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Aftabi S, Barzegar Behrooz A, Cordani M, Rahiman N, Sadeghdoust M, Aligolighasemabadi F, Pistorius S, Alavizadeh SH, Taefehshokr N, Ghavami S. Therapeutic targeting of TGF-β in lung cancer. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 39083441 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a complex role in lung cancer pathophysiology, initially acting as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting early-stage tumor growth. However, its role evolves in the advanced stages of the disease, where it contributes to tumor progression not by directly promoting cell proliferation but by enhancing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and creating a conducive tumor microenvironment. While EMT is typically associated with enhanced migratory and invasive capabilities rather than proliferation per se, TGF-β's influence on this process facilitates the complex dynamics of tumor metastasis. Additionally, TGF-β impacts the tumor microenvironment by interacting with immune cells, a process influenced by genetic and epigenetic changes within tumor cells. This interaction highlights its role in immune evasion and chemoresistance, further complicating lung cancer therapy. This review provides a critical overview of recent findings on TGF-β's involvement in lung cancer, its contribution to chemoresistance, and its modulation of the immune response. Despite the considerable challenges encountered in clinical trials and the development of new treatments targeting the TGF-β pathway, this review highlights the necessity for continued, in-depth investigation into the roles of TGF-β. A deeper comprehension of these roles may lead to novel, targeted therapies for lung cancer. Despite the intricate behavior of TGF-β signaling in tumors and previous challenges, further research could yield innovative treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Aftabi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, Canada
- Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Amir Barzegar Behrooz
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, Canada
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Marco Cordani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Niloufar Rahiman
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Mohammadamin Sadeghdoust
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Farnaz Aligolighasemabadi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Stephen Pistorius
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, Canada
- Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Seyedeh Hoda Alavizadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Nima Taefehshokr
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, Canada
- Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Faculty Academy of Silesia, Faculty of Medicine, Katowice, Poland
- Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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2
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Takahashi S, Minnie SA, Ensbey KS, Schmidt CR, Sekiguchi T, Legg SRW, Zhang P, Koyama M, Olver SD, Collinge AD, Keshmiri S, Comstock ML, Varelias A, Green DJ, Hill GR. Regulatory T cells suppress myeloma-specific immunity during autologous stem cell mobilization and transplantation. Blood 2024; 143:1656-1669. [PMID: 38295333 PMCID: PMC11103090 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023022000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is the standard of care consolidation therapy for eligible patients with myeloma but most patients eventually progress, an event associated with features of immune escape. Novel approaches to enhance antimyeloma immunity after ASCT represent a major unmet need. Here, we demonstrate that patient-mobilized stem cell grafts contain high numbers of effector CD8 T cells and immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs). We showed that bone marrow (BM)-residing T cells are efficiently mobilized during stem cell mobilization (SCM) and hypothesized that mobilized and highly suppressive BM-derived Tregs might limit antimyeloma immunity during SCM. Thus, we performed ASCT in a preclinical myeloma model with or without stringent Treg depletion during SCM. Treg depletion generated SCM grafts containing polyfunctional CD8 T effector memory cells, which dramatically enhanced myeloma control after ASCT. Thus, we explored clinically tractable translational approaches to mimic this scenario. Antibody-based approaches resulted in only partial Treg depletion and were inadequate to recapitulate this effect. In contrast, a synthetic interleukin-2 (IL-2)/IL-15 mimetic that stimulates the IL-2 receptor on CD8 T cells without binding to the high-affinity IL-2Ra used by Tregs efficiently expanded polyfunctional CD8 T cells in mobilized grafts and protected recipients from myeloma progression after ASCT. We confirmed that Treg depletion during stem cell mobilization can mitigate constraints on tumor immunity and result in profound myeloma control after ASCT. Direct and selective cytokine signaling of CD8 T cells can recapitulate this effect and represent a clinically testable strategy to improve responses after ASCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichiro Takahashi
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Simone A. Minnie
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Kathleen S. Ensbey
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Christine R. Schmidt
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Tomoko Sekiguchi
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Samuel R. W. Legg
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Ping Zhang
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Motoko Koyama
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Stuart D. Olver
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Sara Keshmiri
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Melissa L. Comstock
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Antiopi Varelias
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Damian J. Green
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Geoffrey R. Hill
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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3
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Immunologic effects on the haematopoietic stem cell in marrow failure. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2021; 34:101276. [PMID: 34404528 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2021.101276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acquired bone marrow failure (BMF) syndromes comprise a diverse group of diseases with variable clinical manifestations but overlapping features of immune activation, resulting in haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) damage and destruction. This review focuses on clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and treatment of four BMF: acquired aplastic anaemia, large granular lymphocytic leukaemia, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, and hypoplastic myelodysplastic syndrome. Autoantigens are speculated to be the inciting event that result in immune activation in all of these diseases, but specific pathogenic antigens have not been identified. Oligoclonal cytotoxic T cell expansion and an active role of proinflammatory cytokines, primarily interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), are two main contributors to HSPC growth inhibition and apoptosis in BMF. Emerging evidence also suggests involvement of the innate immune system.
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4
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Permanyer M, Bošnjak B, Glage S, Friedrichsen M, Floess S, Huehn J, Patzer GE, Odak I, Eckert N, Zargari R, Ospina-Quintero L, Georgiev H, Förster R. Efficient IL-2R signaling differentially affects the stability, function, and composition of the regulatory T-cell pool. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:398-414. [PMID: 33408345 PMCID: PMC8027001 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00599-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling via interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) is a requisite for regulatory T (Treg) cell identity and function. However, it is not completely understood to what degree IL-2R signaling is required for Treg cell homeostasis, lineage stability and function in both resting and inflammatory conditions. Here, we characterized a spontaneous mutant mouse strain endowed with a hypomorphic Tyr129His variant of CD25, the α-chain of IL-2R, which resulted in diminished receptor expression and reduced IL-2R signaling. Under noninflammatory conditions, Cd25Y129H mice harbored substantially lower numbers of peripheral Treg cells with stable Foxp3 expression that prevented the development of spontaneous autoimmune disease. In contrast, Cd25Y129H Treg cells failed to efficiently induce immune suppression and lost lineage commitment in a T-cell transfer colitis model, indicating that unimpaired IL-2R signaling is critical for Treg cell function in inflammatory environments. Moreover, single-cell RNA sequencing of Treg cells revealed that impaired IL-2R signaling profoundly affected the balance of central and effector Treg cell subsets. Thus, partial loss of IL-2R signaling differentially interferes with the maintenance, heterogeneity, and suppressive function of the Treg cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Permanyer
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Berislav Bošnjak
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Glage
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Floess
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ivan Odak
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Eckert
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Razieh Zargari
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Hristo Georgiev
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Uhl LFK, Gérard A. Modes of Communication between T Cells and Relevance for Immune Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2674. [PMID: 32290500 PMCID: PMC7215318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are essential mediators of the adaptive immune system, which constantly patrol the body in search for invading pathogens. During an infection, T cells that recognise the pathogen are recruited, expand and differentiate into subtypes tailored to the infection. In addition, they differentiate into subsets required for short and long-term control of the pathogen, i.e., effector or memory. T cells have a remarkable degree of plasticity and heterogeneity in their response, however, their overall response to a given infection is consistent and robust. Much research has focused on how individual T cells are activated and programmed. However, in order to achieve a critical level of population-wide reproducibility and robustness, neighbouring cells and surrounding tissues have to provide or amplify relevant signals to tune the overall response accordingly. The characteristics of the immune response-stochastic on the individual cell level, robust on the global level-necessitate coordinated responses on a system-wide level, which facilitates the control of pathogens, while maintaining self-tolerance. This global coordination can only be achieved by constant cellular communication between responding cells, and faults in this intercellular crosstalk can potentially lead to immunopathology or autoimmunity. In this review, we will discuss how T cells mount a global, collective response, by describing the modes of T cell-T cell (T-T) communication they use and highlighting their physiological relevance in programming and controlling the T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Audrey Gérard
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK;
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The Clinical Significance of Programmed Death-1, Regulatory T Cells and Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells in Patients with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria-Lung Disease. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050736. [PMID: 31126067 PMCID: PMC6572058 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Increasing expression of programmed death-1 (PD-1) in patients with nontuberculous mycobacteria lung disease (NTM-LD) has been reported, but its role in clinical characteristics and outcomes remains unclear. Methods: We enrolled 96 participants, including 46 with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)-LD, 23 with M. abscessus (MAB)-LD, and 27 controls. We measured expressions of PD-1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and regulatory T (Treg) cells on CD4+ lymphocytes and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and analyzed their association with clinical features and radiographic outcomes. Results: The percentage of PD-1 on CD4+(PD-1+CD4+) lymphocytes and MDSCs were higher in the MAC-LD group than the controls. There were no intergroup differences regarding CTLA-4+CD4+ lymphocytes. Higher PD-1+CD4+ lymphocytes were found in M. intracellulare- and M. avium-LD than in other MAC-LD. Positive sputum acid-fast stains and fibrocavitary radiographic lesions were correlated with elevated PD-1+CD4+ lymphocytes and Treg cells. The percentage of PD-1+CD4+ lymphocytes at the initial and 2 months of follow-up significantly predicted subsequent radiographic progression. Conclusion: As markers of immune tolerance, PD-1+CD4+ lymphocytes and MDSCs were higher in MAC-LD patients. The levels of PD-1+CD4+ and Treg cells were correlated with high mycobacteria bacilli burden in NTM-LD. Monitoring the expressions of PD-1+CD4+ lymphocytes may predict radiographic progression.
