarker identification algorithm, interacting omics search (ioSearch), that jointly tests the effect of multiple omics with disease and between-omics associations by using pathway information that subsequently reduces the multiple-testing burden. Further, inference in terms of p values potentially makes it an easily interpretable biomarker identification tool. Extensive simulation demonstrates ioSearch as statistically powerful with a controlled Type-I error rate. Its application to publicly available breast cancer data sets identified relevant omics features in important pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Das
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Deo Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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9
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Imran K, Iqbal MJ, Abid R, Ahmad MM, Calina D, Sharifi-Rad J, Cho WC. Cellular signaling modulated by miRNA-3652 in ovarian cancer: unveiling mechanistic pathways for future therapeutic strategies. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:289. [PMID: 37845675 PMCID: PMC10577948 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that play pivotal roles in regulating gene expression and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous cancers. miRNA-3652, though relatively less explored, has recently emerged as a potential key player in ovarian cancer's molecular landscape. This review aims to delineate the functional significance and tumor progression role of miRNA-3652 in ovarian cancer, shedding light on its potential as both a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target. A comprehensive literature search was carried out using established databases, the focus was on articles that reported the role of miRNA-3652 in ovarian cancer, encompassing mechanistic insights, functional studies, and its association with clinical outcomes. This updated review highlighted that miRNA-3652 is intricately involved in ovarian cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, its dysregulation was linked to altered expression of critical genes involved in tumor growth and metastasis; furthermore, miRNA-3652 expression levels were found to correlate with clinical stages, prognosis, and response to therapy in ovarian cancer patients. miRNA-3652 holds significant promise as a vital molecular player in ovarian cancer's pathophysiology. Its functional role and impact on tumor progression make it a potential candidate for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in ovarian cancer. Given the pivotal role of miRNA-3652 in ovarian cancer, future studies should emphasize in-depth mechanistic explorations, utilizing advanced genomic and proteomic tools. Collaboration between basic scientists and clinicians will be vital to translating these findings into innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, ultimately benefiting ovarian cancer patients. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Imran
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Javed Iqbal
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Rameesha Abid
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, International Institute of Science, Art and Technology, Gujranwala, Pakistan
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania.
| | | | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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10
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Quddusi DM, Bajcinca N. Identification of genomic biomarkers and their pathway crosstalks for deciphering mechanistic links in glioblastoma. IET Syst Biol 2023; 17:143-161. [PMID: 37277696 PMCID: PMC10439498 DOI: 10.1049/syb2.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a grade IV pernicious neoplasm occurring in the supratentorial region of brain. As its causes are largely unknown, it is essential to understand its dynamics at the molecular level. This necessitates the identification of better diagnostic and prognostic molecular candidates. Blood-based liquid biopsies are emerging as a novel tool for cancer biomarker discovery, guiding the treatment and improving its early detection based on their tumour origin. There exist previous studies focusing on the identification of tumour-based biomarkers for glioblastoma. However, these biomarkers inadequately represent the underlying pathological state and incompletely illustrate the tumour because of non-recursive nature of this approach to monitor the disease. Also, contrary to the tumour biopsies, liquid biopsies are non-invasive and can be performed at any interval during the disease span to surveil the disease. Therefore, in this study, a unique dataset of blood-based liquid biopsies obtained primarily from tumour-educated blood platelets (TEP) is utilised. This RNA-seq data from ArrayExpress is acquired comprising human cohort with 39 glioblastoma subjects and 43 healthy subjects. Canonical and machine learning approaches are applied for identification of the genomic biomarkers for glioblastoma and their crosstalks. In our study, 97 genes appeared enriched in 7 oncogenic pathways (RAF-MAPK, P53, PRC2-EZH2, YAP conserved, MEK-MAPK, ErbB2 and STK33 signalling pathways) using GSEA, out of which 17 have been identified participating actively in crosstalks. Using PCA, 42 genes are found enriched in 7 pathways (cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins, translation factors, electron transport chain, ribosome, Huntington's disease, primary immunodeficiency pathways, and interferon type I signalling pathway) harbouring tumour when altered, out of which 25 actively participate in crosstalks. All the 14 pathways foster well-known cancer hallmarks and the identified DEGs can serve as genomic biomarkers, not only for the diagnosis and prognosis of Glioblastoma but also in providing a molecular foothold for oncogenic decision making in order to fathom the disease dynamics. Moreover, SNP analysis for the identified DEGs is performed to investigate their roles in disease dynamics in an elaborated manner. These results suggest that TEPs are capable of providing disease insights just like tumour cells with an advantage of being extracted anytime during the course of disease in order to monitor it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrak Moin Quddusi
- Chair of Mechatronics in the Faculty of Mechanical and Process EngineeringRheinland‐Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern‐LandauKaiserslauternGermany
| | - Naim Bajcinca
- Chair of Mechatronics in the Faculty of Mechanical and Process EngineeringRheinland‐Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern‐LandauKaiserslauternGermany
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11
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Kumar A, Das SK, Emdad L, Fisher PB. Applications of tissue-specific and cancer-selective gene promoters for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 160:253-315. [PMID: 37704290 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment of solid tumors with standard of care chemotherapies, radiation therapy and/or immunotherapies are often limited by severe adverse toxic effects, resulting in a narrow therapeutic index. Cancer gene therapy represents a targeted approach that in principle could significantly reduce undesirable side effects in normal tissues while significantly inhibiting tumor growth and progression. To be effective, this strategy requires a clear understanding of the molecular biology of cancer development and evolution and developing biological vectors that can serve as vehicles to target cancer cells. The advent and fine tuning of omics technologies that permit the collective and spatial recognition of genes (genomics), mRNAs (transcriptomics), proteins (proteomics), metabolites (metabolomics), epiomics (epigenomics, epitranscriptomics, and epiproteomics), and their interactomics in defined complex biological samples provide a roadmap for identifying crucial targets of relevance to the cancer paradigm. Combining these strategies with identified genetic elements that control target gene expression uncovers significant opportunities for developing guided gene-based therapeutics for cancer. The purpose of this review is to overview the current state and potential limitations in developing gene promoter-directed targeted expression of key genes and highlights their potential applications in cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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12
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Xu Q, Xu X, Tang H, Yan J, Li J, Bao H, Wu X, Shao Y, Luo C, Wen H, Jin J, Ying J. Exploring potential molecular resistance and clonal evolution in advanced HER2-positive gastric cancer under trastuzumab therapy. Oncogenesis 2023; 12:21. [PMID: 37072406 PMCID: PMC10113330 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-023-00466-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
HER2-positive gastric cancer (GC) makes up 15-20% of all GC incidences, and targeted therapy with trastuzumab is the standard of treatment. However, the mechanisms of resistance to trastuzumab are still not fully understood and presents a significant challenge in clinical practice. In this study, whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on paired tumor tissues before trastuzumab treatment (at baseline) and at progressive disease (PD) in 23 GC patients. Clinicopathological and molecular features that may be associated with primary and/or acquired resistance to trastuzumab were identified. Lauren classification of intestinal type was associated with a more prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) than diffuse type (HR = 0.29, P = 0.019). Patients with low tumor mutation burden (TMB) showed significantly worse PFS, while high chromosome instability (CIN) was correlated with prolonged OS (HR = 0.27; P = 0.044). Patients who responded to treatment had a higher CIN than nonresponders, and a positive trend towards increasing CIN was observed as response improved (P = 0.019). In our cohort, the most common genes to acquire mutations are AURKA, MYC, STK11, and LRP6 with four patients each. We also discovered an association between clonal branching pattern and survival, with an extensive clonal branching pattern being more closely related to a shorter PFS than other branching patterns (HR = 4.71; P = 0.008). We identified potential molecular and clinical factors that provide insight regarding potential association to trastuzumab resistance in advanced HER2-positive GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xu
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary & Gastric Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 310022, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary & Gastric Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haimeng Tang
- Geneseeq Research Institute, Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., 210031, Nanjing, China
| | - Junrong Yan
- Geneseeq Research Institute, Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., 210031, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary & Gastric Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 310022, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Bao
- Geneseeq Research Institute, Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., 210031, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Geneseeq Research Institute, Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., 210031, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Shao
- Geneseeq Research Institute, Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., 210031, Nanjing, China
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cong Luo
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary & Gastric Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 310022, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haimin Wen
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary & Gastric Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 310022, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianying Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, 317000, Taizhou, China.
| | - Jieer Ying
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary & Gastric Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 310022, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, 310022, Hangzhou, China.
