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Matsushita H, Fukunari A, Sameshima G, Okada M, Inoue F, Ueda M, Ando Y. Suppression of amyloid fibril formation by UV irradiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2022.100484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Frommeyer TC, Gilbert MM, Brittain GV, Wu T, Nguyen TQ, Rohan CA, Travers JB. UVB-Induced Microvesicle Particle Release and Its Effects on the Cutaneous Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:880850. [PMID: 35603177 PMCID: PMC9120817 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.880850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) has profound effects on human skin that results in a broad spectrum of immunological local and systemic responses and is the major cause of skin carcinogenesis. One important area of study in photobiology is how UVB is translated into effector signals. As the skin is exposed to UVB light, subcellular microvesicle particles (MVP), a subtype of bioactive extracellular vesicles, are released causing a variety of local and systemic immunological effects. In this review, we highlight keratinocyte MVP release in keratinocytes in response to UVB. Specifically, Platelet-activating factor receptor agonists generated by UVB result in MVP released from keratinocytes. The downstream effects of MVP release include the ability of these subcellular particles to transport agents including the glycerophosphocholine-derived lipid mediator Platelet-activating factor (PAF). Moreover, even though UVB is only absorbed in the epidermis, it appears that PAF release from MVPs also mediates systemic immunosuppression and enhances tumor growth and metastasis. Tumor cells expressing PAF receptors can use this mechanism to evade chemotherapy responses, leading to treatment resistance for advanced cancers such as melanoma. Furthermore, novel pharmacological agents provide greater insight into the UVB-induced immune response pathway and a potential target for pharmacological intervention. This review outlines the need to more clearly elucidate the mechanism linking UVB-irradiation with the cutaneous immune response and its pathological manifestations. An improved understanding of this process can result in new insights and treatment strategies for UVB-related disorders from carcinogenesis to photosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C. Frommeyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Michael M. Gilbert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Garrett V. Brittain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Tongfan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Trang Q. Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Craig A. Rohan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
- Department of Medicine, Dayton Veterans Administration Medical Center, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Travers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
- Department of Medicine, Dayton Veterans Administration Medical Center, Dayton, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey B. Travers,
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Ryu TK, Roh E, Shin HS, Kim JE. Inhibitory Effect of Lotusine on Solar UV-Induced Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Expression. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:773. [PMID: 35336655 PMCID: PMC8949197 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (sUV) radiation remains a major cause of skin aging. Nelumbo nucifera (lotus) is a well-known edible plant widely grown in Asia, including Korea, China, and Japan. The lotus consists of flowers, leaves, stems, and seeds, and all parts reportedly possess nutritional and medical values. Traditionally, lotus flowers, leaves, stems, and seeds have been used as antidiarrheal agents, diuretics, antipyretics, and antimicrobial and antihyperlipidemic agents. In addition, the Nelumbo nucifera lotus embryo has been shown to possess sedative and antipyretic properties and can relieve hemostatic thirst and treat eye diseases. Recently, Nelumbo nucifera lotus flower extract has been widely used in cosmetics due to its ability to reduce wrinkles and its whitening effects. Numerous cosmetics using Nelumbo nucifera lotus embryo extracts are commercially available. However, the active components of Nelumbo nucifera remain elusive. Lotusine is a phytochemical and soluble alkaloid found in lotus embryos. Herein, we examined the anti-wrinkle effect of lotusine using sUV-exposed human keratinocytes. We observed that lotusine reduced sUV-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 expression and modulated transcriptional activities of activator protein (AP)-1 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). sUV-induced AP-1 and NF-κB activity could be activated via multiple signal transduction cascades, including the p38 MAPK, JNK, ERK1/2, and Akt pathways in the skin. Lotusine inhibited the MEK1/2-ERK1/2-p90RSK, MKK3/6-p38, and Akt-p70S6K pathways. Overall, our findings suggest that lotusine has potential benefits related to MMP-1 expression and skin aging following sUV exposure. Hence, the lotus can be developed as a valuable functional food and cosmetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyeong Ryu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si 10326, Korea;
| | - Eunmiri Roh
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Kwangju Women’s University, Gwangju 62396, Korea;
| | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si 10326, Korea;
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Tecshnology, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju-si 27909, Korea
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Sharma RR, Deep A, Abdullah ST. Herbal products as skincare therapeutic agents against ultraviolet radiation-induced skin disorders. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2022; 13:100500. [PMID: 34973886 PMCID: PMC8814387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aims to highlight the pharmacological aspects of listed herbal skincare products used for the treatment of various disorders caused due to ultraviolet radiation. The pharmacological aspects include safety and efficacy validation as per regulatory guidelines following internationally accepted scientific principles for their development of skincare products. Herbal products have always been used traditionally for the treatment of various skin ailments and have become more prevalent because of their safety and high efficacy benefits. The incorporation of synthetic molecules and chemical substances in the different medicinal and pharmaceutical formulations is the leading cause of the dermal toxicity. Therefore, the developments of herbal skincare products containing scientifically validated herbal ingredients have better acceptance, respect, and belief in the society. The listed herbal products in this review can help take forward the commercial development of skincare products for therapeutic as well as beauty care purposes from such plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Rai Sharma
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Aakash Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani, Haryana, India
| | - Sheikh Tasduq Abdullah
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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5
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Choe JH, Mazambani S, Kim TH, Kim JW. Oxidative Stress and the Intersection of Oncogenic Signaling and Metabolism in Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Cells 2021; 10:606. [PMID: 33803326 PMCID: PMC8000417 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) arise from both stratified squamous and non-squamous epithelium of diverse anatomical sites and collectively represent one of the most frequent solid tumors, accounting for more than one million cancer deaths annually. Despite this prevalence, SCC patients have not fully benefited from recent advances in molecularly targeted therapy or immunotherapy. Rather, decades old platinum-based or radiation regimens retaining limited specificity to the unique characteristics of SCC remain first-line treatment options. Historically, a lack of a consolidated perspective on genetic aberrations driving oncogenic transformation and other such factors essential for SCC pathogenesis and intrinsic confounding cellular heterogeneity in SCC have contributed to a critical dearth in effective and specific therapies. However, emerging evidence characterizing the distinct genomic, epigenetic, and metabolic landscapes of SCC may be elucidating unifying features in a seemingly heterogeneous disease. In this review, by describing distinct metabolic alterations and genetic drivers of SCC revealed by recent studies, we aim to establish a conceptual framework for a previously unappreciated network of oncogenic signaling, redox perturbation, and metabolic reprogramming that may reveal targetable vulnerabilities at their intersection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H. Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Simbarashe Mazambani
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; (S.M.); (T.H.K.)
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; (S.M.); (T.H.K.)
| | - Jung-whan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; (S.M.); (T.H.K.)