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7
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Lin JX, Leonard WJ. The Common Cytokine Receptor γ Chain Family of Cytokines. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028449. [PMID: 29038115 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21 form a family of cytokines based on their sharing the common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc), which was originally discovered as the third receptor component of the IL-2 receptor, IL-2Rγ. The IL2RG gene is located on the X chromosome and is mutated in humans with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID). The breadth of the defects in XSCID could not be explained solely by defects in IL-2 signaling, and it is now clear that γc is a shared receptor component of the six cytokines noted above, making XSCID a disease of defective cytokine signaling. Janus kinase (JAK)3 associates with γc, and JAK3-deficient SCID phenocopies XSCID, findings that served to stimulate the development of JAK3 inhibitors as immunosuppressants. γc family cytokines collectively control broad aspects of lymphocyte development, growth, differentiation, and survival, and these cytokines are clinically important, related to allergic and autoimmune diseases and cancer as well as immunodeficiency. In this review, we discuss the actions of these cytokines, their critical biological roles and signaling pathways, focusing mainly on JAK/STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) signaling, and how this information is now being used in clinical therapeutic efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674
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Yokoyama Y, Iwasaki T, Kitano S, Satake A, Nomura S, Furukawa T, Matsui K, Sano H. IL-2-Anti-IL-2 Monoclonal Antibody Immune Complexes Inhibit Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Augmenting Regulatory T Cell Functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1899-1906. [PMID: 30143591 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-2 induces regulatory T cells (Tregs) and reduces disease severity, such as in graft-versus-host disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. To investigate the regulatory network of IL-2 in rheumatoid arthritis, we examined the effects of IL-2-anti-IL-2 mAb immune complexes (IL-2ICs) in a rheumatoid arthritis model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). CIA was induced in male DBA/1 mice by two immunizations with type II collagen at 3-wk intervals. IL-2ICs were prepared by mixing 5 μg of an anti-IL-2 mAb (clone JES6-1D) with 1 μg of mouse IL-2 and were injected i.p. every day for 3 d. Mouse paws were scored for arthritis using a macroscopic scoring system. Th1, Th2, Th17, and Tregs were analyzed by flow cytometry. Joint histopathology was examined by H&E and immunohistochemical staining. Treg functions were examined by studying in vitro suppression using flow cytometry. IL-2IC administration effectively elicited a 1.6-fold expansion of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs in peripheral blood cells relative to that found in control mice. IL-2IC treatment significantly inhibited arthritis in CIA mice. Histopathological examination of joints revealed inhibited synovial cell proliferation and IL-17, IL-6, and TNF-α levels but increased Foxp3+ Tregs after IL-2IC treatment. Flow cytometric examination of spleen cells revealed reduced IFN-γ- and IL-17-producing cells and increased IL-10-producing Tregs after IL-2IC treatment. The suppressive activities of CD4+CD25+ Tregs induced by IL-2ICs were stronger than those in untreated mice. IL-2ICs inhibited arthritis by augmenting not only Treg numbers but also Treg functions, which play regulatory roles in autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Iwasaki
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan; and
| | - Sachie Kitano
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Satake
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1191, Japan
| | - Shosaku Nomura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1191, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Furukawa
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Matsui
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Hajime Sano
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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Caja L, Dituri F, Mancarella S, Caballero-Diaz D, Moustakas A, Giannelli G, Fabregat I. TGF-β and the Tissue Microenvironment: Relevance in Fibrosis and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29701666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051294.pmid:29701666;pmcid:pmc5983604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a cytokine essential for the induction of the fibrotic response and for the activation of the cancer stroma. Strong evidence suggests that a strong cross-talk exists among TGF-β and the tissue extracellular matrix components. TGF-β is stored in the matrix as part of a large latent complex bound to the latent TGF-β binding protein (LTBP) and matrix binding of latent TGF-β complexes, which is required for an adequate TGF-β function. Once TGF-β is activated, it regulates extracellular matrix remodelling and promotes a fibroblast to myofibroblast transition, which is essential in fibrotic processes. This cytokine also acts on other cell types present in the fibrotic and tumour microenvironment, such as epithelial, endothelial cells or macrophages and it contributes to the cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) phenotype. Furthermore, TGF-β exerts anti-tumour activity by inhibiting the host tumour immunosurveillance. Aim of this review is to update how TGF-β and the tissue microenvironment cooperate to promote the pleiotropic actions that regulate cell responses of different cell types, essential for the development of fibrosis and tumour progression. We discuss recent evidences suggesting the use of TGF-β chemical inhibitors as a new line of defence against fibrotic disorders or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Caja
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Francesco Dituri
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Serena Mancarella
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Daniel Caballero-Diaz
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Caja L, Dituri F, Mancarella S, Caballero-Diaz D, Moustakas A, Giannelli G, Fabregat I. TGF-β and the Tissue Microenvironment: Relevance in Fibrosis and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051294. [PMID: 29701666 PMCID: PMC5983604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a cytokine essential for the induction of the fibrotic response and for the activation of the cancer stroma. Strong evidence suggests that a strong cross-talk exists among TGF-β and the tissue extracellular matrix components. TGF-β is stored in the matrix as part of a large latent complex bound to the latent TGF-β binding protein (LTBP) and matrix binding of latent TGF-β complexes, which is required for an adequate TGF-β function. Once TGF-β is activated, it regulates extracellular matrix remodelling and promotes a fibroblast to myofibroblast transition, which is essential in fibrotic processes. This cytokine also acts on other cell types present in the fibrotic and tumour microenvironment, such as epithelial, endothelial cells or macrophages and it contributes to the cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) phenotype. Furthermore, TGF-β exerts anti-tumour activity by inhibiting the host tumour immunosurveillance. Aim of this review is to update how TGF-β and the tissue microenvironment cooperate to promote the pleiotropic actions that regulate cell responses of different cell types, essential for the development of fibrosis and tumour progression. We discuss recent evidences suggesting the use of TGF-β chemical inhibitors as a new line of defence against fibrotic disorders or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Caja
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Francesco Dituri
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Serena Mancarella
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Daniel Caballero-Diaz
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Wrangle JM, Patterson A, Johnson CB, Neitzke DJ, Mehrotra S, Denlinger CE, Paulos CM, Li Z, Cole DJ, Rubinstein MP. IL-2 and Beyond in Cancer Immunotherapy. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 38:45-68. [PMID: 29443657 PMCID: PMC5815463 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2017.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the T- and natural killer (NK) cell growth factor IL-2 has been a sentinel force ushering in the era of immunotherapy in cancer. With the advent of clinical grade recombinant IL-2 in the mid-1980s, oncologists could for the first time directly manipulate lymphocyte populations with systemic therapy. By itself, recombinant IL-2 can induce clinical responses in up to 15% of patients with metastatic cancer or renal cell carcinoma. When administered with adoptively transferred tumor-reactive lymphocytes, IL-2 promotes T cell engraftment and response rates of up to 50% in metastatic melanoma patients. Importantly, these IL-2-driven responses can yield complete and durable responses in a subset of patients. However, the use of IL-2 is limited by toxicity and concern of the expansion of T regulatory cells. To overcome these limitations and improve response rates, other T cell growth factors, including IL-15 and modified forms of IL-2, are in clinical development. Administering T cell growth factors in combination with other agents, such as immune checkpoint pathway inhibitors, may also improve efficacy. In this study, we review the development of T- and NK cell growth factors and highlight current combinatorial approaches based on these reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Wrangle
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Alicia Patterson
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - C. Bryce Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Daniel J. Neitzke
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Chadrick E. Denlinger
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Chrystal M. Paulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - David J. Cole
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Mark P. Rubinstein
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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12
