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Calia G, Porracciolo P, Chen Y, Kozlowski D, Schuler H, Cestaro A, Quentin M, Favery B, Danchin EGJ, Bottini S. Identification and characterization of specific motifs in effector proteins of plant parasites using MOnSTER. Commun Biol 2024; 7:850. [PMID: 38992096 PMCID: PMC11239862 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens cause billions of dollars of crop loss every year and are a major threat to global food security. Identifying and characterizing pathogens effectors is crucial towards their improved control. Because of their poor sequence conservation, effector identification is challenging, and current methods generate too many candidates without indication for prioritizing experimental studies. In most phyla, effectors contain specific sequence motifs which influence their localization and targets in the plant. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop bioinformatics tools tailored for pathogen effectors. To circumvent these limitations, we have developed MOnSTER a specific tool that identifies clusters of motifs of protein sequences (CLUMPs). MOnSTER can be fed with motifs identified by de novo tools or from databases such as Pfam and InterProScan. The advantage of MOnSTER is the reduction of motif redundancy by clustering them and associating a score. This score encompasses the physicochemical properties of AAs and the motif occurrences. We built up our method to identify discriminant CLUMPs in oomycetes effectors. Consequently, we applied MOnSTER on plant parasitic nematodes and identified six CLUMPs in about 60% of the known nematode candidate parasitism proteins. Furthermore, we found co-occurrences of CLUMPs with protein domains important for invasion and pathogenicity. The potentiality of this tool goes beyond the effector characterization and can be used to easily cluster motifs and calculate the CLUMP-score on any set of protein sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Calia
- Free University of Bolzano, Faculty of Agricultural Environmental and Food Science, Bolzano, Italy
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Paola Porracciolo
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Center of Modeling, Simulation and Interactions, Nice, France
| | - Yongpan Chen
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Djampa Kozlowski
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Center of Modeling, Simulation and Interactions, Nice, France
| | - Hannes Schuler
- Free University of Bolzano, Faculty of Agricultural Environmental and Food Science, Bolzano, Italy
- Free University of Bolzano, Competence Centre for Plant Health, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cestaro
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Etienne G J Danchin
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Silvia Bottini
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France.
- Université Côte d'Azur, Center of Modeling, Simulation and Interactions, Nice, France.
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Soulé S, Huang K, Mulet K, Mejias J, Bazin J, Truong NM, Kika JL, Jaubert S, Abad P, Zhao J, Favery B, Quentin M. The root-knot nematode effector MiEFF12 targets the host ER quality control system to suppress immune responses and allow parasitism. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13491. [PMID: 38961768 PMCID: PMC11222708 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are microscopic parasitic worms able to infest the roots of thousands of plant species, causing massive crop yield losses worldwide. They evade the plant's immune system and manipulate plant cell physiology and metabolism to transform a few root cells into giant cells, which serve as feeding sites for the nematode. RKN parasitism is facilitated by the secretion in planta of effector molecules, mostly proteins that hijack host cellular processes. We describe here a conserved RKN-specific effector, effector 12 (EFF12), that is synthesized exclusively in the oesophageal glands of the nematode, and we demonstrate its function in parasitism. In the plant, MiEFF12 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). A combination of RNA-sequencing analysis and immunity-suppression bioassays revealed the contribution of MiEFF12 to the modulation of host immunity. Yeast two-hybrid, split luciferase and co-immunoprecipitation approaches identified an essential component of the ER quality control system, the Solanum lycopersicum plant bap-like (PBL), and basic leucine zipper 60 (BZIP60) proteins as host targets of MiEFF12. Finally, silencing the PBL genes in Nicotiana benthamiana decreased susceptibility to Meloidogyne incognita infection. Our results suggest that EFF12 manipulates PBL function to modify plant immune responses to allow parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Soulé
- INRAE‐Université Côte d'Azur‐CNRS, UMR Institut Sophia AgrobiotechSophia AntipolisFrance
| | - Kaiwei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and FlowersChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Karine Mulet
- INRAE‐Université Côte d'Azur‐CNRS, UMR Institut Sophia AgrobiotechSophia AntipolisFrance
| | - Joffrey Mejias
- INRAE‐Université Côte d'Azur‐CNRS, UMR Institut Sophia AgrobiotechSophia AntipolisFrance
- Present address:
CIRAD, UMR PHIMMontpellierFrance
| | - Jérémie Bazin
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRS, INRAE, Université Paris Saclay – Evry, Université de ParisGif sur YvetteFrance
| | - Nhat My Truong
- INRAE‐Université Côte d'Azur‐CNRS, UMR Institut Sophia AgrobiotechSophia AntipolisFrance
- Present address:
Vietnamese‐German Center for Medical Research108 Military Central HospitalHa NoiVietnam.
| | - Junior Lusu Kika
- INRAE‐Université Côte d'Azur‐CNRS, UMR Institut Sophia AgrobiotechSophia AntipolisFrance
| | - Stéphanie Jaubert
- INRAE‐Université Côte d'Azur‐CNRS, UMR Institut Sophia AgrobiotechSophia AntipolisFrance
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE‐Université Côte d'Azur‐CNRS, UMR Institut Sophia AgrobiotechSophia AntipolisFrance
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and FlowersChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRAE‐Université Côte d'Azur‐CNRS, UMR Institut Sophia AgrobiotechSophia AntipolisFrance
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRAE‐Université Côte d'Azur‐CNRS, UMR Institut Sophia AgrobiotechSophia AntipolisFrance
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Kamaraju D, Chatterjee M, Papolu PK, Shivakumara TN, Sreevathsa R, Hada A, Rao U. Host-induced RNA interference targeting the neuromotor gene FMRFamide-like peptide-14 (Mi-flp14) perturbs Meloidogyne incognita parasitic success in eggplant. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:178. [PMID: 38907748 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The study demonstrates the successful management of Meloidogyne incognita in eggplant using Mi-flp14 RNA interference, showing reduced nematode penetration and reproduction without off-target effects across multiple generations. Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, causes huge yield losses worldwide. Neuromotor function in M. incognita governed by 19 neuropeptides is vital for parasitism and parasite biology. The present study establishes the utility of Mi-flp14 for managing M. incognita in eggplant in continuation of our earlier proof of concept in tobacco (US patent US2015/0361445A1). Mi-flp14 hairpin RNA construct was used for generating 19 independent transgenic eggplant events. PCR and Southern hybridization analysis confirmed transgene integration and its orientation, while RT-qPCR and Northern hybridization established the generation of dsRNA and siRNA of Mi-flp14. In vitro and in vivo bio-efficacy analysis of single-copy events against M. incognita showed reduced nematode penetration and development at various intervals that negatively impacted reproduction. Interestingly, M. incognita preferred wild-type plants over the transgenics even when unbiased equal opportunity was provided for the infection. A significant reduction in disease parameters was observed in transgenic plants viz., galls (40-48%), females (40-50%), egg masses (35-40%), eggs/egg mass (50-55%), and derived multiplication factor (60-65%) compared to wild type. A unique demonstration of perturbed expression of Mi-flp14 in partially penetrated juveniles and female nematodes established successful host-mediated RNAi both at the time of penetration even before the nematodes started withdrawing plant nutrients and later stage, respectively. The absence of off-target effects in transgenic plants was supported by the normal growth phenotype of the plants and T-DNA integration loci. Stability in the bio-efficacy against M. incognita across T1- to T4-generation transgenic plants established the utility of silencing Mi-flp14 for nematode management. This study demonstrates the significance of targeting Mi-flp14 in eggplant for nematode management, particularly to address global agricultural challenges posed by M. incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kamaraju
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Madhurima Chatterjee
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Pradeep K Papolu
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | | | - Rohini Sreevathsa
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Alkesh Hada
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, 7505101, Bet Dagan, Israel.
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Engrave Biolabs Pvt Ltd. , Shanthipuram, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, 500072, India.
