1
|
Croft L, Matheson P, Butterworth NJ, McGaughran A. Fitness consequences of population bottlenecks in an invasive blowfly. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17492. [PMID: 39136044 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Invasive species often undergo demographic bottlenecks that cause a decrease in genetic diversity and associated reductions in population fitness. Despite this, they manage to thrive in novel environments. Investigating the effects of inbreeding and genetic bottlenecks on population fitness for invasive species is, therefore, key to understanding how they may survive in new environments. We used the blowfly Calliphora vicina (Sciences, Mathématiques et Physique, 1830, 2, 1), which is native to Europe and was introduced to Australia and New Zealand, to examine the effects of genetic diversity on population fitness. We first collected 59 samples from 15 populations across New Zealand and one in Australia, and used 20,501 biallelic SNPs to investigate population genomic diversity, structure and admixture. We then explored the impacts of repeated experimental bottlenecks on population fitness by creating inbred and outbred lines of C. vicina and measuring a variety of fitness traits. In wild-caught samples, we found low overall genetic diversity, signals of genetic admixture and limited (<3%) genetic differentiation between North and South Island populations, with genetic links between the South Island and Australia. Following experimental bottlenecks, we found significant reductions in fitness for inbred lines. However, fitness effects were not felt equally across all phenotypic traits. Moreover, they were not enough to cause population collapse in any experimental line, suggesting that C. vicina (when under relaxed selection, as in laboratory settings) may be able to compensate for population bottlenecks even when highly inbred. Our results demonstrate the value of a tractable experimental system for investigating processes that may facilitate or hamper biological invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilly Croft
- Te Aka Mātuatua - School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Paige Matheson
- Te Aka Mātuatua - School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | - Angela McGaughran
- Te Aka Mātuatua - School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han X, Li C, Qin G, Wang X, Zhang B, Lin Q. Growth increase and gonadal dysfunction of the lined seahorse triggered by zinc exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 272:106947. [PMID: 38776607 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Seahorses are characterized by unique characteristics such as a male pregnancy reproductive strategy and grasping preferences, which make these species vulnerable to various environmental risks. Zinc (Zn) is one of the most frequently occurring toxic elements in coastal waters; however, little is known about the effect of Zn exposure on seahorses. In the present study, line seahorses (Hippocampus erectus) were exposed to waterborne Zn (0.2 and 1.0 mg/L) and the impact on growth and gonadal development was investigated. Zn exposure induced growth improvement, but also led to gonadal dysfunction in the lined seahorse. Female seahorses exhibited high testosterone levels, immature follicles, and weight increase after Zn exposure, which is the typical characteristics of a polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)-like phenotype. Transcriptomic data suggested that the Zn-induced growth promotion resulted from the dysregulated expression of fat accumulation genes. Further investigation of gene expression profiles in the brain, ovaries, and testes indicated that Zn affected the expression of genes involved in growth, immunity, tissue remodeling, and gonadal development by regulating serum steroid hormone levels and androgen receptor expression. This study not only clarifies the complex impact of Zn on seahorses using physiological, histological, and molecular evidence but can also provide new insights into the mechanism underlying PCOS in reproductive-aged women. Moreover, this work demonstrates the risk of the common practice of Zn supplementation in the aquaculture industry as the consequent growth yield may not represent a healthy condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Geng Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Silva WTAF, Hansson M, Johansson J. Phenological evolution in annual plants under light competition, changes in the growth season and mass loss. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11294. [PMID: 38633520 PMCID: PMC11021803 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Flowering time is an important phenological trait in plants and a critical determinant of the success of pollination and fruit or seed development, with immense significance for agriculture as it directly affects crop yield and overall food production. Shifts in the growth season, changes in the growth season duration and changes in the production rate are environmental processes (potentially linked to climate change) that can lead to changes in flowering time in the long-term due to selection. In contrast, biomass loss (due to, for example, herbivory or diseases) can have profound consequences for plant mass production and food security. We model the effects of these environmental processes on the flowering time evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) of annual plants and the potential consequences for reproductive output. Our model recapitulates previous theoretical results linked to climate change and light competition and makes novel predictions about the effects of biomass loss on the evolution of flowering time. Our analysis elucidates how both the magnitude and direction of the evolutionary response can depend on whether biomass loss occurs during the earlier vegetative phase or during the later reproductive phase and on whether or not plants are adapted to grow in dense, competitive environments. Specifically, light competition generates an asymetric effect of mass loss on flowering time even when loss is indiscriminate (equal rates), with vegetative mass loss having a stronger effect on flowering time (resulting in greater ESS change) and final reproductive output.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willian T. A. F. Silva
- Centre for Environmental and Climate ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
- Department of Aquatic ResourcesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesLysekilSweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hansen LS, Laursen SF, Bahrndorff S, Kargo M, Sørensen JG, Sahana G, Nielsen HM, Kristensen TN. Estimation of genetic parameters for the implementation of selective breeding in commercial insect production. Genet Sel Evol 2024; 56:21. [PMID: 38528443 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-024-00894-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a burgeoning interest in using insects as a sustainable source of food and feed, particularly by capitalising on various waste materials and by-products that are typically considered of low value. Enhancing the commercial production of insects can be achieved through two main approaches: optimising environmental conditions and implementing selective breeding strategies. In order to successfully target desirable traits through selective breeding, having a thorough understanding of the genetic parameters pertaining to those traits is essential. In this study, a full-sib half-sib mating design was used to estimate variance components and heritabilities for larval size and survival at day seven of development, development time and survival from egg to adult, and to estimate correlations between these traits, within an outbred population of house flies (Musca domestica), using high-throughput phenotyping for data collection. RESULTS The results revealed low to intermediate heritabilities and positive genetic correlations between all traits except development time and survival to day seven of development and from egg to adulthood. Surprisingly, larval size at day seven exhibited a comparatively low heritability (0.10) in contrast to development time (0.25), a trait that is believed to have a stronger association with overall fitness. A decline in family numbers resulting from low mating success and high overall mortality reduced the amount of available data which resulted in large standard errors for the estimated parameters. Environmental factors made a substantial contribution to the phenotypic variation, which was overall high for all traits. CONCLUSIONS There is potential for genetic improvement in all studied traits and estimates of genetic correlations indicate a partly shared genetic architecture among the traits. All estimates have large standard errors. Implementing high-throughput phenotyping is imperative for the estimation of genetic parameters in fast developing insects, and facilitates age synchronisation, which is vital in a breeding population. In spite of endeavours to minimise non-genetic sources of variation, all traits demonstrated substantial influences from environmental components. This emphasises the necessity of thorough attention to the experimental design before breeding is initiated in insect populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Skrubbeltrang Hansen
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, C F Møllers Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Stine Frey Laursen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Simon Bahrndorff
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Morten Kargo
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, C F Møllers Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Goutam Sahana
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, C F Møllers Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hanne Marie Nielsen