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Roberts JA, Rainbow RD, Sharma P. Mitigation of Cardiovascular Disease and Toxicity through NRF2 Signalling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076723. [PMID: 37047696 PMCID: PMC10094784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular toxicity and diseases are phenomena that have a vastly detrimental impact on morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology driving the development of these conditions is multifactorial but commonly includes the perturbance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signalling, iron homeostasis and mitochondrial bioenergetics. The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (NRF2), a master regulator of cytoprotective responses, drives the expression of genes that provide resistance to oxidative, electrophilic and xenobiotic stresses. Recent research has suggested that stimulation of the NRF2 signalling pathway can alleviate cardiotoxicity and hallmarks of cardiovascular disease progression. However, dysregulation of NRF2 dynamic responses can be severely impacted by ageing processes and off-target toxicity from clinical medicines including anthracycline chemotherapeutics, rendering cells of the cardiovascular system susceptible to toxicity and subsequent tissue dysfunction. This review addresses the current understanding of NRF2 mechanisms under homeostatic and cardiovascular pathophysiological conditions within the context of wider implications for this diverse transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Roberts
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Richard D. Rainbow
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Parveen Sharma
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
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14
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Zhang C, Cai Q, Ke J. Poor Prognosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Correlates With ITGA6. Int Dent J 2023; 73:178-185. [PMID: 35820930 PMCID: PMC10023534 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oral cancer is the ninth most common cancer worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related death. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for 90% of all oral cancers. Autophagy is a conserved essential catabolic process related to OSCC. The aim of this study was to elucidate diagnostic and prognostic autophagy-related biomarkers in OSCC. METHODS The OSCC gene expression data set was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the OSCC samples and adjacent healthy tissues were identified by R software. The Human Autophagy Database was screened, which revealed 222 autophagy-related genes. The autophagy-related DEGs were identified. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were applied. Protein-protein interaction network analysis was performed in the STRING database. cytoHubba in the Cytoscape software was applied to determine the top 10 hub genes. The data set of patients with OSCC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was used to evaluate the prognostic value of the 10 hub genes. The association between prognosis-related hub genes and immune infiltrates was explored. RESULTS Twenty-seven autophagy-related DEGs were identified. The top 10 hub genes were CCL2, CDKN2A, CTSB, CTSD, CXCR4, ITGA6, MAP1LC3A, MAPK3, PARP1, and RAB11A. ITGA6 was identified as the most efficient biomarker. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that ITGA6 had the highest diagnostic accuracy for OSCC (area under the curve = 0.925). ITGA6 expression was significantly related to immune infiltrates. CONCLUSIONS The autophagy-related gene ITGA6 might be an efficient diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Churen Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, China.
| | - Qiaoling Cai
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, China.
| | - Jianguo Ke
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, China.
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15
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Kumar Sharma A, Satpati D, Sharma R, Das A, Dev Sarma H, Mukherjee A. Targeting HER2-Receptors with 177Lu-Labeled Triazole Stapled Cyclic Peptidomimetic. Bioorg Chem 2023; 135:106503. [PMID: 37037128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study on-resin Cu(I)-catalyzed click reaction was performed to synthesize triazole-stapled cyclic peptidomimetic, DOTA-c[TZ]A9 targeting HER2 receptor expression in breast cancers. Spectroscopic (circular dichroism) and docking analysis provided evidence of enhanced helicity and secondary structure stabilization along with improved HER2 affinity in comparison to the corresponding linear peptide, DOTA-[Pra1, Aza7]A9. 177Lu-labeled cyclic peptide, 177Lu-DOTA-c[TZ]A9 displayed higher in vitro serum stability and in vivo metabolic stability and better HER2 binding affinity {Kd of 16.93 ± 3.02 nM} than the linear counterpart, [177Lu]DOTA-[Pra1, Aza7]A9 {Kd of 26.28 ± 2.87 nM}. Biodistribution profile in SKBR3 tumor bearing SCID mice demonstrated elevated radioactivity levels and prolonged retention of cyclic peptide in the tumor compared to the linear peptide. Thus, solid phase click cyclization technique can be extended towards preparation of triazole-stapled peptides targeting different receptors with improved stability and efficacy.
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16
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Dawoud A, Ihab Zakaria Z, Hisham Rashwan H, Braoudaki M, Youness RA. Circular RNAs: New layer of complexity evading breast cancer heterogeneity. Noncoding RNA Res 2023; 8:60-74. [PMID: 36380816 PMCID: PMC9637558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in high-throughput sequencing techniques and bioinformatic analysis have refuted the "junk" RNA hypothesis that was claimed against non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Circular RNAs (circRNAs); a class of single-stranded covalently closed loop RNA molecules have recently emerged as stable epigenetic regulators. Although the exact regulatory role of circRNAs is still to be clarified, it has been proven that circRNAs could exert their functions by interacting with other ncRNAs or proteins in their own physiologically authentic environment, regulating multiple cellular signaling pathways and other classes of ncRNAs. CircRNAs have also been reported to exhibit a tissue-specific expression and have been associated with the malignant transformation process of several hematological and solid malignancies. Along this line of reasoning, this review aims to highlight the importance of circRNAs in Breast Cancer (BC), which is ranked as the most prevalent malignancy among females. Notwithstanding the substantial efforts to develop a suitable anticancer therapeutic regimen against the heterogenous BC, inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity have resulted in an arduous challenge for drug development research, which in turn necessitates the investigation of other markers to be therapeutically targeted. Herein, the potential of circRNAs as possible diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers have been highlighted together with their possible application as novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyaa Dawoud
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, 11835, Cairo, Egypt
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, 11835, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zeina Ihab Zakaria
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, 11835, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hannah Hisham Rashwan
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, 11835, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maria Braoudaki
- Clinical, Pharmaceutical, and Biological Science Department, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Rana A. Youness
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, 11835, Cairo, Egypt
- Clinical, Pharmaceutical, and Biological Science Department, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
- Biology and Biochemistry Department, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire hosted By Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capital, 11586, Cairo, Egypt
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17
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Yue A, Chen M, Dai S, Zhang Y, Wei W, Fan L, Wang F, Zhang F, Yu H, Lu Y, Lei Y. Tastin promotes non-small-cell lung cancer progression through the ErbB4, PI3K/AKT, and ERK1/2 pathways. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:519-531. [PMID: 36691332 PMCID: PMC10281536 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221147566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tastin might be involved in tumorigenesis, but its role in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been adequately explored. This work aimed to examine tastin's role in NSCLC and to explore the underlying mechanism. The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Gene Expression Database of Normal and Tumor tissues (GENT), and Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases were used. Four GEO datasets (GSE81089, GSE40419, GSE74706, and GSE19188) containing gene expression data for NSCLC and normal tissue samples were analyzed for tastin mRNA expression. Tastin expression levels in different tissues were compared using the GENT website. TCGA biolinks were used to download gene expression quantification (n = 594) and overall survival data (n = 535). In total, 30 lung adenocarcinoma and 25 lung squamous cell carcinoma cases were enrolled. In addition, four-week-old male BALB/c nude mice (n = 9/group) were used to establish xenograft mouse models. Furthermore, cultured HEK293T, A549, and NCI-H226 cells assessed. Immunoblot, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, lentiviral transduction, and MTT, colony formation, wound healing, and Transwell assays were carried out. Tastin expression levels were markedly increased in NSCLC tumor tissue specimens and correlated with a poorer prognosis. Silencing of tastin inhibited the proliferative and migratory abilities of NSCLC cells. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that tastin interacts with ErbB4. The PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 downstream pathways were suppressed in tastin-deficient cells. In conclusion, tastin might be involved in NSCLC growth and invasion and is a potential therapeutic target in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andong Yue
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, P.R. China
| | - Maoxi Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, P.R. China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Chest Hospital, Hefei 230022, P.R. China
| | - Shihui Dai
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, P.R. China
| | - Yiyin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, P.R. China
| | - Lulu Fan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, P.R. China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, P.R. China
| | - Hanqing Yu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, P.R. China
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18
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Ghosh C, Xing Y, Cai J, Sun Y. Irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors induce the endocytosis and downregulation of ErbB2. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 34:101436. [PMID: 36824069 PMCID: PMC9941056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ErbB2) is an oncogene that frequently overexpressed in a subset of cancers. Anti-ErbB2 therapies have been developed to treat these types of cancers. However, less is known about how anti-ErbB2 drugs affect the trafficking and degradation of ErbB2. We demonstrate that the reversible and irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) differentially modulate the subcellular trafficking and downregulation of ErbB2. Only the irreversible TKIs can induce the loss of ErbB2 expression, which is not dependent on proteasome or lysosome. The irreversible TKIs promote ErbB2 endocytosis from plasma membrane and enhance the ErbB2 accumulation at endosomes. The endocytosis of ErbB2 is mediated by a dynamin-dependent but clathrin-independent mechanism. Blocking of ErbB2 endocytosis can impair the TKI-induced ErbB2 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmoy Ghosh
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Yanli Xing
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyang Cai
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA,Corresponding author.