- Research and Development, VeraVerse Inc., 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Bernard JJ, Gallo RL, Krutmann J. Photoimmunology: how ultraviolet radiation affects the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:688-701. [PMID: 31213673 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a ubiquitous component of the environment that has important effects on a wide range of cell functions. Short-wavelength UVB radiation induces sunburn and is a potent immunomodulator, yet longer-wavelength, lower-energy UVA radiation also has effects on mammalian immunity. This Review discusses current knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which UV radiation can modify innate and adaptive immune responses and how this immunomodulatory capacity can be both beneficial in the case of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and detrimental in the case of skin cancer and the response to several infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. .,Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Mo X, Preston S, Zaidi MR. Macroenvironment-gene-microenvironment interactions in ultraviolet radiation-induced melanomagenesis. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 144:1-54. [PMID: 31349897 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is one of the few major cancers that continue to exhibit a positive rate of increase in the developed world. A wealth of epidemiological data has undisputedly implicated ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from sunlight and artificial sources as the major risk factor for melanomagenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms of this cause-and-effect relationship remain murky and understudied. Recent efforts on multiple fronts have brought unprecedented expansion of our knowledge base on this subject and it is now clear that melanoma is caused by a complex interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental exposure, primarily to UVR. Here we provide an overview of the effects of the macroenvironment (UVR) on the skin microenvironment and melanocyte-specific intrinsic (mostly genetic) landscape, which conspire to produce one of the deadliest malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mo
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sarah Preston
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - M Raza Zaidi
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Damiani E, Ullrich SE. Understanding the connection between platelet-activating factor, a UV-induced lipid mediator of inflammation, immune suppression and skin cancer. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:14-27. [PMID: 27073146 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid mediators of inflammation play important roles in several diseases including skin cancer, the most prevalent type of cancer found in the industrialized world. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a complete carcinogen and is the primary cause of skin cancer. UV radiation is also a potent immunosuppressive agent, and UV-induced immunosuppression is a well-known risk factor for skin cancer induction. An essential mediator in this process is the glyercophosphocholine 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine commonly referred to as platelet-activating factor (PAF). PAF is produced by keratinocytes in response to diverse stimuli and exerts its biological effects by binding to a single specific G-protein-coupled receptor (PAF-R) expressed on a variety of cells. This review will attempt to describe how this lipid mediator is involved in transmitting the immunosuppressive signal from the skin to the immune system, starting from its production by keratinocytes, to its role in activating mast cell migration in vivo, and to the mechanisms involved that ultimately lead to immune suppression. Recent findings related to its role in regulating DNA repair and activating epigenetic mechanisms, further pinpoint the importance of this bioactive lipid, which may serve as a critical molecular mediator that links the environment (UVB radiation) to the immune system and the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Damiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stephen E Ullrich
- Department of Immunology and The Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences at Houston, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Yan S, Xu F, Yang C, Li F, Fan J, Wang L, Cai M, Zhu J, Kan H, Xu J. Demographic differences in sun protection beliefs and behavior: a community-based study in Shanghai, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:3232-45. [PMID: 25794187 PMCID: PMC4377961 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120303232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: We want to know the attitudes and behaviors towards UV protection and we want to analyze the difference between different Chinese demographic groups in this study. Methods: A community-based study was undertaken in Shanghai from October 2009 to January 2010. The participants, ages 20–60 years old, were screened by cluster sampling and were investigated through interviews at their own homes. Personal basic information and questions pertaining to their knowledge and attitudes towards sunlight and sun protective activities were included in the questionnaire. Results: We completed 5964 questionnaires (2794 men and 3170 women). Eighty-six percent of the respondents belonged to Fitzpatrick skin type IV. Knowledge about UV-induced risks was known by more than half of the participants. However, only one-third of the participants thought they needed sun protection in winter and indoors or in vehicles, and 27% of the participants acknowledged tanning was not favorable. The attitudes towards sun exposure varied greatly, showing significant differences based on gender, age, socioeconomic groups and skin type groups (p < 0.05). Fifty-five percent of the participants never use an umbrella under sunlight, only 26.5% of the respondents wear hats, and 21.3% of the participants applied sunscreen. Females and individuals of a younger age and higher education level were more likely to perform sun-protective behaviors than males and those of an older age and lower education level (p < 0.001). Conclusion: There is a deficit in the use of sun protection existing in our surveyed Chinese population, especially in males and lower socioeconomic population, which could allow for planning prevention campaigns and exploring sun-preventive products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Chunxue Yang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Jing Fan
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Linggao Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Suzhou First Hospital, Anhui 234000, China.
| | - Minqiang Cai
- Xinjing Community Health Service Center, Shanghai 200335, China.
| | - Jianfeng Zhu
- Xinjing Community Health Service Center, Shanghai 200335, China.
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jinhua Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
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Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to an increased risk of a wide range of adverse health outcomes. The active form of vitamin D has an important role in calcium metabolism and in bone mineralisation, but the evidence for other health outcomes is mixed, with the strongest effects seen in the weakest epidemiological study designs. There are plausible pathways whereby vitamin D deficiency can impair immune function, resulting in both overactivity and increased risk of autoimmune disease, as well as immune suppression with poorer resistance to infection. Vitamin D status may influence the bacterial flora that constitute the microbiome and affect immune function through this route. Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation causes the production of a range of chemicals, including vitamin D, and new research is exploring possible vitamin D-independent immunomodulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M. Lucas
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, PerthAustralia 6008
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia 0200
| | - Shelley Gorman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, PerthAustralia 6008
| | - Sian Geldenhuys
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, PerthAustralia 6008
| | - Prue H. Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, PerthAustralia 6008
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Verlaet AAJ, Noriega DB, Hermans N, Savelkoul HFJ. Nutrition, immunological mechanisms and dietary immunomodulation in ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 23:519-29. [PMID: 24493267 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-014-0522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) etiology is not completely understood, but common comorbid dysfunction of the gastrointestinal and immune system suggests that these systems may be affected by a common genetic background and molecular mechanisms. For example, increased levels of specific cytokines were observed in ADHD. Moreover, ADHD has a high comorbidity with both Th1- and Th2-mediated disorders like ear infections, eczema and asthma. A common pathophysiological mechanism was suggested to underlie both asthma and ADHD, while several genes that are linked to ADHD have immune functions. Furthermore, immunological recognition of food provoking ADHD-like behavior was suggested. An immune imbalance, probably requiring a predisposing genetic background, is therefore suggested to contribute to ADHD etiology, with immune dysregulation being more likely than a single subcellular defect. However, next to allergic mechanisms, also pharmacological mechanisms (especially in case of food additives) might be involved. In addition, though cellular (cytokine-related) rather than antibody-mediated immune mechanisms seem involved, specific immune-inflammatory markers other than antibodies have not been systematically studied in ADHD. Substantial alterations implicated in ADHD apparently occur in the immune system and epigenetic regulation of gene expression. As a result, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress could develop, which can lead to ADHD symptoms, for example by chronic T-cell-mediated neuroinflammation. If immune pathways contribute to ADHD, both its diagnosis and treatment should be reconsidered. Modulation of immune system activity might have potential in ADHD treatment, for example by nutritional approaches providing safe and low-cost ADHD therapy, but further research in these fields is implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies A J Verlaet
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food Science, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, Building A (A.104), 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium,
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Knak A, Regensburger J, Maisch T, Bäumler W. Exposure of vitamins to UVB and UVA radiation generates singlet oxygen. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:820-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50413a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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A comparative study of UV-induced cell signalling pathways in human keratinocyte-derived cell lines. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 305:817-33. [PMID: 24071771 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can activate the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) pathways in skin cells. HaCaT cells are widely used as a primary keratinocyte substitute to study these pathways. However, like most squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), it contains a dysfunctional p53. It is unclear if HaCaT cells activate these signalling pathways similarly to SCC cells (Colo16) or to primary human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK). In this study, the UV activation (UVA, UVB, UVA+B, UVB+A) of p38 MAPK, JNK and NFκB pathways, and TNFα secretion by HEK, HaCaT and Colo16 cells were investigated. The signalling pathway activation was UV-type and dose-dependent with UVB+A radiation inducing a high p38 and JNK activation. HaCaT cells exhibited 2- to 4-fold higher activity of the p38 (771% at 60 min) and JNK (794% at 30 min) pathways following UVB+A radiation than did HEK cells (p38: 367% at 15 min and JNK: 184% at 30 min). While both HaCaT and Colo16 cells did not activate the NFκB pathway, Colo16 cells had a lower p38 and higher JNK activity than HaCaT cells. Irradiated HaCaT cells produced less TNFα (UVB: 3.5 pg/ml), while HEK cells produced the most (UVB: 1,296 pg/ml). When co-exposed to IL1α, irradiated HaCaT had the greatest fold of TNFα release (UVB: 16.2-fold, UVA+B: 8.9-fold and UVB+A: 6.1-fold). The pattern of activation and TNFα secretion of HaCaT cells mirrored that of Colo16 cells. It is likely that the presence of molecular alterations in HaCaT cells may be responsible for its different responses to that seen for HEK cells. The results of this study suggest caution in using HaCaT cells as a substitute for normal keratinocytes in investigating UV-induced cells signalling pathways.