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, C F Møllers Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torsten Nygaard Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cheng S, Jacobs CGC, Mogollón Pérez EA, Chen D, van de Sanden JT, Bretscher KM, Verweij F, Bosman JS, Hackmann A, Merks RMH, van den Heuvel J, van der Zee M. A life-history allele of large effect shortens developmental time in a wild insect population. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:70-82. [PMID: 37957313 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Developmental time is a key life-history trait with large effects on Darwinian fitness. In many insects, developmental time is currently under strong selection to minimize ecological mismatches in seasonal timing induced by climate change. The genetic basis of responses to such selection, however, is poorly understood. To address this problem, we set up a long-term evolve-and-resequence experiment in the beetle Tribolium castaneum and selected replicate, outbred populations for fast or slow embryonic development. The response to this selection was substantial and embryonic developmental timing of the selection lines started to diverge during dorsal closure. Pooled whole-genome resequencing, gene expression analysis and an RNAi screen pinpoint a 222 bp deletion containing binding sites for Broad and Tramtrack upstream of the ecdysone degrading enzyme Cyp18a1 as a main target of selection. Using CRISPR/Cas9 to reconstruct this allele in the homogenous genetic background of a laboratory strain, we unravel how this single deletion advances the embryonic ecdysone peak inducing dorsal closure and show that this allele accelerates larval development but causes a trade-off with fecundity. Our study uncovers a life-history allele of large effect and reveals the evolvability of developmental time in a natural insect population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shixiong Cheng
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Chris G C Jacobs
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elisa A Mogollón Pérez
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daipeng Chen
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Joep T van de Sanden
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Femke Verweij
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jelle S Bosman
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Amke Hackmann
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Roeland M H Merks
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Joost van den Heuvel
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ristyadi D, He XZ, Wang Q. Resource allocation strategies for survival and reproduction by an invasive pest in response to intermittent fasting. Curr Zool 2023; 69:600-606. [PMID: 37637313 PMCID: PMC10449421 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) is a type of dietary restriction that involves fasting periods in intervals, which has been used as a strategy to improve health and extend longevity. Regular fasting is common during the process of biological invasions in nature. Yet, it is not clear how invasive animals adjust their resource allocations to survival and reproduction when periodical starvation occurs. Here, we used Tetranychus ludeni, a haplodiploid spider mite and an important invasive pest of horticultural crops around the world, to investigate the effects of IF on its life history strategies. We show that IF increased the longevity in females but not in males probably because of differences in resource storage, metabolic rate, and mating cost between sexes. In response to IF, females traded off fecundity and egg size but not the number of daughters for longevity gain, suggesting that T. ludeni females can adjust their life history strategies for population survival and growth during invasion process. Eggs produced by fasted females realized the same hatch rate and resultant young had the same survival rate as those by unfasted ones. In addition, IF had transgenerational maternal effects which prolonged offspring development period. We suggest that the longer immature developmental period can increase the body size of resulting adults, compensating egg size loss for offspring fitness. Our findings provide insight into resource allocations as responses to fasting, knowledge of which can be used for evaluation of pest invasions and for management of animal survival and reproduction by dietary regulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dwi Ristyadi
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Agriculture Faculty, Jambi University, Km 15 Mendalo Darat 36361, Jambi, Indonesia
| | - Xiong Z He
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Qiao Wang
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Selection-enriched genomic loci (SEGL) reveals genetic loci for environmental adaptation and photosynthetic productivity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
8
|
Kataoka K, Togawa Y, Sanno R, Asahi T, Yura K. Dissecting cricket genomes for the advancement of entomology and entomophagy. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:75-97. [PMID: 35340598 PMCID: PMC8921346 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00924-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant advances in biophysical methods such as next-generation sequencing technologies have now opened the way to conduct evolutionary and applied research based on the genomic information of greatly diverse insects. Crickets belonging to Orthoptera (Insecta: Polyneoptera), one of the most flourishing groups of insects, have contributed to the development of multiple scientific fields including developmental biology and neuroscience and have been attractive targets in evolutionary ecology for their diverse ecological niches. In addition, crickets have recently gained recognition as food and feed. However, the genomic information underlying their biological basis and application research toward breeding is currently underrepresented. In this review, we summarize the progress of genomics of crickets. First, we outline the phylogenetic position of crickets in insects and then introduce recent studies on cricket genomics and transcriptomics in a variety of fields. Furthermore, we present findings from our analysis of polyneopteran genomes, with a particular focus on their large genome sizes, chromosome number, and repetitive sequences. Finally, how the cricket genome can be beneficial to the food industry is discussed. This review is expected to enhance greater recognition of how important the cricket genomes are to the multiple biological fields and how basic research based on cricket genome information can contribute to tackling global food security.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kataoka
- Comprehensive Research Organization, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Togawa
- School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuto Sanno
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Asahi
- Comprehensive Research Organization, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Yura
- School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pandey A, Mideo N, Platt TG. Virulence Evolution of Pathogens That Can Grow in Reservoir Environments. Am Nat 2022; 199:141-158. [DOI: 10.1086/717177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
10
|
Gershman SN, Miller OG, Hamilton IM. Causes and consequences of variation in development time in a field cricket. J Evol Biol 2021; 35:299-310. [PMID: 34882888 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Variation in development time can affect life-history traits that contribute to fitness. In Gryllus vocalis, a non-diapausing cricket with variable development time, we used a path analysis approach to determine the causative relationships between parental age, offspring development time and offspring life-history traits. Our best-supported path model included both the effects of parental age and offspring development time on offspring morphological traits. This result suggests that offspring traits are influenced by both variation in acquisition of resources and trade-offs between traits. We found that crickets with longer development times became larger adults with better phenoloxidase-based immunity. This is consistent with the hypothesis that crickets must make a trade-off between developing quickly to avoid predation before reproduction and attaining better immunity and a larger adult body size that provides advantages in male-male competition, mate choice and female fecundity. Slower-developing crickets were also more likely to be short-winged (unable to disperse by flight). Parental age has opposing direct and indirect effects on the body size of daughters, but when both the direct and indirect effects of parental age are taken into account, younger parents had smaller sons and daughters. This pattern may be attributable to a parental trade-off between the number and size of eggs produced with younger parents producing more eggs with fewer resources per egg. The relationships between variables in the life-history traits of sons and daughters were similar, suggesting that parental age and development time had similar causative effects on male and female life-history traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan N Gershman
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University at Marion, Marion, Ohio, USA
| | - Owen G Miller
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ian M Hamilton
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dhakal P, Strawn M, Samal A, Behura SK. Fetal Brain Elicits Sexually Conflicting Transcriptional Response to the Ablation of Uterine Forkhead Box A2 ( Foxa2) in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189693. [PMID: 34575858 PMCID: PMC8468108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of ablation of uterine Forkhead Box A2 (Foxa2) on gene expression of fetal brain relative to placenta. Using a conditional knockout mouse model for uterine Foxa2, here we show that the lack of uterine Foxa2 elicits a sexually-conflicting transcriptional response in the fetal brain relative to placenta. The ablation of Foxa2 in the uterus altered expression of genes related to growth, nutrient sensing, aging, longevity and angiogenesis among others. In the wildtype mice, these genes were expressed higher in the fetal brain and placenta of males compared to females. However, in mice lacking uterine Foxa2, the same genes showed the opposite pattern i.e., higher expression in the fetal brain and placenta of females compared to males. Based on the known marker genes of mice placenta and fetal brain cells, we further predicted that the genes exhibiting the sexually conflicting expression were associated with vascular endothelial cells. Overall, our study suggests that uterine Foxa2 plays a role in the regulation of the brain-placental axis by influencing the fetoplacental vascular changes during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Dhakal
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (P.D.); (M.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Monica Strawn
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (P.D.); (M.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Ananya Samal
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (P.D.); (M.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Susanta K. Behura
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (P.D.); (M.S.); (A.S.)
- MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-573-882-1722
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dutta A, Hartmann FE, Francisco CS, McDonald BA, Croll D. Mapping the adaptive landscape of a major agricultural pathogen reveals evolutionary constraints across heterogeneous environments. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:1402-1419. [PMID: 33452474 PMCID: PMC8115182 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00859-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive potential of pathogens in novel or heterogeneous environments underpins the risk of disease epidemics. Antagonistic pleiotropy or differential resource allocation among life-history traits can constrain pathogen adaptation. However, we lack understanding of how the genetic architecture of individual traits can generate trade-offs. Here, we report a large-scale study based on 145 global strains of the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici from four continents. We measured 50 life-history traits, including virulence and reproduction on 12 different wheat hosts and growth responses to several abiotic stressors. To elucidate the genetic basis of adaptation, we used genome-wide association mapping coupled with genetic correlation analyses. We show that most traits are governed by polygenic architectures and are highly heritable suggesting that adaptation proceeds mainly through allele frequency shifts at many loci. We identified negative genetic correlations among traits related to host colonization and survival in stressful environments. Such genetic constraints indicate that pleiotropic effects could limit the pathogen's ability to cause host damage. In contrast, adaptation to abiotic stress factors was likely facilitated by synergistic pleiotropy. Our study illustrates how comprehensive mapping of life-history trait architectures across diverse environments allows to predict evolutionary trajectories of pathogens confronted with environmental perturbations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anik Dutta
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fanny E. Hartmann
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.417885.70000 0001 2185 8223Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Carolina Sardinha Francisco
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ,Present Address: Environmental Genomics Group, Botanical Institute, CAU Kiel, Germany
| | - Bruce A. McDonald
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Croll
- grid.10711.360000 0001 2297 7718Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang L, Xue F, Chen C, Guo X, Tang J, Zhong L, He H. Effects of temperature on life-history traits of the newly invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda in Southeast China. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5255-5264. [PMID: 34026004 PMCID: PMC8131782 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In mid-May, 2019, the fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda invaded Jiangxi Province, China, and caused extensive damage to corn crops. However, little attention has been given to the life-history traits of the FAW. In the present study, we systematically investigated the life-history traits of the newly invasive FAW on corn leaves at 19, 22, 25, 28, and 31°C under a photoperiod of LD 15:9 hr. The FAW thrived on the corn leaves with short developmental periods, high survival rates of larvae and pupae, very high mating success rates, and high fecundity. The pupal developmental stage was significantly longer in males than females at all temperatures, thus resulting in a protogyny phenomenon. The pupal weight was heaviest after a relatively shorter larval development stage at a higher temperature (25°C); thus, the FAW did not follow the temperature-size rule. Females were smaller than males, indicating sexual size dimorphism. A small proportion of females delayed their pre-oviposition period and began to lay eggs on the 7th to 9th day after adult emergence. There were positive relationships between pupal weight and larval developmental time and between adult weight and fecundity. There was a negative relationship between fecundity and longevity. These findings can help us to predict the population dynamics of the FAW on corn and to develop a suitable and practical management strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Li Huang
- Department of Ecology and EnvironmentYuZhang Normal UniversityNanchangChina
- Institute of EntomologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Fang‐Sen Xue
- Institute of EntomologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Xin Guo
- Institute of EntomologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Jian‐Jun Tang
- College of Computer and Information EngineeringJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Ling Zhong
- Jiangxi Bureau of Plant Protection and QuarantineNanchangChina
| | - Hai‐Min He
- Institute of EntomologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tusso S, Nieuwenhuis BPS, Weissensteiner B, Immler S, Wolf JBW. Experimental evolution of adaptive divergence under varying degrees of gene flow. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:338-349. [PMID: 33432131 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive divergence is the key evolutionary process generating biodiversity by means of natural selection. Yet, the conditions under which it can arise in the presence of gene flow remain contentious. To address this question, we subjected 132 sexually reproducing fission yeast populations, sourced from two independent genetic backgrounds, to disruptive ecological selection and manipulated the level of migration between environments. Contrary to theoretical expectations, adaptive divergence was most pronounced when migration was either absent (allopatry) or maximal (sympatry), but was much reduced at intermediate rates (parapatry and local mating). This effect was apparent across central life-history components (survival, asexual growth and mating) but differed in magnitude between ancestral genetic backgrounds. The evolution of some fitness components was constrained by pervasive negative correlations (trade-off between asexual growth and mating), while others changed direction under the influence of migration (for example, survival and mating). In allopatry, adaptive divergence was mainly conferred by standing genetic variation and resulted in ecological specialization. In sympatry, divergence was mainly mediated by novel mutations enriched in a subset of genes and was characterized by the repeated emergence of two strategies: an ecological generalist and an asexual growth specialist. Multiple loci showed consistent evidence for antagonistic pleiotropy across migration treatments providing a conceptual link between adaptation and divergence. This evolve-and-resequence experiment shows that rapid ecological differentiation can arise even under high rates of gene flow. It further highlights that adaptive trajectories are governed by complex interactions of gene flow, ancestral variation and genetic correlations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Tusso
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Bart P S Nieuwenhuis
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernadette Weissensteiner
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Immler
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jochen B W Wolf
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Richardson J, Heinen-Kay JL, Zuk M. Sex-specific associations between life-history traits and a novel reproductive polymorphism in the Pacific field cricket. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:549-557. [PMID: 33484624 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Associations between heritable polymorphisms and life-history traits, such as development time or reproductive investment, may play an underappreciated role in maintaining polymorphic systems. This is because selection acting on a particular morph could be bolstered or disrupted by correlated changes in life history or vice versa. In a Hawaiian population of the Pacific field cricket (Teleogryllus oceanicus), a novel mutation (flatwing) on the X-chromosome is responsible for a heritable polymorphism in male wing structure. We used laboratory cricket colonies fixed for male wing morph to investigate whether males and females bearing the flatwing or normal-wing (wild-type) allele differed in their life-history traits. We found that flatwing males developed faster and had heavier testes than normal-wings, whereas flatwing homozygous females developed slower and had lighter reproductive tissues than normal-wing homozygous females. Our results advance our understanding of the evolution of polymorphisms by demonstrating that the genetic change responsible for a reproductive polymorphism can also have consequences for fundamental life-history traits in both males and females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Richardson
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Justa L Heinen-Kay
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Marlene Zuk
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Stupar S, Dragićević M, Tešević V, Stanković-Jeremić J, Maksimović V, Ćosić T, Devrnja N, Tubić L, Cingel A, Vinterhalter B, Ninković S, Savić J. Transcriptome Profiling of the Potato Exposed to French Marigold Essential Oil with a Special Emphasis on Leaf Starch Metabolism and Defense against Colorado Potato Beetle. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10010172. [PMID: 33477577 PMCID: PMC7831324 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Flower strips of French Marigold are commonly used pest repellents in potato fields. However, the effect of French Marigold volatiles on potato metabolism, physiology and induced defense is unknown. Thus, a microarray transcriptome analysis was performed to study the effects of French Marigold essential oil (EO) on laboratory-grown potato. After 8 h of exposure to EO, with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)-detected terpinolene and limonene as dominant compounds, 2796 transcripts were differentially expressed with fold change >2 compared to expression in controls. A slightly higher number of transcripts had suppressed expression (1493 down- vs. 1303 up-regulated). Since transcripts, annotated to different photosynthesis-related processes, were mostly down-regulated, we selected a set of 10 genes involved in the leaf starch metabolism pathway, and validated microarray patterns using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Except for decreased synthesis and induced decomposition of starch granule in leaves, 8 h long EO exposure slightly elevated the accumulation of sucrose compared to glucose and fructose in subjected potato plants. An in vitro feeding bioassay with Colorado potato beetle showed that EO-induced alternations on transcriptional level and in the sugars’ metabolism caused the enhancement of feeding behavior and overall development of the tested larvae. Results of comprehensive analysis of transcriptional responses in potato exposed to French Marigold EO provide a basis for further elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying eco-physiological interactions in companion planting cropping systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofija Stupar
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.S.); (M.D.); (T.Ć.); (N.D.); (L.T.); (A.C.); (B.V.); (S.N.)
| | - Milan Dragićević
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.S.); (M.D.); (T.Ć.); (N.D.); (L.T.); (A.C.); (B.V.); (S.N.)
| | - Vele Tešević
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Jovana Stanković-Jeremić
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Vuk Maksimović
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Tatjana Ćosić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.S.); (M.D.); (T.Ć.); (N.D.); (L.T.); (A.C.); (B.V.); (S.N.)
| | - Nina Devrnja
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.S.); (M.D.); (T.Ć.); (N.D.); (L.T.); (A.C.); (B.V.); (S.N.)
| | - Ljiljana Tubić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.S.); (M.D.); (T.Ć.); (N.D.); (L.T.); (A.C.); (B.V.); (S.N.)