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Opdensteinen P, Charudattan R, Hong JC, Rosskopf EN, Steinmetz NF. Biochemical and nanotechnological approaches to combat phytoparasitic nematodes. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024. [PMID: 38831638 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The foundation of most food production systems underpinning global food security is the careful management of soil resources. Embedded in the concept of soil health is the impact of diverse soil-borne pests and pathogens, and phytoparasitic nematodes represent a particular challenge. Root-knot nematodes and cyst nematodes are severe threats to agriculture, accounting for annual yield losses of US$157 billion. The control of soil-borne phytoparasitic nematodes conventionally relies on the use of chemical nematicides, which can have adverse effects on the environment and human health due to their persistence in soil, plants, and water. Nematode-resistant plants offer a promising alternative, but genetic resistance is species-dependent, limited to a few crops, and breeding and deploying resistant cultivars often takes years. Novel approaches for the control of phytoparasitic nematodes are therefore required, those that specifically target these parasites in the ground whilst minimizing the impact on the environment, agricultural ecosystems, and human health. In addition to the development of next-generation, environmentally safer nematicides, promising biochemical strategies include the combination of RNA interference (RNAi) with nanomaterials that ensure the targeted delivery and controlled release of double-stranded RNA. Genome sequencing has identified more than 75 genes in root knot and cyst nematodes that have been targeted with RNAi so far. But despite encouraging results, the delivery of dsRNA to nematodes in the soil remains inefficient. In this review article, we describe the state-of-the-art RNAi approaches targeting phytoparasitic nematodes and consider the potential benefits of nanotechnology to improve dsRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Opdensteinen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Jason C Hong
- USDA-ARS-U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Erin N Rosskopf
- USDA-ARS-U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Center for Engineering in Cancer, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Chen Y, Liu Q, Sun X, Liu L, Zhao J, Yang S, Wang X, Quentin M, Abad P, Favery B, Jian H. Meloidogyne enterolobii MeMSP1 effector targets the glutathione-S-transferase phi GSTF family in Arabidopsis to manipulate host metabolism and promote nematode parasitism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:2468-2483. [PMID: 37823217 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Meloidogyne enterolobii is an emerging root-knot nematode species that overcomes most of the nematode resistance genes in crops. Nematode effector proteins secreted in planta are key elements in the molecular dialogue of parasitism. Here, we show the MeMSP1 effector is secreted into giant cells and promotes M. enterolobii parasitism. Using co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescent complementation assays, we identified glutathione-S-transferase phi GSTFs as host targets of the MeMSP1 effector. This protein family plays important roles in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. We demonstrate that MeMSP1 interacts with all Arabidopsis GSTF. Moreover, we confirmed that the N-terminal region of AtGSTF9 is critical for its interaction, and atgstf9 mutant lines are more susceptible to root-knot nematode infection. Combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that MeMSP1 affects the metabolic pathways of Arabidopsis thaliana, resulting in the accumulation of amino acids, nucleic acids, and their metabolites, and organic acids and the downregulation of flavonoids. Our study has shed light on a novel effector mechanism that targets plant metabolism, reducing the production of plant defence-related compounds while favouring the accumulation of metabolites beneficial to the nematode, and thereby promoting parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongpan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Xuqian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Xiangfeng Wang
- National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Heng Jian
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Khan A, Chen S, Fatima S, Ahamad L, Siddiqui MA. Biotechnological Tools to Elucidate the Mechanism of Plant and Nematode Interactions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2387. [PMID: 37376010 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) pose a threat to global food security in both the developed and developing worlds. PPNs cause crop losses worth a total of more than USD 150 billion worldwide. The sedentary root-knot nematodes (RKNs) also cause severe damage to various agricultural crops and establish compatible relationships with a broad range of host plants. This review aims to provide a broad overview of the strategies used to identify the morpho-physiological and molecular events that occur during RKN parasitism. It describes the most current developments in the transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic strategies of nematodes, which are important for understanding compatible interactions of plants and nematodes, and several strategies for enhancing plant resistance against RKNs. We will highlight recent rapid advances in molecular strategies, such as gene-silencing technologies, RNA interference (RNAi), and small interfering RNA (siRNA) effector proteins, that are leading to considerable progress in understanding the mechanism of plant-nematode interactions. We also take into account genetic engineering strategies, such as targeted genome editing techniques, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) (CRISPR/Cas-9) system, and quantitative trait loci (QTL), to enhance the resistance of plants against nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Khan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Shaohua Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Saba Fatima
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Lukman Ahamad
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Joshi I, Kumar A, Kohli D, Bhattacharya R, Sirohi A, Chaudhury A, Jain PK. Gall-specific promoter, an alternative to the constitutive CaMV35S promoter, drives host-derived RNA interference targeting Mi-msp2 gene to confer effective nematode resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1007322. [PMID: 36426141 PMCID: PMC9679145 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1007322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the major obligate plant parasites causing massive economic crop losses belongs to the class of root-knot nematodes (RKNs). Targeting of major nematode parasitism genes via Host Delivered-RNAi (HD-RNAi) to confer silencing is established as one of the most effective approaches to curb nematode infection. Utilizing nematode-responsive root-specific (NRRS) promoters to design a dsRNA molecule targeting approach to hamper nematode parasitism. Here, a previously validated peroxidase gall specific promoter, pAt2g18140, from Arabidopsis was employed to express the dsRNA construct of the nematode effector gene Mi-msp2 from Meloidogyne incognita. Arabidopsis RNAi lines of CaMV35S::Mi-msp2-RNAi and pAt2g18140::Mi-msp2-RNAi were compared with control plants to assess the decrease in plant nematode infection. When subjected to infection, the maximum reductions in the numbers of galls, females and egg masses in the CaMV35S::Mi-msp2-RNAi lines were 61%, 66% and 95%, respectively, whereas for the pAt2g18140::Mi-msp2-RNAi lines, they were 63%, 68% and 100%, respectively. The reduction in transcript level ranged from 79%-82% for CaMV35S::Mi-msp2-RNAi and 72%-79% for the pAt2g18140::Mi-msp2-RNAi lines. Additionally, a reduction in female size and a subsequent reduction in next-generation fecundity demonstrate the efficacy and potential of the gall specific promoter pAt2g18140 for utilization in the development of HD-RNAi constructs against RKN, as an excellent alternative to the CaMV35S promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Joshi
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Bio & Nano Technology Centre, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Deshika Kohli
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Anil Sirohi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Chaudhury
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Bio & Nano Technology Centre, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep K. Jain
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Aphelenchoides besseyi Ab-FAR-1 Interacts with Arabidopsis thaliana AtADF3 to Interfere with Actin Cytoskeleton, and Promotes Nematode Parasitism and Pathogenicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012280. [PMID: 36293146 PMCID: PMC9603084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid and retinol binding proteins (FAR) are unique proteins found in nematodes and are considered potential targets for controlling these parasites. However, their functions in nematode parasitism and pathogenicity and interaction with hosts are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the specific roles of rice white tip nematodes (RWTNs), Aphelenchoides besseyi, and a protein, Ab-FAR-1, to elucidate the parasitic and pathogenic processes of nematodes. The results showed that the expression level of Ab-far-1 was significantly up-regulated after A. besseyi infection of the plant. The immunofluorescence and subcellular localisation showed that Ab-FAR-1 was secreted into plant tissues mainly through the body wall of nematodes and might act in the nucleus and cytoplasm of plant cells. The pathogenicity of RWTNs was enhanced in Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing Ab-FAR-1 and inhibited in Ab-far-1 RNAi A. thaliana. Yeast two-hybrid, Co-IP, BiFC, and nematode inoculation experiments showed that Ab-FAR-1 could interact with the A. thaliana actin-depolymerizing factor protein AtADF3, and the A. thaliana adf3 mutant was more susceptible to nematodes. An in vitro actin filament depolymerisation assay demonstrated that Ab-FAR-1 could inhibit AtADF3-mediated depolymerisation of actin filaments, and the turnover process of cellular actin filaments was also affected in A. thaliana overexpressing Ab-FAR-1. In addition, flg22-mediated host defence responses were suppressed in A. thaliana overexpressing Ab-FAR-1 and adf3 mutants. Therefore, this study confirmed that RWTNs can affect the turnover of actin filament remodelling mediated by AtADF3 through Ab-FAR-1 secretion and thus inhibit plant PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI), promoting the parasitism and pathogenicity of nematodes.
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Kumar A, Joshi I, Changwal C, Sirohi A, Jain PK. Host-delivered RNAi-mediated silencing of the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) effector genes, Mi-msp10 and Mi-msp23, confers resistance in Arabidopsis and impairs reproductive ability of the root-knot nematode. PLANTA 2022; 256:74. [PMID: 36083352 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03977-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mi-msp10 and Mi-msp23 effector genes play a significant role during Meloidogyne incognita parasitism on Arabidopsis roots. The role of these genes was confirmed by demonstrating the decrease of the level of susceptibility of Arabidopsis by the silencing of Mi-msp10 and Mi-msp23 genes using HD-RNAi technology. Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are the most damaging pathogens severely affecting global food production. The sustainable options to minimize menace of nematode populations through economically feasible measures are limited. Thus, the development of innovative and target-specific strategies that aid in their management is imperative. RNAi technology has emerged as a sustainable and target-specific alternative to control phytonematodes. Here, we characterized two novel subventral gland and dorsal gland-specific effectors, Mi-msp10 and Mi-msp23, to determine their potential effectiveness in controlling M. incognita. Comparative developmental profiling using qRT-PCR revealed higher expression of both effectors in the adult nematode female. Furthermore, functional evaluation of Mi-msp10 and Mi-msp23 dsRNA cassettes was performed using host-delivered RNAi (HD-RNAi) in Arabidopsis. The transgenic lines were examined against M. incognita, and the phenotypic effect of HD-RNAi was evident with a 61% and 51% reduction in gall formation in the Mi-msp10 and Mi-msp23 RNAi lines, respectively. A significant drop in the nematode adult females by 59% for Mi-msp10 and 49% for Mi-msp23-RNAi lines was observed. Similarly, production in egg masses decreased significantly by 76% (Mi-msp10) and 60% (Mi-msp23) for the RNAi lines, which eventually decreased the reproductive factor by 92% and 75%, respectively. The gene expression analysis showed a significant decrease in the transcript level by up to 72% (Mi-msp10) and 66% (Mi-msp23) in M. incognita females feeding on RNAi lines, providing further evidence of effective gene silencing. Overall, our findings provide useful information and support further development of RNAi-based strategies to control M. incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ila Joshi
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Chunoti Changwal
- ICAR-IARI, Division of Plant Physiology, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Anil Sirohi
- ICAR-IARI, Division of Nematology, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Pradeep K Jain
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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Siddique S, Coomer A, Baum T, Williamson VM. Recognition and Response in Plant-Nematode Interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:143-162. [PMID: 35436424 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-102355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes spend much of their lives inside or in contact with host tissue, and molecular interactions constantly occur and shape the outcome of parasitism. Eggs of these parasites generally hatch in the soil, and the juveniles must locate and infect an appropriate host before their stored energy is exhausted. Components of host exudate are evaluated by the nematode and direct its migration to its infection site. Host plants recognize approaching nematodes before physical contact through molecules released by the nematodes and launch a defense response. In turn, nematodes deploy numerous mechanisms to counteract plant defenses. This review focuses on these early stages of the interaction between plants and nematodes. We discuss how nematodes perceive and find suitable hosts, how plants perceive and mount a defense response against the approaching parasites, and how nematodes fight back against host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Siddique
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
| | - Alison Coomer
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Thomas Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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11
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Rutter WB, Franco J, Gleason C. Rooting Out the Mechanisms of Root-Knot Nematode-Plant Interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:43-76. [PMID: 35316614 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-120943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) engage in complex parasitic interactions with many different host plants around the world, initiating elaborate feeding sites and disrupting host root architecture. Although RKNs have been the focus of research for many decades, new molecular tools have provided useful insights into the biological mechanisms these pests use to infect and manipulate their hosts. From identifying host defense mechanisms underlying resistance to RKNs to characterizing nematode effectors that alter host cellular functions, the past decade of research has significantly expanded our understanding of RKN-plant interactions, and the increasing number of quality parasite and host genomes promises to enhance future research efforts into RKNs. In this review, we have highlighted recent discoveries, summarized the current understanding within the field, and provided links to new and useful resources for researchers. Our goal is to offer insights and tools to support the study of molecular RKN-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Rutter
- US Vegetable Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica Franco
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA;
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA;
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12
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Joshi I, Kohli D, Pal A, Chaudhury A, Sirohi A, Jain PK. Host delivered-RNAi of effector genes for imparting resistance against root-knot and cyst nematodes in plants. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 118:101802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2022.101802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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13
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Goode K, Mitchum MG. Pattern-triggered immunity against root-knot nematode infection: A minireview. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13680. [PMID: 35362104 PMCID: PMC9322311 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is the basal level of defense a plant has against pathogens. In the case of root-knot nematodes (RKN), PTI relies on the recognition of nematode-associated molecular patterns (NAMPs) for activation. Nematodes have successfully overcome PTI many times by evolving effector proteins to combat PTI responses. As a result, much study has focused on effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of PTI against RKN. A new interest in understanding PTI in response to RKN infection shows that understanding the basal defense responses RKN have overcome provides critical insight into what mechanisms the effectors have evolved to target in the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Goode
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and GenomicsUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Melissa G. Mitchum
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and GenomicsUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
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14
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Pu W, Xiao K, Luo S, Zhu H, Yuan Z, Gao C, Hu J. Characterization of Five Meloidogyne incognita Effectors Associated with PsoRPM3. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031498. [PMID: 35163425 PMCID: PMC8836280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are devastating parasites that invade thousands of plants. In this study, five RKN effectors, which might interact with Prunussogdiana resistance protein PsoRPM3, were screened and identified. In situ hybridisation results showed that MiCal, MiGST_N_4, MiEFh and MiACPS are expressed in the subventral oesophageal glands (SvG), and MiTSPc hybridization signals are found in the dorsal esophageal gland (DG) of Meloidogyne incognita in the pre-J2. RT-qPCR data indicated that the expression of MiCal, MiGST_N_4, MiEFh, and MiACPS genes are highly expressed in M. incognita of pra-J2 and J3/J4 stages. The expression of MiTSPc increased significantly in the female stage of M. incognita. Moreover, all effectors found in this study localize in the cytoplasm and nucleus when transiently expressed in plant cells. In addition, MiGST_N_4, MiEFh, MiACPS and MiTSPc can elicit the ROS burst and strong hypersensitive response (HR), as well as significant ion leakage. Our data suggest that MiGST_N_4, MiEFh, MiACPS and MiTSPc effectors may be involved in triggering the immune response of the host plant.