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Wacker M, Holick MF. Sunlight and Vitamin D: A global perspective for health. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2013; 5:51-108. [PMID: 24494042 PMCID: PMC3897598 DOI: 10.4161/derm.24494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is the sunshine vitamin that has been produced on this earth for more than 500 million years. During exposure to sunlight 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin absorbs UV B radiation and is converted to previtamin D3 which in turn isomerizes into vitamin D3. Previtamin D3 and vitamin D3 also absorb UV B radiation and are converted into a variety of photoproducts some of which have unique biologic properties. Sun induced vitamin D synthesis is greatly influenced by season, time of day, latitude, altitude, air pollution, skin pigmentation, sunscreen use, passing through glass and plastic, and aging. Vitamin D is metabolized sequentially in the liver and kidneys into 25-hydroxyvitamin D which is a major circulating form and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D which is the biologically active form respectively. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D plays an important role in regulating calcium and phosphate metabolism for maintenance of metabolic functions and for skeletal health. Most cells and organs in the body have a vitamin D receptor and many cells and organs are able to produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. As a result 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D influences a large number of biologic pathways which may help explain association studies relating vitamin D deficiency and living at higher latitudes with increased risk for many chronic diseases including autoimmune diseases, some cancers, cardiovascular disease, infectious disease, schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes. A three-part strategy of increasing food fortification programs with vitamin D, sensible sun exposure recommendations and encouraging ingestion of a vitamin D supplement when needed should be implemented to prevent global vitamin D deficiency and its negative health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wacker
- Department of Medicine; Section of Endocrinology, Nutrition, and Diabetes; Vitamin D, Skin and Bone Research Laboratory; Boston University Medical Center; Boston, MA USA
| | - Michael F. Holick
- Department of Medicine; Section of Endocrinology, Nutrition, and Diabetes; Vitamin D, Skin and Bone Research Laboratory; Boston University Medical Center; Boston, MA USA
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Oghan F, Eskiizmir G, Unlu H, Cingi C. Nonmelanoma skin cancer of the head and neck: prevention. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2012; 20:515-23. [PMID: 23084302 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The importance and effectiveness of prevention efforts and strategies for skin cancers are reviewed. Topical sunscreens and their proper use are presented. Topical and ingested forms of natural, synthetic, or biologic chemical agents that are potentially efficacious for chemoprevention are listtdldted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Oghan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Dumlupinar University, DPU Merkez Kampus, Kutahya 43270, Turkey.
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Sleijffers A, Garssen J, Vos JG, Loveren H. Ultraviolet light and resistance to infectious diseases. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 1:3-14. [PMID: 18958636 DOI: 10.1080/15476910490438333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, as in sunlight, can modulate immune responses in animals and humans. This immunomodulation can lead to positive health effects especially with respect to certain autoimmune diseases and allergies. However, UV-induced immunomodulation has also been shown to be deleterious. Experimental animal studies have revealed that UV exposure can impair the resistance to many infectious agents, such as bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. Importantly, these effects are not restricted to skin-associated infections, but also concern systemic infections. UV radiation induces a multistep process, locally in the skin as well as systemically, that ultimately leads to immunosuppression. The first event is the absorption of "UV" photons by chromophores, or so-called photoreceptors, such as DNA and urocanic acid (UCA) in the upper cell layers of the skin. Upon absorption of UV radiation, trans-UCA isomerizes to the cis-isomer. Cis-UCA is likely the most important mediator of UV-induced immunosuppression, as this compound has been shown to modulate the induction of contact type hypersensitivity and delayed type hypersensitivity, allograft rejection, and the functions of monocytes and T-lymphocytes as well as natural killer cells. The real consequences of UV-induced immunomodulation on resistance to infectious diseases for humans are not fully known. Risk estimations have been performed through extrapolation of animal data, obtained from infection models, to the human situation. This estimation indicated that UV doses relevant to outdoor exposure can impair the human immune system sufficiently to have effects on resistance to infections, but also indicated that human data are necessary to further quantify and validate this risk estimation. Further information has been obtained from vaccination studies in human volunteers as ethical reasons prohibit studies with infectious agents. Studies in mice and human volunteers on the effects of prior UVB exposure on hepatitis B vaccination responses revealed suppressed cellular and humoral immune responses in mice but not in human volunteers. However, subgroups within the performed human volunteer study made by determination of cytokine polymorphisms or UVB-induced mediators, revealed that some individuals have suppressed hepatitis B vaccination responses after UVB exposure. Thus, it might be concluded that the human immune system can be affected by UVB exposure, and decreased resistance to infectious diseases can be expected after sun exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Sleijffers
- Laboratory for Toxicology, Pathology and Genetics, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Pan L, Wang X, Yang S, Wu X, Lee I, Zhang X, Rupp RA, Xu J. Ultraviolet irradiation-dependent fluorescence enhancement of hemoglobin catalyzed by reactive oxygen species. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44142. [PMID: 22952902 PMCID: PMC3431334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light has a potent effect on biological organisms. Hemoglobin, an oxygen-transport protein, plays an irreplaceable role in sustaining life of all vertebrates. In this study we scrutinize the effects of ultraviolet irradiation (UVI) as well as visible irradiation on the fluorescence characteristics of bovine hemoglobin (BHb) in vitro. Data show that UVI results in fluorescence enhancement of BHb in a dose-dependant manner. Furthermore, UVI-induced fluorescence enhancement is significantly increased when BHb is pretreated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a type of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Meanwhile, The water-soluble antioxidant vitamin C suppresses this UVI-induced fluorescence enhancement. In contrast, green light irradiation does not lead to fluorescence enhancement of BHb no matter whether H2O2 is acting on the BHb solution or not. Taken together, these results indicate that catalysis of ROS and UVI-dependent irradiation play two key roles in the process of UVI-induced fluorescence enhancement of BHb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiting Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Applied Physics School and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail: (LP); (JX)
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Applied Physics School and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuying Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Applied Physics School and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xian Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Applied Physics School and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Imshik Lee
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Applied Physics School and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinzheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Applied Physics School and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Romano A. Rupp
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Applied Physics School and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Faculty of Physics, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jingjun Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Applied Physics School and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail: (LP); (JX)
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Xiang Y, Liu G, Yang L, Zhong JL. UVA-induced protection of skin through the induction of heme oxygenase-1. Biosci Trends 2012; 5:239-44. [PMID: 22281537 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2011.v5.6.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
UVA (320-400 nm) and UVB (290-320 nm) are the major components of solar UV irradiation, which is associated with various pathological conditions. UVB causes direct damage to DNA of epidermal cells and is mainly responsible for erythema, immunosuppression, photoaging, and skin cancer. UVA has oxidizing properties that can cause damage or enhance UVB damaging effects on skin. On the other hand, UVA can also lead to high levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression of cells that can provide an antioxidant effect on skin as well as anti-inflammatory properties in mammals and rodents. Therefore, this review focuses on the potential protection of UVA wavebands for the skin immune response, instead of mechanisms that underlie UVA-induced damage. Also, the role of HO-1 in UVA-mediated protection against UVB-induced immunosuppression in skin will be summarized. Thus, this review facilitates further understanding of potential beneficial mechanisms of UVA irradiation, and using the longer UVA (UVA1, 340-400 nm) in combination with HO-1 for phototherapy and skin protection against sunlight exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuancai Xiang
