1
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Serreze DV, Dwyer JR, Racine JJ. Advancing Animal Models of Human Type 1 Diabetes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041587. [PMID: 38886067 PMCID: PMC11444302 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Multiple rodent models have been developed to study the basis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and derivative strains still provide the gold standard for dissecting the basis of the autoimmune responses underlying T1D. Here, we review the developmental origins of NOD mice, and how they and derivative strains have been used over the past several decades to dissect the genetic and immunopathogenic basis of T1D. Also discussed are ways in which the immunopathogenic basis of T1D in NOD mice and humans are similar or differ. Additionally reviewed are efforts to "humanize" NOD mice and derivative strains to provide improved models to study autoimmune responses contributing to T1D in human patients.
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2
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Yilmazer A, Zevla DM, Malmkvist R, Rodríguez CAB, Undurraga P, Kirgin E, Boernert M, Voehringer D, Kershaw O, Schlenner S, Kretschmer K. Selective ablation of thymic and peripheral Foxp3 + regulatory T cell development. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1298938. [PMID: 38164128 PMCID: PMC10757929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1298938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells of thymic (tTreg) and peripheral (pTreg) developmental origin are thought to synergistically act to ensure immune homeostasis, with self-reactive tTreg cells primarily constraining autoimmune responses. Here we exploited a Foxp3-dependent reporter with thymus-specific GFP/Cre activity to selectively ablate either tTreg (ΔtTreg) or pTreg (ΔpTreg) cell development, while sparing the respective sister populations. We found that, in contrast to the tTreg cell behavior in ΔpTreg mice, pTreg cells acquired a highly activated suppressor phenotype and replenished the Treg cell pool of ΔtTreg mice on a non-autoimmune C57BL/6 background. Despite the absence of tTreg cells, pTreg cells prevented early mortality and fatal autoimmunity commonly observed in Foxp3-deficient models of complete Treg cell deficiency, and largely maintained immune tolerance even as the ΔtTreg mice aged. However, only two generations of backcrossing to the autoimmune-prone non-obese diabetic (NOD) background were sufficient to cause severe disease lethality associated with different, partially overlapping patterns of organ-specific autoimmunity. This included a particularly severe form of autoimmune diabetes characterized by an early onset and abrogation of the sex bias usually observed in the NOD mouse model of human type 1 diabetes. Genetic association studies further allowed us to define a small set of autoimmune risk loci sufficient to promote β cell autoimmunity, including genes known to impinge on Treg cell biology. Overall, these studies show an unexpectedly high functional adaptability of pTreg cells, emphasizing their important role as mediators of bystander effects to ensure self-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acelya Yilmazer
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dimitra Maria Zevla
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rikke Malmkvist
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carlos Alejandro Bello Rodríguez
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pablo Undurraga
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Emre Kirgin
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marie Boernert
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olivia Kershaw
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susan Schlenner
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karsten Kretschmer
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
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3
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Rojas M, Heuer LS, Zhang W, Chen YG, Ridgway WM. The long and winding road: From mouse linkage studies to a novel human therapeutic pathway in type 1 diabetes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:918837. [PMID: 35935980 PMCID: PMC9353112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.918837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity involves a loss of immune tolerance to self-proteins due to a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental provocation, which generates autoreactive T and B cells. Genetic susceptibility affects lymphocyte autoreactivity at the level of central tolerance (e.g., defective, or incomplete MHC-mediated negative selection of self-reactive T cells) and peripheral tolerance (e.g., failure of mechanisms to control circulating self-reactive T cells). T regulatory cell (Treg) mediated suppression is essential for controlling peripheral autoreactive T cells. Understanding the genetic control of Treg development and function and Treg interaction with T effector and other immune cells is thus a key goal of autoimmunity research. Herein, we will review immunogenetic control of tolerance in one of the classic models of autoimmunity, the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of autoimmune Type 1 diabetes (T1D). We review the long (and still evolving) elucidation of how one susceptibility gene, Cd137, (identified originally via linkage studies) affects both the immune response and its regulation in a highly complex fashion. The CD137 (present in both membrane and soluble forms) and the CD137 ligand (CD137L) both signal into a variety of immune cells (bi-directional signaling). The overall outcome of these multitudinous effects (either tolerance or autoimmunity) depends upon the balance between the regulatory signals (predominantly mediated by soluble CD137 via the CD137L pathway) and the effector signals (mediated by both membrane-bound CD137 and CD137L). This immune balance/homeostasis can be decisively affected by genetic (susceptibility vs. resistant alleles) and environmental factors (stimulation of soluble CD137 production). The discovery of the homeostatic immune effect of soluble CD137 on the CD137-CD137L system makes it a promising candidate for immunotherapy to restore tolerance in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rojas