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15
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Jagdale S, Rao U, Giri AP. Effectors of Root-Knot Nematodes: An Arsenal for Successful Parasitism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:800030. [PMID: 35003188 PMCID: PMC8727514 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.800030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are notorious plant-parasitic nematodes first recorded in 1855 in cucumber plants. They are microscopic, obligate endoparasites that cause severe losses in agriculture and horticulture. They evade plant immunity, hijack the plant cell cycle, and metabolism to modify healthy cells into giant cells (GCs) - RKN feeding sites. RKNs secrete various effector molecules which suppress the plant defence and tamper with plant cellular and molecular biology. These effectors originate mainly from sub-ventral and dorsal oesophageal glands. Recently, a few non-oesophageal gland secreted effectors have been discovered. Effectors are essential for the entry of RKNs in plants, subsequently formation and maintenance of the GCs during the parasitism. In the past two decades, advanced genomic and post-genomic techniques identified many effectors, out of which only a few are well characterized. In this review, we provide molecular and functional details of RKN effectors secreted during parasitism. We list the known effectors and pinpoint their molecular functions. Moreover, we attempt to provide a comprehensive insight into RKN effectors concerning their implications on overall plant and nematode biology. Since effectors are the primary and prime molecular weapons of RKNs to invade the plant, it is imperative to understand their intriguing and complex functions to design counter-strategies against RKN infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shounak Jagdale
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok P. Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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16
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Lisei-de-Sá ME, Rodrigues-Silva PL, Morgante CV, de Melo BP, Lourenço-Tessutti IT, Arraes FBM, Sousa JPA, Galbieri R, Amorim RMS, de Lins CBJ, Macedo LLP, Moreira VJ, Ferreira GF, Ribeiro TP, Fragoso RR, Silva MCM, de Almeida-Engler J, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Pyramiding dsRNAs increases phytonematode tolerance in cotton plants. PLANTA 2021; 254:121. [PMID: 34779907 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Host-derived suppression of nematode essential genes decreases reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita in cotton. Root-knot nematodes (RKN) represent one of the most damaging plant-parasitic nematode genera worldwide. RNAi-mediated suppression of essential nematode genes provides a novel biotechnological strategy for the development of sustainable pest-control methods. Here, we used a Host Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS) approach by stacking dsRNA sequences into a T-DNA construct to target three essential RKN genes: cysteine protease (Mi-cpl), isocitrate lyase (Mi-icl), and splicing factor (Mi-sf), called dsMinc1, driven by the pUceS8.3 constitutive soybean promoter. Transgenic dsMinc1-T4 plants infected with Meloidogyne incognita showed a significant reduction in gall formation (57-64%) and egg masses production (58-67%), as well as in the estimated reproduction factor (60-78%), compared with the susceptible non-transgenic cultivar. Galls of the RNAi lines are smaller than the wild-type (WT) plants, whose root systems exhibited multiple well-developed root swellings. Transcript levels of the three RKN-targeted genes decreased 13- to 40-fold in nematodes from transgenic cotton galls, compared with those from control WT galls. Finally, the development of non-feeding males in transgenic plants was 2-6 times higher than in WT plants, indicating a stressful environment for nematode development after RKN gene silencing. Data strongly support that HIGS of essential RKN genes is an effective strategy to improve cotton plant tolerance. This study presents the first application of dsRNA sequences to target multiple genes to promote M. incognita tolerance in cotton without phenotypic penalty in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Lisei-de-Sá
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Paolo L Rodrigues-Silva
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Carolina V Morgante
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Embrapa Semi-Árido, Pretrolina, PE, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Bruno Paes de Melo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Isabela T Lourenço-Tessutti
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Fabricio B M Arraes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - João P A Sousa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Rafael Galbieri
- Instituto Matogrossense Do Algodão, Rondonopolis, MT, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leonardo L P Macedo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Valdeir J Moreira
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Thuanne P Ribeiro
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Fragoso
- Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, DF, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Maria C M Silva
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Janice de Almeida-Engler
- UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech INRA/CNRS/UNS, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Maria F Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil.
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17
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Wen T, Wu X, Hu L, Qiu Y, Rui L, Zhang Y, Ding X, Ye J. A novel pine wood nematode effector, BxSCD1, suppresses plant immunity and interacts with an ethylene-forming enzyme in pine. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1399-1412. [PMID: 34396673 PMCID: PMC8518578 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The plant-parasitic nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD), causes enormous economic loss every year. Currently, little is known about the pathogenic mechanisms of PWD. Several effectors have been identified in B. xylophilus, but their functions and host targets have yet to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that BxSCD1 suppresses cell death and inhibits B. xylophilus PAMP BxCDP1-triggered immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana and Pinus thunbergii. BxSCD1 was transcriptionally upregulated in the early stage of B. xylophilus infection. In situ hybridization experiments showed that BxSCD1 was specifically expressed in the dorsal glands and intestine. Cysteine residues are essential for the function of BxSCD1. Transient expression of BxSCD1 in N. benthamiana revealed that it was primarily targeted to the cytoplasm and nucleus. The morbidity was significantly reduced in P. thunbergii infected with B. xylophilus when BxSCD1 was silenced. We identified 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase 1, the actual ethylene-forming enzyme, as a host target of BxSCD1 by yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation. Overall, this study illustrated that BxSCD1 played a critical role in the B. xylophilus-plant interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong‐Yue Wen
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaCollege of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiao‐Qin Wu
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaCollege of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Long‐Jiao Hu
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaCollege of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yi‐Jun Qiu
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaCollege of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lin Rui
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaCollege of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yan Zhang
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaCollege of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiao‐Lei Ding
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaCollege of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jian‐Ren Ye
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaCollege of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
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18
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Song H, Lin B, Huang Q, Sun T, Wang W, Liao J, Zhuo K. The Meloidogyne javanica effector Mj2G02 interferes with jasmonic acid signalling to suppress cell death and promote parasitism in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1288-1301. [PMID: 34339585 PMCID: PMC8435226 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes can cause devastating damage to crops. These nematodes secrete effectors that suppress the host immune responses to enhance their survival. In this study, Mj2G02, an effector from Meloidogyne javanica, is described. In situ hybridization and transcriptional analysis showed that Mj2G02 was highly expressed in the early infection stages and exclusively expressed in the nematode subventral oesophageal gland cells. In planta RNA interference targeting Mj2G02 impaired M. javanica parasitism, and Mj2G02-transgenic Arabidopsis lines displayed more susceptibility to M. javanica. Using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system and plant immune response assays, we demonstrated that Mj2G02 localized in the plant cell nuclei and could suppress Gpa2/RBP-1-induced cell death. Moreover, by RNA-Seq and quantitative reverse transcription PCR analyses, we showed that Mj2G02 was capable of interfering with the host jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathway. Multiple jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) genes were significantly upregulated, whereas the JAR1 gene and four JA-responsive genes, MYC3, UPI, THI2.1, and WRKY75, were significantly downregulated. In addition, HPLC analysis showed that the endogenous jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) level in Mj2G02-transgenic Arabidopsis lines was significantly decreased compared to that in wildtype plants. Our results indicate that the M. javanica effector Mj2G02 suppresses the plant immune response, therefore facilitating nematode parasitism. This process is probably mediated by a JA-Ile reduction and JAZ enhancement to repress JA-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handa Song
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
| | - Qiuling Huang
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Tianlin Sun
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Research Center of Plant Pest Management and Bioenvironmental Health TechnologyGuangdong Eco‐Engineering PolytechnicGuangzhouChina
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
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Kaur R, Choudhury A, Chauhan S, Ghosh A, Tiwari R, Rajam MV. RNA interference and crop protection against biotic stresses. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2357-2377. [PMID: 34744371 PMCID: PMC8526635 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a universal phenomenon of RNA silencing or gene silencing with broader implications in important physiological and developmental processes of most eukaryotes, including plants. Small RNA (sRNA) are the critical drivers of the RNAi machinery that ensures down-regulation of the target genes in a homology-dependent manner and includes small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and micro RNAs (miRNAs). Plant researchers across the globe have exploited the powerful technique of RNAi to execute targeted suppression of desired genes in important crop plants, with an intent to improve crop protection against pathogens and pests for sustainable crop production. Biotic stresses cause severe losses to the agricultural productivity leading to food insecurity for future generations. RNAi has majorly contributed towards the development of designer crops that are resilient towards the various biotic stresses such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, insect pests, and nematodes. This review summarizes the recent progress made in the RNAi-mediated strategies against these biotic stresses, along with new insights on the future directions in research involving RNAi for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Kaur
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Aparajita Choudhury
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Sambhavana Chauhan
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Arundhati Ghosh
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Ruby Tiwari
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Manchikatla Venkat Rajam
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021 India
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Godinho Mendes RA, Basso MF, Fernandes de Araújo J, Paes de Melo B, Lima RN, Ribeiro TP, da Silva Mattos V, Saliba Albuquerque EV, Grossi-de-Sa M, Dessaune Tameirao SN, da Rocha Fragoso R, Mattar da Silva MC, Vignols F, Fernandez D, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Minc00344 and Mj-NULG1a effectors interact with GmHub10 protein to promote the soybean parasitism by Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Exp Parasitol 2021; 229:108153. [PMID: 34508716 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Several economically important crops are susceptible to root-knot nematode (RKNs). Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica are the two most reported species from the RKN complex, causing damage to several crops worldwide. The successful outcome of the Meloidogyne-plant interaction is associated with molecular factors secreted by the nematode to suppress the plant's immune response and promote nematode parasitism. In contrast, several plant factors are associated with defense against nematode infection. In this study, we identified and characterized the specific interaction of Minc00344 and Mj-NULG1a effectors with soybean GmHub10 (Glyma.19G008200) protein in vitro and in vivo. An Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA mutant of AtHub10 (AT3G27960, an orthologous gene of GmHub10) showed higher susceptibility to M. incognita. Thus, since soybean and A. thaliana Hub10 proteins are involved in pollen tube growth and indirect activation of the defense response, our data suggest that effector-Hub10 interactions could be associated with an increase in plant susceptibility. These findings indicate the potential of these effector proteins to develop new biotechnological tools based on RNA interference and the overexpression of engineered Hub10 proteins for the efficient management of RKN in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reneida Aparecida Godinho Mendes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; Federal University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fernando Basso
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Paes de Melo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Rayane Nunes Lima
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maira Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | - Maria Cristina Mattar da Silva
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | - Florence Vignols
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/Université de Montpellier/SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Diana Fernandez
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, 71966-700, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil.
