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Priyadarshini E, Kumar R, Balakrishnan K, Pandit S, Kumar R, Jha NK, Gupta PK. Biofilm Inhibition on Medical Devices and Implants Using Carbon Dots: An Updated Review. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2604-2619. [PMID: 38622845 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Biofilms are an intricate community of microbes that colonize solid surfaces, communicating via a quorum-sensing mechanism. These microbial aggregates secrete exopolysaccharides facilitating adhesion and conferring resistance to drugs and antimicrobial agents. The escalating global concern over biofilm-related infections on medical devices underscores the severe threat to human health. Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as a promising substrate to combat microbes and disrupt biofilm matrices. Their numerous advantages such as facile surface functionalization and specific antimicrobial properties, position them as innovative anti-biofilm agents. Due to their minuscule size, CDs can penetrate microbial cells, inhibiting growth via cytoplasmic leakage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and genetic material fragmentation. Research has demonstrated the efficacy of CDs in inhibiting biofilms formed by key pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Consequently, the development of CD-based coatings and hydrogels holds promise for eradicating biofilm formation, thereby enhancing treatment efficacy, reducing clinical expenses, and minimizing the need for implant revision surgeries. This review provides insights into the mechanisms of biofilm formation on implants, surveys major biofilm-forming pathogens and associated infections, and specifically highlights the anti-biofilm properties of CDs emphasizing their potential as coatings on medical implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eepsita Priyadarshini
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rohit Kumar
- Centre for Development of Biomaterials and Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, K.S. Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, Namakkal, 637215 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Soumya Pandit
- Centre for Development of Biomaterials and Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ranvijay Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413 Punjab, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 602105 Tamil Nadu, India
- Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401 Punjab, India
- School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411 Punjab, India
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Development of Biomaterials and Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310 Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, 248002 Uttarakhand, India
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Chowdhury S, Sais D, Donnelly S, Tran N. The knowns and unknowns of helminth-host miRNA cross-kingdom communication. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:176-191. [PMID: 38151361 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that oversee gene modulation. They are integral to cellular functions and can migrate between species, leading to cross-kingdom gene suppression. Recent breakthroughs in helminth genome studies have sparked curiosity about helminth RNA regulators and their ability to regulate genes across species. Growing data indicate that helminth miRNAs have a significant impact on the host's immune system. Specific miRNAs from helminth parasites can merge with the host's miRNA system, implying that parasites could exploit their host's regulatory machinery and function. This review highlights the role of cross-kingdom helminth-derived miRNAs in the interplay between host and parasite, exploring potential routes for their uptake, processing, and consequences in host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaiya Chowdhury
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia; School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Dayna Sais
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Sheila Donnelly
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Nham Tran
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.
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A Treatment to Cure Diabetes Using Plant-Based Drug Discovery. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8621665. [PMID: 35586686 PMCID: PMC9110154 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8621665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The field of peptides and proteins has opened up new doors for plant-based medication development because of analytical breakthroughs. Enzymatic breakdown of plant-specific proteins yields bioactive peptides. These plant-based proteins and peptides, in addition to their in vitro and vivo outcomes for diabetes treatment, are discussed in this study. The secondary metabolites of vegetation can interfere with the extraction, separation, characterization, and commercialization of plant proteins through the pharmaceutical industry. Glucose-lowering diabetic peptides are a hot commodity. For a wide range of illnesses, bioactive peptides from flora can offer up new avenues for the development of cost-effective therapy options.
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Zhang XY, Wang DH. Gut Microbial Community and Host Thermoregulation in Small Mammals. Front Physiol 2022; 13:888324. [PMID: 35480035 PMCID: PMC9035535 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.888324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endotherms, particularly the small mammals living in the polar region and temperate zone, are faced with extreme challenges for maintaining stable core body temperatures in harsh cold winter. The non-hibernating small mammals increase metabolic rate including obligatory thermogenesis (basal/resting metabolic rate, BMR/RMR) and regulatory thermogenesis (mainly nonshivering thermogenesis, NST, in brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle) to maintain thermal homeostasis in cold conditions. A substantial amount of evidence indicates that the symbiotic gut microbiota are sensitive to air temperature, and play an important function in cold-induced thermoregulation, via bacterial metabolites and byproducts such as short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids. Cold signal is sensed by specific thermosensitive transient receptor potential channels (thermo-TRPs), and then norepinephrine (NE) is released from sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and thyroid hormones also increase to induce NST. Meanwhile, these neurotransmitters and hormones can regulate the diversity and compositions of the gut microbiota. Therefore, cold-induced NST is controlled by both Thermo-TRPs—SNS—gut microbiota axis and thyroid—gut microbiota axis. Besides physiological thermoregulation, small mammals also rely on behavioral regulation, such as huddling and coprophagy, to maintain energy and thermal homeostasis, and the gut microbial community is involved in these processes. The present review summarized the recent progress in the gut microbiota and host physiological and behavioral thermoregulation in small mammals for better understanding the evolution and adaption of holobionts (host and symbiotic microorganism). The coevolution of host-microorganism symbionts promotes individual survival, population maintenance, and species coexistence in the ecosystems with complicated, variable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - De-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: De-Hua Wang,