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19
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Arinno A, Maneechote C, Khuanjing T, Prathumsap N, Chunchai T, Arunsak B, Nawara W, Kerdphoo S, Shinlapawittayatorn K, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N. Melatonin and metformin ameliorated trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity through the modulation of mitochondrial function and dynamics without reducing its anticancer efficacy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166618. [PMID: 36494039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trastuzumab has an impressive level of efficacy as regards antineoplasticity, however it can cause serious cardiotoxic side effects manifested by impaired cardiac contractile function. Although several pharmacological interventions, including melatonin and metformin, have been reported to protect against various cardiovascular diseases, their potential roles in trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity remain elusive. We hypothesized that either melatonin or metformin co-treatment effectively attenuates trastuzumab-mediated cardiotoxicity through attenuating the impaired mitochondrial function and mitochondrial dynamics. Male Wistar rats were divided into control (normal saline, n = 8) and trastuzumab group (4 mg/kg/day for 7 days, n = 24). Rats in the trastuzumab group were subdivided into 3 interventional groups (n = 8/group), and normal saline, or melatonin (10 mg/kg/day), or metformin (250 mg/kg/day) were orally administered for 7 consecutive days. Cardiac parameters were determined, and biochemical investigations were carried out on blood and heart tissues. Trastuzumab induced left ventricular (LV) dysfunction by increasing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. It also impaired cardiac mitochondrial function, dynamics, and autophagy. Treatment with either melatonin or metformin equally attenuated trastuzumab-induced cardiac injury, indicated by a marked reduction in inflammation, oxidative damage, cardiac mitochondrial injury, mitochondrial dynamic imbalance, autophagy dysregulation, and apoptosis, leading to improved LV function, as demonstrated by increased LV ejection fraction. Melatonin and metformin conferred equal levels of cardioprotection against trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity, which may provide novel and promising approaches for management of cardiotoxicity induced by trastuzumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apiwan Arinno
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chayodom Maneechote
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thawatchai Khuanjing
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nanthip Prathumsap
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Titikorn Chunchai
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Busarin Arunsak
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wichwara Nawara
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sasiwan Kerdphoo
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Krekwit Shinlapawittayatorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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20
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Kalra S, Chauhan A. Erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 interaction with growth factor receptor bound protein 7 acts as a molecular switch to activate non-small cell lung cancer: An in silico prediction. BIOMEDICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH JOURNAL (BBRJ) 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_26_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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Tang L, Li Z, Jiang L, Shu X, Xu Y, Liu S. Efficacy evaluation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with HER2-low expression breast cancer: A real-world retrospective study. Front Oncol 2022; 12:999716. [PMID: 36605428 PMCID: PMC9810386 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.999716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To characterize the clinicopathological features and evaluate the neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) efficacy of patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-low breast cancer. Methods A total of 905 breast cancer patients who received 4 cycles of thrice-weekly standard NACT in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were retrospectively enrolled, including 685 cases with HER2-low expression and 220 cases with HER2-negative expression. Clinicopathological features were compared between patients with HER2-negative and HER2-low expression. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to find the independent factors of achieving a pathological complete response (pCR) after NACT. Results There were significant differences in stage_N (P = 0.014), histological grade (P = 0.001), estrogen receptor (ER) status (P < 0.001), progesterone receptor (PgR) status (P < 0.001), NACT regimens (P = 0.032) and NACT efficacy (P = 0.037) between patients with HER2-negative and HER2-low expression breast cancer. In subgroup analysis, histological grade (P = 0.032), ER (P = 0.002), Ki-67 (P < 0.001) and HER2 status (P = 0.025) were independent predictors of achieving a pCR in ER-positive breast cancer. And the nomogram for pCR in ER-positive breast cancer showed great discriminatory ability with an AUC of 0.795. The calibration curve also showed that the predictive ability of the nomogram was a good fit to actual observations. Then, in the analysis of ER-negative breast cancer, only stage_N (P = 0.001) and Ki-67 (P = 0.018) were independent influencing factors of achieving a pCR in ER-negative breast cancer. Conclusion HER2-low breast cancer was a different disease from HER2-negative breast cancer in clinicopathological features. Moreover, the NACT efficacy of HER2-low breast cancer patients was poorer.
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22
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Huh H, Chen DW, Foldvari M, Slavcev R, Blay J. EGFR-targeted bacteriophage lambda penetrates model stromal and colorectal carcinoma tissues, is taken up into carcinoma cells, and interferes with 3-dimensional tumor formation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:957233. [PMID: 36591314 PMCID: PMC9800840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.957233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Colorectal cancer and other adult solid cancers pose a significant challenge for successful treatment because the tumor microenvironment both hinders the action of conventional therapeutics and suppresses the immune activities of infiltrating leukocytes. The immune suppression is largely the effect of enhanced local mediators such as purine nucleosides and eicosanoids. Genetic approaches have the promise of interfering with these mechanisms of local immunosuppression to allow both intrinsic and therapeutic immunological anticancer processes. Bacterial phages offer a novel means of enabling access into tissues for therapeutic genetic manipulations. Methods We generated spheroids of fibroblastic and CRC cancer cells to model the 3-dimensional stromal and parenchymal components of colorectal tumours. We used these to examine the access and effects of both wildtype (WT) and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-presenting bacteriophage λ (WT- λ and EGF-λ) as a means of delivery of targeted genetic interventions in solid cancers. We used both confocal microscopy of spheroids exposed to AF488-tagged phages, and the recovery of viable phages as measured by plaque-forming assays to evaluate access; and measures of mitochondrial enzyme activity and cellular ATP to evaluate the outcome on the constituent cells. Results Using flourescence-tagged derivatives of these bacteriophages (AF488-WT-λ and AF488-EGF-λ) we showed that phage entry into these tumour microenvironments was possible and that the EGF ligand enabled efficient and persistent uptake into the cancer cell mass. EGF-λ became localized in the intracellular portion of cancer cells and was subjected to subsequent cellular processing. The targeted λ phage had no independent effect upon mature tumour spheroids, but interfered with the early formation and growth of cancer tissues without the need for addition of a toxic payload, suggesting that it might have beneficial effects by itself in addition to any genetic intervention delivered to the tumour. Interference with spheroid formation persisted over the duration of culture. Discussion We conclude that targeted phage technology is a feasible strategy to facilitate delivery into colorectal cancer tumour tissue (and by extension other solid carcinomas) and provides an appropriate delivery vehicle for a gene therapeutic that can reduce local immunosuppression and/or deliver an additional direct anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haein Huh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Ding-Wen Chen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Roderick Slavcev
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Jonathan Blay, ; Roderick Slavcev,
| | - Jonathan Blay
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada,*Correspondence: Jonathan Blay, ; Roderick Slavcev,
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Shang L, Zhou X. Spatially aware dimension reduction for spatial transcriptomics. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7203. [PMID: 36418351 PMCID: PMC9684472 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial transcriptomics are a collection of genomic technologies that have enabled transcriptomic profiling on tissues with spatial localization information. Analyzing spatial transcriptomic data is computationally challenging, as the data collected from various spatial transcriptomic technologies are often noisy and display substantial spatial correlation across tissue locations. Here, we develop a spatially-aware dimension reduction method, SpatialPCA, that can extract a low dimensional representation of the spatial transcriptomics data with biological signal and preserved spatial correlation structure, thus unlocking many existing computational tools previously developed in single-cell RNAseq studies for tailored analysis of spatial transcriptomics. We illustrate the benefits of SpatialPCA for spatial domain detection and explores its utility for trajectory inference on the tissue and for high-resolution spatial map construction. In the real data applications, SpatialPCA identifies key molecular and immunological signatures in a detected tumor surrounding microenvironment, including a tertiary lymphoid structure that shapes the gradual transcriptomic transition during tumorigenesis and metastasis. In addition, SpatialPCA detects the past neuronal developmental history that underlies the current transcriptomic landscape across tissue locations in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Shang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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24