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Oh JG, Hwang DJ, Heo TH. Direct regulation of IL-2 by curcumin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:300-305. [PMID: 29127008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a crucial growth factor for both regulatory and effector T cells. Thus, IL-2 plays a critical role in the stimulation and suppression of immune responses. Recently, anti-IL-2 antibodies (Abs) have been shown to possess strong IL-2 modulatory activities by affecting the interaction between IL-2 and IL-2 receptors. In this study, we screened an herbal library to identify a compound that regulates IL-2, which resulted in the identification of curcumin as a direct binder and inhibitor of IL-2. Curcumin is a phytochemical with well-known anti-cancer properties. In this study, curcumin mimicked or altered the binding pattern of anti-IL-2 Abs against IL-2 and remarkably inhibited the interaction of recombinant IL-2 with the IL-2 receptor α, CD25. Interestingly, curcumin neutralized the biological activities of IL-2 both in vitro and in vivo. In this report, we elucidated the unsolved mechanism of the anti-cancer effect of curcumin by identifying IL-2 as a direct molecular target. Curcumin, as a small molecule IL-2 modulator, has the potential to be used to treat IL-2 related pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Gyo Oh
- Lab of Pharmaco-Immunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Jeong Hwang
- Lab of Pharmaco-Immunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwe Heo
- Lab of Pharmaco-Immunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea; ILAb Inc., NP513, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Holt MP, Punkosdy GA, Glass DD, Shevach EM. TCR Signaling and CD28/CTLA-4 Signaling Cooperatively Modulate T Regulatory Cell Homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1503-1511. [PMID: 28053234 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs), conventional CD4+Foxp3- T cells, and CD8+ T cells represent heterogeneous populations composed of naive phenotype (NP, CD44low) and memory phenotype (MP, CD44high) subpopulations. NP and MP subsets differ in their activation state, contribution to immune function, and capacity to proliferate in vivo. To further understand the factors that contribute to the differential homeostasis of NP/MP subsets, we examined the differential effects of CD28 and CTLA-4 interaction with CD80/CD86, as well as MHC class II-TCR interaction within mouse Treg pools and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell pools. Blockade of CD80/CD86 with CTLA-4-Ig markedly reduced the cycling and absolute numbers of MP Tregs and MP CD4+ T cells, with minimal effect on the NP T cell subpopulations. Blockade of MHC class II-TCR interaction led to selective expansion of MP Tregs and MP CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that was reversed upon cotreatment with CTLA-4-Ig. Treatment with anti-CTLA-4 mAb altered MP Treg and MP CD4+ and CD8+ T cell homeostasis in a manner similar to that observed with anti-MHC class II. We postulate a complex pathway in which CD28 is the primary driver of Treg proliferation and CTLA-4 functions as the main brake but is likely dependent on TCR signals and CD80/CD86. These findings have important implications for the use of biologic agents targeting such pathways to modulate autoimmune and neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Holt
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - George A Punkosdy
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Deborah D Glass
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ethan M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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14
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Orr S, Strominger I, Eremenko E, Vinogradov E, Ruvinov E, Monsonego A, Cohen S. TGF-β affinity-bound to a macroporous alginate scaffold generates local and peripheral immunotolerant responses and improves allocell transplantation. Acta Biomater 2016; 45:196-209. [PMID: 27523029 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing vascularization of cell-transplantation devices is necessary for maintaining cell viability and integration within the host, but it also increases the risk of allograft rejection. Here, we investigated the feasibility of generating an immunoregulatory environment in a highly vascularized macroporous alginate scaffold by affinity-binding of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in a manner mimicking its binding to heparan sulfate. Using this device to transplant allofibroblasts under the kidney capsule resulted in the induction of local and peripheral TGF-β-dependent immunotolerance, characterized by higher frequency of immature dendritic cells and regulatory T cells within the device and by markedly reduced allofibroblast-specific T-cell response in the spleen, thereby increasing the viability of the transplanted cells. Culturing whole splenocytes in the TGF-β-bound scaffold indicated that the regulatory function of TGF-β is IL-10-dependent. We thus demonstrate a novel platform for transplantation devices, designed to promote an immunoregulatory microenvironment suitable for cell transplantation and autoimmune regulation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Allogeneic cell graft transplantation is a potentially optimal treatment for many clinical deficiencies. It is yet challenging to overcome chronic rejection without compromising host immunity to pathogens. We present the features and function of a cell transplantation device designed based on the principle of affinity binding of angiogenic and immunoregulatory factors to extracellular matrix in aim to achieve sustained release of these factors. We show that presentation of these factors in such manner generates the infrastructure for device vascularization and induces profound local allocell-specific tolerance, which then evokes peripheral T-cell tolerance. The tolerance is antigen specific, does not cause immune deficits and may thus serve to improve allocell survival as well as a platform to mitigate pathogenic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Orr
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Itai Strominger
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and The National Institute of Biotechnology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ekatrina Eremenko
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and The National Institute of Biotechnology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ekaterine Vinogradov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and The National Institute of Biotechnology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Emil Ruvinov
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Alon Monsonego
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and The National Institute of Biotechnology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell (RMSC) Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Smadar Cohen
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell (RMSC) Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; The Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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15
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Tomala J, Kovar M. IL-2/anti-IL-2 mAb immunocomplexes: A renascence of IL-2 in cancer immunotherapy? Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1102829. [PMID: 27141363 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1102829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo biological activity of IL-2 can be dramatically increased by complexing with anti-IL-2 mAb. Moreover, IL-2/anti-IL-2 mAb immunocomplexes selectively stimulate different subsets of immune cells, depending on the clone of anti-IL-2 mAb that is used. Thus, IL-2/S4B6 mAb complexes strongly stimulate CD122high populations, namely NK and memory CD8+ T cells. They also intermediately stimulate Treg cells. Conversely, IL-2/JES6.1 mAb immunocomplexes have no stimulatory activity for CD122high populations. However, they potently and highly selectively stimulate CD25+ cells (i.e., Treg and activated T cells). IL-2/S4B6 mAb immunocomplexes have also been shown to possess antitumor activity in various mouse tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Tomala
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Kovar
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague, Czech Republic
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16
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Redeker A, Welten SPM, Baert MRM, Vloemans SA, Tiemessen MM, Staal FJT, Arens R. The Quantity of Autocrine IL-2 Governs the Expansion Potential of CD8+ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4792-801. [PMID: 26453748 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Adequate responsiveness of CD8(+) T cell populations is of utmost importance for the efficacy of many vaccines and immunotherapeutic strategies against intracellular pathogens and cancer. In this study, we show in mouse models that the relative number of IL-2-producing cells within Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell populations predicts the population expansion capacity upon challenge. We further demonstrate that IL-2 producers constitute the best responding subset. Notably, we show that elevated production of IL-2 by CD8(+) T cells results in concomitant improved population expansion capacity and immunity. The amount of IL-2 produced on a per-cell basis essentially connects directly to the superior CD8(+) T cell population expansion. Together, our findings identified that autocrine IL-2 production operates in a dose-dependent fashion to facilitate the expansion potential of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell populations, which may instigate ways to augment therapies depending on fit CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Redeker
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne P M Welten
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Miranda R M Baert
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra A Vloemans
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Machteld M Tiemessen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J T Staal
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
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17