- The "111 Project" Laboratory of Biomechanics & Tissue Repair Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, China
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Halliday GM, Byrne SN, Damian DL. Ultraviolet A Radiation: Its Role in Immunosuppression and Carcinogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 30:214-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sder.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Alves LF, Gargano R, Alcanfor SK, Romeiro LA, Martins JB. A chromophoric study of 2-ethylhexyl p-methoxycinnamate. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Linder N, Abudi Y, Abdalla W, Badir M, Amitai Y, Samuels J, Mendelson E, Levy I. Effect of season of inoculation on immune response to rubella vaccine in children. J Trop Pediatr 2011; 57:299-302. [PMID: 19889749 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmp104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The yearly seasons are marked by changes in the amount of sunlight. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is known to adversely affect the course of viral infections, immunologic memory and cellular and humoral immune responses. Our objectives were to investigate potential differences in the immune response of the rubella vaccine after 3-4 years by season of inoculation. Children aged 4-5 years attending four kindergartens in villages in northern Israel, all of whom had been vaccinated at 1 year of age, were enrolled in the study. Participants were divided into three groups by season of the year in which the inoculation was performed: summer (N = 63), winter (N = 36) and intermediate (N = 104). Main outcome measures were mean geometrical titer of rubella antibodies and complete, partial or no immunity to rubella by season of inoculation. Of the 203 children tested, 186 (91.6%) had adequate antibody levels, 7 (3.4%) had equivocal levels and 10 (4.9%) had inadequate levels. Significantly higher mean geometrical titers were found in the winter-inoculated compared with the summer-inoculated group (73.0 ± 2.6 vs 47.6 ± 2.8; p < 0.05). The same tendency was noted in the percent of infants properly immunized. This preliminary study shows a strong correlation between the immune response to rubella vaccine and the season of vaccination. Immunogenicity may be improved by inoculating children during seasons of less sunlight or by reducing the children's exposure to sunlight following inoculation. This practice is especially important in areas with extreme seasonal variability in solar radiation and tropical areas. Further studies are needed to corroborate and expand these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehama Linder
- Department of Neonatology, Rabin Medical Center, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.
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Puebla-Osorio N, Miyahara Y, Coimbatore S, Limón-Flores AY, Kazimi N, Ullrich SE, Zhu C. Induction of B-cell lymphoma by UVB radiation in p53 haploinsufficient mice. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:36. [PMID: 21269511 PMCID: PMC3041776 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has increased over recent years. The exact etiology of lymphoma remains unknown. Ultraviolet light exposure has been associated with the development of internal lymphoid malignancies and some reports suggest that it may play a role in the development of lymphoma in humans. Here we describe the characterization and progression of lymphoma in p53 heterozygous mice exposed to UVB irradiation. METHODS UVB-irradiated p53+/- mice developed enlargement of the spleen. Isolated spleen cells were transplanted into Rag deficient hosts. The UV-induced tumor cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The tumor cells were tagged with GFP to study their metastatic potential. SKY and karyotypic analysis were carried out for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities. Functional assays included in vitro class switch recombination assay, immunoglobulin rearrangement assay, as well as cytokine profiling. RESULTS UVB-exposed mice showed enlargement of the spleen and lymph nodes. Cells transplanted into Rag deficient mice developed aggressive tumors that infiltrated the lymph nodes, the spleen and the bone marrow. The tumor cells did not grow in immune competent syngeneic C57Bl/6 mice yet showed a modest growth in UV-irradiated B6 mice. Phenotypic analysis of these tumor cells revealed these cells are positive for B cell markers CD19+, CD5+, B220+, IgM+ and negative for T cell, NK or dendritic cell markers. The UV-induced tumor cells underwent robust in vitro immunoglobulin class switch recombination in response to lipopolysaccharide. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a t(14;19) translocation and trisomy of chromosome 6. These tumor cells secret IL-10, which can promote tumor growth and cause systemic immunosuppression. CONCLUSION UV-irradiated p53+/- mice developed lymphoid tumors that corresponded to a mature B cell lymphoma. Our results suggest that an indirect mechanism is involved in the development of internal tumors after chronic exposure to UV light. The induction of B cell lymphoma in UV-irradiated p53 heterozygous mice may provide a useful model for lymphoma development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahum Puebla-Osorio
- Department of Immunology and the Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Toda M, Wang L, Ogura S, Torii M, Kurachi M, Kakimi K, Nishikawa H, Matsushima K, Shiku H, Kuribayashi K, Kato T. UV irradiation of immunized mice induces type 1 regulatory T cells that suppress tumor antigen specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:1126-36. [PMID: 21710495 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that exposure to UV radiation after immunization suppresses Th1 and Th2 immune responses, leading to impaired Ab and allo-immune responses, but the impact of UV radiation after immunization on anti-tumor immune responses mediated by tumor-specific CD8(+) T cell responses remains less clear. Furthermore, the exact phenotypic and functional characteristics of regulatory T cell population responsible for the UV-induced immunosuppression still remain elusive. Using the MBL-2 lymphoma cell line engineered to express OVA as a surrogate tumor Ag, here we demonstrate that UV irradiation after tumor Ag-immunization suppresses the anti-tumor immune response in a manner dependent on the immunizing Ag. This suppression was mediated by interleukin (IL)-10 released from CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells, by which impaired the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) able to kill Ag-expressing tumor cells. In addition, we generated a panel of T cell clones from UV-irradiated and non-irradiated mice, and all of the clones derived from UV-irradiated mice had a Tr1-type regulatory T cell phenotype with expression of IL-10 and c-Maf, but not Foxp3. These Tr1-type regulatory T cell clones suppressed tumor rejection in vivo as well as Th cell activation in vitro in an IL-10 dependent manner. Given that suppression of Ag-specific CTL responses can be induced in Ag-sensitized mice by UV irradiation, our results may imply that exposure to UV radiation during premalignant stage induces tumor-Ag specific Tr1 cells that mediate tumor-Ag specific immune suppression resulting in the promotion of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Toda
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Mie Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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Chacón-Salinas R, Limón-Flores AY, Chávez-Blanco AD, Gonzalez-Estrada A, Ullrich SE. Mast cell-derived IL-10 suppresses germinal center formation by affecting T follicular helper cell function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:25-31. [PMID: 21098222 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The most prevalent cancer diagnosed in the world is sunlight-induced skin cancer. In addition to being a complete carcinogen, UV radiation, the causative agent of skin cancer, induces immune suppression. Because UV-induced immune suppression is a well-recognized risk factor for skin cancer induction, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms underlying UV-induced immune suppression. Mast cells, which have recently emerged as immune regulatory cells, are particularly important in UV-induced immune suppression. UV exposure does not induce immune suppression in mast cell-deficient mice. We report that UV irradiation blocks germinal center (GC) formation, Ab secretion, and T follicular helper (Tfh) cell function, in part by altering the expression of transcription factors BCL-6 and BLIMP-1. No suppression of GC formation, Tfh cell IL-21 expression, or Ab secretion was observed in UV-irradiated mast cell-deficient (Kit(W-sh/W-sh)) mice. When mast cell-deficient mice were reconstituted with wild type mast cells, immune suppression was restored. Reconstituting the mast cell-deficient mice with bone marrow-derived mast cells from IL-10-deficient mice failed to restore the ability of UV radiation to suppress GC formation. Our findings demonstrate a function for mast cells, suppression of Tfh cell production, GC formation, and Ab production in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommel Chacón-Salinas
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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26