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Bila H, Paloja K, Caroprese V, Kononenko A, Bastings MM. Multivalent Pattern Recognition through Control of Nano-Spacing in Low-Valency Super-Selective Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21576-21586. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hale Bila
- Programmable Biomaterials Laboratory (PBL), Institute of Materials (IMX), Interfaculty Bioengineering Institute (IBI), School of Engineering (STI), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Kaltrina Paloja
- Programmable Biomaterials Laboratory (PBL), Institute of Materials (IMX), Interfaculty Bioengineering Institute (IBI), School of Engineering (STI), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Caroprese
- Programmable Biomaterials Laboratory (PBL), Institute of Materials (IMX), Interfaculty Bioengineering Institute (IBI), School of Engineering (STI), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Artem Kononenko
- Programmable Biomaterials Laboratory (PBL), Institute of Materials (IMX), Interfaculty Bioengineering Institute (IBI), School of Engineering (STI), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Maartje M.C. Bastings
- Programmable Biomaterials Laboratory (PBL), Institute of Materials (IMX), Interfaculty Bioengineering Institute (IBI), School of Engineering (STI), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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25
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Castellanos-Rueda R, Di Roberto RB, Bieberich F, Schlatter FS, Palianina D, Nguyen OTP, Kapetanovic E, Läubli H, Hierlemann A, Khanna N, Reddy ST. speedingCARs: accelerating the engineering of CAR T cells by signaling domain shuffling and single-cell sequencing. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6555. [PMID: 36323661 PMCID: PMC9630321 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) consist of an antigen-binding region fused to intracellular signaling domains, enabling customized T cell responses against targets. Despite their major role in T cell activation, effector function and persistence, only a small set of immune signaling domains have been explored. Here we present speedingCARs, an integrated method for engineering CAR T cells via signaling domain shuffling and pooled functional screening. Leveraging the inherent modularity of natural signaling domains, we generate a library of 180 unique CAR variants genomically integrated into primary human T cells by CRISPR-Cas9. In vitro tumor cell co-culture, followed by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell CAR sequencing (scCAR-seq), enables high-throughput screening for identifying several variants with tumor killing properties and T cell phenotypes markedly different from standard CARs. Mapping of the CAR scRNA-seq data onto that of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes further helps guide the selection of variants. These results thus help expand the CAR signaling domain combination space, and supports speedingCARs as a tool for the engineering of CARs for potential therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Castellanos-Rueda
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, ETH Zürich, University of Zurich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Raphaël B Di Roberto
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Bieberich
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, ETH Zürich, University of Zurich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice S Schlatter
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Darya Palianina
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oanh T P Nguyen
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edo Kapetanovic
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Läubli
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nina Khanna
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sai T Reddy
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
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26
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Chandra S, Sarkar S, Mandal P. Identification of novel genetic and epigenetic regulators of different tissue types of cervical cancer. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2022; 48:3179-3190. [PMID: 36184073 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to find differential gene mutations, DNA methylation, and expression profiles among different categories of cervical cancer samples. METHODS The study was based on freely available gene mutations, promoter methylation, and gene expression status of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cervical cancer samples and adjacent normal tissues in the Genomic Data Commons (GDC) portal. The association of CpG island methylation with gene expression was determined through negative correlation analysis. RESULTS We identified that the ErbB signaling pathway and proteoglycans pathway was significantly associated with adenocarcinoma cervical cancers patients. In these pathways, missense mutation especially S310F in the ERBB2 gene as well as G12D and A146T in the KRAS gene were significantly associated with adenocarcinoma cases. Furthermore, a comparison of SCC cases with adjacent control tissues revealed differential hypermethylation of two CpG positions of the KAAG1 gene and differential downregulation of NPY1R and NPY5R genes in cervical squamous cell carcinoma compared to cervical adenocarcinoma cases and adjacent normal tissues. Specifically, the hypermethylation of the promoter region of the KAAG1 gene might be responsible for the carcinogenesis of cervical squamous cells exclusively and methylation marks can be reversible by the widely used drug, azacytidine. In contrast, adenocarcinoma cervical cancer cases may be treated with floxuridine which is successfully utilized for other tissue-specific adenocarcinoma cases. CONCLUSIONS These results provide valuable insight into the differential molecular markers among the categories of cervical cancer, which helps our ability to classify these cancers and for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchita Chandra
- Biomedical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Subham Sarkar
- Biomedical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Paramita Mandal
- Biomedical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal, India
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Improvement of specific aiming of X-ray radiotherapy on HER2-overexpressing cancerous cell lines by targeted delivery of silver nanoparticle. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lamtha T, Tabtimmai L, Songtawee N, Tansakul N, Choowongkomon K. Structural analysis of cannabinoids against EGFR-TK leads a novel target against EGFR-driven cell lines. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100132. [PMID: 36568260 PMCID: PMC9780064 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a member of the ErbB family of proteins and are involved in downstream signal transduction, plays prominent roles in cell growth regulation, proliferation, and the differentiation of many cell types. They are correlated with the stage and severity of cancer. Therefore, EGFRs are targeted proteins for the design of new drugs to treat cancers that overexpress these proteins. Currently, several bioactive natural extracts are being studied for therapeutic purposes. Cannabis has been reported in many studies to have beneficial medicinal effects, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects, and antitumor activity. However, it is unclear whether cannabinoids reduce intracellular signaling by inhibiting tyrosine kinase phosphorylation. In this study, cannabinoids (CBD, CBG, and CBN) were simulated for binding to the EGFR-intracellular domain to evaluate the binding energy and binding mode based on molecular docking simulation. The results showed that the binding site was almost always located at the kinase active site. In addition, the compounds were tested for binding affinity and demonstrated their ability to inhibit kinase enzymes. Furthermore, the compounds potently inhibited cellular survival and apoptosis induction in either of the EGFR-overexpressing cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomanai Lamtha
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioinformatics (PROTEB), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand,Spectroscopic and Sensing Devices Research Group (SSDRG), National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Lueacha Tabtimmai
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Napat Songtawee
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Natthasit Tansakul
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioinformatics (PROTEB), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand,Corresponding author.
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Sharma AK, Sharma R, Vats K, Sarma HD, Mukherjee A, Das T, Satpati D. Synthesis and comparative evaluation of 177Lu-labeled PEG and non-PEG variant peptides as HER2-targeting probes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15720. [PMID: 36127494 PMCID: PMC9489682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Highest global cancer incidence of female breast cancer is a matter of great concern. HER2-positive breast cancers have high mortality rate hence detection at an early stage is vital for successful treatment, improved cancer care and survival rate. Radiolabeled peptides have emerged as new alternatives to radiolabeled antibodies to overcome the limitations of slow clearance and uptake in non-target tissues. Herein, DOTA-A9 peptide and its pegylated variant were constructed on solid phase and radiolabeled with [177Lu]LuCl3. [177Lu]DOTA-A9 and [177Lu]DOTA-PEG4-A9 displayed high binding affinity (Kd = 48.4 ± 1.4 and 55.7 ± 12.3 nM respectively) in human breast carcinoma SKBR3 cells. Two radiopeptides exhibited renal excretion and rapid clearance from normal organs. Uptake in SKBR3 tumor and tumor-to-background ratios were significantly higher (p < 0.05) for [177Lu]DOTA-PEG4-A9 at the three time points investigated. Xenografts could be clearly visualized by [177Lu]DOTA-PEG4-A9 in SPECT images at 3, 24 and 48 h p.i. indicating the potential for further exploration as HER2-targeting probe. The encouraging in vivo profile of PEG construct, [177Lu]DOTA-PEG4-A9 incentivizes future studies for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Sharma
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Kusum Vats
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Haladhar Dev Sarma
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Archana Mukherjee
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Tapas Das
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Drishty Satpati
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India.