| | - Aleksandar Cingel
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.S.); (M.D.); (T.Ć.); (N.D.); (L.T.); (A.C.); (B.V.); (S.N.)
| | - Branka Vinterhalter
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.S.); (M.D.); (T.Ć.); (N.D.); (L.T.); (A.C.); (B.V.); (S.N.)
| | - Slavica Ninković
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.S.); (M.D.); (T.Ć.); (N.D.); (L.T.); (A.C.); (B.V.); (S.N.)
| | - Jelena Savić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.S.); (M.D.); (T.Ć.); (N.D.); (L.T.); (A.C.); (B.V.); (S.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-64-2048-021
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The reproductive strategy of the clonal helophyte Leersia oryzoides (L.) Swartz. in response to variable submergence conditions and different harvest times. Evol Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-020-10092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
18
|
Borshagovski AM, Saari P, Lehtonen TK, Kaitala A. When night never falls: female sexual signalling in a nocturnal insect along a latitudinal gradient. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02927-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe environment can play an important role in animal communication by affecting signal transmission and detection. Variation in the signalling environment is expected to be especially pronounced in widely distributed species, potentially affecting how their signals are detected. Such environmental variability is presumably relevant for sedentary females of a nocturnal capital breeder, the European common glow-worm (Lampyris noctiluca), which produce green light during the night to attract flying males to mate. Being widely distributed in Europe, glow-worm populations are exposed to both rapidly descending, darker summer nights in the south, and slowly dimming, brighter summer nights further north, with the latter potentially posing challenges to the visibility of the female glow. To test how female signalling is affected by latitude, we sampled glowing females during summer nights along a latitudinal gradient in Finland, Northern Europe, and used a novel apparatus to measure the intensity and peak wavelength (hue/colour) of their glow. Surprisingly, females at higher latitudes, similar to those at lower latitudes, were commonly glowing during the brightest (and hence the shortest) nights of the year. Females also glowed brighter in more northern areas, partly due to their larger body size, whereas the colour of their glow was not associated with latitude. Since females glow even during midsummer, independent of latitude, the increase in glow intensity at higher latitudes presumably serves to maintain signal visibility in brighter signalling conditions. Overall, these findings highlight the influence of environmental conditions on the evolution of sexual signals, especially in the context of species distribution range.Significance statementWhen environmental conditions impact signal transmission and perception, local conditions can have a crucial role in shaping animal communication and signal evolution. To analyse how dark-dependant common glow-worm females cope with variable nocturnal light environments, we used a novel apparatus, presumably not applied to living animals before, to measure female glow intensity at various latitudes along a latitudinal gradient. Interestingly, females did not avoid signalling during the brightest summer nights, but instead, their glow intensity and body size both increased with latitude. These findings suggest that females can ensure visibility to mate-searching males over a range of local conditions. Our study therefore shows how females can adapt to environmental constraints on signal visibility, and how the expression of sexual signals is shaped not only by social interactions but also by the signalling environment.
Collapse
|
19
|
Koch EL, Sbilordo SH, Guillaume F. Genetic variance in fitness and its cross‐sex covariance predict adaptation during experimental evolution. Evolution 2020; 74:2725-2740. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva L. Koch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zürich Winterthurerstr. 190 Zürich 8057 Switzerland
- Department of Animal and Plant Science University of Sheffield Western Bank Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
| | - Sonja H. Sbilordo
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zürich Winterthurerstr. 190 Zürich 8057 Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Guillaume
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zürich Winterthurerstr. 190 Zürich 8057 Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kelly CD, Adam-Granger É. Mating with sexually attractive males provides female Gryllus firmus field crickets with direct but not indirect fitness benefits. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
21
|
Blanckenhorn WU, Baur J, Busso JP, Giesen A, Gourgoulianni N, van Koppenhagen N, Roy J, Schäfer MA, Wegmann A, Rohner PT. Sexual size dimorphism is associated with reproductive life history trait differentiation in coexisting sepsid flies. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf U. Blanckenhorn
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Julian Baur
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Juan Pablo Busso
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Athene Giesen
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Natalia Gourgoulianni
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Nicola van Koppenhagen
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Roy
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Martin A. Schäfer
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Wegmann
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Patrick T. Rohner
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mobley KB, Granroth‐Wilding H, Ellmén M, Orell P, Erkinaro J, Primmer CR. Time spent in distinct life history stages has sex‐specific effects on reproductive fitness in wild Atlantic salmon. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:1173-1184. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenyon B. Mobley
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Hanna Granroth‐Wilding
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Mikko Ellmén
- Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Panu Orell
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Oulu Finland
| | | | - Craig R. Primmer
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Institute for Biotechnology University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mérot C, Llaurens V, Normandeau E, Bernatchez L, Wellenreuther M. Balancing selection via life-history trade-offs maintains an inversion polymorphism in a seaweed fly. Nat Commun 2020; 11:670. [PMID: 32015341 PMCID: PMC6997199 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14479-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
How natural diversity is maintained is an evolutionary puzzle. Genetic variation can be eroded by drift and directional selection but some polymorphisms persist for long time periods, implicating a role for balancing selection. Here, we investigate the maintenance of a chromosomal inversion polymorphism in the seaweed fly Coelopa frigida. Using experimental evolution and quantifying fitness, we show that the inversion underlies a life-history trade-off, whereby each haplotype has opposing effects on larval survival and adult reproduction. Numerical simulations confirm that such antagonistic pleiotropy can maintain polymorphism. Our results also highlight the importance of sex-specific effects, dominance and environmental heterogeneity, whose interaction enhances the maintenance of polymorphism through antagonistic pleiotropy. Overall, our findings directly demonstrate how overdominance and sexual antagonism can emerge from a life-history trade-off, inviting reconsideration of antagonistic pleiotropy as a key part of multi-headed balancing selection processes that enable the persistence of genetic variation. Few studies empirically pinpoint how balanced polymorphisms are maintained. “Mérot et al”. identify an inversion polymorphism that is maintained in seaweed fly populations because of antagonistic pleiotropy that mediates a classic life history tradeoff between larval survival and adult reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mérot
- Département de biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (UMR 7205 CNRS/MNHN/SU/EPHE), Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Eric Normandeau
- Département de biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Département de biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maren Wellenreuther
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, PO Box 5114, Port Nelson, Nelson, 7043, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 5 Symonds St, 1010, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tougeron K, Devogel M, van Baaren J, Le Lann C, Hance T. Trans-generational effects on diapause and life-history-traits of an aphid parasitoid. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 121:104001. [PMID: 31874137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.104001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transgenerational effects act on a wide range of insects' life-history traits and can be involved in the control of developmental plasticity, such as diapause expression. Decrease in or total loss of winter diapause expression recently observed in some species could arise from inhibiting maternal effects. In this study, we explored transgenerational effects on diapause expression and traits in one commercial and one Canadian field strain of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi. These strains were reared under short photoperiod (8:16 h LD) and low temperature (14 °C) conditions over two generations. Diapause levels, developmental times, physiological and morphological traits were measured. Diapause levels increased after one generation in the Canadian field but not in the commercial strain. For both strains, the second generation took longer to develop than the first one. Tibia length and wing surface decreased over generations while fat content increased. A crossed-generations experiment focusing on the industrial parasitoid strain showed that offspring from mothers reared at 14 °C took longer to develop, were heavier, taller with wider wings and with more fat reserves than those from mothers reared at 20 °C (8:16 h LD). No effect of the mother rearing conditions was shown on diapause expression. Additionally to direct plasticity of the offspring, results suggest transgenerational plasticity effects on diapause expression, development time, and on the values of life-history traits. We demonstrated that populations showing low diapause levels may recover higher levels through transgenerational plasticity in response to diapause-induction cues, provided that environmental conditions are reaching the induction-thresholds specific to each population. Transgenerational plasticity is thus important to consider when evaluating how insects adapt to changing environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Tougeron
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101, Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada; Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (écosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) - UMR 6553, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35000 Rennes, France; Earth and Life Institute, Centre de recherche sur la biodiversité, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - M Devogel