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Patil SP, Goswami A, Kalia K, Kate AS. Plant-Derived Bioactive Peptides: A Treatment to Cure Diabetes. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019; 26:955-968. [PMID: 32435169 PMCID: PMC7223764 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09899-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Recent advances in analytical techniques have opened new opportunities for plant-based drug discovery in the field of peptide and proteins. Enzymatic hydrolysis of plant parent proteins forms bioactive peptides which are explored in the treatment of various diseases. In this review, we will discuss the identified plant-based bioactive proteins and peptides and the in vitro, in vivo results for the treatment of diabetes. Extraction, isolation, characterization and commercial utilization of plant proteins is a challenge for the pharmaceutical industry as plants contain several interfering secondary metabolites. The market of peptide drugs for the treatment of diabetes is growing at a fast rate. Plant-based bioactive peptides might open up new opportunities to discover economic lead for the management of various diseases. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Shital P. Patil
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
| | - Ashutosh Goswami
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
| | - Abhijeet S. Kate
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
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Klingbeil E, de La Serre CB. Microbiota modulation by eating patterns and diet composition: impact on food intake. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R1254-R1260. [PMID: 30230934 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00037.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that the gut microbiota and its composition dynamics play a crucial role in regulating the host physiological functions and behavior. Diet composition is the primary modulator of bacterial richness and abundance in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Macronutrient (fat, sugar, and protein) and fiber contents are especially important in determining microbiota composition and its effect on health outcomes and behavior. In addition to food composition, time of intake and eating patterns have recently been shown to significantly affect gut bacterial makeup. Diet-driven unfavorable microbiota composition, or dysbiosis, can lead to an increased production of proinflammatory by-products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Increased inflammatory potential is associated with alteration in gut permeability, resulting in elevated levels of LPS in the bloodstream, or metabolic endotoxemia. We have found that a chronic increase in circulating LPS is sufficient to induce hyperphagia in rodents. Chronic LPS treatment appears to specifically impair the gut-brain axis and vagally mediated satiety signaling. The vagus nerve relays information on the quantity and quality of nutrients in the GI tract to the nucleus of solitary tract in the brain stem. There is evidence that microbiota dysbiosis is associated with remodeling of the vagal afferent pathway and that normalizing the microbiota composition in rats fed a high-fat diet is sufficient to prevent vagal remodeling. Taken together, these data support a role for the microbiota in regulating gut-brain communication and eating behavior. Bacteria-originating inflammation may play a key role in impairment of diet-driven satiety and the development of hyperphagia.
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Fields C, Levin M. Multiscale memory and bioelectric error correction in the cytoplasm-cytoskeleton-membrane system. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 10. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Fields
- 21 Rue des Lavandiéres, 11160 Caunes Minervois; France
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University; Medford MA USA
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Qiang X, Liotta AS, Shiloach J, Gutierrez JC, Wang H, Ochani M, Ochani K, Yang H, Rabin A, LeRoith D, Lesniak MA, Böhm M, Maaser C, Kannengiesser K, Donowitz M, Rabizadeh S, Czura CJ, Tracey KJ, Westlake M, Zarfeshani A, Mehdi SF, Danoff A, Ge X, Sanyal S, Schwartz GJ, Roth J. New melanocortin-like peptide of E. coli can suppress inflammation via the mammalian melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R): possible endocrine-like function for microbes of the gut. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2017; 3:31. [PMID: 29152323 PMCID: PMC5684143 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-017-0039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
E. coli releases a 33 amino acid peptide melanocortin-like peptide of E. coli (MECO-1) that is identical to the C-terminus of the E. coli elongation factor-G (EF-G) and has interesting similarities to two prominent mammalian melanocortin hormones, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). Note that MECO-1 lacks HFRW, the common pharmacophore of the known mammalian melanocortin peptides. MECO-1 and the two hormones were equally effective in severely blunting release of cytokines (HMGB1 and TNF) from macrophage-like cells in response to (i) endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) or (ii) pro-inflammatory cytokine HMGB-1. The in vitro anti-inflammatoty effects of MECO-1 and of alpha-MSH were abrogated by (i) antibody against melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) and by (ii) agouti, an endogenous inverse agonist of MC1R. In vivo MECO-1 was even more potent than alpha-MSH in rescuing mice from death due to (i) lethal doses of LPS endotoxin or (ii) cecal ligation and puncture, models of sterile and infectious sepsis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Qiang
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY USA
| | | | | | | | - Haichao Wang
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Mahendar Ochani
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Kanta Ochani
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Huan Yang
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Aviva Rabin
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark Donowitz
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - Christopher J. Czura
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY USA
| | - Kevin J. Tracey
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY USA
| | - Mark Westlake
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Aida Zarfeshani
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Syed F. Mehdi
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Ann Danoff
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Xueliang Ge
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Suparna Sanyal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jesse Roth
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY USA
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA
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Abstract
Microbial endocrinology represents the intersection of two seemingly disparate fields, microbiology and neurobiology, and is based on the shared presence of neurochemicals that are exactly the same in host as well as in the microorganism. The ability of microorganisms to not only respond to, but also produce, many of the same neurochemicals that are produced by the host, such as during periods of stress, has led to the introduction of this evolutionary-based mechanism which has a role in the pathogenesis of infectious disease. The consideration of microbial endocrinology-based mechanisms has demonstrated, for example, that the prevalent use of catecholamine-based synthetic drugs in the clinical setting contributes to the formation of biofilms in indwelling medical devices. Production of neurochemicals by microorganisms most often employs the same biosynthetic pathways as those utilized by the host, indicating that acquisition of host neurochemical-based signaling system in the host may have been acquired due to lateral gene transfer from microorganisms. That both host and microorganism produce and respond to the very same neurochemicals means that there is bidirectionality contained with the theoretical underpinnings of microbial endocrinology. This can be seen in the role of microbial endocrinology in the microbiota-gut-brain axis and its relevance to infectious disease. Such shared pathways argue for a role of microorganism-neurochemical interactions in infectious disease.