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Zumwalt TJ, Goel A. Immunotherapy of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Prevailing Challenges and New Perspectives. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2015; 11:125-140. [PMID: 26441489 PMCID: PMC4591512 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-015-0269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients with recurring or metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) have strikingly low long-term survival, while conventional treatments such as chemotherapeutic intervention and radiation therapy marginally improve longevity. Although, many factors involving immunosurveillance and immunosuppression were recently validated as important for patient prognosis and care, a multitude of experimental immunotherapies designed to combat unresectable mCRC have, in few cases, successfully mobilized antitumor immune cells against malignancies, nor conclusively or consistently granted protection, complete remission, and/or stable disease from immunotherapy - of which benefit less than 10% of those receiving therapy. After decades of progress, however, new insights into the mechanisms of immunosuppression, tolerance, and mutation profiling established novel therapies that circumvent these immunological barriers. This review underlines the most exciting methods to date that manipulate immune cells to curb mCRC, including adoptive cell therapy, dendritic cell vaccines, and checkpoint inhibitor antibodies - of which hint at effective and enduring protection against disease progression and undetected micrometastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Zumwalt
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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18
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Suryadevara CM, Verla T, Sanchez-Perez L, Reap EA, Choi BD, Fecci PE, Sampson JH. Immunotherapy for malignant glioma. Surg Neurol Int 2015; 6:S68-77. [PMID: 25722935 PMCID: PMC4338494 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.151341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas (MG) are the most common type of primary malignant brain tumor. Most patients diagnosed with glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and malignant glial tumor, die within 12-15 months. Moreover, conventional treatment, which includes surgery followed by radiation and chemotherapy, can be highly toxic by causing nonspecific damage to healthy brain and other tissues. The shortcomings of standard-of-care have thus created a stimulus for the development of novel therapies that can target central nervous system (CNS)-based tumors specifically and efficiently, while minimizing off-target collateral damage to normal brain. Immunotherapy represents an investigational avenue with the promise of meeting this need, already having demonstrated its potential against B-cell malignancy and solid tumors in clinical trials. T-cell engineering with tumor-specific chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) is one proven approach that aims to redirect autologous patient T-cells to sites of tumor. This platform has evolved dramatically over the past two decades to include an improved construct design, and these modern CARs have only recently been translated into the clinic for brain tumors. We review here emerging immunotherapeutic platforms for the treatment of MG, focusing on the development and application of a CAR-based strategy against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carter M Suryadevara
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Terence Verla
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Luis Sanchez-Perez
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Reap
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bryan D Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - John H Sampson
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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19
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Devaud C, Westwood JA, Teng MW, John LB, Yong CS, Duong CP, Smyth MJ, Darcy PK, Kershaw MH. Differential potency of regulatory T cell-mediated immunosuppression in kidney tumors compared to subcutaneous tumors. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e963395. [PMID: 25941590 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.963395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In many cancers, regulatory T cells (Treg) play a crucial role in suppressing the effector immune response thereby permitting tumor development. Indeed, in mouse models, their depletion can promote the regression of tumors of various origins, including renal cell carcinoma when located subcutaneous (SC). In the present study, we aimed to assess the importance of Treg immunosuppression in the physiologic context of metastatic renal carcinoma (Renca) disease. To that purpose we inoculated renal tumors orthotopically, intra-kidney (IK), in mice. Treg depletions were performed using anti-CD4 antibody in wild type mice or diphtheria toxin (DT) in Foxp3DTR transgenic mice. Our main observation was that Treg were not the key immunosuppressive component of the IK tumoral microenvironment, compared to the same tumors located SC. We demonstrated that the CD8+ effector immune response was still suppressed in IK tumors when compared to SC tumors, following Treg depletion. Furthermore, the level of program cell death protein (PD)-1 was increased on the surface of CD4+ T cells infiltrating IK tumors compared to SC tumors. Finally, the Treg-independent immunosuppression, occurring in IK tumors, was potent enough to inhibit regression of concomitant SC tumors, normally responsive to Treg depletion. Our findings provide further insight into the immunosuppressive nature of the immune response generated in the kidney microenvironment, suggesting that it can have additional mechanisms in addition to Treg. These observations might help to identify better targets from the kidney tumor microenvironment for future cancer therapies.
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Key Words
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4
- DEREG, Depletion of Regulatory T cells
- DT, diphtheria toxin
- DTR, diphtheria toxin receptor
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- FR, folate receptor
- Foxp3, Forkhead box protein P3
- IFN, interferon
- IK, intra-kidney
- IL, interleukin
- IP, intra-peritoneal
- IV, intravenously
- M2, type-2 immunosuppressive macrophages
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PD-1, program cell death protein 1
- PD-L1, PD ligand 1
- Renca Ch+ L+, Renca Cherry Luciferase
- SC, subcutaneous
- T regulatory cells
- TCR, T cell receptor
- Th, T helper cells
- Treg, regulatory T cells
- depletion
- immunosuppression
- kidney tumors
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- tumor microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Devaud
- Cancer Immunology Research Program; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Westwood
- Cancer Immunology Research Program; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michele Wl Teng
- Cancer Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute ; Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Liza B John
- Cancer Immunology Research Program; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carmen Sm Yong
- Cancer Immunology Research Program; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Connie Pm Duong
- Cancer Immunology Research Program; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute ; Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Research Program; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Immunology; Monash University ; Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Research Program; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Immunology; Monash University ; Prahran, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Trott DW, Thabet SR, Kirabo A, Saleh MA, Itani H, Norlander AE, Wu J, Goldstein A, Arendshorst WJ, Madhur MS, Chen W, Li CI, Shyr Y, Harrison DG. Oligoclonal CD8+ T cells play a critical role in the development of hypertension. Hypertension 2014; 64:1108-15. [PMID: 25259750 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have emphasized a role of adaptive immunity, and particularly T cells, in the genesis of hypertension. We sought to determine the T-cell subtypes that contribute to hypertension and renal inflammation in angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Using T-cell receptor spectratyping to examine T-cell receptor usage, we demonstrated that CD8(+) cells, but not CD4(+) cells, in the kidney exhibited altered T-cell receptor transcript lengths in Vβ3, 8.1, and 17 families in response to angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Clonality was not observed in other organs. The hypertension caused by angiotensin II in CD4(-/-) and MHCII(-/-) mice was similar to that observed in wild-type mice, whereas CD8(-/-) mice and OT1xRAG-1(-/-) mice, which have only 1 T-cell receptor, exhibited a blunted hypertensive response to angiotensin II. Adoptive transfer of pan T cells and CD8(+) T cells but not CD4(+)/CD25(-) cells conferred hypertension to RAG-1(-/-) mice. In contrast, transfer of CD4(+)/CD25(+) cells to wild-type mice receiving angiotensin II decreased blood pressure. Mice treated with angiotensin II exhibited increased numbers of kidney CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. In response to a sodium/volume challenge, wild-type and CD4(-/-) mice infused with angiotensin II retained water and sodium, whereas CD8(-/-) mice did not. CD8(-/-) mice were also protected against angiotensin-induced endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodeling in the kidney. These data suggest that in the development of hypertension, an oligoclonal population of CD8(+) cells accumulates in the kidney and likely contributes to hypertension by contributing to sodium and volume retention and vascular rarefaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Trott
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - Salim R Thabet
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - Annet Kirabo
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - Mohamed A Saleh
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - Hana Itani
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - Allison E Norlander
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - Jing Wu
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - Anna Goldstein
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - William J Arendshorst
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - Meena S Madhur
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - Wei Chen
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - Chung-I Li
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - Yu Shyr
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - David G Harrison
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.).