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (écosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) - UMR 6553, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35000 Rennes, France; Earth and Life Institute, Centre de recherche sur la biodiversité, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - J van Baaren
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (écosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) - UMR 6553, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - C Le Lann
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (écosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) - UMR 6553, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - T Hance
- Earth and Life Institute, Centre de recherche sur la biodiversité, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Barrett M, Fiocca K, Waddell EA, McNair C, O'Donnell S, Marenda DR. Larval mannitol diets increase mortality, prolong development and decrease adult body sizes in fruit flies ( Drosophila melanogaster). Biol Open 2020; 8:bio.047084. [PMID: 31822472 PMCID: PMC6955208 DOI: 10.1242/bio.047084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of polyols to disrupt holometabolous insect development has not been studied and identifying compounds in food that affect insect development can further our understanding of the pathways that connect growth rate, developmental timing and body size in insects. High-sugar diets prolong development and generate smaller adult body sizes in Drosophila melanogaster We tested for concentration-dependent effects on development when D. melanogaster larvae are fed mannitol, a polyalcohol sweetener. We also tested for amelioration of developmental effects if introduction to mannitol media is delayed past the third instar, as expected if there is a developmental sensitive-period for mannitol effects. Both male and female larvae had prolonged development and smaller adult body sizes when fed increasing concentrations of mannitol. Mannitol-induced increases in mortality were concentration dependent in 0 M to 0.8 M treatments with mortality effects beginning as early as 48 h post-hatching. Larval survival, pupariation and eclosion times were unaffected in 0.4 M mannitol treatments when larvae were first introduced to mannitol 72 h post-hatching (the beginning of the third instar); 72 h delay of 0.8 M mannitol introduction reduced the adverse mannitol effects. The developmental effects of a larval mannitol diet closely resemble those of high-sugar larval diets.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Barrett
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Katherine Fiocca
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Edward A Waddell
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Cheyenne McNair
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Sean O'Donnell
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104.,Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Daniel R Marenda
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104 .,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tian Y, Liu X. Adaptive evolution of life history strategies related to maturation time in seasonal environment. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2019.100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
27
|
Félix-Burruel RE, Larios E, Bustamante E, Búrquez A. Nonlinear modeling of saguaro growth rates reveals the importance of temperature for size-dependent growth. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:1300-1307. [PMID: 31529806 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The saguaro cactus is an iconic species of the Sonoran Desert. Its individual growth rates have been investigated for over 100 years. Its growth dynamics have been studied using phenomenological models intended to estimate growth, but not to understand the underlying biological processes. Most studies have suggested summer rainfall as the sole factor determining saguaro growth, overlooking the influence of other factors related to the process of growth. METHODS We analyzed the annual growth rates for 13 saguaro populations in the Sonoran Desert using nonlinear models. These are better suited to analyze growth since they consider the fact that maximum growth rates diminish just before the onset of reproduction. We related model parameters to the local climate. RESULTS The most parsimonious model was the Ricker function that described growth considering cactus decline with age. Variance in temperature, rather than precipitation, was more closely related to growth. Higher variance in temperature at the beginning of the warm season was detrimental to saguaro growth. CONCLUSIONS Simple nonlinear equations modeled growth rate using biologically interpretable parameters related to climate factors. Because the temperature is projected to increase in both mean and variance by climate change, the population dynamics of this iconic cactus are likely to be affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo E Félix-Burruel
- Posgrado en Ciencias de la Tierra, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Eugenio Larios
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Enriquena Bustamante
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Alberto Búrquez
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mérot C, Berdan EL, Babin C, Normandeau E, Wellenreuther M, Bernatchez L. Intercontinental karyotype-environment parallelism supports a role for a chromosomal inversion in local adaptation in a seaweed fly. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2018.0519. [PMID: 29925615 PMCID: PMC6030540 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Large chromosomal rearrangements are thought to facilitate adaptation to heterogeneous environments by limiting genomic recombination. Indeed, inversions have been implicated in adaptation along environmental clines and in ecotype specialization. Here, we combine classical ecological studies and population genetics to investigate an inversion polymorphism previously documented in Europe among natural populations of the seaweed fly Coelopa frigida along a latitudinal cline in North America. We test if the inversion is present in North America and polymorphic, assess which environmental conditions modulate the inversion karyotype frequencies, and document the relationship between inversion karyotype and adult size. We sampled nearly 2000 flies from 20 populations along several environmental gradients to quantify associations of inversion frequencies to heterogeneous environmental variables. Genotyping and phenotyping showed a widespread and conserved inversion polymorphism between Europe and America. Variation in inversion frequency was significantly associated with environmental factors, with parallel patterns between continents, indicating that the inversion may play a role in local adaptation. The three karyotypes of the inversion are differently favoured across micro-habitats and represent life-history strategies likely to be maintained by the collective action of several mechanisms of balancing selection. Our study adds to the mounting evidence that inversions are facilitators of adaptation and enhance within-species diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mérot
- Département de biologie, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emma L Berdan
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Charles Babin
- Département de biologie, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Maren Wellenreuther
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand.,Seafood Research Unit, Port Nelson, Nelson, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Anderson JL, Nieuwenhuis BPS, Johannesson H. Asexual reproduction and growth rate: independent and plastic life history traits in Neurospora crassa. THE ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:780-788. [PMID: 30413765 PMCID: PMC6462030 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trade-offs among traits influencing fitness are predicted by life history theory because resources allocated to one function are unavailable to another. Here we examine the relationship between two such traits, asexual reproduction and growth rate, in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, where shared genetic and physiological factors and a source-sink energetic relationship between growth and reproduction may constrain the evolution of these traits. To test growth-reproduction relationships in this species, we independently selected on mycelial growth rate or asexual spore production in a heterogeneous lab-derived population and evaluated the response of the non-selected traits. Combined with phenotypes for the 20 wild strains used to produce the heterogeneous population and the genome-wide genotypes of 468 strains, these data show that growth and reproduction are highly plastic in N. crassa and do not trade off either among wild strains or after laboratory selection in two environments. Rather, we find no predictable growth-reproduction relationship in the environments tested, indicating an effective absence of genetic constraint between these traits. Our results suggest that growth rate and asexual reproduction may not respond predictably to environmental change and suggest that reliance on a single trait as a proxy for fitness in fungal studies may be inadvisable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Anderson
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Bart P S Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, München, Germany
| | - Hanna Johannesson
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sowa G, Skalski T. Effects of Chronic Metal Exposure on the Morphology of Beetles Species Representing Different Ecological Niches. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:191-197. [PMID: 30666388 PMCID: PMC6394555 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-02532-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To test effects of metal contamination on beetles morphology, specimens from species representing herbivores (Strophosoma capitatum), carnivores (Carabus arcensis and C. violaceus) and detritivores (Anoplotrupes stercorosus) were collected from an area polluted with zinc, lead and cadmium and from a control site. Both the length and width of elytra and pronotum were compared. Females of all species from the polluted area were smaller than those from the control site with the average difference of 2.7% (range 0.7%-6%). In contrast, males responded less consistently among species: A. stercorosus showed lower size of elytra and pronotum at the polluted area, while in C. arcensis only the elytra length and pronotum width were smaller. C. violaceus males exhibited smaller elytra length and pronotum length and width at the polluted area. In contrast, no differences between the two sites were found for S. capitatum males. Sex differences may originate from different energy investment strategies in females and males related to the reproduction needs. Even if the observed differences in body size were small, the smaller body size in females of all studied species, irrespectively of the guild, is striking and may indicate on lower fitness of a range of species inhabiting metal polluted areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Sowa
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Skalski
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Barry KE, de Kroon H, Dietrich P, Stanley Harpole W, Roeder A, Schmid B, Clark AT, Mayfield MM, Wagg C, Roscher C. Linking local species coexistence to ecosystem functioning: a conceptual framework from ecological first principles in grassland ecosystems. ADV ECOL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
32
|
Padró J, Vrdoljak J, Milla Carmona P, Soto IM. Divergent patterns of correlated evolution in primary and secondary sexual traits of cactophilic Drosophila. Evol Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-018-9964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