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Praveen V, Praveen S. Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis: A Pathway for Improving Brainstem Serotonin Homeostasis and Successful Autoresuscitation in SIDS-A Novel Hypothesis. Front Pediatr 2016; 4:136. [PMID: 28111624 PMCID: PMC5216028 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2016.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) continues to be a major public health issue. Following its major decline since the "Back to Sleep" campaign, the incidence of SIDS has plateaued, with an annual incidence of about 1,500 SIDS-related deaths in the United States and thousands more throughout the world. The etiology of SIDS, the major cause of postneonatal mortality in the western world, is still poorly understood. Although sleeping in prone position is a major risk factor, SIDS continues to occur even in the supine sleeping position. The triple-risk model of Filiano and Kinney emphasizes the interaction between a susceptible infant during a critical developmental period and stressor/s in the pathogenesis of SIDS. Recent evidence ranges from dysregulated autonomic control to findings of altered neurochemistry, especially the serotonergic system that plays an important role in brainstem cardiorespiratory/thermoregulatory centers. Brainstem serotonin (5-HT) and tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH-2) levels have been shown to be lower in SIDS, supporting the evidence that defects in the medullary serotonergic system play a significant role in SIDS. Pathogenic bacteria and their enterotoxins have been associated with SIDS, although no direct evidence has been established. We present a new hypothesis that the infant's gut microbiome, and/or its metabolites, by its direct effects on the gut enterochromaffin cells, stimulates the afferent gut vagal endings by releasing serotonin (paracrine effect), optimizing autoresuscitation by modulating brainstem 5-HT levels through the microbiome-gut-brain axis, thus playing a significant role in SIDS during the critical period of gut flora development and vulnerability to SIDS. The shared similarities between various risk factors for SIDS and their relationship with the infant gut microbiome support our hypothesis. Comprehensive gut-microbiome studies are required to test our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shama Praveen
- Providence Little Company of Mary Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA
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11
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Berstad A, Raa J, Valeur J. Indole - the scent of a healthy 'inner soil'. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2015; 26:27997. [PMID: 26282698 PMCID: PMC4539392 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.27997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid with an indole nucleus. Humans cannot produce this amino acid themselves, but must obtain it through their diet. Much attention is currently paid to the wide physiological and clinical implications of the tryptophan-derived substances, serotonin and kynurenines, generated by human enzymes following the intestinal absorption of tryptophan. However, even before being absorbed, several microbial metabolites of tryptophan are formed, mainly from ‘malabsorbed’ (incompletely digested) proteins within the colon. The normal smell of human faeces is largely due to indole, one of the major metabolites. Recent studies indicate that this foul-smelling substance is also of utmost importance for our health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Berstad
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway;
| | - Jan Raa
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Valeur
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Abstract
The ability of microorganisms, whether present as commensals within the microbiota or introduced as part of a therapeutic regimen, to influence behavior has been demonstrated by numerous laboratories over the last few years. Our understanding of the mechanisms that are responsible for microbiota-gut-brain interactions is, however, lacking. The complexity of the microbiota is, of course, a contributing factor. Nonetheless, while microbiologists approaching the issue of microbiota-gut-brain interactions in the behavior well recognize such complexity, what is often overlooked is the equal complexity of the host neurophysiological system, especially within the gut which is differentially innervated by the enteric nervous system. As such, in the search for common mechanisms by which the microbiota may influence behavior one may look for mechanisms which are shared by both host and microbiota. Such interkingdom signaling can be found in the shared production of neurochemical mediators that are found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The study of the production and recognition of neurochemicals that are exactly the same in structure to those produced in the vertebrate organisms is known as microbial endocrinology. The examination of the microbiota from the vantage point of host-microbiota neuroendocrine interactions cannot only identify new microbial endocrinology-based mechanisms by which the microbiota can influence host behavior, but also lead to the design of interventions in which the composition of the microbiota may be modulated in order to achieve a specific microbial endocrinology-based profile beneficial to overall host behavior.
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13
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Internal chemical communication within flatworms. J Chem Ecol 2013; 12:1679-86. [PMID: 24305885 DOI: 10.1007/bf01022373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/1985] [Accepted: 02/10/1986] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of reproductive function is important for control of parasitic helminths. In cestodes and trematodes virtually nothing is known about regulatory and coordinating mechanisms that control maturation, gamete formation, egg production, and related processes. Neurosecretory neurons have been reported in various species but specific modes of action of neurohormones have yet to be demonstrated. The role of ecdysone is being investigated.