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Song H, Lin B, Huang Q, Sun L, Chen J, Hu L, Zhuo K, Liao J. The Meloidogyne graminicola effector MgMO289 targets a novel copper metallochaperone to suppress immunity in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5638-5655. [PMID: 33974693 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that plant-parasitic nematodes facilitate their infection by suppressing plant immunity via effectors, but the inhibitory mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study found that a novel effector MgMO289 is exclusively expressed in the dorsal esophageal gland of Meloidogyne graminicola and is up-regulated at parasitic third-/fourth-stage juveniles. In planta silencing of MgMO289 substantially increased plant resistance to M. graminicola. Moreover, we found that MgMO289 interacts with a new rice copper metallochaperone heavy metal-associated plant protein 04 (OsHPP04), and that rice cytosolic COPPER/ZINC -SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 2 (cCu/Zn-SOD2) is the target of OsHPP04. Rice plants overexpressing OsHPP04 or MgMO289 exhibited an increased susceptibility to M. graminicola and a higher Cu/Zn-SOD activity, but lower O2•- content, when compared with wild-type plants. Meanwhile, immune response assays showed that MgMO289 could suppress host innate immunity. These findings reveal a novel pathway for a plant pathogen effector that utilizes the host O2•--scavenging system to eliminate O2•- and suppress plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handa Song
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuling Huang
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longhua Sun
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiansong Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Hu
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
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Costa SR, Ng JLP, Mathesius U. Interaction of Symbiotic Rhizobia and Parasitic Root-Knot Nematodes in Legume Roots: From Molecular Regulation to Field Application. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:470-490. [PMID: 33471549 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-20-0350-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Legumes form two types of root organs in response to signals from microbes, namely, nodules and root galls. In the field, these interactions occur concurrently and often interact with each other. The outcomes of these interactions vary and can depend on natural variation in rhizobia and nematode populations in the soil as well as abiotic conditions. While rhizobia are symbionts that contribute fixed nitrogen to their hosts, parasitic root-knot nematodes (RKN) cause galls as feeding structures that consume plant resources without a contribution to the plant. Yet, the two interactions share similarities, including rhizosphere signaling, repression of host defense responses, activation of host cell division, and differentiation, nutrient exchange, and alteration of root architecture. Rhizobia activate changes in defense and development through Nod factor signaling, with additional functions of effector proteins and exopolysaccharides. RKN inject large numbers of protein effectors into plant cells that directly suppress immune signaling and manipulate developmental pathways. This review examines the molecular control of legume interactions with rhizobia and RKN to elucidate shared and distinct mechanisms of these root-microbe interactions. Many of the molecular pathways targeted by both organisms overlap, yet recent discoveries have singled out differences in the spatial control of expression of developmental regulators that may have enabled activation of cortical cell division during nodulation in legumes. The interaction of legumes with symbionts and parasites highlights the importance of a comprehensive view of root-microbe interactions for future crop management and breeding strategies.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia R Costa
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Jason Liang Pin Ng
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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Li J, Xu C, Yang S, Chen C, Tang S, Wang J, Xie H. A Venom Allergen-Like Protein, RsVAP, the First Discovered Effector Protein of Radopholus similis That Inhibits Plant Defense and Facilitates Parasitism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4782. [PMID: 33946385 PMCID: PMC8125365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radopholus similis is a migratory endoparasitic nematode that is extremely harmful to host plants. Venom allergen-like proteins (VAPs) are members of the cysteine-rich secretory protein family that are widely present in plants and animals. In this study, we cloned a VAP gene from R. similis, designated as RsVAP. RsVAP contains an open reading frame of 1089 bp encoding 362 amino acids. RsVAP is specifically expressed in the esophageal gland, and the expression levels of RsVAP are significantly higher in juveniles than in other life stages of R. similis. This expression pattern of RsVAP was consistent with the biological characteristics of juveniles of R. similis, which have the ability of infection and are the main infection stages of R. similis. The pathogenicity and reproduction rate of R. similis in tomato was significantly attenuated after RsVAP was silenced. In tobacco leaves transiently expressing RsVAP, the pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) induced by a bacterial flagellin fragment (flg22) was inhibited, while the cell death induced by two sets of immune elicitors (BAX and Gpa2/RBP-1) was repressed. The RsVAP-interacting, ras-related protein RABA1d (LeRabA1d) was identified in tomato hosts by yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays. RsVAP may interact with LeRabA1d to affect the host defense response, which in turn facilitates nematode infection. This study provides the first evidence for the inhibition of plant defense response by a VAP from migratory plant-parasitic nematodes, and, for the first time, the target protein of R. similis in its host was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui Xie
- Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (C.X.); (S.Y.); (C.C.); (S.T.); (J.W.)
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24
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Fitoussi N, Borrego E, Kolomiets MV, Qing X, Bucki P, Sela N, Belausov E, Braun Miyara S. Oxylipins are implicated as communication signals in tomato-root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) interaction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:326. [PMID: 33431951 PMCID: PMC7801703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout infection, plant-parasitic nematodes activate a complex host defense response that will regulate their development and aggressiveness. Oxylipins-lipophilic signaling molecules-are part of this complex, performing a fundamental role in regulating plant development and immunity. At the same time, the sedentary root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. secretes numerous effectors that play key roles during invasion and migration, supporting construction and maintenance of nematodes' feeding sites. Herein, comprehensive oxylipin profiling of tomato roots, performed using LC-MS/MS, indicated strong and early responses of many oxylipins following root-knot nematode infection. To identify genes that might respond to the lipidomic defense pathway mediated through oxylipins, RNA-Seq was performed by exposing Meloidogyne javanica second-stage juveniles to tomato protoplasts and the oxylipin 9-HOT, one of the early-induced oxylipins in tomato roots upon nematode infection. A total of 7512 differentially expressed genes were identified. To target putative effectors, we sought differentially expressed genes carrying a predicted secretion signal peptide. Among these, several were homologous with known effectors in other nematode species; other unknown, potentially secreted proteins may have a role as root-knot nematode effectors that are induced by plant lipid signals. These include effectors associated with distortion of the plant immune response or manipulating signal transduction mediated by lipid signals. Other effectors are implicated in cell wall degradation or ROS detoxification at the plant-nematode interface. Being an integral part of the plant's defense response, oxylipins might be placed as important signaling molecules underlying nematode parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Fitoussi
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 50250, Rishon LeZion, Bet Dagan, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eli Borrego
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 2132, College Station, 77843-2132, USA
| | - Xue Qing
- Department of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Patricia Bucki
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 50250, Rishon LeZion, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Department of Plant Sciences, Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, ARO, The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Sigal Braun Miyara
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 50250, Rishon LeZion, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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Comparative Genomics Reveals Novel Target Genes towards Specific Control of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111347. [PMID: 33202889 PMCID: PMC7696266 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes cause extensive annual yield losses to worldwide agricultural production. Most cultivated plants have no known resistance against nematodes and the few bearing a resistance gene can be overcome by certain species. Chemical methods that have been deployed to control nematodes have largely been banned from use due to their poor specificity and high toxicity. Hence, there is an urgent need for the development of cleaner and more specific control methods. Recent advances in nematode genomics, including in phytoparasitic species, provide an unprecedented opportunity to identify genes and functions specific to these pests. Using phylogenomics, we compared 61 nematode genomes, including 16 for plant-parasitic species and identified more than 24,000 protein families specific to these parasites. In the genome of Meloidogyne incognita, one of the most devastating plant parasites, we found ca. 10,000 proteins with orthologs restricted only to phytoparasitic species and no further homology in protein databases. Among these phytoparasite-specific proteins, ca. 1000 shared the same properties as known secreted effectors involved in essential parasitic functions. Of these, 68 were novel and showed strong expression during the endophytic phase of the nematode life cycle, based on both RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analyses. Besides effector candidates, transcription-related and neuro-perception functions were enriched in phytoparasite-specific proteins, revealing interesting targets for nematode control methods. This phylogenomics analysis constitutes a unique resource for the further understanding of the genetic basis of nematode adaptation to phytoparasitism and for the development of more efficient control methods.