33
|
Huang X, Xiao L, He H, Xue F. Effect of rearing conditions on the correlation between larval development time and pupal weight of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:12694-12701. [PMID: 30619574 PMCID: PMC6308898 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A strong positive correlation between development time and body size is commonly assumed. However, the evidence is increasing that the correlation between the two traits can be positive, zero or negative, depending on whether the two traits are under antagonistic or synergistic selection. In the present study, we examined the relation between larval development time and pupal weight of the rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis under laboratory and field conditions. For individuals reared at constant temperatures (22, 25, 28 and 31°C), a longer larval period tended to result in larger pupae, showing a positive correlation between larval development time and pupal weight; whereas for those reared under field conditions, a longer larval period tended to result in smaller pupae at 23.5 and 29.8°C, showing a negative correlation between the two traits. There was no correlation between the two traits at the mean daily temperature of 31°C. At constant temperatures, larval development time shortened significantly as rearing temperature increased, whereas pupae tended to become larger at higher temperatures, although no significant difference was detected among temperatures for pupal weight. Under field conditions, larval development time decreased significantly as the mean daily temperature increased, whereas pupal weight of females increased significantly with the increase in the mean daily temperature, which is an example of the reverse temperature-size rule. Feeding method significantly affected larval development time and pupal weight. For individuals fed on live rice plants, larval development time shortened significantly and pupal weight increased significantly compared with those reared on fresh rice stems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Long Huang
- Institute of EntomologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Lan Xiao
- Foreign Language SchoolJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Hai‐Min He
- Institute of EntomologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Fang‐Sen Xue
- Institute of EntomologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
King BH, Burgess ER, Colyott KL. Sexual Size and Shape Dimorphism in Three Species of Parasitoid Wasps with Burrowing Females: Spalangia endius, Spalangia nigroaenea, and Spalangia nigra (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2018; 18:5139635. [PMID: 30346619 PMCID: PMC6195415 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The parasitoid wasps Spalangia endius Walker, Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis, and Spalangia nigra Latrielle (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) develop on filth fly pupae. Females burrow through decaying organic matter and parasitize hosts; whereas, at least in S. endius, males tend to stay above ground searching for mates. Both sexes lack obvious digging morphology such as enlarged forelegs and are not known to exhibit physical aggression. Size data were obtained from specimens from Illinois field-collected hosts for all three species and from a Florida laboratory colony for S. endius. The degree of sexual size dimorphism varied with body part and species, but the direction of bias was consistent between the field and laboratory specimens of S. endius. Females had wider abdomens in S. nigroaenea and S. nigra (not measured in S. endius). In all three species, females had longer heads than males, both in absolute size and relative to width. The latter is referred to as narrowness. Forewings were significantly narrower in females compared with in males for both S. endius and S. nigroaenea. Thorax narrowness was either greater in males (S. endius) or was not significantly different between the sexes (S. nigroaenea and S. nigra). Patterns of sexual size dimorphism seem consistent with females' need to store eggs and burrow. For all three species, there was overlap between males and females in all body parts measured. Thus, these size measurements will be unreliable to differentiate the sexes. Size ratios also overlapped.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B H King
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL
| | - Edwin R Burgess
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL
| | - Kaila L Colyott
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Paterson JE, Blouin-Demers G. Tree lizard (Urosaurus ornatus) growth decreases with population density, but increases with habitat quality. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2018; 329:527-535. [PMID: 30096219 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Habitat selection models can explain spatial patterns in the relative abundance of animals in different habitats based on the assumption that fitness declines as density in a habitat increases. Ectotherms, such as lizards, may not follow predictions of density-dependent habitat selection models because temperature, which is unaffected by density, strongly influences their habitat selection. If competition for limited resources decreases fitness, then crowding should cause a decrease in body size and growth rates. We used skeletochronology and body size data from tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus) at six sites that each spanned two habitats varying in quality to test the hypothesis that habitat selection is density dependent because growth is limited by competition for resources and by habitat quality. First, we tested that the maximum body size of lizards decreased with higher densities in a habitat by comparing growth between sites. Second, we tested whether body size and growth were higher in the habitat with more resources by controlling for density in a habitat and comparing growth between habitats in different sites. We found evidence of density-dependent growth in females, but not in males. Females in more crowded sites reached a smaller maximum size. Females in the higher quality habitat also grew larger than females in the lower quality habitat after controlling for differences in density between the habitats. Therefore, we found partial support for our hypothesis that competition for resources limits growth and causes density-dependent habitat selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James E Paterson
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Casagrande S, Zsolt Garamszegi L, Goymann W, Donald J, Francis CD, Fuxjager MJ, Husak JF, Johnson MA, Kircher B, Knapp R, Martin LB, Miller ET, Schoenle LA, Vitousek MN, Williams TD, Hau M. Do Seasonal Glucocorticoid Changes Depend on Reproductive Investment? A Comparative Approach in Birds. Integr Comp Biol 2018; 58:739-750. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icy022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Casagrande
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Straße, Seewiesen 82319, Germany
| | - László Zsolt Garamszegi
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, c/Americo Vespucio 26, Seville 41092, Spain
- MTA-ELTE Theoretical Biology and Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Wolfgang Goymann
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Straße, Seewiesen 82319, Germany
| | - Jeremy Donald
- Coates Library, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
| | - Clinton D Francis
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Matthew J Fuxjager
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Jerry F Husak
- Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Michele A Johnson
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
| | - Bonnie Kircher
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL32608, USA
| | - Rosemary Knapp
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Lynn B Martin
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | - Laura A Schoenle
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- Department of Biology, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 13323, USA
| | - Maren N Vitousek
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tony D Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Michaela Hau
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Straße, Seewiesen 82319, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Santostefano F, Wilson AJ, Niemelä PT, Dingemanse NJ. Behavioural mediators of genetic life-history trade-offs: a test of the pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis in field crickets. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1567. [PMID: 28978731 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis predicts associations between life history and 'risky' behaviours. Individuals with 'fast' lifestyles should develop faster, reproduce earlier, exhibit more risk-prone behaviours, and die sooner than those with 'slow' lifestyles. While support for POLS has been equivocal to date, studies have relied on individual-level (phenotypic) patterns in which genetic trade-offs may be masked by environmental effects on phenotypes. We estimated genetic correlations between life history (development, lifespan, size) and risky behaviours (exploration, aggression) in a pedigreed population of Mediterranean field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus). Path analyses showed that behaviours mediated some genetic relationships between life history traits, though not those involved in trade-offs. Thus, while specific predictions of POLS theory were not supported, genetic integration of behaviour and life history was present. This implies a major role for risky behaviours in life history evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Santostefano
- Research Group Evolutionary Ecology of Variation, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Alastair J Wilson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Petri T Niemelä
- Behavioral Ecology, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Niels J Dingemanse
- Research Group Evolutionary Ecology of Variation, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany.,Behavioral Ecology, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chen C, Biere A, Gols R, Halfwerk W, van Oers K, Harvey JA. Responses of insect herbivores and their food plants to wind exposure and the importance of predation risk. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:1046-1057. [PMID: 29672852 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wind is an important abiotic factor that influences an array of biological processes, but it is rarely considered in studies on plant-herbivore interactions. Here, we tested whether wind exposure could directly or indirectly affect the performance of two insect herbivores, Plutella xylostella and Pieris brassicae, feeding on Brassica nigra plants. In a greenhouse study using a factorial design, B. nigra plants were exposed to different wind regimes generated by fans before and after caterpillars were introduced on plants in an attempt to separate the effects of direct and indirect wind exposure on herbivores. Wind exposure delayed flowering, decreased plant height and increased leaf concentrations of amino acids and glucosinolates. Plant-mediated effects of wind on herbivores, that is effects of exposure of plants to wind prior to herbivore feeding, were generally small. However, development time of both herbivores was extended and adult body mass of P. xylostella was reduced when they were directly exposed to wind. By contrast, wind-exposed adult P. brassicae butterflies were significantly larger, revealing a trade-off between development time and adult size. Based on these results, we conducted a behavioural experiment to study preference by an avian predator, the great tit (Parus major) for last instar P. brassicae caterpillars on plants that were exposed to either control (no wind) or wind (fan-exposed) treatments. Tits captured significantly more caterpillars on still than on wind-exposed plants. Our results suggest that P. brassicae caterpillars are able to perceive the abiotic environment and to trade off the costs of extended development time against the benefits of increased size depending on the perceived risk of predation mediated by wind exposure. Such adaptive phenotypic plasticity in insects has not yet been described in response to wind exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Biere