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Rana S, Rogers LJ, Halliday GM. Immunosuppressive ultraviolet-A radiation inhibits the development of skin memory CD8 T cells. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 9:25-30. [PMID: 20062841 DOI: 10.1039/b9pp00051h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation can have dual affects on the immune system depending on dose. At doses of approximately 1.8 J cm(-2), UVA acts in an immunosuppressive manner, whilst at higher doses UVA can promote recovery and protection against UVB-induced immunosuppression in mice. We utilised a model of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) to investigate how different doses of UVA modulates CD8 T cell immunity against a hapten in vivo. Only 1.8 J cm(-2) UVA decreased the CHS response compared to unirradiated mice, but this did not correlate with an inhibition of primary effector CD8 T cells. A similar expansion of effector CD8 T cells in skin-draining lymph nodes and accumulation of IFN-gamma-producing CD8 T cells in the ear skin was observed between unirradiated and UVA-irradiated mice. However, dermal memory CD8 T cells examined 9 weeks post challenge showed decreased numbers in mice irradiated with 1.8 J cm(-2) UVA compared with unirradiated, 1.3 J cm(-2) and 3.4 J cm(-2) UVA-irradiated mice. Therefore, UVA does not inhibit the expansion, migration or IFN-gamma secretion of CD8 T cells during a primary immune response. However, exposure to immunosuppressive UVA causes a defect in CD8 T cell development that impairs the ability of cells to become long-term memory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabita Rana
- Discipline of Dermatology, Bosch Institute, Sydney Cancer Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Muthusamy V, Piva TJ. The UV response of the skin: a review of the MAPK, NFkappaB and TNFalpha signal transduction pathways. Arch Dermatol Res 2009; 302:5-17. [PMID: 19756672 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-009-0994-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The sun emits different types of ultraviolet (UV) light. Our skin is a natural target of UV radiation which is involved in vitamin D3 production in our body. UV radiation at high doses is an environmental carcinogen which can elicit skin damage as well as inducing skin cancer. It can mediate inflammatory and immunological reactions through activation of receptors, DNA/RNA damage and production of reactive oxygen species. It is also involved in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, of which TNFalpha has been implicated in tumorigenic activities. In order to mediate its effects, UV radiation is known to activate multiple signalling cascades such as the p38 MAPK, Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and NFkappaB pathways in skin cells. The role each of these pathways plays in mediating the release of cytokines such as TNFalpha remains to be fully characterized. Once the function of these pathways is known, this information may provide for the formulation of therapy which will prevent the release of immunosuppressive cytokines resulting in a reduction in skin cancer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visalini Muthusamy
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
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Ridley AJ, Whiteside JR, McMillan TJ, Allinson SL. Cellular and sub-cellular responses to UVA in relation to carcinogenesis. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 85:177-95. [PMID: 19296341 DOI: 10.1080/09553000902740150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE UVA radiation (315-400 nm) contributes to skin aging and carcinogenesis. The aim of this review is to consider the mechanisms that underlie UVA-induced cellular damage, how this damage may be prevented or repaired and the signal transduction processes that are elicited in response to it. RESULTS Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light is well-established as the causative factor in skin cancer. Until recently, most work on the mechanisms that underlie skin carcinogenesis focused on shorter wavelength UVB radiation (280-315 nm), however in recent years there has been increased interest in the contribution made by UVA. UVA is able to cause a range of damage to cellular biomolecules including lipid peroxidation, oxidized protein and DNA damage, such as 8-oxoguanine and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. Such damage is strongly implicated in both cell death and malignant transformation and cells have a number of mechanisms in place to mitigate the effects of UVA exposure, including antioxidants, DNA repair, and stress signalling pathways. CONCLUSIONS The past decade has seen a surge of interest in the biological effects of UVA exposure as its significance to the process of photo-carcinogenesis has become increasingly evident. However, unpicking the unique complexity of the cellular response to UVA, which is only now becoming apparent, will be a major challenge for the field of photobiology in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ridley
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, UK.
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Abstract
Human skin is repeatedly exposed to UVR that influences the function and survival of many cell types and is regarded as the main causative factor in the induction of skin cancer. It has been traditionally believed that skin pigmentation is the most important photoprotective factor, as melanin, besides functioning as a broadband UV absorbent, has antioxidant and radical scavenging properties. Besides, many epidemiological studies have shown a lower incidence for skin cancer in individuals with darker skin compared to those with fair skin. Skin pigmentation is of great cultural and cosmetic importance, yet the role of melanin in photoprotection is still controversial. This article outlines the major acute and chronic effects of UVR on human skin, the properties of melanin, the regulation of pigmentation and its effect on skin cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Brenner
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Byrne SN, Limón-Flores AY, Ullrich SE. Mast cell migration from the skin to the draining lymph nodes upon ultraviolet irradiation represents a key step in the induction of immune suppression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4648-55. [PMID: 18354188 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.4648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The UV radiation in sunlight is the primary cause of skin cancer. UV is also immunosuppressive and numerous studies have shown that UV-induced immune suppression is a major risk factor for skin cancer induction. Previous studies demonstrated that dermal mast cells play a critical role in the induction of immune suppression. Mast cell-deficient mice are resistant to the immunosuppressive effects of UV radiation, and UV-induced immune suppression can be restored by injecting bone marrow-derived mast cells into the skin of mast cell- deficient mice. The exact process however, by which mast cells contribute to immune suppression, is not known. In this study, we show that one of the first steps in the induction of immune suppression is mast cell migration from the skin to the draining lymph nodes. UV exposure, in a dose-dependent manner, causes a significant increase in lymph node mast cell numbers. When GFP(+) skin was grafted onto mast cell-deficient mice, we found that GFP(+) mast cells preferentially migrated into the lymph nodes draining the skin. The mast cells migrated primarily to the B cell areas of the draining nodes. Mast cells express CXCR4(+) and UV exposure up-regulated the expression of its ligand CXCL12 by lymph node B cells. Treating UV-irradiated mice with a CXCR4 antagonist blocked mast cell migration and abrogated UV-induced immune suppression. Our findings indicate that UV-induced mast cell migration to draining lymph nodes, mediated by CXCR4 interacting with CXCL12, represents a key early step in UV-induced immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Byrne
- Department of Immunology and Center for Cancer Immunology Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Halliday GM, Rana S. Waveband and dose dependency of sunlight-induced immunomodulation and cellular changes. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:35-46. [PMID: 18173699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Both the UVB and UVA wavebands within sunlight are immunosuppressive. This article reviews the relationship between wavebands and dose in UV-induced immunosuppression mainly concentrating on responses in humans. It also contrasts the effects of UVB and UVA on cellular changes involved in immunosuppression. Over physiological sunlight doses to which humans can be exposed during routine daily living or recreational pursuits, both UVA and UVB suppress immunity. While there is a linear dose relationship with UVB commencing at doses less than half of what is required to cause sunburn, UVA has a bell-shaped dose response over the range to which humans can be realistically exposed. At doses too low for either waveband to be suppressive, interactions between UVA and UVB augment each other, enabling immunosuppression to occur. At doses beyond where UVA is immunosuppressive, it still contributes to sunlight-induced immunosuppression via this interaction with UVB. While there is little research comparing the mechanisms by which UVB, UVA and their interactions can cause immunosuppression, it is likely that different chromophores and early molecular events are involved. There is evidence that both wavebands disrupt antigen presentation and effect T cell responses. Different individuals are likely to have different immunomodulatory responses to sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Halliday