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26
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Mani V, Reddy CS, Lee SK, Park S, Ko HR, Kim DG, Hahn BS. Chitin Biosynthesis Inhibition of Meloidogyne incognita by RNAi-Mediated Gene Silencing Increases Resistance to Transgenic Tobacco Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6626. [PMID: 32927773 PMCID: PMC7555284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Meloidogyne incognita is a devastating plant parasitic nematode that causes root knot disease in a wide range of plants. In the present study, we investigated host-induced RNA interference (RNAi) gene silencing of chitin biosynthesis pathway genes (chitin synthase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, and trehalase) in transgenic tobacco plants. To develop an RNAi vector, ubiquitin (UBQ1) promoter was directly cloned, and to generate an RNAi construct, expression of three genes was suppressed using the GATEWAY system. Further, transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana lines expressing dsRNA for chitin synthase (CS), glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), and trehalase 1 (TH1) were generated. Quantitative PCR analysis confirmed endogenous mRNA expression of root knot nematode (RKN) and revealed that all three genes were more highly expressed in the female stage than in eggs and in the parasitic stage. In vivo, transformed roots were challenged with M. incognita. The number of eggs and root knots were significantly decreased by 60-90% in RNAi transgenic lines. As evident, root galls obtained from transgenic RNAi lines exhibited 0.01- to 0.70-fold downregulation of transcript levels of targeted genes compared with galls isolated from control plants. Furthermore, phenotypic characteristics such as female size and width were also marginally altered, while effect of egg mass per egg number in RNAi transgenic lines was reduced. These results indicate the relevance and significance of targeting chitin biosynthesis genes during the nematode lifespan. Overall, our results suggest that further developments in RNAi efficiency in commercially valued crops can be applied to employ RNAi against other plant parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimalraj Mani
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (V.M.); (C.S.R.); (S.-K.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Chinreddy Subramanyam Reddy
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (V.M.); (C.S.R.); (S.-K.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Seon-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (V.M.); (C.S.R.); (S.-K.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (V.M.); (C.S.R.); (S.-K.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Hyoung-Rai Ko
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea;
| | - Dong-Gwan Kim
- Department of Bio-Industry and Bio-Resource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
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27
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Somvanshi VS, Phani V, Banakar P, Chatterjee M, Budhwar R, Shukla RN, Rao U. Transcriptomic changes in the pre-parasitic juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita induced by silencing of effectors Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:360. [PMID: 32832322 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02353-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita uses an array of effector proteins to establish successful plant infections. Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20 are two known effectors secreted from nematode subventral oesophageal glands; Mi-msp-1 being a putative secretory venom allergen AG5-like protein, whereas Mi-msp-20 is a pioneer gene with a coiled-coil motif. Expression of specific effector is known to cause disturbances in the expression of other effectors. Here, we used RNA-Seq to investigate the pleiotropic effects of silencing Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20. A total of 25.1-51.9 million HQ reads generated from Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20 silenced second-stage juveniles (J2s) along with freshly hatched J2s were mapped to an already annotated M. incognita proteome to understand the impact on various nematode pathways. As compared to control, silencing of Mi-msp-1 caused differential expression of 29 transcripts, while Mi-msp-20 silencing resulted in differential expression of a broader set of 409 transcripts. In the Mi-msp-1 silenced J2s, cytoplasm (GO:0005737) was the most enriched gene ontology (GO) term, whereas in the Mi-msp-20 silenced worms, embryo development (GO:0009792), reproduction (GO:0000003) and nematode larval development (GO:0002119) were the most enriched terms. Limited crosstalk was observed between these two effectors as a sheer 5.9% of the up-regulated transcripts were common between Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20 silenced nematodes. Our results suggest that in addition to the direct knock-down caused by silencing of Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20, the cascading effect on other genes might also be contributing to a reduction in nematode's parasitic abilities.
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28
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Hu Y, You J, Li C, Pan F, Wang C. The Heterodera glycines effector Hg16B09 is required for nematode parasitism and suppresses plant defense response. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 289:110271. [PMID: 31623793 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is a sedentary root endoparasite that causes serious yield losses on soybean (Glycine max) worldwide. H. glycines secrets effector proteins into host cells to facilitate the success of parasitism. Nowadays, a large number of candidate effectors were identified from the genome sequence of H. glycines. However, the precise functions of these effectors in the nematode-host plant interaction are unknown. Here, an effector gene of dorsal gland protein Hg16B09 from H. glycines was cloned and functionally characterized through generating the transgenic soybean hairy roots. In situ hybridization assay and qRT-PCR analysis indicated Hg16B09 is exclusively expressed in the dorsal esophageal cells and up-regulated in the parasitic-stage juveniles. The constitutive expression of Hg16B09 in soybean hairy roots caused an enhanced susceptibility to H. glycines. In contrast, in planta silencing of Hg16B09 exhibited that nematode reproduction in hairy roots was decreased compared to the empty vector control. In addition, Hg16B09 also suppressed the expression of soybean defense-related genes induced by the pathogen-associated molecular pattern flg22. These data indicate that the effector Hg16B09 might aid H. glycines parasitism through suppressing plant basal defenses in the early parasitic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Jia You
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chunjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Fengjuan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Congli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, PR China.
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29
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Joshi I, Kumar A, Singh AK, Kohli D, Raman KV, Sirohi A, Chaudhury A, Jain PK. Development of nematode resistance in Arabidopsis by HD-RNAi-mediated silencing of the effector gene Mi-msp2. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17404. [PMID: 31757987 PMCID: PMC6874571 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are devastating parasites that infect thousands of plants. As RKN infection is facilitated by oesophageal gland effector genes, one such effector gene, Mi-msp2, was selected for a detailed characterization. Based on domain analysis, the Mi-MSP2 protein contains an ShKT domain, which is likely involved in blocking K+ channels and may help in evading the plant defence response. Expression of the Mi-msp2 gene was higher in juveniles (parasitic stage of RKNs) than in eggs and adults. Stable homozygous transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing Mi-msp2 dsRNA were generated, and the numbers of galls, females and egg masses were reduced by 52-54%, 60-66% and 84-95%, respectively, in two independent RNAi lines compared with control plants. Furthermore, expression analysis revealed a significant reduction in Mi-msp2 mRNA abundance (up to 88%) in female nematodes feeding on transgenic plants expressing dsRNA, and northern blot analysis confirmed expression of the Mi-msp2 siRNA in the transgenic plants. Interestingly, a significant reduction in the reproduction factor was observed (nearly 40-fold). These data suggest that the Mi-msp2 gene can be used as a potential target for RKN management in crops of economic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Joshi
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.,Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ashish K Singh
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Deshika Kohli
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - K V Raman
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Anil Sirohi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ashok Chaudhury
- Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep K Jain
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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30
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Zhao J, Li L, Liu Q, Liu P, Li S, Yang D, Chen Y, Pagnotta S, Favery B, Abad P, Jian H. A MIF-like effector suppresses plant immunity and facilitates nematode parasitism by interacting with plant annexins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5943-5958. [PMID: 31365744 PMCID: PMC6812717 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes secrete numerous effectors to facilitate parasitism, but detailed functions of nematode effectors and their plant targets remain largely unknown. Here, we characterized four macrophage migration inhibitory factors (MIFs) in Meloidogyne incognita resembling the MIFs secreted by human and animal parasites. Transcriptional data showed MiMIFs are up-regulated in parasitism. Immunolocalization provided evidence that MiMIF proteins are secreted from the nematode hypodermis to the parasite surface, detected in plant tissues and giant cells. In planta MiMIFs RNA interference in Arabidopsis decreased infection and nematode reproduction. Transient expression of MiMIF-2 could suppress Bax- and RBP1/Gpa2-induced cell death. MiMIF-2 ectopic expression led to higher levels of Arabidopsis susceptibility, suppressed immune responses triggered by flg22, and impaired [Ca2+]cyt influx induced by H2O2. The immunoprecipitation of MiMIF-2-interacting proteins, followed by co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation validations, revealed specific interactions between MiMIF-2 and two Arabidopsis annexins, AnnAt1 and AnnAt4, involved in the transport of calcium ions, stress responses, and signal transduction. Suppression of expression or overexpression of these annexins modified nematode infection. Our results provide functional evidence that nematode effectors secreted from hypodermis to the parasite cuticle surface target host proteins and M. incognita uses MiMIFs to promote parasitism by interfering with the annexin-mediated plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongpan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sophie Pagnotta
- Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée (CCMA), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | | | - Pierre Abad
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, France
| | - Heng Jian
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Correspondence:
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31
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Grossi-de-Sa M, Petitot AS, Xavier DA, Sá MEL, Mezzalira I, Beneventi MA, Martins NF, Baimey HK, Albuquerque EVS, Grossi-de-Sa MF, Fernandez D. Rice susceptibility to root-knot nematodes is enhanced by the Meloidogyne incognita MSP18 effector gene. PLANTA 2019; 250:1215-1227. [PMID: 31218413 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This study revealed novel insights into the function of MSP18 effector during root-knot nematode parasitism in rice roots. MSP18 may modulate host immunity and enhance plant susceptibility to Meloidogyne spp. Rice (Oryza sativa) production is seriously impacted by root-knot nematodes (RKN), including Meloidogyne graminicola, Meloidogyne incognita, and Meloidogyne javanica, in upland and irrigated culture systems. Successful plant infection by RKN is likely achieved by releasing into the host cells some effector proteins to suppress the activation of immune responses. Here, we conducted a series of functional analyses to assess the role of the Meloidogyne-secreted protein (MSP) 18 from M. incognita (Mi-MSP18) during rice infection by RKN. Developmental expression profiles of M. javanica and M. graminicola showed that the MSP18 gene is up-regulated throughout nematode parasitic stages in rice. Reproduction of M. javanica and M. graminicola is enhanced in rice plants overexpressing Mi-MSP18, indicating that the Mi-MSP18 protein facilitates RKN parasitism. Transient expression assays in onion cells suggested that Mi-MSP18 is localized to the cytoplasm of the host cells. In tobacco, Mi-MSP18 suppressed the cell death induced by the INF1 elicitin, suggesting that Mi-MSP18 can interfere with the plant defense pathways. The data obtained in this study highlight Mi-MSP18 as a novel RKN effector able to enhance plant susceptibility and modulate host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Grossi-de-Sa
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Anne-Sophie Petitot
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Deisy A Xavier
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Maria Eugênia L Sá
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Agricultural Research Company of Minas Gerais State, EPAMIG, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Itamara Mezzalira
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Magda A Beneventi
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Natalia F Martins
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Hugues K Baimey
- Université de Parakou/Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences et Techniques Agronomiques de Djougou, Parakou, Benin
| | - Erika V S Albuquerque
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Maria F Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Diana Fernandez
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil.