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21
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Eberstål S, Fritzell S, Sandén E, Visse E, Darabi A, Siesjö P. Immunizations with unmodified tumor cells and simultaneous COX-2 inhibition eradicate malignant rat brain tumors and induce a long-lasting CD8(+) T cell memory. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 274:161-7. [PMID: 25022336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors induce pronounced immunosuppression, which diminishes immune responses generated by immunotherapy. Here we report that peripheral immunotherapy, using irradiated unmodified whole tumor cells, and systemic cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition induce cure in glioma-bearing rats (60% cure rate), whereas neither monotherapy was sufficient to cure any animal. Moreover, the combined therapy protected against secondary tumor challenges (89% cure rate) and the secondary immune response was correlated with increased plasma interferon-gamma levels and CD8(+) T cells systemically and intratumorally. In conclusion, we demonstrate that cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition is sufficient to render unmodified tumor cells immunogenic in immunotherapy of experimental brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Eberstål
- Glioma Immunotherapy Group, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Barngatan 2B, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, BMC B10, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Sara Fritzell
- Glioma Immunotherapy Group, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Barngatan 2B, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Sandén
- Glioma Immunotherapy Group, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Barngatan 2B, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Edward Visse
- Glioma Immunotherapy Group, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Barngatan 2B, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Darabi
- Glioma Immunotherapy Group, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Barngatan 2B, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Siesjö
- Glioma Immunotherapy Group, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Barngatan 2B, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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22
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Zhang L, Gao H, Yang T, Yang B, Jiang X, Wang L, Wang Q, Luo Z, Liu E, Fu Z. Infant 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine immunization alters young adulthood CD4(+)T cell subsets in allergic airway disease mouse model. Vaccine 2014; 32:2079-85. [PMID: 24560673 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
7-Valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) immunization in adulthood can inhibit allergic asthma in mouse model. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of infant PCV7 immunization on young adulthood CD4(+)T cell subsets in a murine allergic airway disease (AAD) model. Our study indicated that infant PCV7 immunization can inhibit young adulthood airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) by inducing the production of Foxp3(+)Treg, Th1 cells and their cytokines IL-10 and IFN-γ, inhibiting the production of Th2, Th17 cells and their cytokines IL-13 and IL-17A in BALB/c mice model. These results suggested that infant PCV7 immunization may serve as an effective measure to prevent young adulthood mice AAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Zhang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China; Ultrasound division, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Baohui Yang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoli Jiang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijia Wang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinghong Wang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China; The Central Laboratory of Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengxiu Luo
- Department of Respiratory, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Enmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Fu
- Department of Respiratory, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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23
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Increasing the biological activity of IL-2 and IL-15 through complexing with anti-IL-2 mAbs and IL-15Rα-Fc chimera. Immunol Lett 2014; 159:1-10. [PMID: 24512738 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
IL-2 and IL-15 are structurally relative cytokines that share two receptor subunits, CD132 (γ(c) chain) and CD122 (β chain). However, the expression pattern and physiological role of IL-2 and IL-15 private receptor α chains CD25 and IL-15Rα, respectively, are strikingly different. CD25, together with CD122 and CD132, forms a trimeric high affinity IL-2 receptor that is expressed and functions on cells acquiring an IL-2 signal. Conversely, IL-15Rα is expressed and binds IL-15 with high affinity per se already in the endoplasmic reticulum of the IL-15 producing cells and it presents IL-15 to cells expressing CD122/CD132 dimeric receptor in trans. Thus, while IL-2 is secreted almost exclusively by activated T cells and acts as a free molecule, IL-15 is expressed mostly by myeloid cells and works as a cell surface-associated cytokine. Interestingly, the in vivo biological activity of IL-2 can be dramatically increased through complexing with certain anti-IL-2 mAbs; such IL-2/anti-IL-2 mAbs immunocomplexes selectively stimulate the proliferation of a distinct population of immune cells, depending on the clone of the anti-IL-2 mAb used. IL-2/S4B6 mAb immunocomplexes are highly stimulatory for CD122(high) populations (memory CD8(+) T and NK cells) and intermediately also for CD25(high) populations (Treg and activated T cells), while IL-2/JES6-1 mAb immunocomplexes enormously expand only CD25(high) cells. Although IL-2 immunocomplexes are much more potent than IL-2 in vivo, they show comparable to slightly lower activity in vitro. The in vivo biological activity of IL-15 can be dramatically increased through complexing with recombinant IL-15Rα-Fc chimera; however, IL-15/IL-15Rα-Fc complexes are significantly more potent than IL-15 both in vivo and in vitro. In this review we summarize and discuss the features and biological relevance of IL-2/anti-IL-2 mAbs and IL-15/IL-15Rα-Fc complexes, and try to foreshadow their potential in immunological research and immunotherapy.
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24
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Ma L, Zhao P, Jiang Z, Shan Y, Jiang Y. Imbalance of different types of CD4(+) forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)(+) T cells in patients with new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 174:345-55. [PMID: 23968502 PMCID: PMC3826301 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the numbers of CD4(+) CD25(-) forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)(+) , CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) and CD4(+) CXCR5(+) FoxP3(+) T cells in patients with new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The numbers of CD4(+) CD25(-) FoxP3(+) , CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) and CD4(+) CXCR5(+) FoxP3(+) T cells and the concentrations of serum interleukin (IL)-10 in 23 patients and 20 healthy controls (HC) were measured. The potential correlations between CD4(+) FoxP3(+) T cells, serum IL-10 and clinical measures in SLE patients were analysed. In comparison with that in the HC, significantly reduced numbers of CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) and CD4(+) CXCR5(+) FoxP3(+) T cells, but increased numbers of CD4(+) CD25(-) FoxP3(+) T cells, were detected, accompanied by significantly lower levels of serum IL-10 in the patients. Stratification analysis indicated the numbers of CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) and CD4(+) CXCR5(+) FoxP3(+) T cells and serum IL-10 levels in the patients with seropositive anti-dsDNA were significantly less than that in those with seronegative anti-dsDNA. Treatment with the anti-SLE therapy, particularly with prednisone, leflunomide and methotrexate, significantly improved the imbalance of these types of FoxP3(+) T cells and increased the concentrations of serum IL-10 in the drug-responding patients. The numbers of CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) T cells were correlated negatively with the values of SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI), whereas the numbers of CD4(+) CD25(-) FoxP3(+) T cells were correlated positively with the values of SLEDAI, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and serum C3. In addition, the concentrations of serum IL-10 were correlated positively with the numbers of CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) T cells, but negatively with the values of SLEDAI, serum C3, CRP and ESR in these patients. Our data indicate that the imbalance of different types of FoxP3(+) CD4(+) T cells may contribute to the development of SLE in Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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25
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Kumar V. Adenosine as an endogenous immunoregulator in cancer pathogenesis: where to go? Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:145-65. [PMID: 23271562 PMCID: PMC3646124 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-012-9349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a chronic disease and its pathogenesis is well correlated with infection and inflammation. Adenosine is a purine nucleoside, which is produced under metabolic stress like hypoxic conditions. Acute or chronic inflammatory conditions lead to the release of precursor adenine nucleotides (adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosien diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP)) from cells, which are extracellularly catabolized into adenosine by extracellular ectonucleotidases, i.e., CD39 or nucleoside triphosphate dephosphorylase (NTPD) and CD73 or 5'-ectonucleotidase. It is now well-known that adenosine is secreted by cancer as well as immune cells during tumor pathogenesis under metabolic stress or hypoxia. Once adenosine is released into the extracellular environment, it exerts various immunomodulatory effects via adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) expressed on various immune cells (i.e., macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, regulatory T cell (Tregs), etc.), which play very important roles in the pathogenesis of cancer. This review is intended to summarize the role of inflammation and adenosine in the immunopathogenesis of tumor along with regulation of tumor-specific immune response and its modulation as an adjunct approach to tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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26