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Xu H, Han Y, Wu Y, Wang Y, Wang J, Xu B. Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of microinvasive breast cancer: A population-based analysis. Cancer Med 2022; 11:4501-4512. [PMID: 35598300 PMCID: PMC9741986 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Microinvasive breast cancer (MIBC) is a special type of breast cancer with a relatively low prevalence, of which the understanding remains controversial. In this article, we aimed to clarify the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of MIBC in the setting of different molecular subtypes and give feasible suggestions on clinical practice in MIBC. METHODS This study utilized the data from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Patients were divided into subgroups based on the molecular subtypes, of which the clinicopathological characteristics were further undergone comparative analyses. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis were employed to determine the prognosis of the subtypes, and to explore the prognostic factors. Patients were randomly assigned in a 7:3 ratio to the training and validation cohorts. The independent risk variables were then adopted to generate a nomogram to predict the 3- and 5-year survival probability. RESULTS A total of 4301 MIBC patients between 2010 and 2016 were obtained from the SEER database, which were subsequently separated into HR+/HER2- (n = 2598), HR+/HER2+ (n = 723), HR-/HER2+ (n = 633), and HR-/HER2- (n = 347) groups. The HR+/HER2+ group showed the best overall survival (OS) (81.28 months, 95% CI 80.45-82.11) compared with other groups (p = 0.0089). The application of radiotherapy in HR+/HER2- and HR+/HER2+ MIBC patients brought out additional survival benefit compared with those without radiotherapy (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.024, respectively). The prognosis among four subgroups with or without chemotherapy showed no statistical difference. Based on the curated nomogram, the high-score group exhibited a better OS compared with patients from the low-score group. CONCLUSIONS Profound heterogeneity was detected among different molecular subtypes in MIBC patients, of which HR+/HER2+ subtype presented the best prognosis. For HR-positive MIBC patients, increasing survival benefits could be retrieved from radiotherapy. Chemotherapy was not recommended for patients with MIBC. Individual-based protocols were introduced based on the nomogram which warranted further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangcheng Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yiqun Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Binghe Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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Tobias J, Garner-Spitzer E, Drinić M, Wiedermann U. Vaccination against Her-2/neu, with focus on peptide-based vaccines. ESMO Open 2022; 7:100361. [PMID: 35026721 PMCID: PMC8760406 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been a milestone in combatting cancer, by complementing or even replacing classic treatments like surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and anti-hormonal therapy. In 15%-30% of breast cancers, overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2/neu) is associated with more aggressive tumor development. Passive immunization/immunotherapy with the recombinantly produced Her-2/neu-targeting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) pertuzumab and trastuzumab has been shown to effectively treat breast cancer and lead to a significantly better prognosis. However, allergic and hypersensitivity reactions, cardiotoxicity, development of resistance, lack of immunological memory which results in continuous application over a long period, and cost-intensiveness are among the drawbacks associated with this treatment. Furthermore, intrinsic or acquired resistance is associated with the application of therapeutic mAbs, leading to the disease recurrence. Conversely, these drawbacks could be potentially overcome by vaccination, i.e. an active immunization/immunotherapy approach by activating the patient’s own immune system to target cancer, along with inducing immunological memory. This review aims to summarize the main approaches investigated and undertaken for the production of Her-2/neu vaccine candidates, with the main focus on peptide-based vaccines and their evaluation in clinical settings. Her-2/neu is overexpressed in 10%-30% of breast and gastric cancer patients and this correlates with poor clinical outcomes. Passive application of trastuzumab and pertuzumab has outstandingly improved the Her-2/neu-related clinical outcomes. Treatment with mAbs is associated with frequent administration, cost-intensiveness, and resistance. Vaccination against Her-2/neu with e.g. mimotope- or peptide-based vaccines can alternatively overcome the mAbs’ drawbacks. Such alternatives may pave the way to therapeutics which could be used as monotherapy or in combination therapies with mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tobias
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - E Garner-Spitzer
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Drinić
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - U Wiedermann
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Hyldgaard JM, Jensen JB. The Inequality of Females in Bladder Cancer. APMIS 2021; 129:694-699. [PMID: 34582047 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Urinary bladder cancer is worldwide one of the most diagnosed and costly types of cancer. One puzzle in the bladder cancer diagnosis is the disproportional relationship between genders. Males are more likely to be diagnosed with bladder cancer whereas females typically are diagnosed with more adverse disease and worse prognosis, which has led to speculation of the potential role of sex hormones and their receptors in this disease. Estrogen receptors are present in the human bladder, and their role in bladder cancer oncogenesis is increasingly becoming a focus for researchers around the world. This mini-review aims to give a brief overview of the status of female bladder cancer, and to which extend the sex hormones receptors play a role in this. A literature search was performed and included all female original studies on bladder cancer and hormone receptors. Estrogen-receptor alpha seems to be anti-oncogenic whereas estrogen-receptor beta is exhibiting its function pro-oncogenic. The receptor functions may be exercised through mRNA transcriptions and enzymes. Epidemiological studies indicate a potential increase in incidence of bladder cancer for females with earlier age at menopause, and clinical trials are investigating Tamoxifen as a potential treatment in bladder cancer. Increasing evidence supports the theory of bladder cancer development and progression as being partly hormone-dependent. This can lead to a change in conceptual background of bladder cancer etiology and development in the future. Further studies are required to more precise map the use of anti-hormonal drugs in the treatment of this cancer.
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Lim J, Kang B, Son HY, Mun B, Huh YM, Rho HW, Kang T, Moon J, Lee JJ, Seo SB, Jang S, Son SU, Jung J, Haam S, Lim EK. Microfluidic device for one-step detection of breast cancer-derived exosomal mRNA in blood using signal-amplifiable 3D nanostructure. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 197:113753. [PMID: 34741958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis attributed to approximately 90% of cancer-related deaths; hence, the detection of metastatic tumor-derived components in the blood assists in determining cancer recurrence and patient survival. Microfluidic-based sensors facilitate analysis of small fluid volumes and represent an accurate, rapid, and user-friendly method of field diagnoses. In this study, we have developed a microfluidic chip-based exosomal mRNA sensor (exoNA-sensing chip) for the one-step detection of exosomal ERBB2 in the blood by integrating a microfluidic chip and 3D-nanostructured hydrogels. The exoNA-sensing chip is a vacuum-driven power-free microfluidic chip that can accurately control the flow of trace fluids (<100 μL). The sensing part of the exoNA-sensing chip includes 3D-nanostructured hydrogels capable of detecting ERBB2 and a reference gene by amplifying a fluorescent signal via an enzyme-free catalytic hairpin assembly reaction at room temperature. This hydrogel offers a detection limit of 58.3 fM with good selectivity for target sequences. The performance of the exoNA-sensing chip was evaluated by testing in vitro and in vivo samples and was proven to be effective for cancer diagnosis and liquid biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo Lim
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Byunghoon Kang
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Young Son
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03772, Republic of Korea; Severance Biomedical Science Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonggeol Mun
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Min Huh
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03772, Republic of Korea; Severance Biomedical Science Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; YUHS-KRIBB Medical Convergence Research Institute, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Rho
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03772, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejoon Kang
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Moon
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK 21+ Program), KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jong Lee
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), 156 Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Beom Seo
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Jang
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Uk Son
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Jung
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjoo Haam
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Kyung Lim
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Dehghani N, Tafvizi F, Jafari P. Cell cycle arrest and anti-cancer potential of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus against HT-29 cancer cells. BIOIMPACTS 2021; 11:245-252. [PMID: 34631486 PMCID: PMC8494254 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2021.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction: Nowadays, probiotic bacteria have been considered as a factor in the prevention and treatment of cancer, especially by induction of apoptosis. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, and apoptotic effects of the supernatant of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus on HT-29 cell line.
Methods : Molecular identification of probiotic L. rhamnosus was carried out using specific primers of 16S rRNA gene and sequencing. HT-29 cells were treated with different concentrations of bacterial supernatants at 24, 48, and 72 hours. MTT assay, Annexin V-FITC, real-time PCR, cell cycle analysis, and DAPI staining tests were conducted to evaluate the induction of apoptosis. The level of cyclin D1 protein was measured by immunocytochemistry method.
Results: The supernatant of L. rhamnosus inhibited the growth of HT-29 cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The results of flow cytometry confirmed apoptotic cell death. Probiotic bacterial supernatant caused up-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes including caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bax. In addition, they resulted in down-regulation of Bcl2 and a decrease in expression levels of cyclin D1, cyclin E, and ERBB2 genes. Cancer cells were arrested in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. The results of immunocytochemistry showed significant down-regulation of cyclin D1 protein during the 48 hours treatment with bacterial supernatant compared to the untreated cells.