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Sainath S, Swetha CH, Reddy PS. What Do We (Need to) Know About the Melatonin in Crustaceans? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 319:365-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.B. Sainath
- Department of Biotechnology; Sri Venkateswara University; Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh; India
| | - CH. Swetha
- Department of Biotechnology; Sri Venkateswara University; Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh; India
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15
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Liang H, Zen K, Zhang J, Zhang CY, Chen X. New roles for microRNAs in cross-species communication. RNA Biol 2013; 10:367-70. [PMID: 23364352 DOI: 10.4161/rna.23663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Communication between cells ensures coordinated behavior. In prokaryotes, this signaling is typically referred to as quorum sensing, whereas in eukaryotic cells, communication occurs through hormones. In recent years, reports have shown that small noncoding RNAs, called microRNAs (miRNAs), can be transmitted from one species to another, inducing signal interference in distant species, even in a cross-kingdom manner. This new mode of cross-species communication might mediate symbiotic and pathogenic relationships between various organisms (e.g., microorganisms and their hosts). Here, we discuss several recent studies concerning miRNA-mediated cross-species gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Liang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences; Nanjing University; Nanjing, P.R. China
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16
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Meda P. Protein-mediated interactions of pancreatic islet cells. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:621249. [PMID: 24278783 PMCID: PMC3820362 DOI: 10.1155/2013/621249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The islets of Langerhans collectively form the endocrine pancreas, the organ that is soley responsible for insulin secretion in mammals, and which plays a prominent role in the control of circulating glucose and metabolism. Normal function of these islets implies the coordination of different types of endocrine cells, noticeably of the beta cells which produce insulin. Given that an appropriate secretion of this hormone is vital to the organism, a number of mechanisms have been selected during evolution, which now converge to coordinate beta cell functions. Among these, several mechanisms depend on different families of integral membrane proteins, which ensure direct (cadherins, N-CAM, occludin, and claudins) and paracrine communications (pannexins) between beta cells, and between these cells and the other islet cell types. Also, other proteins (integrins) provide communication of the different islet cell types with the materials that form the islet basal laminae and extracellular matrix. Here, we review what is known about these proteins and their signaling in pancreatic β -cells, with particular emphasis on the signaling provided by Cx36, given that this is the integral membrane protein involved in cell-to-cell communication, which has so far been mostly investigated for effects on beta cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Meda
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva School of Medicine, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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The macrodomain family: Rethinking an ancient domain from evolutionary perspectives. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN = KEXUE TONGBAO 2013; 58:953-960. [PMID: 32214744 PMCID: PMC7088686 DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-5674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The reasons why certain domains evolve much slower than others is unclear. The notion that functionally more important genes evolve more slowly than less important genes is one of the few commonly believed principles of molecular evolution. The macro-domain (also known as the X domain) is an ancient, slowly evolving and highly conserved structural domain found in proteins throughout all of the kingdoms and was first discovered nearly two decades ago with the isolation and cloning of macroH2A1. Macrodomains, which are functionally promiscuous, have been studied intensively for the past decade due to their importance in the regulation of cellular responses to DNA damage, chromatin remodeling, transcription and tumorigenesis. Recent structural, phylogenetic and biological analyses, however, suggest the need for some reconsideration of the evolutionary advantage of concentrating such a plethora of diverse functions into the macrodomain and of how macrodomains could perform so many functions. In this article, we focus on macrodomains that are evolving slowly and broadly discuss the potential relationship between the biological evolution and functional diversity of macrodomains.
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Hoyle CH. Evolution of neuronal signalling: Transmitters and receptors. Auton Neurosci 2011; 165:28-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
The appearance of multicellular organisms imposed the development of several mechanisms for cell-to-cell communication, whereby different types of cells coordinate their function. Some of these mechanisms depend on the intercellular diffusion of signal molecules in the extracellular spaces, whereas others require cell-to-cell contact. Among the latter mechanisms, those provided by the proteins of the connexin family are widespread in most tissues. Connexin signaling is achieved via direct exchanges of cytosolic molecules between adjacent cells at gap junctions, for cell-to-cell coupling, and possibly also involves the formation of membrane "hemi-channels," for the extracellular release of cytosolic signals, direct interactions between connexins and other cell proteins, and coordinated influence on the expression of multiple genes. Connexin signaling appears to be an obligatory attribute of all multicellular exocrine and endocrine glands. Specifically, the experimental evidence we review here points to a direct participation of the Cx36 isoform in the function of the insulin-producing β-cells of the endocrine pancreas, and of the Cx40 isoform in the function of the renin-producing juxtaglomerular epithelioid cells of the kidney cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Bosco
- Department of Surgery, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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20
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Lyte M. The microbial organ in the gut as a driver of homeostasis and disease. Med Hypotheses 2009; 74:634-8. [PMID: 19900764 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Based on the ability of bacteria to both recognize and synthesize neuroendocrine hormones, it is hypothesized that microbes within the intestinal tract comprise a community that interfaces with the mammalian nervous system that innervates the gastrointestinal tract to form a microbial organ. Given the evolutionary context in which the central nervous system is an outgrowth of the more primitive enteric nervous system and the time in which microbes have colonized the mammalian intestinal tract, it is further hypothesized that this microbial organ enters into a symbiotic relationship with its mammalian host to influence both homeostasis (aspects such as behavior) and susceptibility to disease. Contained within the overall hypothesis are three main thematic elements: the species composition of the microbial organ influences host homeostasis and disease susceptibility; the host's nervous system influences the species composition of the microbial organ and the microbial organ itself possesses its own nervous system. Elucidation of the mechanisms by which this evolutionary symbiosis occurs would dramatically alter current medical thought by providing a biological basis for linking these two disparate organ systems and provide a new paradigm with which to understand and design new therapeutic approaches for a range of clinical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lyte
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS8162, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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Hsiao WW, Metz C, Singh DP, Roth J. The microbes of the intestine: an introduction to their metabolic and signaling capabilities. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2008; 37:857-71. [PMID: 19026936 PMCID: PMC4411945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes advances in the field of host-microbe interactions in the gut. The human gut is home to a complex community of microbes (the microbiota) that plays a critical role in host nutrient acquisition and metabolism, development of intestinal epithelial cells, and host immune system. Genetic background, nutritional status, and environmental factors influence the structure and function of the gut microbiota. Networks for cell-cell communication include microbes actively communicating with microbes of the same and other species; host cells recognizing and interacting with commensal versus pathogenic organisms; and microbes releasing peptides that resemble peptide hormones of vertebrates, possibly influencing host cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W.L. Hsiao