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Halfwerk
- Department of Ecological Science, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kees van Oers
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Ecological Science, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Petrone Mendoza S, Lascoux M, Glémin S. Competitive ability of Capsella species with different mating systems and ploidy levels. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:1257-1264. [PMID: 29471370 PMCID: PMC5946883 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Capsella is a model genus for studying the transition from outcrossing to selfing, with or without change in ploidy levels. The genomic consequences and changes in reproductive traits (selfing syndrome) associated with these shifts have been studied in depth. However, potential ecological divergence among species of the genus has not been determined. Among ecological traits, competitive ability could be relevant for selfing evolution, as selfing has been shown to be statistically associated with reduced competitiveness in a recent meta-analysis. METHODS We assessed the effect of competition on three Capsella species differing in their mating system and ploidy level. We used an experimental design where fitness related traits were measured in focal individuals with and without competitors. KEY RESULTS The diploid selfer (C. rubella) was most sensitive to competition, whereas the tetraploid selfer (C. bursa-pastoris) performed the best, with the diploid outcrosser (C. grandiflora) being intermediate. CONCLUSIONS These results add to the detailed characterization of Capsella species and highlight the possible roles of ecological context and ploidy in the evolutionary trajectories of selfing species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Petrone Mendoza
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Center and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Lascoux
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Center and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sylvain Glémin
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Center and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution (ISEM - UMR 5554 Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD-EPHE), France
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Okuzaki Y, Sota T. Predator size divergence depends on community context. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1097-1107. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Okuzaki
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere; Hokkaido University; Takaoka Tomakomai 053-0035 Japan
| | - Teiji Sota
- Department of Zoology; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Life history variation is maintained by fitness trade-offs and negative frequency-dependent selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4441-4446. [PMID: 29643072 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1801779115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of diverse life history strategies within and among species remains a fundamental question in ecology and evolutionary biology. By using a near-complete 16-year pedigree of 12,579 winter-run steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the Hood River, Oregon, we examined the continued maintenance of two life history traits: the number of lifetime spawning events (semelparous vs. iteroparous) and age at first spawning (2-5 years). We found that repeat-spawning fish had more than 2.5 times the lifetime reproductive success of single-spawning fish. However, first-time repeat-spawning fish had significantly lower reproductive success than single-spawning fish of the same age, suggesting that repeat-spawning fish forego early reproduction to devote additional energy to continued survival. For single-spawning fish, we also found evidence for a fitness trade-off for age at spawning: older, larger males had higher reproductive success than younger, smaller males. For females, in contrast, we found that 3-year-old fish had the highest mean lifetime reproductive success despite the observation that 4- and 5-year-old fish were both longer and heavier. This phenomenon was explained by negative frequency-dependent selection: as 4- and 5-year-old fish decreased in frequency on the spawning grounds, their lifetime reproductive success became greater than that of the 3-year-old fish. Using a combination of mathematical and individual-based models parameterized with our empirical estimates, we demonstrate that both fitness trade-offs and negative frequency-dependent selection observed in the empirical data can theoretically maintain the diverse life history strategies found in this population.
Collapse
|
42
|
Kinzner M, Krapf P, Nindl M, Heussler C, Eisenkölbl S, Hoffmann AA, Seeber J, Arthofer W, Schlick‐Steiner BC, Steiner FM. Life-history traits and physiological limits of the alpine fly Drosophila nigrosparsa (Diptera: Drosophilidae): A comparative study. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:2006-2020. [PMID: 29468020 PMCID: PMC5817156 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific variation in life-history traits and physiological limits can be linked to the environmental conditions species experience, including climatic conditions. As alpine environments are particularly vulnerable under climate change, we focus on the montane-alpine fly Drosophila nigrosparsa. Here, we characterized some of its life-history traits and physiological limits and compared these with those of other drosophilids, namely Drosophila hydei, Drosophila melanogaster, and Drosophila obscura. We assayed oviposition rate, longevity, productivity, development time, larval competitiveness, starvation resistance, and heat and cold tolerance. Compared with the other species assayed, D. nigrosparsa is less fecund, relatively long-living, starvation susceptible, cold adapted, and surprisingly well heat adapted. These life-history characteristics provide insights into invertebrate adaptations to alpine conditions which may evolve under ongoing climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Krapf
- Institute of EcologyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Martina Nindl
- Institute of EcologyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | | | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- School of BioSciencesBio21 InstituteUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Julia Seeber
- Institute of EcologyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Institute for Alpine EnvironmentEurac ResearchBozen/BolzanoItaly
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Omeyer LCM, Godley BJ, Broderick AC. Growth rates of adult sea turtles. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2017. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
44
|
Gnan S, Marsh T, Kover PX. Inflorescence photosynthetic contribution to fitness releases Arabidopsis thaliana plants from trade-off constraints on early flowering. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185835. [PMID: 28973036 PMCID: PMC5626516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leaves are thought to be the primary carbon source for reproduction in plants, so a positive relationship between vegetative size and reproductive output is expected, establishing a trade-off between time to reproduction and reproductive output. A common response to higher temperatures due to climate changes is the induction of earlier transition into reproduction. Thus, in annual plants, earlier transition into flowering can potentially constrain plant size and reduce seed production. However, trade-offs between early reproduction and fitness are not always observed, suggesting mechanisms to escape the constraints of early flowering do exist. Here, we test whether inflorescence photosynthesis contribution to the reproductive output of Arabidopsis thaliana can offset the cost of early reproduction. We followed the development, growth rate and fitness of 15 accessions, and removed all rosette leaves at flowering (prior to the completion of inflorescence development or any fruit production) in half of the plants to determine the ability of inflorescences to maintain fitness in the absence of leaves. Although leaf removal significantly reduced fruit number, seed weight and plant height, even the most severely impacted accessions maintained 35% of their fitness with the inflorescence as the sole photosynthetic organ; and some accessions experienced no reduction in fitness. Differences between accessions in their ability to maintain fitness after leaf removal is best explained by earlier flowering time and the ability to maintain as many or more branches after leaf removal as in the control treatment. Although earlier flowering does constrain plant vegetative size, we found that inflorescence photosynthesis can significantly contribute to seed production, explaining why early flowering plants can maintain high fitness despite a reduction in vegetative size. Thus, plants can be released from the usually assumed trade-offs associated with earlier reproduction, and selection on inflorescence traits can mediate the impact of climate change on phenology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnan
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Marsh
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, United Kingdom
| | - Paula X. Kover
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tolosa Y, Molina-Zuluaga C, Restrepo A, Daza JM. Madurez y dimorfismo sexual de la ranita cohete <i>Colostethus</i> aff. <i>fraterdanieli</i> (Anura: Dendrobatidae) en una población al este de la Cordillera Central de Colombia. ACTUALIDADES BIOLÓGICAS 2017. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.acbi.329007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
El tamaño mínimo de madurez sexual y el dimorfismo sexual son importantes características de historia de vida, útiles para estudiar y comprender la dinámica poblacional de cualquier especie. En este estudio, determinamos el tamaño mínimo de madurez sexual y la existencia de dimorfismo sexual en una población de la ranita cohete, Colostethus aff. fraterdanieli, a través de datos morfológicos y morfométricos y de observaciones macro y microscópicas de las gónadas. Las hembras alcanzan la madurez sexual a los 17,90 ± 0,1 mm de longitud rostro cloaca (SVL), mientras que los machos alcanzan la madurez sexual sobre los 16,13 ± 0,06 mm (SVL). Las hembras difirieron de los machos en tamaño, forma y coloración de la garganta. Los machos fueron más pequeños que las hembras y tuvieron una marcada y oscura coloración gular que algunas veces se extiende hasta el pecho, mientras que las hembras carecen de esta característica, con una garganta inmaculada o débilmente manchada. En este estudio, describimos algunos aspectos importantes de la ecología reproductiva de una población de C. aff. fraterdanieli útiles como línea base para otros estudios más especializados.