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Doctoral Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Luke S. Heuer
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- The Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children’s Research Institute of Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - William M. Ridgway
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: William M. Ridgway,
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4
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Dakic T, Jevdjovic T, Vujovic P, Mladenovic A. The Less We Eat, the Longer We Live: Can Caloric Restriction Help Us Become Centenarians? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126546. [PMID: 35742989 PMCID: PMC9223351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Striving for longevity is neither a recent human desire nor a novel scientific field. The first article on this topic was published in 1838, when the average human life expectancy was approximately 40 years. Although nowadays people on average live almost as twice as long, we still (and perhaps more than ever) look for new ways to extend our lifespan. During this seemingly endless journey of discovering efficient methods to prolong life, humans were enthusiastic regarding several approaches, one of which is caloric restriction (CR). Where does CR, initially considered universally beneficial for extending both lifespan and health span, stand today? Does a lifelong decrease in food consumption represent one of the secrets of centenarians’ long and healthy life? Do we still believe that if we eat less, we will live longer? This review aims to summarize the current literature on CR as a potential life-prolonging intervention in humans and discusses metabolic pathways that underlie this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Dakic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry “Ivan Djaja”, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.D.); (T.J.); (P.V.)
| | - Tanja Jevdjovic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry “Ivan Djaja”, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.D.); (T.J.); (P.V.)
| | - Predrag Vujovic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry “Ivan Djaja”, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.D.); (T.J.); (P.V.)
| | - Aleksandra Mladenovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul.D. Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence:
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5
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Ayres CM, Baker BM. Peptide-dependent tuning of major histocompatibility complex motional properties and the consequences for cellular immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 76:102184. [PMID: 35550277 PMCID: PMC10052791 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCRs) and other receptors of the immune system recognize peptides presented by class I or class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. Although we generally distinguish between the MHC protein and its peptide, at an atomic level the two form a structural composite, which allows peptides to influence MHC properties and vice versa. One consequence is the peptide-dependent tuning of MHC structural dynamics, which contributes to protein structural adaptability and influences how receptors identify and bind targets. Peptide-dependent tuning of MHC protein dynamics can impact processes such as antigenicity, TCR cross-reactivity, and T cell repertoire selection. Motional tuning extends beyond the binding groove, influencing peptide selection and exchange, as well as interactions with other immune receptors. Here, we review recent findings showing how peptides can affect the dynamic and adaptable nature of MHC proteins. We highlight consequences for immunity and demonstrate how MHC proteins have evolved to be highly sensitive dynamic reporters, with broad immunological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory M Ayres
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Brian M Baker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
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6
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Dong M, Audiger C, Adegoke A, Lebel MÈ, Valbon SF, Anderson CC, Melichar HJ, Lesage S. CD5 levels reveal distinct basal T-cell receptor signals in T cells from non-obese diabetic mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:656-667. [PMID: 33534942 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice occurs when autoreactive T cells eliminate insulin producing pancreatic β cells. While extensively studied in T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice, the contribution of alterations in thymic selection to the polyclonal T-cell pool in NOD mice is not yet resolved. The magnitude of signals downstream of TCR engagement with self-peptide directs the development of a functional T-cell pool, in part by ensuring tolerance to self. TCR interactions with self-peptide are also necessary for T-cell homeostasis in the peripheral lymphoid organs. To identify differences in TCR signal strength that accompany thymic selection and peripheral T-cell maintenance, we compared CD5 levels, a marker of basal TCR signal strength, on immature and mature T cells from autoimmune diabetes-prone NOD and -resistant B6 mice. The data suggest that there is no preferential selection of NOD thymocytes that perceive stronger TCR signals from self-peptide engagement. Instead, NOD mice have an MHC-dependent increase in CD4+ thymocytes and mature T cells that express lower levels of CD5. In contrast, T cell-intrinsic mechanisms lead to higher levels of CD5 on peripheral CD8+ T cells from NOD relative to B6 mice, suggesting that peripheral CD8+ T cells with higher basal TCR signals may have survival advantages in NOD mice. These differences in the T-cell pool in NOD mice may contribute to the development or progression of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Dong
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Cindy Audiger
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Adeolu Adegoke
- Departments of Surgery, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Lebel
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Stefanie F Valbon
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Colin C Anderson