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, HSF-II, Room S-431, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Christine Metz
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Davinder P. Singh
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Jesse Roth
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
- Corresponding author. 149-37 Powells Cove Boulevard, Whitestone, NY 11357
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Sifri C. Healthcare Epidemiology: Quorum Sensing: Bacteria Talk Sense. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:1070-6. [DOI: 10.1086/592072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
Models have been a tool of science at least since the 18th century and serve a variety of purposes from focusing abstract thoughts to representing scaled down version of things for study. Generally, animal models are needed when it is impractical or unethical to study the target animal. Biologists have taken modeling by analogy beyond most other disciplines, deriving the relationship between model and target through evolution. The "unity in diversity" concept suggests that homology between model and target foretells functional similarities. Animal model studies have been invaluable for elucidating general strategies, pathways, processes and guiding the development of hypotheses to test in target animals. The vast majority of animals used as models are used in biomedical preclinical trials. The predictive value of those animal studies is carefully monitored, thus providing an ideal dataset for evaluating the efficacy of animal models. On average, the extrapolated results from studies using tens of millions of animals fail to accurately predict human responses. Inadequacies in experimental designs may account for some of the failure. However, recent discoveries of unexpected variation in genome organization and regulation may reveal a heretofore unknown lack of homology between model animals and target animals that could account for a significant proportion of the weakness in predictive ability. A better understanding of the mechanisms of gene regulation may provide needed insight to improve the predictability of animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Wall
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Lab, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review is intended to provide an overview of this section on 'Gastrointestinal regulatory peptides' and to emphasize both similarities and differences between 'classic' hormones and those peptides synthesized within, and released from, the gastrointestinal tract. It will also discuss recent investigation involving these peptides and their physiological properties and pathologic potential. RECENT FINDINGS More recent investigation, much of which is discussed in this section, has looked at the central role of the gastrointestinal tract, and specifically gastrointestinal regulatory peptides, in nutrient homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of obesity and other nutritional disorders. SUMMARY Regulatory peptides are chemical messengers that provide a means of communication between two cells which are commonly located in different organ systems. The peptides interact via a shared aqueous environment; whereas this environment is endocrine in nature for classic hormones and gastrointestinal peptides, the latter also include those peptides that communicate more directly with their target via paracrine, neurocrine, and autocrine routes. The field of gastrointestinal regulatory peptides is in its infancy, and the coming decades will witness the development of these peptides, as well as analogues and antagonists, as potential new forms of therapy of obesity and other nutrition-related disorders, as well as other maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michael Wolfe
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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Dubrovsky BO. Steroids, neuroactive steroids and neurosteroids in psychopathology. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29:169-92. [PMID: 15694225 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The term "neurosteroid" (NS) was introduced by Baulieu in 1981 to name a steroid hormone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), that was found at high levels in the brain long after gonadectomy and adrenalectomy, and shown later to be synthetized by the brain. Later, androstenedione, pregnenolone and their sulfates and lipid derivatives as well as tetrahydrometabolites of progesterone (P) and deoxycorticosterone (DOC) were identified as neurosteroids. The term "neuroactive steroid" (NAS) refers to steroids which, independent of their origin, are capable of modifying neural activities. NASs bind and modulate different types of membrane receptors. The GABA and sigma receptor complexes have been the most extensively studied, while glycine-activated chloride channels, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, voltage-activated calcium channels, although less explored, are also modulated by NASs. Within the glutamate receptor family, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors and kainate receptors have also been demonstrated to be a target for steroid modulation. Besides their membrane effects, once inside the neuron oxidation of Ring A reduced pregnanes, THP and THDOC, bind to the progesterone intracellular receptor and regulate gene expression through this path. The involvement of NASs on depression syndromes, anxiety disorders, stress responses to different stress stimuli, memory processes and related phenomena such as long-term potentiation are reviewed and critically evaluated. The importance of context for the interpretation of behavioral effects of hormones as well as for hormonal levels in body fluids is emphasized. Some suggestions for further research are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo O Dubrovsky
- McGill University, 3445 Drummond Street, #701, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1X9, Canada.
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26
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Wiejak J, Surmacz L, Wyroba E. Immunoanalogue of vertebrate beta-adrenergic receptor in the unicellular eukaryote Paramecium. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2002; 34:51-6. [PMID: 12365800 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021399926461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell fractionation, SDS-PAGE, quantitative Western blot, confocal immunolocalization and immunogold labelling were performed to find an interpretation of the physiological response of the unicellular eukaryote Paramecium to beta-adrenergic ligands. The 69 kDa polypeptide separated by SDS-PAGE in S2 and P2 Paramecium subcellular fractions cross-reacted with antibody directed against human beta2-adrenergic receptor. This was detected by Western blotting followed by chemiluminescent detection. Quantitative image analysis showed that beta-selective adrenergic agonist (-)-isoproterenol--previously shown to enhance phagocytic activity--evoked redistribution of the adrenergic receptor analogue from membraneous (P2) to cytosolic (S2) fraction. The relative increase in immunoreactive band intensity in S2 reached 80% and was paralleled by a 59% decrease in P2 fraction. Confocal immunofluorescence revealed beta2-adrenergic receptor sites on the cell surface and at the ridge of the cytopharynx--where nascent phagosomes are formed. This localization was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy. These results indicate that the 69 kDa Paramecium polypeptide immunorelated to vertebrate beta2-adrenergic receptor appeared in this evolutionary ancient cell as a nutrient receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Fractionation
- Cell Membrane/chemistry
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Humans
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Molecular Weight
- Paramecium/immunology
- Paramecium/metabolism
- Paramecium/ultrastructure
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/immunology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Transport Vesicles/chemistry
- Transport Vesicles/immunology
- Vertebrates/immunology
- Vertebrates/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Wiejak
- Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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27