Conclusion: The supernatant of probiotic L. rhamnosus has a great potential to inhibit the proliferation of HT-29 cells and the induction of apoptosis. L. rhamnosus might be used as a biological anti-cancer factor in the prevention and treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najme Dehghani
- Department of Biology, Parand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Parand, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Tafvizi
- Department of Biology, Parand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Parand, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Jafari
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
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Chen Y, Zhang Z, Henson ES, Cuddihy A, Haigh K, Wang R, Haigh JJ, Gibson SB. Autophagy inhibition by TSSC4 (tumor suppressing subtransferable candidate 4) contributes to sustainable cancer cell growth. Autophagy 2021; 18:1274-1296. [PMID: 34530675 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1973338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell growth is dependent upon the sustainability of proliferative signaling and resisting cell death. Macroautophagy/autophagy promotes cancer cell growth by providing nutrients to cells and preventing cell death. This is in contrast to autophagy promoting cell death under some conditions. The mechanism regulating autophagy-mediated cancer cell growth remains unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that TSSC4 (tumor suppressing subtransferable candidate 4) is a novel tumor suppressor that suppresses cancer cell growth and tumor growth and prevents cell death induction during excessive growth by inhibiting autophagy. The oncogenic proteins ERBB2 (erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2) and the activation EGFR mutant (EGFRvIII, epidermal growth factor receptor variant III) promote cell growth and TSSC4 expression in breast cancer and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells, respectively. In EGFRvIII-expressing GBM cells, TSSC4 knockout shifted the function of autophagy from a pro-cell survival role to a pro-cell death role during prolonged cell growth. Furthermore, the interaction of TSSC4 with MAP1LC3/LC3 (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3) via its conserved LC3-interacting region (LIR) contributes to its inhibition of autophagy. Finally, TSSC4 suppresses tumorsphere formation and tumor growth by inhibiting autophagy and maintaining cell survival in tumorspheres. Taken together, sustainable cancer cell growth can be achieved by autophagy inhibition via TSSC4 expression.ABBREVIATIONS: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACTB: actin beta; CQ: chloroquine; EGFRvIII: epidermal growth factor receptor variant III; ERBB2: erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2; GBM: glioblastoma multiforme; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule Associated protein 1 light chain 3; TSSC4: tumor suppressing subtransferable candidate 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Chen
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Zhaoying Zhang
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Elizabeth S Henson
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrew Cuddihy
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Katharina Haigh
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ruobing Wang
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jody J Haigh
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Spencer B Gibson
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Dan VM, Raveendran RS, Baby S. Resistance to Intervention: Paclitaxel in Breast Cancer. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:1237-1268. [PMID: 33319669 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520999201214234421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer stands as the most prevalent cancer in women globally, and contributes to the highest percentage of mortality due to cancer-related deaths in women. Paclitaxel (PTX) is heavily relied on as a frontline chemotherapy drug in breast cancer treatment, especially in advanced metastatic cancer. Generation of resistance to PTX often derails clinical management and adversely affects patient outcomes. Understanding the molecular mechanism of PTX resistance is necessary to device methods to aid in overcoming the resistance. Recent studies exploring the mechanism of development of PTX resistance have led to unveiling of a range novel therapeutic targets. PTX resistance pathways that involve major regulatory proteins/RNAs like RNF8/Twist/ROR1, TLR, ErbB3/ErbB2, BRCA1- IRIS, MENA, LIN9, MiRNA, FoxM1 and IRAK1 have expanded the complexity of resistance mechanisms, and brought newer insights into the development of drug targets. These resistance-related targets can be dealt with synthetic/natural therapeutics in combination with PTX. The present review encompasses the recent understanding of PTX resistance mechanisms in breast cancer and possible therapeutic combinations to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Mohan Dan
- Microbiology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode 695562, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Reji Saradha Raveendran
- Microbiology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode 695562, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Sabulal Baby
- Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode 695562, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Aminzadeh Z, Ziamajidi N, Abbasalipourkabir R. Anticancer Effects of Cinnamaldehyde through Inhibition of ErbB2/HSF1/LDHA Pathway in 5637 Cell Line of Bladder Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1139-1148. [PMID: 34315398 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210726142814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing prevalence of bladder cancer worldwide has become a major concern for the researchers, and the side effects of chemotherapy drugs have always been a major problem in cancer treatment. Cinnamaldehyde, the active ingredient in the Cinnamon plant, has long been considered with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. METHODS Bladder cancer 5637 cell lines were treated with the different concentrations of Cinnamaldehyde. MTT assay was performed to evaluate cell viability at 24, 48, and 72 hours. The concentration of 0.02, 0.04, and 0.08 mg/ml of Cinnamaldehyde were selected. Apoptosis was assessed with Annexin V-FITC/PI and Hochest33258 staining. Cell migration was performed by the scratch test. To evaluate Cinnamaldehyde effect on glycolysis, the gene expression of epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ErbB2), heat shock protein transcription factor-1 (HSF1) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), as well as the protein levels of HSF1 and LDHA, LDH activity and finally glucose consumption and lactate production, were measured. RESULTS Cinnamaldehyde significantly increased apoptosis rate in the 5637 cells (p<0.05). Furthermore, it significantly reduced the gene expression of ErbB2, HSF1, and LDHA, protein level of HSF1 and LDHA, LDH activity, as well as cell migration, glucose consumption, and lactate production (p<0.05). These changes were dose-dependent. CONCLUSION Thus, Cinnamaldehyde induced apoptosis and decreased growth in 5637 cells by reducing ErbB2-HSF1-LDHA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Aminzadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Ziamajidi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Abbasalipourkabir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Wang FL, Zhang XL, Yang M, Lin J, Yue YF, Li YD, Wang X, Shu Q, Jin HC. Prevalence and characteristics of mouse mammary tumor virus-like virus associated breast cancer in China. Infect Agent Cancer 2021; 16:47. [PMID: 34174934 PMCID: PMC8235620 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-021-00383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite extensive molecular epidemiological studies, the prevalence and characteristics of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus-Like Virus (MMTV-LV) in Chinese women breast cancer are still unclear. Besides, the prevalence of MMTV-LV in women breast cancer tissue varies in different countries and its dependent factors remain inconclusive. METHODS In the first part of the study, a case-control study was performed. 119 breast cancer samples (84 from Northern China and 35 from Southern China) and 50 breast fibroadenoma specimens were collected from Chinese women patients. MMTV-like env sequence and the homology to MMTV env gene were analysed by semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We also explored the association of MMTV-LV prevalence with sample sources (Southern and Northern China) and patients' clinicopathological characteristics. To investigate the dependent factors of the prevalence of MMTV-LV in breast cancer worldwide, a meta-analysis was conducted in the second part of the study. RESULTS We found that the prevalence of MMTV-LV was much higher in breast cancer tissues (17.65%) than that in breast fibroadenoma specimens (4.00%) (P < 0.05). MMTV-LV prevalence in Chinese women breast cancer tissues was significantly different between Southern China (5.71%) and Northern China (22.62%) (P < 0.05). The prevalence of MMTV-LV also associates significantly with expression of HER2, but shows no significant correlation with other parameters. In the meta-analysis, we found that MMTV-LV prevalence in breast cancer tissue was dependent on the distribution of M. domesticus mouse (M. d), M. musculus mouse (M.m) and M.castaneus mouse (M.c) worldwide (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The distribution of house mice may be a crucial environmental factor that explains the geographic differences in human breast cancer incidence. Our findings may provide a potential avenue of prevention, diagnosis and treatment for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Liang Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Binsheng Road 3333, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Zhang
- Electron Microscope Room, Medical School of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Binsheng Road 3333, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Second People's Hospital of Jande, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Fang Yue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Dan Li
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Oncology, Key lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, East Qingchun Road 3, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Oncology, Key lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, East Qingchun Road 3, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Binsheng Road 3333, Hangzhou, 310052, China. .,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Binsheng Road 3333, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
| | - Hong-Chuan Jin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Oncology, Key lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, East Qingchun Road 3, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
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Huang L, Yu X, Jiang Z, Zeng P. Novel Autophagy-Related Gene Signature Investigation for Patients With Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:673319. [PMID: 34220946 PMCID: PMC8248343 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.673319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The correlation between autophagy defects and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been previously studied, but only based on a limited number of autophagy-related genes in cell lines or animal models. The aim of the present study was to analyze differentially expressed autophagy-related genes through The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to explore enriched pathways and potential biological function. Based on TCGA database, a signature composed of four autophagy-related genes (CDKN2A, NKX2-3, NRG3, and FADD) was established by using multivariate Cox regression models and two Gene Expression Omnibus datasets were applied for external validation. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed to study the function of autophagy-related genes and their pathways. The most significant GO and KEGG pathways were enriched in several key pathways that were related to the progression of autophagy and OSCC. Furthermore, a prognostic risk score was constructed based on the four genes; patients were then divided into two groups (i.e., high risk and low risk) in terms of the median of risk score. Prognosis of the two groups and results showed that patients at the low-risk group had a much better prognosis than those at the high-risk group, regardless of whether they were in the training datasets or validation datasets. Multivariate Cox regression results indicated that the risk score of the autophagy-related gene signatures could greatly predict the prognosis of patients after controlling for several clinical covariates. The findings of the present study revealed that autophagy-related gene signatures play an important role in OSCC and are potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghao Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhou Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ping Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center for Medical Statistics and Data Analysis, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Iyer DN, Faruq O, Zhang L, Rastgoo N, Liu A, Chang H. Pathophysiological roles of myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) in hematological malignancies. Biomark Res 2021; 9:34. [PMID: 33958003 PMCID: PMC8101130 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) protein has been at the crossroads of multiple signaling pathways that govern several critical operations in normal and malignant cellular physiology. Functioning as a target of protein kinase C, MARCKS shuttles between the phosphorylated cytosolic form and the unphosphorylated plasma membrane-bound states whilst regulating several molecular partners including, but not limited to calmodulin, actin, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, and phosphoinositide-3-kinase. As a result of these interactions, MARCKS directly or indirectly modulates a host of cellular functions, primarily including cytoskeletal reorganization, membrane trafficking, cell secretion, inflammatory response, cell migration, and mitosis. Recent evidence indicates that dysregulated expression of MARCKS is associated with the development and progression of hematological cancers. While it is understood that MARCKS impacts the overall carcinogenesis as well as plays a part in determining the disease outcome in blood cancers, we are still at an early stage of interpreting the pathophysiological roles of MARCKS in neoplastic disease. The situation is further complicated by contradictory reports regarding the role of phosphorylated versus an unphosphorylated form of MARCKS as an oncogene versus tumor suppressor in blood cancers. In this review, we will investigate the current body of knowledge and evolving concepts of the physical properties, molecular network, functional attributes, and the likely pathogenic roles of MARCKS in hematological malignancies. Key emphasis will also be laid upon understanding the novel mechanisms by which MARCKS determines the overall disease prognosis by playing a vital role in the induction of therapeutic resistance. Additionally, we will highlight the importance of MARCKS as a valuable therapeutic target in blood cancers and will discuss the potential of existing strategies available to tackle MARCKS-driven blood cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Narayanan Iyer
- Laboratory medicine program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Omar Faruq
- Laboratory medicine program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lun Zhang
- Laboratory medicine program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nasrin Rastgoo
- Laboratory medicine program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Aijun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hong Chang
- Laboratory medicine program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Wei J, Guo Y, Wang Y, Wu Z, Bo J, Zhang B, Zhu J, Han W. Clinical development of CAR T cell therapy in China: 2020 update. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:792-804. [PMID: 32999455 PMCID: PMC8115146 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has achieved significant success in the treatment of hematological malignancies. In recent years, fast-growing CAR T clinical trials have actively explored their potential application scenarios. According to the data from the clinicaltrials.gov website, China became the country with the most registered CAR T trials in September 2017. As of June 30, 2020, the number of registered CAR T trials in China has reached 357. In addition, as many as 150 other CAR T trials have been registered on ChiCTR. Although CAR T therapy is flourishing in China, there are still some problems that cannot be ignored. In this review, we aim to systematically summarize the clinical practice of CAR T-cell therapy in China. This review will provide an informative reference for colleagues in the field, and a better understanding of the history and current situation will help us more reasonably conduct research and promote cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshu Wei
- Department of Bio-Therapeutic, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yelei Guo
- Department of Bio-Therapeutic, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Bio-Therapeutic, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Department of Bio-Therapeutic, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jian Bo
- Department of Hematology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Departments of Lymphoma, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100036, China.