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Shameli A, Yamanouchi J, Tsai S, Yang Y, Clemente-Casares X, Moore A, Serra P, Santamaria P. IL-2 promotes the function of memory-like autoregulatory CD8+T cells but suppresses their development via FoxP3+Treg cells. Eur J Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Shameli
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Departments of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, the University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Jun Yamanouchi
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Departments of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, the University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Sue Tsai
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Departments of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, the University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Yang Yang
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Departments of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, the University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Medicine, the University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Departments of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, the University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Anna Moore
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory; MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging; Department of Radiology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Charlestown MA USA
| | - Pau Serra
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer - Hospital Clinic de Barcelona; Centre Esther Koplowitz Barcelona Spain
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Departments of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, the University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer - Hospital Clinic de Barcelona; Centre Esther Koplowitz Barcelona Spain
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27
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Dotlic S, Gasparov S, Lovric E, Dominis M, Korac P. Is it possible to overcome antiapoptotic API2/MALT1 events in tumor B-cells by influencing Tregs in MALT lymphoma? Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:500-3. [PMID: 22832211 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) comprises approximately 50% of primary gastric lymphoma. Proliferation of tumor cells infected with Helicobacter pylori is facilitated by the presence of T cells activated by H. pylori antigens. Unlike the majority of MALT lymphomas, tumors bearing the t(11;18)(q21;q21) resulting in production of a chimeric protein API2/MALT1 are often resistant to H. pylori eradication therapy, and require more aggressive therapeutic approach including chemotherapy. The authors hypothesize that a subset of patients with translocation-positive MALT lymphoma might benefit from a novel therapeutic approach that would address intercellular communication pathways between various cell types in the tumor microenvironment. A subset of T cells called regulatory T cells (Tregs) are one of the major immunomodulators of antitumor response mechanisms. There are several potential tools that could have a substantial impact on this particular T cell population, such as interleukin (IL)-15, indoleamine 2,3-dioxigenase (IDO), anti-CD25 antibodies. Introducing some of these components into treatment protocols for patients with API2/MALT1 translocation-positive MALT lymphomas might also prove to be benefitial for other lymphomas with increased number of intratumoral Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snjezana Dotlic
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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28
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Gasteiger G, Kastenmuller W. Foxp3+ Regulatory T-cells and IL-2: The Moirai of T-cell Fates? Front Immunol 2012; 3:179. [PMID: 22807926 PMCID: PMC3395027 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Gasteiger
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA
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29
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Kim BS. Strategies to Overcome Memory T Cells Mediatied Allograft Injury. KOREAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION 2012. [DOI: 10.4285/jkstn.2012.26.2.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Beom Seok Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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30
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Bugelski PJ, Martin PL. Concordance of preclinical and clinical pharmacology and toxicology of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins: cell surface targets. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:823-46. [PMID: 22168282 PMCID: PMC3417412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and fusion proteins directed towards cell surface targets make an important contribution to the treatment of disease. The purpose of this review was to correlate the clinical and preclinical data on the 15 currently approved mAbs and fusion proteins targeted to the cell surface. The principal sources used to gather data were: the peer reviewed Literature; European Medicines Agency 'Scientific Discussions'; and the US Food and Drug Administration 'Pharmacology/Toxicology Reviews' and package inserts (United States Prescribing Information). Data on the 15 approved biopharmaceuticals were included: abatacept; abciximab; alefacept; alemtuzumab; basiliximab; cetuximab; daclizumab; efalizumab; ipilimumab; muromonab; natalizumab; panitumumab; rituximab; tocilizumab; and trastuzumab. For statistical analysis of concordance, data from these 15 were combined with data on the approved mAbs and fusion proteins directed towards soluble targets. Good concordance with human pharmacodynamics was found for mice receiving surrogates or non-human primates (NHPs) receiving the human pharmaceutical. In contrast, there was poor concordance for human pharmacodynamics in genetically deficient mice and for human adverse effects in all three test systems. No evidence that NHPs have superior predictive value was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Bugelski
- Biologics Toxicology, Janssen Research & Development, division of Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, Radnor, PA 19087, USA
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31
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Krell J, Frampton AE, Stebbing J. The clinical significance of tumor infiltrating lymphoctyes in breast cancer: does subtype matter? BMC Cancer 2012; 12:135. [PMID: 22471994 PMCID: PMC3342888 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are commonly detected in breast tumors but their bearing on disease outcome is uncertain. The importance of TILs appears to be subtype-specific and varies depending on the histologic characteristics of the tumor. As our understanding of tumorigenesis is increasing the relevance of immunobiology will become apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Krell
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK
| | - Adam E Frampton
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK
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32
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The role of interleukin-2 during homeostasis and activation of the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:180-90. [PMID: 22343569 DOI: 10.1038/nri3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1144] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) signals influence various lymphocyte subsets during differentiation, immune responses and homeostasis. As discussed in this Review, stimulation with IL-2 is crucial for the maintenance of regulatory T (T(Reg)) cells and for the differentiation of CD4(+) T cells into defined effector T cell subsets following antigen-mediated activation. For CD8(+) T cells, IL-2 signals optimize both effector T cell generation and differentiation into memory cells. IL-2 is presented in soluble form or bound to dendritic cells and the extracellular matrix. Use of IL-2 - either alone or in complex with particular neutralizing IL-2-specific antibodies - can amplify CD8(+) T cell responses or induce the expansion of the T(Reg) cell population, thus favouring either immune stimulation or suppression.
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Foks A, Frodermann V, ter Borg M, Habets K, Bot I, Zhao Y, van Eck M, van Berkel T, Kuiper J, van Puijvelde G. Differential effects of regulatory T cells on the initiation and regression of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2011; 218:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Kastenmuller W, Gasteiger G, Subramanian N, Sparwasser T, Busch DH, Belkaid Y, Drexler I, Germain RN. Regulatory T cells selectively control CD8+ T cell effector pool size via IL-2 restriction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3186-97. [PMID: 21849683 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are key players in maintaining immune homeostasis but have also been shown to regulate immune responses against infectious pathogens. Therefore, Treg are a promising target for modulating immune responses to vaccines to improve their efficacy. Using a viral vector system, we found that Treg act on the developing immune response early postinfection by reducing the extent of dendritic cell costimulatory molecule expression. Due to this change and the lower IL-2 production that results, a substantial fraction of CD8(+) effector T cells lose CD25 expression several days after activation. Surprisingly, such Treg-dependent limitations in IL-2 signaling by Ag-activated CD8(+) T cells prevent effector differentiation without interfering with memory cell formation. In this way, Treg fine-tune the numbers of effector T cells generated while preserving the capacity for a rapid recall response upon pathogen re-exposure. This selective effect of Treg on a subpopulation of CD8(+) T cells indicates that although manipulation of the Treg compartment might not be optimal for prophylactic vaccinations, it can be potentially exploited to optimize vaccine efficacy for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kastenmuller