- Departments of Surgery and Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Heather J Melichar
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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7
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Jayasimhan A, Ellis DP, Ziegler AI, Slattery RM. Pancreatic ductal cell antigens are important in the development of invasive insulitis in Non-Obese Diabetic mice. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 327:1-9. [PMID: 30685070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas are selectively destroyed. Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) expressed in peri-islet Schwann cells (pSCs) and in the ductal cells of the pancreas is one of the candidate autoantigens for T1D. Immune responses to GFAP expressing cell types precede the islet autoimmunity in Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice. By removing MHC class I from GFAP expressing cell types, we tested the role of autoantigens presented by these cell types in the development of invasive insulitis. Our findings indicate that antigens expressed by pancreatic ductal cells are important in the development of invasive insulitis in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhirup Jayasimhan
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Darcy P Ellis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexandra I Ziegler
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robyn M Slattery
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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8
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Mullaney JA, Stephens JE, Geeling BE, Hamilton-Williams EE. Early-life exposure to gut microbiota from disease-protected mice does not impact disease outcome in type 1 diabetes susceptible NOD mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 97:97-103. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Mullaney
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute; Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Juliette E Stephens
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute; Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Brooke E Geeling
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute; Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Emma E Hamilton-Williams
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute; Brisbane QLD Australia
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9
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Audiger C, Lesage S. BIM determines the number of merocytic dendritic cells, a cell type that breaks immune tolerance. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:1008-1017. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Audiger
- Department of Immunology-Oncology; Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital; Montreal QC H1T 2M4 Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Université de Montréal; Montreal QC H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Department of Immunology-Oncology; Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital; Montreal QC H1T 2M4 Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Université de Montréal; Montreal QC H3C 3J7 Canada
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10
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Mallol C, Casana E, Jimenez V, Casellas A, Haurigot V, Jambrina C, Sacristan V, Morró M, Agudo J, Vilà L, Bosch F. AAV-mediated pancreatic overexpression of Igf1 counteracts progression to autoimmune diabetes in mice. Mol Metab 2017; 6:664-680. [PMID: 28702323 PMCID: PMC5485311 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of β-cells leading to severe insulin deficiency. Although many improvements have been made in recent years, exogenous insulin therapy is still imperfect; new therapeutic approaches, focusing on preserving/expanding β-cell mass and/or blocking the autoimmune process that destroys islets, should be developed. The main objective of this work was to test in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, which spontaneously develop autoimmune diabetes, the effects of local expression of Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), a potent mitogenic and pro-survival factor for β-cells with immunomodulatory properties. Methods Transgenic NOD mice overexpressing IGF1 specifically in β-cells (NOD-IGF1) were generated and phenotyped. In addition, miRT-containing, IGF1-encoding adeno-associated viruses (AAV) of serotype 8 (AAV8-IGF1-dmiRT) were produced and administered to 4- or 11-week-old non-transgenic NOD females through intraductal delivery. Several histological, immunological, and metabolic parameters were measured to monitor disease over a period of 28–30 weeks. Results In transgenic mice, local IGF1 expression led to long-term suppression of diabetes onset and robust protection of β-cell mass from the autoimmune insult. AAV-mediated pancreatic-specific overexpression of IGF1 in adult animals also dramatically reduced diabetes incidence, both when vectors were delivered before pathology onset or once insulitis was established. Transgenic NOD-IGF1 and AAV8-IGF1-dmiRT-treated NOD animals had much less islet infiltration than controls, preserved β-cell mass, and normal insulinemia. Transgenic and AAV-treated islets showed less expression of antigen-presenting molecules, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines important for tissue-specific homing of effector T cells, suggesting IGF1 modulated islet autoimmunity in NOD mice. Conclusions Local expression of Igf1 by AAV-mediated gene transfer counteracts progression to diabetes in NOD mice. This study suggests a therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diabetes in humans. Local pancreatic IGF1 expression prevents spontaneous autoimmune diabetes. Protection achieved after one-time local administration of IGF1-encoding AAV vectors. Efficacious in animals treated early or once autoimmunity is already established. Protection through maintenance of β-cell mass and endogenous insulin secretion. Treatment leads to reduced infiltration and expression of immunity genes in islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mallol
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08017 Madrid, Spain
| | - Estefania Casana
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Veronica Jimenez