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Transcriptome analysis of Globodera pallida from the susceptible host Solanum tuberosum or the resistant plant Solanum sisymbriifolium. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13256. [PMID: 31519937 PMCID: PMC6744408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A transcriptome analysis of G. pallida juveniles collected from S. tuberosum or S. sisymbriifolium 24 h post infestation was performed to provide insights into the parasitic process of this nematode. A total of 41 G. pallida genes were found to be significantly differentially expressed when parasitizing the two plant species. Among this set, 12 were overexpressed when G. pallida was parasitizing S. tuberosum and 29 were overexpressed when parasitizing S. sisymbriifolium. Out of the 12 genes, three code for secretory proteins; one is homologous to effector gene Rbp-4, the second is an uncharacterized protein with a signal peptide sequence, and the third is an ortholog of a Globodera rostochiensis effector belonging to the 1106 effector family. Other overexpressed genes from G. pallida when parasitizing S. tuberosum were either unknown, associated with a stress or defense response, or associated with sex differentiation. Effector genes namely Eng-1, Cathepsin S-like cysteine protease, cellulase, and two unknown genes with secretory characteristics were over expressed when G. pallida was parasitizing S. sisymbriifolium relative to expression from S. tuberosum. Our findings provide insight into gene regulation of G. pallida while infecting either the trap crop S. sisymbriifolium or the susceptible host, S. tuberosum.
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Ibrahim HMM, Ahmad EM, Martínez-Medina A, Aly MAM. Effective approaches to study the plant-root knot nematode interaction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 141:332-342. [PMID: 31207494 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes cause major agricultural losses worldwide. Examining the molecular mechanisms underlying plant-nematode interactions and how plants respond to different invading pathogens is attracting major attention to reduce the expanding gap between agricultural production and the needs of the growing world population. This review summarizes the most recent developments in plant-nematode interactions and the diverse approaches used to improve plant resistance against root knot nematode (RKN). We will emphasize the recent rapid advances in genome sequencing technologies, small interfering RNA techniques (RNAi) and targeted genome editing which are contributing to the significant progress in understanding the plant-nematode interaction mechanisms. Also, molecular approaches to improve plant resistance against nematodes are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M M Ibrahim
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Esraa M Ahmad
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mohammed A M Aly
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Yang S, Pan L, Chen Y, Yang D, Liu Q, Jian H. Heterodera avenae GLAND5 Effector Interacts With Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Subunit of Plant to Promote Nematode Parasitism. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1241. [PMID: 31214156 PMCID: PMC6558007 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterodera avenae mainly infects cereal crops and causes severe economic losses. Many studies have shown that parasitic nematodes can secrete effector proteins to suppress plant immune responses and then promote parasitism. In this study, we showed that HaGland5, a novel effector of H. avenae, was exclusively expressed in dorsal esophageal gland cell of nematode, and up-regulated in the early parasitic stage. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines expressing HaGland5 were significantly more susceptible to H. schachtii than wild-type control plants. Conversely, silencing of HaGland5 through barley stripe mosaic virus-medicated host-induced gene silencing technique substantially reduced the infection of H. avenae in wheat. Moreover, HaGland5 could suppress the plant defense responses, including the repression of plant defense-related genes, reducing deposition of cell wall callose and the burst of reactive oxygen species. Mass spectrometry, co-immunoprecipitation, and firefly luciferase complementation imaging assays confirmed that HaGland5 interacted specifically with Arabidopsis pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit (AtEMB3003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Pan
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongpan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Jian
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Chaudhary S, Dutta TK, Tyagi N, Shivakumara TN, Papolu PK, Chobhe KA, Rao U. Host-induced silencing of Mi-msp-1 confers resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in eggplant. Transgenic Res 2019; 28:327-340. [PMID: 30955133 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi)-based host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) is emerging as a novel, efficient and target-specific tool to combat phytonematode infection in crop plants. Mi-msp-1, an effector gene expressed in the subventral pharyngeal gland cells of Meloidogyne incognita plays an important role in the parasitic process. Mi-msp-1 effector is conserved in few of the species of root-knot nematodes (RKNs) and does not share considerable homology with the other phytonematodes, thereby making it a suitable target for HIGS with minimal off-target effects. Six putative eggplant transformants harbouring a single copy RNAi transgene of Mi-msp-1 was generated. Stable expression of the transgene was detected in T1, T2 and T3 transgenic lines for which a detrimental effect on RKN penetration, development and reproduction was documented upon challenge infection with nematode juveniles. The post-parasitic nematode stages extracted from the transgenic plants showed long-term RNAi effect in terms of targeted downregulation of Mi-msp-1. These findings suggest that HIGS of Mi-msp-1 enhances nematode resistance in eggplant and protect the plant against RKN parasitism at very early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Chaudhary
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.,School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Tushar K Dutta
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Nidhi Tyagi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | | | - Pradeep K Papolu
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Kapil A Chobhe
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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36
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Luo S, Liu S, Kong L, Peng H, Huang W, Jian H, Peng D. Two venom allergen-like proteins, HaVAP1 and HaVAP2, are involved in the parasitism of Heterodera avenae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:471-484. [PMID: 30422356 PMCID: PMC6637866 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that venom allergen-like proteins (VAPs) have been identified in many animal- and plant-parasitic nematodes, studies on VAPs in Heterodera avenae, which is an important phytonematode, are still in their infancy. Here, we isolated, cloned and characterized two VAPs, named HaVAP1 and HaVAP2, from H. avenae. The two encoded proteins, HaVAP1 and HaVAP2, harbour an SCP-like domain each, but share only 38% identity with each other. HaVAP1 and HaVAP2 are expressed in subventral and dorsal oesophageal glands, respectively. HaVAP1 is expressed mainly at the early stages, whereas HaVAP2 accumulates principally at the late stages. Both HaVAP1 and HaVAP2 are secreted when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, but HaVAP1 is delivered into chloroplasts, whereas HaVAP2 is translocated to the nucleus without signal peptides. Knocking down HaVAP1 increased the virulence of H. avenae. In contrast, silencing of HaVAP2 hampered the parasitism of H. avenae. Both HaVAP1 and HaVAP2 suppressed the cell death induced by BAX in N. benthamiana leaves. Moreover, HaVAP2 physically interacted with a CYPRO4-like protein (HvCLP) of Hordeum vulgare in the nucleus of the plant. It is reasonable to speculate that the changes in the transcript of HvCLP are associated with HaVAP2 during the parasitism of H. avenae. All results obtained in this study show that both HaVAP1 and HaVAP2 are involved in the parasitism of H. avenae, but they possess different functions, broadening our understanding of the parasitic mechanism of H. avenae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Shiming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Lingan Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Wenkun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Heng Jian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
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Zhuo K, Naalden D, Nowak S, Xuan Huy N, Bauters L, Gheysen G. A Meloidogyne graminicola C-type lectin, Mg01965, is secreted into the host apoplast to suppress plant defence and promote parasitism. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:346-355. [PMID: 30315612 PMCID: PMC6637863 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs), a class of multifunctional proteins, are numerous in nematodes. One CTL gene, Mg01965, shown to be expressed in the subventral glands, especially in the second-stage juveniles of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, was further analysed in this study. In vitro RNA interference targeting Mg01965 in the preparasitic juveniles significantly reduced their ability to infect host plant roots. Immunolocalizations showed that Mg01965 is secreted by M. graminicola into the roots during the early parasitic stages and accumulates in the apoplast. Transient expression of Mg01965 in Nicotiana benthamiana and targeting it to the apoplast suppressed the burst of reactive oxygen species triggered by flg22. The CTL Mg01965 suppresses plant innate immunity in the host apoplast, promoting nematode parasitism in the early infection stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Diana Naalden
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Silke Nowak
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Nguyen Xuan Huy
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
- Biology Department, College of EducationHue University34 Le LoiHueVietnam
| | - Lander Bauters
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
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Yang S, Dai Y, Chen Y, Yang J, Yang D, Liu Q, Jian H. A Novel G16B09-Like Effector From Heterodera avenae Suppresses Plant Defenses and Promotes Parasitism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:66. [PMID: 30800135 PMCID: PMC6376208 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant parasitic nematodes secrete effectors into host plant tissues to facilitate parasitism. In this study, we identified a G16B09-like effector protein family from the transcriptome of Heterodera avenae, and then verified that most of the members could suppress programmed cell death triggered by BAX in Nicotiana benthamiana. Ha18764, the most homologous to G16B09, was further characterized for its function. Our experimental evidence suggested that Ha18764 was specifically expressed in the dorsal gland and was dramatically upregulated in the J4 stage of nematode development. A Magnaporthe oryzae secretion system in barley showed that the signal peptide of Ha18764 had secretion activity to deliver mCherry into plant cells. Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing Ha18764 or Hs18764 was more susceptible to Heterodera schachtii. In contrast, BSMV-based host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) targeting Ha18764 attenuated H. avenae parasitism and its reproduction in wheat plants. Transient expression of Ha18764 suppressed PsojNIP, Avr3a/R3a, RBP-1/Gpa2, and MAPK kinases (MKK1 and NPK1Nt)-related cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Co-expression assays indicated that Ha18764 also suppressed cell death triggered by four H. avenae putative cell-death-inducing effectors. Moreover, Ha18764 was also shown strong PTI suppression such as reducing the expression of plant defense-related genes, the burst of reactive oxygen species, and the deposition of cell wall callose. Together, our results indicate that Ha18764 promotes parasitism, probably by suppressing plant PTI and ETI signaling in the parasitic stages of H. avenae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qian Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Naalden D, Haegeman A, de Almeida‐Engler J, Birhane Eshetu F, Bauters L, Gheysen G. The Meloidogyne graminicola effector Mg16820 is secreted in the apoplast and cytoplasm to suppress plant host defense responses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2416-2430. [PMID: 30011122 PMCID: PMC6638014 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