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Collins EL, Jager LD, Dabelic R, Benitez P, Holdstein K, Lau K, Haider MI, Johnson HM, Larkin J. Inhibition of SOCS1-/- lethal autoinflammatory disease correlated to enhanced peripheral Foxp3+ regulatory T cell homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2666-76. [PMID: 21788442 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1-deficient (SOCS1(-/-)) mice, which are lymphopenic, die <3 wk after birth of a T cell-mediated autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by leukocyte infiltration and destruction of vital organs. Notably, Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to be particularly potent in inhibiting inflammation-associated autoimmune diseases. We observed that SOCS1(-/-) mice were deficient in peripheral Tregs despite enhanced thymic development. The adoptive transfer of SOCS1-sufficient Tregs, CD4(+) T lymphocytes, or administration of SOCS1 kinase inhibitory region (KIR), a peptide that partially restores SOCS1 function, mediated a statistically significant but short-term survival of SOCS1(-/-) mice. However, the adoptive transfer of SOCS1-sufficient CD4(+) T lymphocytes, combined with the administration of SOCS1-KIR, resulted in a significant increase in the survival of SOCS1(-/-) mice both short and long term, where 100% death occurred by day 18 in the absence of treatment. Moreover, the CD4(+)/SOCS1-KIR combined therapy resulted in decreased leukocytic organ infiltration, reduction of serum IFN-γ, and enhanced peripheral accumulation of Foxp3(+) Tregs in treated mice. These data show that CD4(+)/SOCS1-KIR combined treatment can synergistically promote the long-term survival of perinatal lethal SOCS1(-/-) mice. In addition, these results strongly suggest that SOCS1 contributes to the stability of the Foxp3(+) Treg peripheral population under conditions of strong proinflammatory environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Akilov OE, Wu MX, Jin Y, Zhou Z, Geskin LJ, Falo LD, Hasan T. Vaccination with photodynamic therapy-treated macrophages induces highly suppressive T-regulatory cells. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2011; 27:97-107. [PMID: 21392113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2011.00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The present study explores whether photodynamic therapy (PDT)-induced apoptosis can increase the number of tolerogenic regulatory T cells (Treg) and limit collateral tissue damage. METHODS BALB/c mice were vaccinated subcutaneously three times with PDT-induced apoptotic or thaw-frozen, necrotic non-infected autologous macrophages (MΦ). Two weeks after the last vaccination, mice were infected intradermally with 10(6) promastigotes of Leishmania major. RESULTS Mice that received PDT-induced apoptotic MΦ had fewer parasites and higher numbers of Treg than mice vaccinated with thaw-frozen necrotic MΦ or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-6 were significantly suppressed, while IL-10 was increased in mice that received the PDT-induced apoptotic MΦ. The role of Treg in this process was confirmed through Treg transfer from vaccinated to naïve mice. Mice receiving CD4(+) CD25(+) cells from mice vaccinated with PDT-induced apoptotic MΦ showed smaller lesions 3 weeks after infection and lower parasitic burdens than mice that received Tregs from mice of thaw-frozen necrotic MΦ or PBS groups. These changes were mediated by the depletion of CD3(+) CD8(+) and NKT cells and increased levels of IL-12p70 and interferon-γ, IL-10, and TGF-β in the cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions. CONCLUSION Vaccination with apoptotic MΦ-induced tolerogenic Treg cells that limited collateral tissue damage and diminished parasitic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg E Akilov
- Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Akilov OE, Wu MX, Jin Y, Zhou Z, Geskin LJ, Falo LD, Hasan T. Vaccination with photodynamic therapy-treated macrophages induces highly suppressive T-regulatory cells. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2011; 27:97-107. [PMID: 21392113 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.2011.27.issue-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The present study explores whether photodynamic therapy (PDT)-induced apoptosis can increase the number of tolerogenic regulatory T cells (Treg) and limit collateral tissue damage. METHODS BALB/c mice were vaccinated subcutaneously three times with PDT-induced apoptotic or thaw-frozen, necrotic non-infected autologous macrophages (MΦ). Two weeks after the last vaccination, mice were infected intradermally with 10(6) promastigotes of Leishmania major. RESULTS Mice that received PDT-induced apoptotic MΦ had fewer parasites and higher numbers of Treg than mice vaccinated with thaw-frozen necrotic MΦ or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-6 were significantly suppressed, while IL-10 was increased in mice that received the PDT-induced apoptotic MΦ. The role of Treg in this process was confirmed through Treg transfer from vaccinated to naïve mice. Mice receiving CD4(+) CD25(+) cells from mice vaccinated with PDT-induced apoptotic MΦ showed smaller lesions 3 weeks after infection and lower parasitic burdens than mice that received Tregs from mice of thaw-frozen necrotic MΦ or PBS groups. These changes were mediated by the depletion of CD3(+) CD8(+) and NKT cells and increased levels of IL-12p70 and interferon-γ, IL-10, and TGF-β in the cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions. CONCLUSION Vaccination with apoptotic MΦ-induced tolerogenic Treg cells that limited collateral tissue damage and diminished parasitic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg E Akilov
- Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Cell-to-cell interactions and signals involved in the reconstitution of peripheral CD8 T(CM) and T(EM) cell pools. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17423. [PMID: 21423804 PMCID: PMC3056718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We here describe novel aspects of CD8+ and CD4+ T cell subset interactions that may be clinically relevant and provide new tools for regulating the reconstitution of the peripheral CD8+ T cell pools in immune-deficient states. We show that the reconstitution capacity of transferred isolated naïve CD8+ T cells and their differentiation of effector functions is limited, but both dramatically increase upon the co-transfer of CD4+ T cells. This helper effect is complex and determined by multiple factors. It was directly correlated to the number of helper cells, required the continuous presence of the CD4+ T cells, dependent on host antigen-presenting cells (APCs) expressing CD40 and on the formation of CD4/CD8/APC cell clusters. By comparing the recovery of (CD44+CD62Lhigh) TCM and (CD44+CD62Llow) TEM CD8+ T cells, we found that the accumulation of TCM and TEM subsets is differentially regulated. TCM-cell accumulation depended mainly on type I interferons, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-15, but was independent of CD4+ T-cell help. In contrast, TEM-cell expansion was mainly determined by CD4+ T-cell help and dependent on the expression of IL-2Rβ by CD8 cells, on IL-2 produced by CD4+ T-cells, on IL-15 and to a minor extent on IL-6.
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da Costa TB, Sardinha LR, Larocca R, Peron JPS, Rizzo LV. Allogeneic apoptotic thymocyte-stimulated dendritic cells expand functional regulatory T cells. Immunology 2011; 133:123-32. [PMID: 21355864 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in the clearance of apoptotic cells. The removal of apoptotic cells leads to peripheral tolerance, although their role is still not clear. We show that the uptake of apoptotic thymocytes by DCs converts these cells into tolerogenic DCs resistant to maturation by lipopolysaccharide, modulating the production of interleukin-12 and up-regulating the expression of transforming growth factor-β(1) latency associated peptide. We also observed that DCs pulsed with apoptotic cells in the allogeneic context were more efficient in the expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs), and that this expansion requires contact between DCs and the T cell. The Tregs sorted from in vitro culture suppressed the proliferation of splenocytes in vitro in a specific and non-specific manner. In the in vivo model, the transfer of CD4(+) CD25(-) cells to Nude mice induced autoimmunity, with cell infiltrate found in the stomach, colon, liver and kidneys. The co-transfer of CD4(+) CD25(-) and CD4(+) CD25(+) prevented the presence of cell infiltrates in several organs and increased the total cell count in lymph nodes. Our data indicate that apoptotic cells have an important role in peripheral tolerance via induction of tolerogenic DCs and CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) cells that present regulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Boccia da Costa
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Liu F, Tong F, He Y, Liu H. Detectable expression of IL-35 in CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood of chronic hepatitis B patients. Clin Immunol 2011; 139:1-5. [PMID: 21285006 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (Ebi3) and the p35 subunit of IL-12 have been reported to form a heterodimeric cytokine, named IL-35, in human and mouse. In mice, IL-35 has been shown to be constitutively expressed by CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) and suggested to contribute to their suppressive activity. However, human CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs do not constitutively express detectable amounts of IL-35 in both mRNA and protein levels. Circulating CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg frequency of chronic Hepatitis B patients significantly correlates with serum viral load. In this study, we investigated whether IL-35 expression could be detected in CD4(+) T cells from peripheral blood of chronic Hepatitis B patients. Using both RT-PCR and immunoprecipitation plus Western blot analysis, we demonstrated that IL-35 expression could be detected in the CD4(+) T cells from peripheral blood of Chronic Hepatitis B patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Liu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Immunology, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China.