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08017 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Casellas
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08017 Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Haurigot
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08017 Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Jambrina
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Victor Sacristan
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Meritxell Morró
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08017 Madrid, Spain
| | - Judith Agudo
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08017 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laia Vilà
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08017 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fatima Bosch
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08017 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Hamilton-Williams EE, Bergot AS, Reeves PLS, Steptoe RJ. Maintenance of peripheral tolerance to islet antigens. J Autoimmun 2016; 72:118-25. [PMID: 27255733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Reestablishment of immune tolerance to the insulin-producing beta cells is the desired goal for type 1 diabetes (T1D) treatment and prevention. Immune tolerance to multiple islet antigens is defective in individuals with T1D, but the mechanisms involved are multifaceted and may involve loss of thymic and peripheral tolerance. In this review we discuss our current understanding of the varied mechanisms by which peripheral tolerance to islet antigens is maintained in healthy individuals where genetic protection from T1D is present and how this fails in those with genetic susceptibility to disease. Novel findings in regards to expression of neo-islet antigens, non-classical regulatory cell subsets and the impact of specific genetic variants on tolerance induction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Hamilton-Williams
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Anne-Sophie Bergot
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peta L S Reeves
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Raymond J Steptoe
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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12
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Sleeping Beauty Transposon Mutagenesis as a Tool for Gene Discovery in the NOD Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015; 5:2903-11. [PMID: 26438296 PMCID: PMC4683661 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.021709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of different strategies have been used to identify genes for which genetic variation contributes to type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis. Genetic studies in humans have identified >40 loci that affect the risk for developing T1D, but the underlying causative alleles are often difficult to pinpoint or have subtle biological effects. A complementary strategy to identifying "natural" alleles in the human population is to engineer "artificial" alleles within inbred mouse strains and determine their effect on T1D incidence. We describe the use of the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon mutagenesis system in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse strain, which harbors a genetic background predisposed to developing T1D. Mutagenesis in this system is random, but a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-polyA gene trap within the SB transposon enables early detection of mice harboring transposon-disrupted genes. The SB transposon also acts as a molecular tag to, without additional breeding, efficiently identify mutated genes and prioritize mutant mice for further characterization. We show here that the SB transposon is functional in NOD mice and can produce a null allele in a novel candidate gene that increases diabetes incidence. We propose that SB transposon mutagenesis could be used as a complementary strategy to traditional methods to help identify genes that, when disrupted, affect T1D pathogenesis.
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Wong ASL, Mortin-Toth S, Sung M, Canty AJ, Gulban O, Greaves DR, Danska JS. Polymorphism in the innate immune receptor SIRPα controls CD47 binding and autoimmunity in the nonobese diabetic mouse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4833-44. [PMID: 25305319 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The signal regulatory protein (SIRP) locus encodes a family of paired receptors that mediate both activating and inhibitory signals and is associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk. The NOD mouse model recapitulates multiple features of human T1D and enables mechanistic analysis of the impact of genetic variations on disease. In this study, we identify Sirpa encoding an inhibitory receptor on myeloid cells as a gene in the insulin-dependent diabetes locus 13.2 (Idd13.2) that drives islet inflammation and T1D. Compared to T1D-resistant strains, the NOD variant of SIRPα displayed greater binding to its ligand CD47, as well as enhanced T cell proliferation and diabetogenic potency. Myeloid cell-restricted expression of a Sirpa transgene accelerated disease in a dose-dependent manner and displayed genetic and functional interaction with the Idd5 locus to potentiate insulitis progression. Our study demonstrates that variations in both SIRPα sequence and expression level modulate T1D immunopathogenesis. Thus, we identify Sirpa as a T1D risk gene and provide insight into the complex mechanisms by which disease-associated variants act in concert to drive defined stages in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sut Ling Wong
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Steven Mortin-Toth
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Michael Sung
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Angelo J Canty
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Omid Gulban
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada
| | - David R Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13RE, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jayne S Danska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