Collapse
|
46
|
Cingel A, Savić J, Lazarević J, Ćosić T, Raspor M, Smigocki A, Ninković S. Co-expression of the proteinase inhibitors oryzacystatin I and oryzacystatin II in transgenic potato alters Colorado potato beetle larval development. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:768-780. [PMID: 27265305 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Colorado potato beetle (CPB; Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) has shown a remarkable adaptability to a variety of control measures. Although oryzacystatin I and II (OCI and OCII) have potential in controlling pests that use cysteine proteinases for food digestion, expression of a single OC gene in potato exhibited a minimal or no effect on CPB fitness traits. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of coexpressed OCI and OCII in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars Desiree, Dragačevka and Jelica on CPB larvae. Growth parameters, consumption rates and food utilization, as well as activity of proteases of CPB larvae were assayed. Second and third instar larvae fed on transformed leaves molted earlier and had higher relative growth and consumption rates than larvae fed on nontransformed leaves, while efficiency of food utilization was unaffected. In contrast, fourth instar maximum weight gain and amount of leaves consumed were about 20% lower for the larvae fed on transgenic potato. Analysis of total protease activity of third instar larvae revealed reduction in overall proteolytic activity measured by azocasein hydrolysis, accompanied with inhibition of cysteine proteinase activity 24 h after ingestion of potato leaves expressing OCI and OCII. However, after long-term feeding on transformed leaves proteolytic activities of larvae became similar to the controls. Although feeding on OCI/OCII leaves did not affect larval survival, coexpression of OC genes reduced the development time and thus significantly decreased plant damage caused by CPB larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Cingel
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Savić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelica Lazarević
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Ćosić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Martin Raspor
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ann Smigocki
- USDA-ARS, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Slavica Ninković
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Plesnar-Bielak A, Woch KR, Małszycki MA, Alkhawlany ATH, Hołysz A, Assis Correia JF, Turk N, Ugrin M, Kramarz P, Prokop ZM. Larval and adult nutrition effects on reproductive traits in the red flour beetle. J Zool (1987) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Plesnar-Bielak
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; Kraków Poland
| | - K. R. Woch
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; Kraków Poland
| | - M. A. Małszycki
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; Kraków Poland
| | | | - A. Hołysz
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; Kraków Poland
| | | | - N. Turk
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; Kraków Poland
| | - M. Ugrin
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; Kraków Poland
| | - P. Kramarz
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; Kraków Poland
| | - Z. M. Prokop
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; Kraków Poland
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Shefferson RP, Mizuta R, Hutchings MJ. Predicting evolution in response to climate change: the example of sprouting probability in three dormancy-prone orchid species. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:160647. [PMID: 28280565 PMCID: PMC5319331 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although many ecological properties of species respond to climate change, their evolutionary responses are poorly understood. Here, we use data from long-term demographic studies to predict evolutionary responses of three herbaceous perennial orchid species, Cypripedium parviflorum, C. candidum and Ophrys sphegodes, to predicted climate changes in the habitats they occupy. We focus on the evolution of sprouting probability, because all three species exhibit long-term vegetative dormancy, i.e. individual plants may not emerge above-ground, potentially for several consecutive years. The drivers of all major vital rates for populations of the species were analysed with general linear mixed models (GLMMs). High-dimensionality function-based matrix projection models were then developed to serve as core elements of deterministic and stochastic adaptive dynamics models used to analyse the adaptive context of sprouting in all populations. We then used regional climate forecasts, derived from high-resolution general atmospheric circulation models, of increased mean annual temperatures and spring precipitation at the occupied sites, to predict evolutionary trends in sprouting. The models predicted that C. parviflorum and O. sphegodes will evolve higher and lower probabilities of sprouting, respectively, by the end of the twenty-first century, whereas, after considerable variation, the probability of sprouting in C. candidum will return to its current level. These trends appear to be driven by relationships between mortality and size: in C. parviflorum and C. candidum, mortality is negatively related to size in the current year but positively related to growth since the previous year, whereas in O. sphegodes, mortality is positively related to size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard P. Shefferson
- Organization for Programs on Environmental Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Mizuta
- Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Michael J. Hutchings
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QGUK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Schwab DB, Moczek AP. Nutrient Stress During Ontogeny Alters Patterns of Resource Allocation in two Species of Horned Beetles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 325:481-490. [PMID: 27766763 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The elaboration of exaggerated, sexually selected weapons and ornaments often comes at a cost to other traits. For instance, by sustaining the growth of an exaggerated weapon during development, shared and limited resources such as morphogens, growth factors, and nutrients may become depleted and limit the size to which other structures can grow. Such interactions are characteristic of resource allocation trade-offs, which can constrain the production of phenotypic variation and bias evolutionary trajectories. Across many species of Onthophagus beetles, males produce extravagant horns that are used as weapons in male-male competition over mates. Previous studies have reported resource allocation trade-offs between horns and both proximally and distally developing structures. However, more recent studies have largely failed to recover these patterns, leading to the hypothesis that trade-offs may manifest only in certain species, populations, or environmental conditions. Here, we investigate (i) patterns of resource allocation into horns, eyes, and genitalia in Onthophagus gazella and O. taurus, and assess (ii) how these patterns of resource allocation are influenced by nutrient stress during larval development. We find that nutrient stress alters patterns of resource allocation within and among traits, but recover a trade-off only in the species that invests most heavily into horn production (O. taurus), and in individuals of that species that invested a disproportionately large or small amount of resources into horn growth. These results suggest that resource allocation trade-offs may not be as prevalent as previously described, and that their presence and magnitude may instead be highly context dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Schwab
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.
| | - Armin P Moczek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Davidowitz G, Roff D, Nijhout HF. Synergism and Antagonism of Proximate Mechanisms Enable and Constrain the Response to Simultaneous Selection on Body Size and Development Time: An Empirical Test Using Experimental Evolution. Am Nat 2016; 188:499-520. [PMID: 27788344 DOI: 10.1086/688653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Natural selection acts on multiple traits simultaneously. How mechanisms underlying such traits enable or constrain their response to simultaneous selection is poorly understood. We show how antagonism and synergism among three traits at the developmental level enable or constrain evolutionary change in response to simultaneous selection on two focal traits at the phenotypic level. After 10 generations of 25% simultaneous directional selection on all four combinations of body size and development time in Manduca sexta (Sphingidae), the changes in the three developmental traits predict 93% of the response of development time and 100% of the response of body size. When the two focal traits were under synergistic selection, the response to simultaneous selection was enabled by juvenile hormone and ecdysteroids and constrained by growth rate. When the two focal traits were under antagonistic selection, the response to selection was due primarily to change in growth rate and constrained by the two hormonal traits. The approach used here reduces the complexity of the developmental and endocrine mechanisms to three proxy traits. This generates explicit predictions for the evolutionary response to selection that are based on biologically informed mechanisms. This approach has broad applicability to a diverse range of taxa, including algae, plants, amphibians, mammals, and insects.
Collapse
|