- Dermatology Research Laboratories, Melanoma and Skin Cancer Research Institute and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Halliday GM, Lyons JG. Inflammatory Doses of UV May Not Be Necessary for Skin Carcinogenesis. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:272-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Hori T, Kuribayashi K, Uemoto S, Saito K, Wang L, Torii M, Shibutani S, Taniguchi K, Yagi S, Iida T, Yamamoto C, Kato T. Alloantigen-specific prolongation of allograft survival in recipient mice treated by alloantigen immunization following ultraviolet-B irradiation. Transpl Immunol 2007; 19:45-54. [PMID: 18346637 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It is well documented that ultraviolet (UV) radiation present in sunlight suppresses immune responses. However, the majority of studies documenting the immunosuppressive effects of UV irradiation have been carried out in animals exposed to UV irradiation before immunization. Here, we report that recipient mice exposed to UV irradiation 7 days after immunization with a donor alloantigen exhibited prolongation of allograft survival in an alloantigen-specific manner. Recipient mice (H-2(b)) intravenously immunized with 2 x 10(7) allogeneic spleen cells (H-2(b/d)) 7 days before UV irradiation (40 kJ/m(2)) showed prolonged survival of allografts presenting the alloantigen used for sensitization (H-2(b/d)), but not third-party allografts (H-2(b/k)). Adoptive transfer experiments revealed that CD4(+) T cells in UV-irradiated recipients were responsible for this prolongation. CD4(+) T cells that could transfer the suppression produced large amounts of interleukin (IL)-10, but not IL-4. The effect of UV irradiation on alloantigen-specific immunosuppression was cancelled by administration of an anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody. These results indicate that UV irradiation given after alloantigen immunization induces alloantigen-specific type 1 regulatory T cell-like regulatory T cells that prolong allograft survival and imply that the difficulties associated with predicting donor-related organ availability in transplantation can be dealt with, given the effectiveness of UV irradiation after immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohide Hori
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie Prefecture, 514-8507, Japan.
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Wang L, Toda M, Saito K, Hori T, Horii T, Shiku H, Kuribayashi K, Kato T. Post-immune UV irradiation induces Tr1-like regulatory T cells that suppress humoral immune responses. Int Immunol 2007; 20:57-70. [PMID: 18006879 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that UV radiation present in sunlight suppresses immune responses, especially T(h)1-driven cellular immune responses, resulting in the exacerbation of skin cancer and infectious diseases. However, the effects of UV irradiation on humoral immune responses remain less clearly defined. In addition, the majority of studies documenting immunosuppressive effects of UV irradiation has been demonstrated in animals exposed to UV radiation before immunization. In the present study, therefore, we examined the effects of UV irradiation on humoral immune responses in mice that had been immunized before UV irradiation. Both T(h)1- and T(h)2-associated Ig responses were significantly suppressed by UV irradiation given 7 days after immunization in an antigen-specific manner. Adoptive transfer experiments revealed that CD4(+) T cells from UV-irradiated mice are responsible for the UV-induced suppression of antibody responses. These CD4(+) regulatory T cells suppressed proliferation of conventional CD4(+) T cells in vivo and in vitro and contained IL-10-producing cells that did not express Foxp3. Mice depleted of CD25(+) cells also exhibited reduced antibody responses by UV irradiation. Finally, we showed that CD4(+) T cells from UV-irradiated mice treated with anti-IL-10 mAb failed to suppress antibody responses upon transfer. These results indicate that UV irradiation after immunization suppresses T(h)1- and T(h)2-mediated humoral immunity via the generation of Tr1-like regulatory T cells, in the process of which IL-10 appears to be important. Possible detrimental effects of UV irradiation after vaccination are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Wang
- Department of Bioregulation, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
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Squamous Cell and Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Skin in Relation to Radiation Therapy and Potential Modification of Risk by Sun Exposure. Epidemiology 2007; 18:776-84. [DOI: 10.1097/ede.0b013e3181567ebe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ibuki Y, Allanson M, Dixon KM, Reeve VE. Radiation Sources Providing Increased UVA/UVB Ratios Attenuate the Apoptotic Effects of the UVB Waveband UVA-Dose-Dependently in Hairless Mouse Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:2236-44. [PMID: 17476293 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
UV radiation-induced epidermal apoptotic sunburn cells provide a mechanism for eliminating cells with irreparable DNA damage. The UVB (290-320 nm) waveband is mainly responsible, but the role of UVA (320-400 nm) is less clear, and possible waveband interactions have not been examined. Recent studies in mice reveal a protective role for UVA against UVB-induced inflammation and immunosuppression, mediated via cutaneous heme oxygenase (HO). As HO has antiapoptotic properties in other tissues, this study examines the effect of UVA/UVB waveband interaction on apoptosis in the Skh:hr-1 hairless mouse epidermis. Apoptosis was assessed by sunburn cell number, caspase-3-positive cell number, and degree of DNA fragmentation, in mice exposed to radiation sources providing a constant UVB dose with increasing proportions of UVA. The results indicated that as the UVA/UVB ratio was increased, both the sunburn cell and caspase-3-positive cell number decreased, and the degree of DNA fragmentation was reduced. Treatment of mice with the HO inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin-IX, markedly reduced the UVA antiapoptotic effect, confirming a major role for HO. The observations suggest that UVA reduces UVB-induced DNA damage, and may therefore have anti-photocarcinogenic properties that could be harnessed for better photoprotection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ibuki
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Ullrich SE, Nghiem DX, Khaskina P. Suppression of an established immune response by UVA--a critical role for mast cells. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 83:1095-100. [PMID: 17880504 PMCID: PMC2515596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposing experimental animals or human volunteers to UVA II (320-340 nm) radiation after immunization suppresses immunologic memory and the elicitation of delayed-in-time hypersensitivity reactions. Previous studies indicated that the mechanisms underlying UVA-induced immune suppression are similar to those described for UVB-induced immune suppression, i.e. transferred by T regulatory cells, overcome by repairing DNA damage, neutralizing interleukin (IL)-10 activity, or injecting recombinant IL-12. Here we continued our examination of the mechanisms involved in UVA II-induced suppression. Antibodies to cis-urocanic acid blocked UVA-induced immune suppression. Treating UVA-irradiated mice with histamine receptor antagonists, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists or platelet activating factor receptor antagonists blocked immune suppression in UVA-irradiated mice. In light of the fact that cis-urocanic acid and CGRP target mast cells, which can then release platelet activating factor and histamine, we measured UVA-induced immune suppression in mast cell-deficient mice. No immune suppression was noted in UVA-irradiated mast cell-deficient mice. These findings indicate that exposure to UVA II activates many of the same immune regulatory factors activated by UVB to induce immune suppression. Moreover, they indicate that mast cells play a critical role in UVA-induced suppression of secondary immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Ullrich
- Department of Immunology and the Center for Cancer Immunology Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Stoebner PE, Poosti R, Djoukelfit K, Martinez J, Meunier L. Decreased human epidermal antigen-presenting cell activity after ultraviolet A exposure: dose–response effects and protection by sunscreens. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156:1315-20. [PMID: 17535231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet (UV) exposure of human skin causes immunosuppression that contributes to the growth of skin cancer. The contribution of UVA in these processes is still a matter of debate. OBJECTIVES The purpose of our study was first to find a dose-response effect of UVA exposure on human epidermal antigen-presenting cell (APC) activity and to evaluate the protective capacity of two sunscreen formulations against a high level of acute UVA exposure. We also tried to evaluate the protective capacity afforded by the same sunscreens against UVA-induced clinical changes such as redness and pigmentation. METHODS The functional assessment of the alloantigen-presenting capacity of epidermal cells prepared from skin keratotome samples 3 days after UVA exposure was measured with a mixed epidermal cell-lymphocyte reaction (MECLR) in each healthy volunteer (n = 16). Redness and pigmentation were assessed by chromametry 24 h after exposure to a single UVA dose. RESULTS In vivo UVA exposure to 15, 30 and 60 J cm(-2) resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in purified allogeneic T cell (CD4+ T cells) proliferation induced by UVA-irradiated epidermal cells. The epidermal APC function was significantly decreased with a suberythemal exposure corresponding to 15 J cm(-2). The decrease, partial and not statistically different between 30 and 60 J cm(-2), exhibits a plateau-response effect. There was no correlation between the decrease of the epidermal APC function and the intensity of erythema and persistent pigment darkening. Both sunscreen formulations strongly inhibited the UVA-induced reduction of MECLR at 90 J cm(-2). CONCLUSION Our results clearly demonstrate that UVA impairs the APC activity of the epidermal cells and thus may contribute to UV-induced immunosuppression in humans. They also indicate that erythema and immunosuppression have different dose-response curves in the UVA range. The two sunscreen formulations afforded a significant protection against the decrease in epidermal APC activity induced by exposure to a high UVA dose (90 J cm(-2)).