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Bio-Therapeutic, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 2 (ERBB2) Promotes ATG12-Dependent Autophagy Contributing to Treatment Resistance of Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051038. [PMID: 33801244 PMCID: PMC7958130 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Expression of the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB2 in cancer cells leads to drug resistance. Autophagy, a “self-eating” process inside the cell, is a mechanism for drug resistance in cancer cells. It has been shown that ERBB2 activation leads to increased autophagy in breast cancer cells, but the underlying mechanisms remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that ERBB2 promotes autophagy by increasing the protein levels of the autophagy gene ATG12 (autophagy-related 12), contributing to the resistance of breast cancer cells to chemotherapy drugs or ERBB2-targeted antibody treatments. We further showed that ATG12 expression in breast tumors containing ERBB2 correlated with a worse patient survival outcome. Finally, lapatinib is an inhibitor for both EGFR and ERBB2 tyrosine kinases in the EGFR protein family and promotes autophagy in cells containing only EGFR but inhibits autophagy in cells containing only ERBB2. Taken together, this suggests that ERBB2 promotes autophagy through upregulation of ATG12. Abstract The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family member erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2) is overexpressed in many types of cancers leading to (radio- and chemotherapy) treatment resistance, whereas the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Autophagy is known to contribute to cancer treatment resistance. In this study, we demonstrate that ERBB2 increases the expression of different autophagy genes including ATG12 (autophagy-related 12) and promotes ATG12-dependent autophagy. We clarify that lapatinib, a dual inhibitor for EGFR and ERBB2, promoted autophagy in cells expressing only EGFR but inhibited autophagy in cells expressing only ERBB2. Furthermore, breast cancer database analysis of 35 genes in the canonical autophagy pathway shows that the upregulation of ATG12 and MAP1LC3B is associated with a low relapse-free survival probability of patients with ERBB2-positive breast tumors following treatments. Downregulation of ERBB2 or ATG12 increased cell death induced by chemotherapy drugs in ERBB2-positive breast cancer cells, whereas upregulation of ERBB2 or ATG12 decreased the cell death in ERBB2-negative breast cancer cells. Finally, ERBB2 antibody treatment led to reduced expression of ATG12 and autophagy inhibition increasing drug or starvation-induced cell death in ERBB2-positive breast cancer cells. Taken together, this study provides a novel approach for the treatment of ERBB2-positive breast cancer by targeting ATG12-dependent autophagy.
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Sivaganesh V, Promi N, Maher S, Peethambaran B. Emerging Immunotherapies against Novel Molecular Targets in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2433. [PMID: 33670942 PMCID: PMC7957700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a highly emerging form of breast cancer therapy that enables clinicians to target cancers with specific receptor expression profiles. Two popular immunotherapeutic approaches involve chimeric antigen receptor-T cells (CAR-T) and bispecific antibodies (BsAb). Briefly mentioned in this review as well is the mRNA vaccine technology recently popularized by the COVID-19 vaccine. These forms of immunotherapy can highly select for the tumor target of interest to generate specific tumor lysis. Along with improvements in CAR-T, bispecific antibody engineering, and therapeutic administration, much research has been done on novel molecular targets that can especially be useful for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) immunotherapy. Combining emerging immunotherapeutics with tumor marker discovery sets the stage for highly targeted immunotherapy to be the future of cancer treatments. This review highlights the principles of CAR-T and BsAb therapy, improvements in CAR and BsAb engineering, and recently identified human breast cancer markers in the context of in vitro or in vivo CAR-T or BsAb treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Sivaganesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, 600 S 43rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (V.S.); (N.P.); (S.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, 4170 City Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Nazifa Promi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, 600 S 43rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (V.S.); (N.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Salma Maher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, 600 S 43rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (V.S.); (N.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Bela Peethambaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, 600 S 43rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (V.S.); (N.P.); (S.M.)
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Lamtha T, Tabtimmai L, Bangphoomi K, Kiriwan D, Malik AA, Chaicumpa W, van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP, Choowongkomon K. Generation of a nanobody against HER2 tyrosine kinase using phage display library screening for HER2-positive breast cancer therapy development. Protein Eng Des Sel 2021; 34:6462358. [PMID: 34908139 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) protein overexpression is found in ~30% of invasive breast carcinomas and in a high proportion of noninvasive ductal carcinomas in situ. Targeted cancer therapy is based on monoclonal antibodies and kinase inhibitors and reflects a new era of cancer therapy. However, delivery to tumor cells in vivo is hampered by the large size (150 kDa) of conventional antibodies. Furthermore, there are many disadvantages with the current anti-HER2 drug, including drug resistance and adverse effects. Nanobodies (15 kDa), single-domain antibody (sdAb) fragments, can overcome these limitations. This study produced the recombinant sdAb against the HER2-tyrosine kinase (HER2-TK) domain using phage display technology. Three specific anti-HER2-TK sdAbs were selected for further characterization. Hallmark VHH residue identification and amino acid sequence analysis revealed that clone numbers 4 and 22 were VH antibodies, whereas clone number 17 was a VH H antibody (nanobody). The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of VHH17 exhibited significantly greater HER2 kinase-inhibition activity than the other clones. Consistent with these results, several charges and polar residues of the HER2-TK activation loop that were predicted based on mimotope analysis also appeared in the docking result and interacted via the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 loops of VHH17. Furthermore, the cell-penetrable VHH17 (R9 VHH17) showed cell-penetrability and significantly decreased HER2-positive cancer cell viability. Thus, the VH H17 could be developed as an effective therapeutic agent to treat HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomanai Lamtha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kasetsart University, Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioinformatics, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Lueacha Tabtimmai
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bang Sue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Kunan Bangphoomi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kasetsart University, Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioinformatics, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Duangnapa Kiriwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kasetsart University, Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioinformatics, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Aijaz A Malik
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Laboratory for Research and Technology Development, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Paul M P van Bergen En Henegouwen
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kasetsart University, Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioinformatics, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.,Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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A Functional Screening Strategy for Engineering Chimeric Antigen Receptors with Reduced On-Target, Off-Tumor Activation. Mol Ther 2020; 28:2564-2576. [PMID: 32827460 PMCID: PMC7704745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell cancer immunotherapies have advanced substantially in the clinic. However, challenges related to safety persist; one major concern occurs when CARs trigger a response to antigen present on healthy cells (on-target, off-tumor response). A strategy to ameliorate this relies on the complex relationship between receptor affinity and signaling, such that one can engineer a CAR that is only activated by tumor cells expressing high antigen levels. Here, we developed a CAR T cell display platform with stable genomic expression and rapid functional screening based on interleukin-2 signaling. Starting with a CAR with high affinity toward its target antigen, we combined CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing and deep mutational scanning to generate a library of antigen-binding domain variants. This library was subjected to multiple rounds of selection based on either antigen binding or cell signaling. Deep sequencing of the resulting libraries and a comparative analysis revealed the enrichment and depletion of specific variants from which we selected CARs that were selectively activated by tumor cells based on antigen expression levels. Our platform demonstrates how directed evolution based on functional screening and deep sequencing-guided selection can be combined to enhance the selectivity and safety of CARs.