On invasion of roots, plant-parasitic nematodes secrete effectors to manipulate the cellular regulation of the host to promote parasitism. The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola is one of the most damaging nematodes of rice. Here, we identified a novel effector of this nematode, named Mg16820, expressed in the nematode subventral glands. We localized the Mg16820 effector in the apoplast during the migration phase of the second-stage juvenile in rice roots. In addition, during early development of the feeding site, Mg16820 was localized in giant cells, where it accumulated in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, we demonstrated that Mg16820 directed to the apoplast was able to suppress flg22-induced reactive oxygen species production. In addition, expression of Mg16820 in the cytoplasm resulted in the suppression of the R2/Avr2- and Mi-1.2-induced hypersensitive response. A potential target protein of Mg16820 identified with the yeast two-hybrid system was the dehydration stress-inducible protein 1 (DIP1). Bimolecular fluorescence complementation resulted in a strong signal in the nucleus. DIP1 has been described as an abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive gene and ABA is involved in the biotic and abiotic stress response. Our results demonstrate that Mg16820 is able to act in two cellular compartments as an immune suppressor and targets a protein involved in the stress response, therefore indicating an important role for this effector in parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Naalden
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Annelies Haegeman
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences UnitCaritasstraat 399090MelleBelgium
| | | | - Firehiwot Birhane Eshetu
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)University of PretoriaPretoria0002South Africa
| | - Lander Bauters
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
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Siddique S, Grundler FM. Parasitic nematodes manipulate plant development to establish feeding sites. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 46:102-108. [PMID: 30326406 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyst and root-knot nematodes, the two economically most important groups of plant parasitic nematodes, induce neoplastic feeding sites in the roots of their host plants. The formation of feeding sites is accompanied by large-scale transcriptomic, metabolomic, and structural changes in host plants. However, the mechanisms that lead to such remarkable changes have remained poorly understood until recently. Now, genomic and genetic analyses have greatly enhanced our understanding of all aspects of plant-nematode interaction. Here, we review some of the recent advances in understanding cyst and root-knot nematode parasitism. In particular, we highlight new findings on the role of plant hormones and small RNAs in nematode feeding site formation and function. Finally, we touch on our emerging understanding of the function of nematode-associated secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Siddique
- Molecular Phytomedicine, INRES, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian Mw Grundler
- Molecular Phytomedicine, INRES, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. grundler@uni.-bonn.de
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41
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Gosal SS, Wani SH. RNAi for Resistance Against Biotic Stresses in Crop Plants. BIOTECHNOLOGIES OF CROP IMPROVEMENT, VOLUME 2 2018. [PMCID: PMC7123769 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90650-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene silencing has become one of the most successful strategies in not only identifying gene function but also in improving agronomical traits of crops by silencing genes of different pathogens/pests and also plant genes for improvement of desired trait. The conserved nature of RNAi pathway across different organisms increases its applicability in various basic and applied fields. Here we attempt to summarize the knowledge generated on the fundamental mechanisms of RNAi over the years, with emphasis on insects and plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). This chapter also reviews the rich history of RNAi research, gene regulation by small RNAs across different organisms, and application potential of RNAi for generating transgenic plants resistant to major pests. But, there are some limitations too which restrict wider applications of this technology to its full potential. Further refinement of this technology in terms of resolving these shortcomings constitutes one of the thrust areas in present RNAi research. Nevertheless, its application especially in breeding agricultural crops resistant against biotic stresses will certainly offer the possible solutions for some of the breeding objectives which are otherwise unattainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satbir Singh Gosal
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
| | - Shabir Hussain Wani
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Khudwani, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir India
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42
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Ali MA, Anjam MS, Nawaz MA, Lam HM, Chung G. Signal Transduction in Plant⁻Nematode Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061648. [PMID: 29865232 PMCID: PMC6032140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To successfully invade and infect their host plants, plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) need to evolve molecular mechanisms to overcome the defense responses from the plants. Nematode-associated molecular patterns (NAMPs), including ascarosides and certain proteins, while instrumental in enabling the infection, can be perceived by the host plants, which then initiate a signaling cascade leading to the induction of basal defense responses. To combat host resistance, some nematodes can inject effectors into the cells of susceptible hosts to reprogram the basal resistance signaling and also modulate the hosts’ gene expression patterns to facilitate the establishment of nematode feeding sites (NFSs). In this review, we summarized all the known signaling pathways involved in plant–nematode interactions. Specifically, we placed particular focus on the effector proteins from PPNs that mimic the signaling of the defense responses in host plants. Furthermore, we gave an updated overview of the regulation by PPNs of different host defense pathways such as salicylic acid (SA)/jasmonic acid (JA), auxin, and cytokinin and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling to facilitate their parasitic successes in plants. This review will enhance the understanding of the molecular signaling pathways involved in both compatible and incompatible plant–nematode interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amjad Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Anjam
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 66000, Pakistan.
| | | | - Hon-Ming Lam
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Soybean Research of the Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea.
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Shi Q, Mao Z, Zhang X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Ling J, Lin R, Li D, Kang X, Sun W, Xie B. A Meloidogyne incognita effector MiISE5 suppresses programmed cell death to promote parasitism in host plant. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7256. [PMID: 29740007 PMCID: PMC5940819 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24999-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are highly specialized parasites that interact with their host plants using a range of strategies. The esophageal glands are the main places where nematodes synthesize effector proteins, which play central roles in successful invasion. The Meloidogyne incognita effector MiISE5 is exclusively expressed within the subventral esophageal cells and is upregulated during early parasitic stages. In this study, we show that MiISE5 can be secreted to barley cells through infectious hyphae of Magnaporthe oryzae. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing MiISE5 became significantly more susceptible to M. incognita. Inversely, the tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated silence of MiISE5 decreased nematode parasitism. Moreover, transient expression of MiISE5 suppressed cell death caused by Burkholderia glumae in Nicotiana benthamiana. Based on transcriptome analysis of MiISE5 transgenic sample and the wild-type (WT) sample, we obtained 261 DEGs, and the results of GO and KEGG enrichment analysis indicate that MiISE5 can interfere with various metabolic and signaling pathways, especially the JA signaling pathway, to facilitate nematode parasitism. Results from the present study suggest that MiISE5 plays an important role during the early stages of parasitism and provides evidence to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying the manipulation of host immune defense responses by M. incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Shi
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jian Ling
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Runmao Lin
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Denghui Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xincong Kang
- Horticulture and Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Matuszkiewicz M, Sobczak M, Cabrera J, Escobar C, Karpiński S, Filipecki M. The Role of Programmed Cell Death Regulator LSD1 in Nematode-Induced Syncytium Formation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:314. [PMID: 29616052 PMCID: PMC5868158 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cyst-forming plant-parasitic nematodes are common pests of many crops. They inject secretions into host cells to induce the developmental and metabolic reprogramming that leads to the formation of a syncytium, which is the sole food source for growing nematodes. As in other host-parasite models, avirulence leads to rapid and local programmed cell death (PCD) known as the hypersensitive response (HR), whereas in the case of virulence, PCD is still observed but is limited to only some cells. Several regulators of PCD were analyzed to understand the role of PCD in compatible plant-nematode interactions. Thus, Arabidopsis plants carrying recessive mutations in LESION SIMULATING DISEASE1 (LSD1) family genes were subjected to nematode infection assays with juveniles of Heterodera schachtii. LSD1 is a negative and conditional regulator of PCD, and fewer and smaller syncytia were induced in the roots of lsd1 mutants than in wild-type Col-0 plants. Mutation in LSD ONE LIKE2 (LOL2) revealed a pattern of susceptibility to H. schachtii antagonistic to lsd1. Syncytia induced on lsd1 roots compared to Col0 showed significantly retarded growth, modified cell wall structure, increased vesiculation, and some myelin-like bodies present at 7 and 12 days post-infection. To place these data in a wider context, RNA-sequencing analysis of infected and uninfected roots was conducted. During nematode infection, the number of transcripts with changed expression in lsd1 was approximately three times smaller than in wild-type plants (1440 vs. 4206 differentially expressed genes, respectively). LSD1-dependent PCD in roots is thus a highly regulated process in compatible plant-nematode interactions. Two genes identified in this analysis, coding for AUTOPHAGY-RELATED PROTEIN 8F and 8H were down-regulated in syncytia in the presence of LSD1 and showed an increased susceptibility to nematode infection contrasting with lsd1 phenotype. Our data indicate that molecular regulators belonging to the LSD1 family play an important role in precise balancing of diverse PCD players during syncytium development required for successful nematode parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Matuszkiewicz
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding, and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Javier Cabrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Stanislaw Karpiński
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding, and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Filipecki
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding, and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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Shukla N, Yadav R, Kaur P, Rasmussen S, Goel S, Agarwal M, Jagannath A, Gupta R, Kumar A. Transcriptome analysis of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)-infected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) roots reveals complex gene expression profiles and metabolic networks of both host and nematode during susceptible and resistance responses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:615-633. [PMID: 28220591 PMCID: PMC6638136 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne incognita) are economically important endoparasites with a wide host range. We used a comprehensive transcriptomic approach to investigate the expression of both tomato and RKN genes in tomato roots at five infection time intervals from susceptible plants and two infection time intervals from resistant plants, grown under soil conditions. Differentially expressed genes during susceptible (1827, tomato; 462, RKN) and resistance (25, tomato; 160, RKN) interactions were identified. In susceptible responses, tomato genes involved in cell wall structure, development, primary and secondary metabolite, and defence signalling pathways, together with RKN genes involved in host parasitism, development and defence, are discussed. In resistance responses, tomato genes involved in secondary metabolite and hormone-mediated defence responses, together with RKN genes involved in starvation stress-induced apoptosis, are discussed. In addition, 40 novel differentially expressed RKN genes encoding secretory proteins were identified. Our findings provide novel insights into the temporal regulation of genes involved in various biological processes from tomato and RKN simultaneously during susceptible and resistance responses, and reveal the involvement of a complex network of biosynthetic pathways during disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Shukla