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Stoebner
- Service de Dermatologie, CHU Caremeau, Place du Pr. Debre, 30029 Nîmes cedex 09, France
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Reeve VE, Domanski D. Refractoriness of UVA-induced Protection from Photoimmunosuppression Correlates with Heme Oxygenase Response to Repeated UVA Exposure¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760401rouipf2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kim TH, Ananthaswamy HN, Kripke ML, Ullrich SE. Advantages of Using Hairless Mice Versus Haired Mice to Test Sunscreen Efficacy Against Photoimmune Suppression¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0780037aouhmv2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Reuder J, Ghezzi F, Palenque E, Torrez R, Andrade M, Zaratti F. Investigations on the effect of high surface albedo on erythemally effective UV irradiance: Results of a campaign at the Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2007; 87:1-8. [PMID: 17227712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Measurements and model calculations have been performed to study the effect of high surface albedo on erythemally effective UV irradiance. A central part of the investigation has been a one week measurement campaign at Salar de Uyuni in the Southern part of the Bolivian Altiplano. The Salar de Uyuni, the largest salt lake of the world, is characterized by largely homogeneous surface conditions during most of the year. Albedo measurements performed by an UV radiometer result in a reflectivity for erythemally effective radiation of 0.69+/-0.02. The measurements show hardly any dependency on solar elevation, indicating the homogeneity of the surface and nearly isotropic reflection properties of the Salar. The effects of the high albedo surface on the erythemally effective irradiance, i.e. the UV index (UVI), has been experimentally determined by simultaneous measurements of several UV radiometers located at different sites around and on the Salar. In this context a method for the minimization of systematic deviations between the individual detectors used for the investigation is presented. It ensures the intercomparability of the performed UV measurements within +/-2% which is a distinct improvement compared to the typical absolute accuracy of UV irradiance measurements in the order of +/-5%. For solar elevations around 50 degrees the UVI measured close to the center of the Salar is typically enhanced by 20% compared to the values determined outside. Towards lower solar elevations this increase becomes slightly weaker. The measurements agree well with both, own corresponding 1D and previously published 3D radiative transfer calculations from literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Reuder
- University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute, Allégaten 70, N-5007 Bergen, Norway.
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Walterscheid JP, Nghiem DX, Kazimi N, Nutt LK, McConkey DJ, Norval M, Ullrich SE. Cis-urocanic acid, a sunlight-induced immunosuppressive factor, activates immune suppression via the 5-HT2A receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:17420-5. [PMID: 17085585 PMCID: PMC1859944 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603119103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to UV radiation induces skin cancer and suppresses the immune response. To induce immune suppression, the electromagnetic energy of UV radiation must be absorbed by an epidermal photoreceptor and converted into a biologically recognizable signal. Two photoreceptors have been recognized: DNA and trans-urocanic acid (UCA). Trans-UCA is normally found in the outermost layer of skin and isomerizes to the cis isomer upon exposure to UV radiation. Although UCA was identified as a UV photoreceptor years ago, and many have documented its ability to induce immune suppression, its exact mode of action remains elusive. Particularly vexing has been the identity of the molecular pathway by which cis-UCA mediates immune suppression. Here we provide evidence that cis-UCA binds to the serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] receptor with relatively high affinity (Kd = 4.6 nM). Anti-cis-UCA antibody precipitates radiolabeled 5-HT, and the binding is inhibited by excess 5-HT and/or excess cis-UCA. Similarly, anti-5-HT antibody precipitates radiolabeled cis-UCA, and the binding is inhibited by excess 5-HT or excess cis-UCA. Calcium mobilization was activated when a mouse fibroblast line, stably transfected with the human 5-HT2A receptor, was treated with cis-UCA. Cis-UCA-induced calcium mobilization was blocked with a selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist. UV- and cis-UCA-induced immune suppression was blocked by antiserotonin antibodies or by treating the mice with 5-HT2A receptor antagonists. Our findings identify cis-UCA as a serotonin receptor ligand and indicate that the immunosuppressive effects of cis-UCA and UV radiation are mediated by activation of the 5-HT2A receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P. Walterscheid
- *Department of Immunology and Center for Cancer Immunology Research and
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Dat X. Nghiem
- *Department of Immunology and Center for Cancer Immunology Research and
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Nasser Kazimi
- *Department of Immunology and Center for Cancer Immunology Research and
| | - Leta K. Nutt
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - David J. McConkey
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Mary Norval
- Medical Microbiology, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Stephen E. Ullrich
- *Department of Immunology and Center for Cancer Immunology Research and
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Department of Immunology/Unit 902, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail:
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Matsumura Y, Byrne SN, Nghiem DX, Miyahara Y, Ullrich SE. A role for inflammatory mediators in the induction of immunoregulatory B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:4810-7. [PMID: 16982922 PMCID: PMC1579249 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UV exposure suppresses the immune response to a variety of microbial, fungal, and viral Ags. In addition, UV radiation is a complete carcinogen and the immune suppression induced by UV radiation is a major risk factor for skin cancer induction. In this study, we examined the mechanisms underlying the induction of immune suppression and tolerance induction by UV radiation. Transferring lymph nodes cells from UV-irradiated, FITC-sensitized mice into normal recipients transferred immune tolerance. Contrary to expectations, the cell responsible was an FITC(+), IL-10-secreting, CD19(+), B220(+) B cell. Because the lipid mediator of inflammation, platelet-activating factor (PAF) is released by UV-irradiated keratinocytes and is essential for the induction of immune suppression, we determined its role in tolerance induction. When UV-irradiated mice were injected with PCA 4248, a selective PAF receptor (PAFR) antagonist, transfer of tolerance was suppressed. However, immune suppression was not transferred when FITC(+) cells from the draining lymph nodes of UV-irradiated, PAFR-deficient donor mice were injected into the recipients. Because PCA 4248 also blocks serotonin receptor binding, we measured the effect that blocking both serotonin and PAFR binding has on the transfer of immune suppression. Only when both PAF and serotonin binding were blocked could we inhibit tolerance induction. These data identify a novel function for PAF and serotonin in modulating immune function, the activation of immunoregulatory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Matsumura
- Department of Immunology and Center for Cancer Immunology Research, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Scott N. Byrne
- Department of Immunology and Center for Cancer Immunology Research, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Dat X. Nghiem
- Department of Immunology and Center for Cancer Immunology Research, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; and
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77225
| | - Yasuko Miyahara
- Department of Immunology and Center for Cancer Immunology Research, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Stephen E. Ullrich
- Department of Immunology and Center for Cancer Immunology Research, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; and
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77225
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Stephen E. Ullrich, Department of Immunology-902, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail address:
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Francis SO, Mahlberg MJ, Johnson KR, Ming ME, Dellavalle RP. Melanoma chemoprevention. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 55:849-61. [PMID: 17052492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite efforts to promote sun protection behaviors, melanoma incidence continues to increase. The prognosis of advanced melanoma remains extremely poor in spite of treatment advances, emphasizing the importance of exploring additional preventive measures. OBJECTIVE We sought to summarize the results of published research on candidate chemoprevention agents for melanoma. METHODS We conducted a narrative review of the literature. RESULTS Investigation into a possible role in melanoma chemoprevention continues for multiple agents, including sunscreen, lipid-lowering medications, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, dietary nutrients, immunomodulators, and other drugs, including retinoids, difluoromethylornithine, and T4 endonuclease V. LIMITATIONS Systematic review of the literature was not performed. CONCLUSION Because no agent yet emerges as a clear choice for effective melanoma chemoprevention, sun avoidance and sun protection remain the mainstay of melanoma prevention for persons at high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayla O Francis
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Meves A, Repacholi MH. Does ultraviolet radiation affect vaccination efficacy? Int J Dermatol 2006; 45:1019-24. [PMID: 16961502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.02959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Meves
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN 55905, USA.