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DeLisa MP, Valdes JJ, Bentley WE. Quorum signaling via AI-2 communicates the "Metabolic Burden" associated with heterologous protein production in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 75:439-50. [PMID: 11668443 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have shown that bacterial cell-cell communication or quorum sensing is quite prevalent in pathogenic Escherichia coli, especially at high cell density; however, the role of quorum sensing in nonpathogenic E. coli is less clear and, in particular, there is no information regarding the role of quorum sensing in overexpression of plasmid-encoded genes. In this work, it was found that the activity of a quorum signaling molecule, autoinducer-2 (AI-2), decreased significantly following induction of several plasmid-encoded genes in both low and high-cell-density cultures of E. coli. Furthermore, we show that AI-2 signaling level was linearly related to the accumulation level of each protein product and that, in general, the highest rates of recombinant protein accumulation resulted in the greatest attenuation of AI-2 signaling. Importantly, our findings demonstrate for the first time that recombinant E. coli communicate the stress or burden of overexpressing heterologous genes through the quorum-based AI-2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P DeLisa
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnological Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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28
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Marino MJ, Sherman TG, Wood DC. Partial cloning of putative G-proteins modulating mechanotransduction in the ciliate stentor. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2001; 48:527-36. [PMID: 11596917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction systems known to utilize G-proteins in higher eukaryotes undoubtedly evolved prior to the development of metazoa. Pharmacological evidence indicates that the ciliates Paramecium, Stentor, and Tetrahymena all utilize signaling systems similar to those found in mammals. However, there has been relatively little direct evidence for the existence of G-proteins in ciliates. Since highly conserved heterotrimeric G-proteins form the basis of receptor-coupled signal transduction systems in a wide variety of metazoa, it is of interest to know if these important signaling molecules were early to evolve and are present and functionally important in a wide variety of unicellular organisms. We have previously shown that mechanotransduction in Stentor is modulated by opiates in a manner that may involve pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins. Here we utilize drugs known to interact with G-proteins to further test for the involvement of these important signaling molecules in Stentor mechanotransduction. We present behavioral and electrophysiological data demonstrating that putative G-proteins in Stentor decrease mechanical sensitivity by modulating the mechanotransduction process. In addition, we report the partial cloning of 4 G-protein alpha-subunits from Stentor. We confirm that these clones are of Stentor origin and are transcribed. Furthermore, we employ antisense oligodeoxynucleotide-mediated knockout to demonstrate that these ciliate G-proteins exert a modulatory influence on Stentor behavior, and that a G1/G0-like clone mediates the inhibitory action of beta-endorphin on mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Marino
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Csaba G, Kovács P. Insulin uptake, localization and production in previously insulin treated and untreated Tetrahymena. Data on the mechanism of hormonal imprinting. Cell Biochem Funct 2000; 18:161-7. [PMID: 10965353 DOI: 10.1002/1099-0844(200009)18:3<161::aid-cbf869>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Confocal microscopic experiments demonstrate the presence of insulin in Tetrahymena, observed also in earlier experiments. However, there is a broad spectrum of insulin-containing cells from the immunocytochemically insulin-free, to the strongly antibody-reactive ones. During 1 h of insulin treatment (imprinting) the cells gradually bind and take up insulin, and the process is slow. One minute after the start of treatment there is not difference in the number of insulin antibody-reactive cells and amount of insulin. After 5 or 10 min the cells bind and contain more insulin and after 1 h most of the cells are densely packed with the insulin antibody-reactive material. Insulin imprinting accelerates binding and uptake alike: 48 h after imprinting and 1 min after the start of the second treatment, more insulin is present on the surface and inside the cells, than after 10 min in the first-time treated cells. Theoretically, this effect of hormonal imprinting helps to maintain the species by facilitating molecular recognition and binding as well as uptake of useful molecules. The experiments also support previous observations on the parallel receptor-evoking (strengthening) and hormone-producing effect of hormonal imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Csaba
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University of Medicine, H-1445 Budapest, POB 370, Hungary
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30
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Stefano GB, Salzet M. Invertebrate opioid precursors: evolutionary conservation and the significance of enzymatic processing. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1999; 187:261-86. [PMID: 10212982 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrate tissues contain mammalian-like proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and proopiomelanocortin. Amino acid sequence determination of these opioid gene products reveals the presence of various opioid peptides exhibiting high sequence identity with their mammalian counterparts. These associated peptides are flanked by dibasic amino acid residues, indicating cleavage sites. Together with the presence of various processing enzymes, i.e., neutral endopeptidase 24.11 and angiotensin-converting enzymes, this suggests that opioid precursor processing is also similar to that described in mammals. It is noted that the levels and/or activity of invertebrate neutral endopeptidase 24.11 can be upregulated by signaling molecules shown to perform the same function in mammals, i.e., morphine. Critical to opioid precursor processing are immunocytes that contain the precursors and transport processing enzymes to sites of inflammation, in part, to cleave these peptide precursors, thus liberating immune-stimulating molecules. Furthermore, in response to lipopolysaccharides, Met-enkephalin levels peak immediately and hours after the exposure, revealing a release and induction process. It appears that the opioid precursors and their processing enzymes first evolved in "simple" animals and the have been maintained and embellished during the course of evolution guided by conformational matching.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Stefano
- Neuroscience Institute, State University of New York, College at Old Westbury 11568-0210, USA
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31
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Funk KW, Greer J, Adjei AL. LHRH agonists. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1998; 11:151-82. [PMID: 9760680 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47384-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K W Funk
- Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
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Satoh R, Nakabayashi Y, Katakura T, Yamazaki S. Regulation by an extract of embryonic chick brain of the densities of voltage-dependent Na+ and Ca2+ channels in embryonic chick skeletal muscle cells during their development in culture. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1998; 110:261-7. [PMID: 9748621 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(98)00119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We studied the chronic effects of a brain extract (BE) prepared from chick embryonic brains on voltage-dependent Na+ channels (VDNCs) and Ca2+ channels (VDCCs) during the development of chick skeletal muscle cells in culture. The maximum rates of rise of Na+ and Ca2+ action potentials were measured electrophysiologically in an attempt to determine the effects of BE on the densities of these channels. The basic culture medium was supplemented with chick transferrin instead of whole-embryo extract and skeletal muscle cells were grown in the absence or in the presence of crude BE or fractionated BE. Long-term inclusion of BE to the culture medium increased the densities of both VDNCs and L-type VDCCs. By contrast, BE apparently decreased the density of T-type VDCCs. Our results indicate that BE contains some protein(s) that has a negative effect on the density of T-type VDCCs of skeletal muscle cells at a less differentiated stage and that this effect of BE is closely associated with subsequent regulation of the densities of VDNCs and L-type VDCCs. Possible roles of the influx of Ca2+ ions through T-type and L-type VDCCs in the control of the densities of VDNCs and L-type VDCCs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Satoh
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan.