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Tilekar K, Upadhyay N, Iancu CV, Pokrovsky V, Choe JY, Ramaa CS. Power of two: combination of therapeutic approaches involving glucose transporter (GLUT) inhibitors to combat cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188457. [PMID: 33096154 PMCID: PMC7704680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer research of the Warburg effect, a hallmark metabolic alteration in tumors, focused attention on glucose metabolism whose targeting uncovered several agents with promising anticancer effects at the preclinical level. These agents' monotherapy points to their potential as adjuvant combination therapy to existing standard chemotherapy in human trials. Accordingly, several studies on combining glucose transporter (GLUT) inhibitors with chemotherapeutic agents, such as doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and cytarabine, showed synergistic or additive anticancer effects, reduced chemo-, radio-, and immuno-resistance, and reduced toxicity due to lowering the therapeutic doses required for desired chemotherapeutic effects, as compared with monotherapy. The combinations have been specifically effective in treating cancer glycolytic phenotypes, such as pancreatic and breast cancers. Even combining GLUT inhibitors with other glycolytic inhibitors and energy restriction mimetics seems worthwhile. Though combination clinical trials are in the early phase, initial results are intriguing. The various types of GLUTs, their role in cancer progression, GLUT inhibitors, and their anticancer mechanism of action have been reviewed several times. However, utilizing GLUT inhibitors as combination therapeutics has received little attention. We consider GLUT inhibitors agents that directly affect glucose transporters by binding to them or indirectly alter glucose transport by changing the transporters' expression level. This review mainly focuses on summarizing the effects of various combinations of GLUT inhibitors with other anticancer agents and providing a perspective on the current status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Tilekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Pharmacy, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neha Upadhyay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Pharmacy, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Cristina V. Iancu
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vadim Pokrovsky
- Laboratory of Combined Therapy, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biochemistry, People’s Friendship University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jun-yong Choe
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - C. S. Ramaa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Pharmacy, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Massa A, Varamo C, Vita F, Tavolari S, Peraldo-Neia C, Brandi G, Rizzo A, Cavalloni G, Aglietta M. Evolution of the Experimental Models of Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082308. [PMID: 32824407 PMCID: PMC7463907 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare, aggressive disease with poor overall survival. In advanced cases, surgery is often not possible or fails; in addition, there is a lack of effective and specific therapies. Multidisciplinary approaches and advanced technologies have improved the knowledge of CCA molecular pathogenesis, highlighting its extreme heterogeneity and high frequency of genetic and molecular aberrations. Effective preclinical models, therefore, should be based on a comparable level of complexity. In the past years, there has been a consistent increase in the number of available CCA models. The exploitation of even more complex CCA models is rising. Examples are the use of CRISPR/Cas9 or stabilized organoids for in vitro studies, as well as patient-derived xenografts or transgenic mouse models for in vivo applications. Here, we examine the available preclinical CCA models exploited to investigate: (i) carcinogenesis processes from initiation to progression; and (ii) tools for personalized therapy and innovative therapeutic approaches, including chemotherapy and immune/targeted therapies. For each model, we describe the potential applications, highlighting both its advantages and limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Massa
- Division of Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, 10060 Torino, Italy; (A.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Chiara Varamo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.V.); (F.V.)
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, B3000 KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesca Vita
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.V.); (F.V.)
| | - Simona Tavolari
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | | | - Giovanni Brandi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Alessandro Rizzo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Giuliana Cavalloni
- Division of Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, 10060 Torino, Italy; (A.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Massimo Aglietta
- Division of Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, 10060 Torino, Italy; (A.M.); (G.C.)
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.V.); (F.V.)
- Correspondence:
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In Vivo Models for Cholangiocarcinoma-What Can We Learn for Human Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144993. [PMID: 32679791 PMCID: PMC7404171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) comprises a heterogeneous group of primary liver tumors. They emerge from different hepatic (progenitor) cell populations, typically via sporadic mutations. Chronic biliary inflammation, as seen in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), may trigger CCA development. Although several efforts were made in the last decade to better understand the complex processes of biliary carcinogenesis, it was only recently that new therapeutic advances have been achieved. Animal models are a crucial bridge between in vitro findings on molecular or genetic alterations, pathophysiological understanding, and new therapeutic strategies for the clinic. Nevertheless, it is inherently difficult to recapitulate simultaneously the stromal microenvironment (e.g., immune-competent cells, cholestasis, inflammation, PSC-like changes, fibrosis) and the tumor biology (e.g., mutational burden, local growth, and metastatic spread) in an animal model, so that it would reflect the full clinical reality of CCA. In this review, we highlight available data on animal models for CCA. We discuss if and how these models reflect human disease and whether they can serve as a tool for understanding the pathogenesis, or for predicting a treatment response in patients. In addition, open issues for future developments will be discussed.
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Li P, Yang L, Li T, Bin S, Sun B, Huang Y, Yang K, Shan D, Gu H, Li H. The Third Generation Anti-HER2 Chimeric Antigen Receptor Mouse T Cells Alone or Together With Anti-PD1 Antibody Inhibits the Growth of Mouse Breast Tumor Cells Expressing HER2 in vitro and in Immune Competent Mice. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1143. [PMID: 32766150 PMCID: PMC7381237 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cells have great efficacy against CD19+ leukemia but little success for solid tumors. This study explored the effectiveness of third generation anti-HER2 CAR-T cells alone or in combination with anti-PD1 antibody on breast tumor cells expressing HER2 in vitro and in immune competent mouse model. The PDL1-positive mouse mammary tumor cell line 4T1 engineered to express luciferase and human HER2 was used as the target cell line (4T1-Luc-HER2). Anti-HER2 CAR-T cells were generated by transducing mouse spleen T cells with recombinant lentiviruses. ELISA analysis showed that IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion was increased in CAR-T cells co-cultured with the target cells, and the secretion of these two cytokines was increased further with the addition of anti-PD1 antibody. Lactate dehydrogenase assay revealed that CAR-T cells displayed a potent cytotoxicity against the target cells, and the addition of anti-PD1 antibody further enhanced the cytotoxicity. At the effector: target ratio of 16:1, cytotoxicity was 39.8% with CAR-T cells alone, and increased to 49.5% with the addition of anti-PD1 antibody. In immune competent syngeneic mouse model, CAR-T cells were found to be present in tumor stroma, inhibited tumor growth and increased tumor apoptosis significantly. Addition of anti-PD1 antibody further enhanced these anti-tumor activities. Twenty-one days after treatment, tumor weight was reduced by 50.0% and 73.3% in CAR-T group and CAR-T plus anti-PD1 group compared with blank T group. Our results indicate that anti-PD1 antibody can greatly increase the efficacy of anti-HER2 CAR-T against HER2-positive solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panyuan Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lingcong Yang
- The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, China
| | - Tong Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shufang Bin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bohao Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuting Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kaiyan Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Daming Shan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haihua Gu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongzhi Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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50
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Focaccetti C, Benvenuto M, Ciuffa S, Fazi S, Scimeca M, Nardi A, Miele MT, Battisti A, Bonanno E, Modesti A, Masuelli L, Bei R. Curcumin Enhances the Antitumoral Effect Induced by the Recombinant Vaccinia Neu Vaccine (rV- neuT) in Mice with Transplanted Salivary Gland Carcinoma Cells. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051417. [PMID: 32423101 PMCID: PMC7284625 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival rate for head and neck cancer patients has not substantially changed in the last two decades. We previously showed that two rV-neuT intratumoral injections induced an efficient antitumor response and rejection of transplanted Neu (rat ErbB2/neu oncogene-encoded protein)-overexpressing salivary gland tumor cells in BALB-neuT mice (BALB/c mice transgenic for the rat ErbB2/neu oncogene). However, reiterated poxviral vaccinations increase neutralizing antibodies to viral proteins in humans that prevent immune response against the recombinant antigen expressed by the virus. Curcumin (CUR) is a polyphenol with antineoplastic and immunomodulatory properties. The aim of this study was to employ CUR administration to boost the anti-Neu immune response and anticancer activity induced by one rV-neuT intratumoral vaccination in BALB-neuT mice. Here, we demonstrated that the combined rV-neuT+CUR treatment was more effective at reducing tumor growth and increasing mouse survival, anti-Neu humoral response, and IFN-γ/IL-2 T-cell release in vitro than the individual treatment. rV-neuT+CUR-treated mice showed an increased infiltration of CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocytes within the tumor as compared to those that received the individual treatment. Overall, CUR enhanced the antitumoral effect and immune response to Neu induced by the rV-neuT vaccine in mice. Thus, the combined treatment might represent a successful strategy to target ErbB2/Neu-overexpressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Focaccetti
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele University Rome, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (M.S.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (S.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Monica Benvenuto
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (S.C.); (A.M.)
- Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, via di Sant’Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Ciuffa
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (S.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Sara Fazi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Manuel Scimeca
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele University Rome, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (M.S.)
- Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, via di Sant’Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Fondazione Umberto Veronesi (FUV), Piazza Velasca 5, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Nardi
- Department of Mathematics, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Martino Tony Miele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Andrea Battisti
- Maxillo Facial Oncologic and Reconstructive Unit, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Elena Bonanno
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Neuromed Group, ‘Diagnostica Medica’ & ‘Villa dei Platani’, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Andrea Modesti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (S.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Laura Masuelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Roberto Bei
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (S.C.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-7259-6522
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