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Greinix HT, Socié G, Bacigalupo A, Holler E, Edinger MG, Apperley JF, Schwarz T, Ullrich SE, Albert ML, Knobler RM, Peritt D, Ferrara JLM. Assessing the potential role of photopheresis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 38:265-73. [PMID: 16883310 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The First International Symposium on Photopheresis in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation was held in Vienna, Austria with an educational grant from Therakos Inc. from 25 May to 27 May 2005. Three general issues were addressed: (1) pathophysiology of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), (2) induction of immune tolerance and the immunology of phototherapy and (3) current standard treatment and prevention strategies of acute and chronic GvHD and the use of extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP). The objectives of the meeting were to open a dialogue among leading researchers in photobiology, immunology, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; foster discussions and suggestions for future studies of the mechanism of action of ECP in acute and chronic GvHD; and promote collaboration between basic scientists and clinicians. As can be seen from the summaries of the individual presentations, important advances have been made in our understanding of GvHD, including the use of photoimmunology interventions and the development of robust model systems. It is our expectation that data from photoimmunology studies can be used to generate hypotheses in animal models that can further define the mechanism of action of ECP and help translate the findings to clinical trials of ECP for the prophylaxis and treatment of both chronic and acute GvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Greinix
- Department of Internal Medicine I/BMT, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Byrne SN, Spinks N, Halliday GM. The induction of immunity to a protein antigen using an adjuvant is significantly compromised by ultraviolet A radiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2006; 84:128-34. [PMID: 16563795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight causes skin cancer and inhibits priming of the immune system during vaccination. However the dose related effects of the different components of sunlight (UVA and UVB) are complex and require further investigation. Using ovalbumin as a model protein vaccine with saponin as adjuvant we show that both UVA and UVB can suppress the DTH response to a poorly immunogenic protein. Increasing doses of UVB induced increased levels of immunosuppression and tolerance. UVA however, caused a bi-phasic dose response with intermediate but not low or high doses causing primary immunosuppression. No dose of UVA caused significant tolerance. Similar results were observed in both C57BL/6 and Balb/c mice. Our data confirms the complex immunomodulatory dose effects of UVA and UVB for a protein antigen, and shows that both UVB and UVA can suppress immunity induced by a protein with adjuvant. This highlights the importance of considering sun exposure patterns in the future success of both preventing skin cancer development and enhancing vaccination regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Byrne
- Department of Medicine, Dermatology Research Laboratories, Melanoma and Skin Cancer Research Institute, Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital at the University of Sydney, 2006, Australia
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Steerenberg PA, Daamen F, Weesendorp E, Van Loveren H. No adaptation to UV-induced immunosuppression and DNA damage following exposure of mice to chronic UV-exposure. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2006; 84:28-37. [PMID: 16504533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2005] [Revised: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces erythema, immunosuppression and carcinogenesis. We hypothesized that chronic exposure to solar UV radiation induces adaptation that eventually prevents the suppression of acquired immunity. We studied adaptation for UV-induced immunosuppression after chronic exposure of mice to a suberythemal dose of solar simulated radiation (SSR) with Cleo Natural lamps, and subsequent exposure to an immunosuppressive dose of solar or UVB radiation (TL12). After UV dosing, the mice were sensitized and challenged with either diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) or picryl chloride (PCl). To assess the adaptation induced by solar simulated radiation, we measured the proliferative response and cytokine production of skin-draining lymph node cells after immunization to DPCP, the contact hypersensitivity (CHS) response to PCl, and thymine-thymine (T-T) cyclobutane dimers in the skin of mice. After induction of immunosuppression by SSR or by TL12 lamps, the proliferative response of draining lymph node cells after challenge with DPCP, or the CHS after challenge with PCl, showed significant suppression of the immune response. Chronic irradiation from SSR preceding the immunosuppressive dose of UV failed to restore the suppressed immune response. Reduced lipopolysaccharide-triggered cytokine production (of IL-12p40, IFN-gamma, IL-6 and TNF-alpha) by draining lymph node cells of mice sensitized and challenged with DPCP indicated that no adaptation is induced. In addition, the mice were not protected from T-T dimer DNA damage after chronic solar irradiation. Our studies reveal no evidence that chronic exposure to low doses of SSR induces adaptation to UV-induced suppression of acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Steerenberg
- Laboratory for Toxicology, Pathology and Genetics, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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50
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Morales-Suárez-Varela MM, Olsen J, Johansen P, Kaerlev L, Guénel P, Arveux P, Wingren G, Hardell L, Ahrens W, Stang A, Llopis A, Merletti F, Guillen-Grima F, Masala G. Occupational Sun Exposure and Mycosis Fungoides: A European Multicenter Case???Control Study. J Occup Environ Med 2006; 48:390-3. [PMID: 16607193 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000194160.95468.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to study the association between occupational sun exposure and mycosis fungoides (MF), a peripheral T-cell lymphoma. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A European multicenter case-control study including seven rare cases (one being MF) was conducted between 1995 and 1997. From the 118 accepted cases, 104 were interviewed, of which 76 were definite cases. Population controls were selected randomly from the regions of case ascertainment. Information based on occupational experiences was coded according to industry types. A job exposure matrix was created according to the expected exposure to sunlight. RESULTS Once exposures to aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons were eliminated (odds ratio = 2.3; 95% confidence interval = 0.9-6.2), a high MF risk was associated with exposures to solar radiation. CONCLUSION It would appear that workers exposed to sunlight have a higher risk of MF. However, this factor is not the only one involved.
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