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Csaba G. Evolutionary significance of the hormone recognition capacity in unicellular organisms. Development of hormone receptors. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 17:1-28. [PMID: 8822797 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-80106-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Csaba
- Department of Biology, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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34
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Kovács P, Csaba G. Effects of choline and ethanolamine on the synthesis and breakdown of the inositol phospholipid (PI) system in Tetrahymena. Cell Biochem Funct 1995; 13:61-7. [PMID: 7720191 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.290130111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Lower concentrations of choline chloride and ethanolamine (10(-3) M; 10(-5) M) increased phosphatidyl inositol (PI), phosphatidyl inositol monophosphate (PIP) and phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate (PIP2) level of Tetrahymena, while higher concentrations (10(-2) M) decreased them. These two substances also influenced, however in a less obvious way, the transformation of inositol phospholipids. The experiments draw attention to the sensitivity of the precursors of the second messenger system at a phylogenetically low level.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kovács
- Department of Biology, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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35
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Berdicevsky I, Mirsky N. Effects of insulin and glucose tolerance factor (GTF) on growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mycoses 1994; 37:405-10. [PMID: 7659127 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1994.tb00390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Addition of mammalian insulin to Saccharomyces cerevisiae enhanced the growth of the cells in several glucose concentrations. The enhancement of growth was dependent on insulin concentrations. Morphological changes were also observed depending on the presence of insulin: the cells were almost round, whereas elongated forms appeared under depletion of the hormone. The effect of insulin was very similar to the increase in yeast growth observed by the addition of GTF (glucose tolerance factor) to the medium. Our findings support the view of a common mechanism regulating metabolic and growth processes in lower and higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Berdicevsky
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa
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36
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Kovács P, Lovas G, Csaba G. Influence of insulin on the movement of Tetrahymena pyriformis. Hormonal imprinting alters the velocity. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1994; 107:375-9. [PMID: 7907964 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(94)90395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Treatment with insulin, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) or theophylline, which uniformly influence the intracellular cAMP level, accounted for appreciable changes in the movement of Tetrahymena pyriformis. All applied treatments caused a quantitative decrease in the percentage of relatively rapid movements (straight and spiral swimming) and a proportional increase in that of slow movements (standing, turn, creeping). A single treatment with insulin caused a quantitative decrease in fast movements and a quantitative increase in slow movements also in the offspring generations and reexposure to insulin had a similar, but even stronger effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kovács
- Department of Biology, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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37
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Phylogeny and Ontogeny of Chemical Signaling: Origin and Development of Hormone Receptors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has been shown to have actions within the brain, suggesting the presence of central PTH receptors. This possibility was examined by determining the binding of 125I-labeled [Nle8,18,Tyr34]bovine PTH to the plasma membranes of rat and rabbit brains. Specific binding of the tracer to membranes of the whole brain was time and tissue dependent, and was greater with membranes from the hypothalamus than with membranes from the cerebellum, cerebrum, or brain stem. The binding of the tracer to rat hypothalamic membranes was saturable and competitively displaced by unlabeled PTH(1-34), PTH(3-34), [Nle8,18,Tyr34]PTH(1-34), and by PTH-related protein, indicating the presence of a single class of high-affinity (dissociation constant = 2-5 nM), low-capacity (maximum binding capacity, Bmax = 110-250 fmol/mg protein) binding site. The binding of radiolabeled PTH to these sites was not displaced by unrelated peptides of comparable molecular size (calcitonin, calcitonin-gene related peptide, adrenocorticotropin). The binding of PTH to these sites did not, however, appear to stimulate adenylate cyclase activity, as in peripheral PTH target sites. Thus, although these results indicate the presence of PTH receptors in the brain, these binding sites have a lower affinity than those in peripheral tissues and may utilize a different signal transduction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Lazarus
- Peptide Neurochemistry Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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40
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Csaba G. Presence in and effects of pineal indoleamines at very low level of phylogeny. EXPERIENTIA 1993; 49:627-34. [PMID: 8359269 DOI: 10.1007/bf01923943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular organism Tetrahymena contains serotonin and is able to take up the hormone from its milieu. The serotonin content of the cell changes as a function of the presence of foreign exogenous hormones. This indicates a possible role of serotonin as a chemical mediator. Exogenous serotonin stimulates the RNA synthesis of Tetrahymena, and it was the only one among the hormones studied which kept the RNA level durably high. Serotonin stimulates phagocytosis and growth of Tetrahymena, and its precursors also stimulate growth. Serotonin can imprint Tetrahymena, and as a consequence of this the effect of the hormone increases in the case of further encounters. Treatment with serotonin-related molecules soon after imprinting can reduce the effect of imprinting. Melatonin can contract the pigment cells of Planaria; however, its precursors serotonin and tryptamine can do this more intensely. Both melatonin and serotonin can influence the regeneration of Planaria, with effects which differ when different phenomena are studied. Evolutionary theories are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Csaba
- Department of Biology, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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41
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Falugi C, Davoli C. Localization of putative biochemical messengers during Eisenia foetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta) development. Tissue Cell 1993; 25:311-23. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(93)90073-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/1992] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Gooday
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen, UK
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43
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Correlation of insulin pretreatment and insulin binding of Amoeba proteus—a new technique for evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(92)90284-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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44