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41
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Fousteri G, Dave A, Juedes A, Juntti T, Morin B, Togher L, Farber DL, von Herrath M. Increased memory conversion of naïve CD8 T cells activated during late phases of acute virus infection due to decreased cumulative antigen exposure. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14502. [PMID: 21253594 PMCID: PMC3017078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Memory CD8 T cells form an essential part of protective immunity against viral infections. Antigenic load, costimulation, CD4-help, cytokines and chemokines fluctuate during the course of an antiviral immune response thus affecting CD8 T cell activation and memory conversion. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, naïve TCR transgenic LCMV-specific P14 CD8 T cells engaged at a late stage during the acute antiviral LCMV response showed reduced expansion kinetics but greater memory conversion in the spleen. Such late activated cells displayed a memory precursor effector phenotype already at the peak of the systemic antiviral response, suggesting that the environment determined their fate during antigen encounter. In the spleen, the majority of late transferred cells exhibited a central memory phenotype compared to the effector memory displayed by the early transferred cells. Increasing the inflammatory response by exogenous administration of IFNγ, PolyI:C or CpG did not affect memory conversion in the late transferred group, suggesting that the diverging antigen load early versus later during acute infection had determined their fate. In agreement, reduction in the LCMV antigenic load after ribavirin treatment enhanced the contribution of early transferred cells to the long lasting memory pool. Conclusions/Significance Our results show that naïve CD8 cells, exposed to reduced duration or concentration of antigen during viral infection convert into memory more efficiently, an observation that could have significant implications for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Fousteri
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Amy Dave
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Amy Juedes
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Therese Juntti
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bret Morin
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Togher
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Donna L. Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthias von Herrath
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nishio J, Feuerer M, Wong J, Mathis D, Benoist C. Anti-CD3 therapy permits regulatory T cells to surmount T cell receptor-specified peripheral niche constraints. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:1879-89. [PMID: 20679403 PMCID: PMC2931163 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with anti-CD3 is a promising therapeutic approach for autoimmune diabetes, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. Foxp3+ regulatory T (T reg) cells may be involved, but the evidence has been conflicting. We investigated this issue in mice derived from the NOD model, which were engineered so that T reg populations were perturbed, or could be manipulated by acute ablation or transfer. The data highlighted the involvement of Foxp3+ cells in anti-CD3 action. Rather than a generic influence on all T reg cells, the therapeutic effect seemed to involve an ∼50–60-fold expansion of previously constrained T reg cell populations; this expansion occurred not through conversion from Foxp3− conventional T (T conv) cells, but from a proliferative expansion. We found that T reg cells are normally constrained by TCR-specific niches in secondary lymphoid organs, and that intraclonal competition restrains their possibility for conversion and expansion in the spleen and lymph nodes, much as niche competition limits their selection in the thymus. The strong perturbations induced by anti-CD3 overcame these niche limitations, in a process dependent on receptors for interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Nishio
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Ho P, Wei X, Seah GT. Regulatory T cells induced by Mycobacterium chelonae sensitization influence murine responses to bacille Calmette-Guerin. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:1073-80. [PMID: 20651297 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0809582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of live Mycobacterium bovis BCG as a tuberculosis vaccine is highly varied globally. Differential sensitization to environmental mycobacteria prior to BCG vaccination may prime immune effects leading to this variation, but the precise immune mechanisms and cell types involved in this phenomenon are unknown. We hypothesized that pre-vaccination sensitization to environmental mycobacteria induces mycobacterium-specific Tregs that suppress responses to BCG. This was investigated by testing Treg responses following priming of BALB/c mice by i.p. immunization with heat-killed CHE. Such mice produced higher levels of IL-10 before and after intranasal, live BCG administration and had fewer lung inflammatory cells post-BCG, relative to nonsensitized mice. In CHE-sensitized mice, the percentage of splenic CD4+CD25+ cells expressing Foxp3 amongst total lymphocytes was not elevated significantly, but these cells limited nonspecific proliferation of CD4+CD25⁻ effector cells upon coculture and promoted higher expression levels of CD103 and Foxp3 in response to BCG antigen stimulation than CD4+CD25+ cells from nonsensitized mice. In adoptive transfer experiments, naïve, WT mice receiving CD4+CD25+ cells from CHE-sensitized mice and then given live BCG intranasally had significantly elevated lung IL-10 levels, reduced frequencies of lung IL-2-producing cells, and lower lymphocyte numbers in the BAL. Therefore, CHE sensitization induced CD4+CD25+ Tregs with functional, suppressive activity on BCG responses in vitro and in vivo. Treg induction could therefore be one mechanism underlying how environmental mycobacteria priming modulates host responses to the BCG vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiying Ho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Wilke CM, Wu K, Zhao E, Wang G, Zou W. Prognostic significance of regulatory T cells in tumor. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:748-58. [PMID: 20473951 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since entering the immunological stage several decades ago, regulatory T cell biology has been realized as fundamentally important in the prevention of autoimmune conditions, induction of transplant tolerance and the immune response to cancer. The role of regulatory T cells in tumor immunobiology is still being elucidated. Currently, regulatory T cells are implicated in the dampening of antitumor T-cell responses both through direct and indirect means. A number of investigators have demonstrated that regulatory T cell density and location may serve as independent prognostic factors in several types of cancer and are alternately detrimental or beneficial to patient survival. In this article, we will review the characteristics and functional phenotype of classical regulatory T cells, describe their distribution and quantification in tumor-bearing hosts and summarize recent studies investigating the prognostic significance of regulatory T cell number and locality in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailin Moira Wilke
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0669, USA
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Saha A, Chatterjee SK. Combination of CTL-associated antigen-4 blockade and depletion of CD25 regulatory T cells enhance tumour immunity of dendritic cell-based vaccine in a mouse model of colon cancer. Scand J Immunol 2010; 71:70-82. [PMID: 20384858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Immune regulation has been shown to be involved in the progressive growth of some murine tumours. Interruption of immune regulatory pathways via CTL-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) blockade or removal of CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells appears to be a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the combination of CTLA-4 blockade and depletion of Treg cells would improve the potency of dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccine in a clinically relevant mouse model, which is transgenic for both carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and HLA-A2 for the treatment of colon carcinoma in a therapeutic setting. We found that administration of anti-CD25 antibody prior to vaccination or systemic administration of anti-CTLA-4 antibody with the vaccine improved tumour-free survival against CEA-expressing tumours compared with mice immunized with DC-based vaccine alone. However, the efficacy of the vaccine proved to be most effective when anti-CTLA-4 antibody was combined with Treg inhibition. This vaccination strategy dramatically improved the tumour-free survival and allowed the development of long-lasting immune responses. The combined vaccination strategy resulted in increased secretion of IFN-gamma and enhanced HLA-A2-restricted CEA-specific CTL responses. Furthermore, coadministration of anti-CD25 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies along with the vaccine was effective against more advanced tumours. These results provide evidence that simultaneous blockade of T-cell regulatory pathways is a promising approach for the induction of therapeutic antitumour immunity against CEA(+) colon carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Saha
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Suffner J, Hochweller K, Kühnle MC, Li X, Kroczek RA, Garbi N, Hämmerling GJ. Dendritic cells support homeostatic expansion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in Foxp3.LuciDTR mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:1810-20. [PMID: 20083650 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial in maintaining self-tolerance and limiting immune responses to pathogens. Shifting the sensitive balance between Tregs and effector T cells requires extensive knowledge of the homeostatic properties of the different T cell populations. For the investigation of Treg homeostatic expansion, we introduce in this study novel BAC transgenic mice, designated Foxp3.LuciDTR, coexpressing enhanced GFP, luciferase for bioluminescence imaging of Tregs, and the diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) for specific ablation of Tregs. Of several founder lines, Foxp3.LuciDTR-4 mice displayed approximately 95% Treg depletion following injection of DT, resulting in activation of conventional CD4(+) T cells, probably due to lack of control by Tregs. In contrast, Foxp3.LuciDTR-3 mice displayed only approximately 70% Treg depletion without concomitant activation of CD4(+) T cells and represented, therefore, a suitable model to study Treg homeostasis in an environment where other T cell populations were not altered. After depletion, the Treg compartment recovered to its original size in approximately 2 wk. This recovery was mediated in a thymus-independent fashion by homeostatic proliferation of the surviving, nondepleted Tregs. The proliferating Tregs acquired an activated phenotype and maintained their suppressive capacity. Studies involving DT-mediated depletion of dendritic cells in CD11c.DOG mice showed that dendritic cells were required for optimal Treg homeostasis. In addition, IL-2 was identified as an essential factor for homeostatic recovery of the Treg compartment. These results show that Treg homeostasis is specifically regulated by the size of the Treg compartment and is independent of proliferation of conventional T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Suffner
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
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47
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Henriques A, Inês L, Couto M, Pedreiro S, Santos C, Magalhães M, Santos P, Velada I, Almeida A, Carvalheiro T, Laranjeira P, Morgado JM, Pais ML, Silva JAPD, Paiva A. Frequency and functional activity of Th17, Tc17 and other T-cell subsets in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Cell Immunol 2010; 264:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Kim JM. Molecular Mechanisms of Regulatory T Cell Development and Suppressive Function. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 92:279-314. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)92011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Salem ML, El-Demellawy M, El-Azm ARA. The potential use of Toll-like receptor agonists to restore the dysfunctional immunity induced by hepatitis C virus. Cell Immunol 2010; 262:96-104. [PMID: 20338549 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major public health concern with approximately 3% of the world's population is infected, posing social, economical and health burden. Less than 20% of the infected individuals clear the virus during the acute infection, while the rest develop chronic infection. The treatment of choice for HCV infection is pegylated interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) in combination with ribavarin. Despite the cost and side effects of this treatment regimen, many patients fail this therapy and develop persistent HCV infection, leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the mechanisms underlying the failure to resolve HCV infection are poorly understood, the incapability of patients to develop effective anti-HCV immunity is a potential cause. We hypothesize that the dysfunctional anti-HCV immunity is due to the emergence of immunosuppressive cells coinciding with a decrease in the stimulatory dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells. We further hypothesize that applying agents that can correct the imbalance between the immunosuppressive cells and stimulatory cells can results in resolution of chronic HCV. In this review article, we will discuss potential approaches, focusing on the use of Toll-like receptor agonists, to block the suppressive effects of the regulatory cells and restore the stimulatory effects of DCs and NK cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Hepacivirus/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/epidemiology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ribavirin/therapeutic use
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptors/agonists
- Toll-Like Receptors/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed L Salem
- Surgery Department and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Boyman O, Cho JH, Sprent J. The Role of Interleukin-2 in Memory CD8 Cell Differentiation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 684:28-41. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6451-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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