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
| | - Rachita Yadav
- Department of Bio and Health InformaticsTechnical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Pritam Kaur
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- Department of Bio and Health InformaticsTechnical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208Lyngby2800Denmark
| | | | - Manu Agarwal
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
| | | | - Ramneek Gupta
- Department of Bio and Health InformaticsTechnical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Amar Kumar
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
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Chen J, Hu L, Sun L, Lin B, Huang K, Zhuo K, Liao J. A novel Meloidogyne graminicola effector, MgMO237, interacts with multiple host defence-related proteins to manipulate plant basal immunity and promote parasitism. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1942-1955. [PMID: 29485753 PMCID: PMC6638000 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes can secrete effector proteins into the host tissue to facilitate their parasitism. In this study, we report a novel effector protein, MgMO237, from Meloidogyne graminicola, which is exclusively expressed within the dorsal oesophageal gland cell and markedly up-regulated in parasitic third-/fourth-stage juveniles of M. graminicola. Transient expression of MgMO237 in protoplasts from rice roots showed that MgMO237 was localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the host cells. Rice plants overexpressing MgMO237 showed an increased susceptibility to M. graminicola. In contrast, rice plants expressing RNA interference vectors targeting MgMO237 showed an increased resistance to M. graminicola. In addition, yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that MgMO237 interacted specifically with three rice endogenous proteins, i.e. 1,3-β-glucan synthase component (OsGSC), cysteine-rich repeat secretory protein 55 (OsCRRSP55) and pathogenesis-related BetvI family protein (OsBetvI), which are all related to host defences. Moreover, MgMO237 can suppress host defence responses, including the expression of host defence-related genes, cell wall callose deposition and the burst of reactive oxygen species. These results demonstrate that the effector MgMO237 probably promotes the parasitism of M. graminicola by interacting with multiple host defence-related proteins and suppressing plant basal immunity in the later parasitic stages of nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Chen
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Lili Hu
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Longhua Sun
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Kun Huang
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Department of Eco‐engineering, Guangdong Eco‐Engineering PolytechnicGuangzhou510520China
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47
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Islam W, Noman A, Qasim M, Wang L. Plant Responses to Pathogen Attack: Small RNAs in Focus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E515. [PMID: 29419801 PMCID: PMC5855737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNA) are a significant group of gene expression regulators for multiple biological processes in eukaryotes. In plants, many sRNA silencing pathways produce extensive array of sRNAs with specialized roles. The evidence on record advocates for the functions of sRNAs during plant microbe interactions. Host sRNAs are reckoned as mandatory elements of plant defense. sRNAs involved in plant defense processes via different pathways include both short interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) that actively regulate immunity in response to pathogenic attack via tackling pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and other effectors. In response to pathogen attack, plants protect themselves with the help of sRNA-dependent immune systems. That sRNA-mediated plant defense responses play a role during infections is an established fact. However, the regulations of several sRNAs still need extensive research. In this review, we discussed the topical advancements and findings relevant to pathogen attack and plant defense mediated by sRNAs. We attempted to point out diverse sRNAs as key defenders in plant systems. It is hoped that sRNAs would be exploited as a mainstream player to achieve food security by tackling different plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Islam
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Liande Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Banerjee S, Gill SS, Gawade BH, Jain PK, Subramaniam K, Sirohi A. Host Delivered RNAi of Two Cuticle Collagen Genes, Mi-col-1 and Lemmi-5 Hampers Structure and Fecundity in Meloidogyne incognita. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 8:2266. [PMID: 29403514 PMCID: PMC5786853 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes have emerged as devastating parasites causing substantial losses to agricultural economy worldwide. Tomato is the most favored host for major species of root-knot nematodes. Control strategies like use of nematicides have proved to be harmful to the environment. Other control methods like development of resistant cultivars and crop rotation have serious limitations. This study deals with the application of host generated RNA interference toward development of resistance against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in tomato. Two cuticle collagen genes viz. Mi-col-1 and Lemmi-5 involved in the synthesis and maintenance of the cuticle in M. incognita were targeted through host generated RNA interference. Expression of both Mi-col-1 and Lemmi-5 was found to be higher in adult females followed by egg masses and J2s. Tomato var. Pusa Ruby was transformed with the RNAi constructs of these genes to develop transgenic lines expressing the target dsRNAs. 30.80-35.00% reduction in the number of adult females, 50.06-65.73% reduction in the number of egg mass per plant and 76.47-82.59% reduction in the number of eggs per egg mass were observed for the T1 events expressing Mi-col-1 dsRNA. Similarly, 34.14-38.54% reduction in the number of adult females, 62.34-66.71% reduction in number of egg mass per plant and 67.13-79.76% reduction in the number of eggs per egg mass were observed for the T1 generation expressing Lemmi-5 dsRNA. The multiplication factor of M. incognita reduced significantly in both the cases and the structure of adult females isolated from transgenic plants were heavily distorted. This study demonstrates the role of the cuticle collagen genes Mi-col-1 and Lemmi-5 in the structure and development of M. incognita cuticle inside the host and reinforces the potential of host generated RNA interference for management of plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Banerjee
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Sarvajeet S. Gill
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Bharat H. Gawade
- Division of Plant Quarantine, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep K. Jain
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Anil Sirohi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Nguyen CN, Perfus-Barbeoch L, Quentin M, Zhao J, Magliano M, Marteu N, Da Rocha M, Nottet N, Abad P, Favery B. A root-knot nematode small glycine and cysteine-rich secreted effector, MiSGCR1, is involved in plant parasitism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:687-699. [PMID: 29034957 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are obligate endoparasites that maintain a biotrophic relationship with their hosts. They infect roots as microscopic vermiform second-stage juveniles, and establish specialized feeding structures called 'giant-cells', from which they withdraw water and nutrients. The nematode effector proteins secreted in planta are key elements in the molecular dialogue of parasitism. Here, we compared Illumina RNA-seq transcriptomes for M. incognita obtained at various points in the lifecycle, and identified 31 genes more strongly expressed in parasitic stages than in preparasitic juveniles. We then selected candidate effectors for functional characterization. Quantitative real-time PCR and in situ hybridizations showed that the validated differentially expressed genes are predominantly specifically expressed in oesophageal glands of the nematode. We also soaked the nematodes in siRNA to silence these genes and to determine their role in pathogenicity. The silencing of the dorsal gland specific-Minc18876 and its paralogues resulted in a significant, reproducible decrease in the number of mature females with egg masses, demonstrating a potentially important role for the small glycine- and cysteine-rich effector MiSGCR1 in early stages of plant-nematode interaction. Finally, we report that MiSGCR1 suppresses plant cell death induced by bacterial or oomycete triggers of plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinh-Nghia Nguyen
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Laetitia Perfus-Barbeoch
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Marc Magliano
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Nathalie Marteu
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Martine Da Rocha
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Nicolas Nottet
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
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50
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Shi Q, Mao Z, Zhang X, Ling J, Lin R, Zhang X, Liu R, Wang Y, Yang Y, Cheng X, Xie B. The Novel Secreted Meloidogyne incognita Effector MiISE6 Targets the Host Nucleus and Facilitates Parasitism in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:252. [PMID: 29628931 PMCID: PMC5876317 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Meloidogyne incognita is highly specialized parasite that interacts with host plants using a range of strategies. The effectors are synthesized in the esophageal glands and secreted into plant cells through a needle-like stylet during parasitism. In this study, based on RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis, we predicted 110 putative Meloidogyne incognita effectors that contain nuclear localization signals (NLSs). Combining the Burkholderia glumae-pEDV based screening system with subcellular localization, from 20 randomly selected NLS effector candidates, we identified an effector MiISE6 that can effectively suppress B. glumae-induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, targets to the nuclei of plant cells, and is highly expressed in early parasitic J2 stage. Sequence analysis showed that MiISE6 is a 157-amino acid peptide, with an OGFr_N domain and two NLS motifs. Hybridization in situ verified that MiISE6 is expressed in the subventral esophageal glands. Yeast invertase secretion assay validated the function of the signal peptide harbored in MiISE6. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing MiISE6 become more susceptible to M. incognita. Inversely, the host-derived RNAi of MiISE6 of the nematode can decrease its parasitism on host. Based on transcriptome analysis of the MiISE6 transgenic Arabidopsis samples and the wild-type samples, we obtained 852 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Integrating Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses, we found that expression of MiISE6 in Arabidopsis can suppress jasmonate signaling pathway. In addition, the expression of genes related to cell wall modification and the ubiquitination proteasome pathway also have detectable changes in the transgenic plants. Results from the present study suggest that MiISE6 is involved in interaction between nematode-plant, and plays an important role during the early stages of parasitism by interfering multiple signaling pathways of plant. Moreover, we found homologs of MiISE6 in other sedentary nematodes, Meloidogyne hapla and Globodera pallida. Our experimental results provide evidence to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying the manipulation of host immune defense responses by plant parasitic nematodes, and transcriptome data also provide useful information for further study nematode-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Shi
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- School of Medical Science, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
| | - Jian Ling
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Runmao Lin
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Bingyan Xie, Xinyue Cheng,
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Bingyan Xie, Xinyue Cheng,
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