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Rowland SS, Falkler WA, Bashirelahi N. Identification of an estrogen-binding protein in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1992; 42:721-7. [PMID: 1504010 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(92)90113-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A constitutive estrogen-binding protein (EBP) has been identified in the cytosol of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative bacterium. All 14 strains tested contained the EBP. Estradiol binding was rapid and maximal binding occurred by 90 min at 0 degrees C. Dissociation of estradiol from the binding protein occurred at a rate of 4.6 fmol/min with a t1/2 of 42 min. EBP binding was destroyed by protease treatment and at high temperature. Sodium molybdate had no effect on binding. The Kd determined by Scatchard analysis was 3.9 nM and the Bmax was 323 fmol/mg protein. The EBP sedimented at 8.9 S on sucrose density gradients. The presence of 0.4 M KCl increased estradiol binding 6-fold but did not cause a shift in the sedimentation value. Gel filtration of the native protein gave an estimated molecular weight of 215,000 and a Stokes radius of 50.2 A. Steroid binding specificity, in order of decreasing affinity, was estradiol, estrone, dihydrotestosterone, estriol, testosterone, progesterone and promegestone. Other steroid hormones tested did not compete for estradiol binding. Identification of an EBP in a bacterium allows a comparative analysis of other steroid-binding proteins in unicellular microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Rowland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore 21201
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45
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Csaba G, Kovács P. Oxytocin and vasopressin change the activity of the contractile vacuole in tetrahymena: Newer contributions to the phylogeny of hormones and hormone receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 102:353-5. [PMID: 1354583 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(92)90146-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Primary interaction with oxytocin accounted for a significant prolongation of the time interval between two systolic contractions of the contractile vacuole in Tetrahymena, whereas primary interaction with vasopressin had no appreciable influence on that functional parameter. 2. Primary treatment (imprinting) with vasopressin increased sensitivity to vasopressin and reduced responsiveness to oxytocin. 3. Primary treatment (imprinting) with oxytocin did not increase cellular response either to oxytocin or to vasopressin on second exposure. 4. Oxytocin, which is chemically related to the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin, influences the water metabolism in protozoa; vasopressin develops a similar effect after imprinting. 5. The experimental observations allow conclusions on certain events involved in the phylogenesis of hormones and receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Csaba
- Department of Biology, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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46
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Abstract
Patients suffering from Cushing's disorders (syndrome and disease) are significantly affected by psychological disturbances that overlap with depressive disorders. In turn, a subset of patients with affective disorders present with hypercortisolemia, and non-suppression in the Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST). We have shown that long-term potentiation (LTP), a putative memory mechanism, is significantly affected by steroids when tested on the hippocampus, a crucial structure for memory processes. We propose that an imbalance of adrenal steroids and their metabolites, interacting at the level of the hippocampus, play a fundamental role in the psychophysiopathology of Cushing's and depressive disorders. By biasing memory mechanisms, the imbalance of these hormones sets both distorted mood, and hence memory contents, and distorted cognition based on recollection and present experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dubrovsky
- Neurophysiology Laboratories, Allan Memorial Institute, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Canada
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47
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Harbour DV. The hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and their receptors in the immune system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-5428(06)80011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Dixtt V, Dixit VM. Sample Preparation for the Analysis of Catecholamines and their Metabolites in Human Urine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1080/01483919108049356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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49
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Filipini D, Gijsbers K, Birmingham MK, Kraulis I, Dubrovsky B. Modulation by adrenal steroids of limbic function. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1991; 39:245-52. [PMID: 1888685 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(91)90070-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of various steroid hormones on the long-term potentiation (LTP) of the rat hippocampus were evaluated. LTP was elicited in the dentate gyrus of adrenalectomized animals with priming tetanic stimulation (200 Hz-0.03 cps) of its main afferent, the perforant pathway. Single pulse EPSP (excitatory post-synaptic potential) slope, and PS (population spike) amplitude values were compared before and after the i.v. injection of the hormones and subsequently after the priming stimulation every 15 min up to 1 h. 18-OH-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) produced a significant decrease of the EPSP LTP and arrested the PS enhancement in comparison with vehicle at every time post-tetanic stimulation. Its 21-acetate derivative produced a moderate decrease of the EPSP and had no effect on the PS LTP in comparison with vehicle. Deoxycorticosterone (DOC) exhibited similar effects on the EPSP although less marked than with 18-OH-DOC while the PS only decreased in the first 30 min post-train. Corticosterone decreased both EPSP and PS for the first 15 and 30 min after priming stimulation, respectively, matching values with those of vehicle afterwards. Its 21-acetate produced an initial decrease of the EPSP and had no effect on the PS LTP. Allo-tetrahydro-DOC produced little, if any, initial enhancement of the PS LTP in comparison with vehicle. These results show that the adrenal steroids tested can modulate hippocampal LTP, a plastic phenomenon in the mammalian CNS which is known to be related to memory and learning processes. Moreover, adrenal steroids can independently modify the PS or EPSP components of the LTP, suggesting different loci of action at the neuronal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Filipini
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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50
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Docampo R, Pignataro OP. The inositol phosphate/diacylglycerol signalling pathway in Trypanosoma cruzi. Biochem J 1991; 275 ( Pt 2):407-11. [PMID: 2025225 PMCID: PMC1150068 DOI: 10.1042/bj2750407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Using [32P]Pi and [3H]inositol as precursors, we have detected the presence of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, and their derivatives inositol phosphate, inositol 1,4-bisphosphate and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate respectively, in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. Using digitonin-permeabilized cells it was possible to detect a stimulation in the formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and inositol 1,4-bisphosphate as well as an increased generation of diacylglycerol in the presence of 1 mM-CaCl2. These results are consistent with the operation of a functional inositol phosphate/diacylglycerol pathway in T. cruzi, and constitute the first demonstration of the presence and activation of this pathway in a parasitic protozoan. These results also indicate that this pathway is conserved during evolution from lower to higher eukaryotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Docampo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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