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Wang J, Nanjundappa RH, Shameli A, Clemente-Casares X, Yamanouchi J, Elliott JF, Slattery R, Serra P, Santamaria P. The cross-priming capacity and direct presentation potential of an autoantigen are separable and inversely related properties. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3296-307. [PMID: 25165150 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether a prevalent epitope of the β-cell-specific autoantigen islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP206-214) reaches regional Ag-presentation pathways via unprocessed polypeptide chains, as free IGRP206-214 peptide or via preformed IGRP206-214/K(d) complexes. This was accomplished by expressing bacterial artificial chromosome transgenes encoding wild-type (stable) or ubiquitinated (unstable) forms of IGRP in IGRP-deficient NOD mice carrying MHC class I-deficient β-cells, dendritic cells, or B cells. We investigated the ability of the pancreatic lymph nodes of these mice to prime naive IGRP206-214-reactive CD8(+) T cells in vivo, either in response to spontaneous Ag shedding, or to synchronized forms of β-cell necrosis or apoptosis. When IGRP was made unstable by targeting it for proteasomal degradation within β-cells, the cross-priming, autoimmune-initiating potential of this autoantigen (designated autoantigenicity) was impaired. Yet at the same time, the direct presentation, CTL-targeting potential of IGRP (designated pathogenicity) was enhanced. The appearance of IGRP206-214 in regional Ag-presentation pathways was dissociated from transfer of IGRP206-214 or IGRP206-214/K(d) from β cells to dendritic cells. These results indicate that autoantigenicity and pathogenicity are separable and inversely related properties and suggest that pathogenic autoantigens, capable of efficiently priming CTLs while marking target cells for CTL-induced killing, may have a critical balance of these two properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinguo Wang
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Roopa Hebbandi Nanjundappa
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Afshin Shameli
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jun Yamanouchi
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - John F Elliott
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada; Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Robyn Slattery
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Alfred Hospital Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; and
| | - Pau Serra
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain
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Wang N, Elso CM, Mackin L, Mannering SI, Strugnell RA, Wijburg OL, Brodnicki TC. Congenic mice reveal genetic epistasis and overlapping disease loci for autoimmune diabetes and listeriosis. Immunogenetics 2014; 66:501-6. [PMID: 24906421 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-014-0782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse strain serves as a genomic standard for assessing how allelic variation for insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) loci affects the development of autoimmune diabetes. We previously demonstrated that C57BL/6 (B6) mice harbor a more diabetogenic allele than NOD mice for the Idd14 locus when introduced onto the NOD genetic background. New congenic NOD mouse strains, harboring smaller B6-derived intervals on chromosome 13, now localize Idd14 to an ~18-Mb interval and reveal a new locus, Idd31. Notably, the B6 allele for Idd31 confers protection against diabetes, but only in the absence of the diabetogenic B6 allele for Idd14, indicating genetic epistasis between these two loci. Moreover, congenic mice that are more susceptible to diabetes are more resistant to Listeria monocytogenes infection. This result co-localizes Idd14 and Listr2, a resistance locus for listeriosis, to the same genomic interval and indicates that congenic NOD mice may also be useful for localizing resistance loci for infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Wang
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
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Kakoola DN, Curcio-Brint A, Lenchik NI, Gerling IC. Molecular pathway alterations in CD4 T-cells of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice in the preinsulitis phase of autoimmune diabetes. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 4:30-45. [PMID: 24918037 PMCID: PMC4050318 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a multigenic disease caused by T-cell mediated destruction of the insulin producing pancreatic islet ß-cells. The earliest sign of islet autoimmunity in NOD mice, islet leukocytic infiltration or insulitis, is obvious at around 5 weeks of age. The molecular alterations that occur in T cells prior to insulitis and that may contribute to T1D development are poorly understood. Since CD4 T-cells are essential to T1D development, we tested the hypothesis that multiple genes/molecular pathways are altered in these cells prior to insulitis. We performed a genome-wide transcriptome and pathway analysis of whole, untreated CD4 T-cells from 2, 3, and 4 week-old NOD mice in comparison to two control strains (NOR and C57BL/6). We identified many differentially expressed genes in the NOD mice at each time point. Many of these genes (herein referred to as NOD altered genes) lie within known diabetes susceptibility (insulin-dependent diabetes, Idd) regions, e.g. two diabetes resistant loci, Idd27 (tripartite motif-containing family genes) and Idd13 (several genes), and the CD4 T-cell diabetogenic activity locus, Idd9/11 (2 genes, KH domain containing, RNA binding, signal transduction associated 1 and protein tyrosine phosphatase 4a2). The biological processes associated with these altered genes included, apoptosis/cell proliferation and metabolic pathways (predominant at 2 weeks); inflammation and cell signaling/activation (predominant at 3 weeks); and innate and adaptive immune responses (predominant at 4 weeks). Pathway analysis identified several factors that may regulate these abnormalities: eight, common to all 3 ages (interferon regulatory factor 1, hepatic nuclear factor 4, alpha, transformation related protein 53, BCL2-like 1 (lies within Idd13), interferon gamma, interleukin 4, interleukin 15, and prostaglandin E2); and two each, common to 2 and 4 weeks (androgen receptor and interleukin 6); and to 3 and 4 weeks (interferon alpha and interferon regulatory factor 7). Others were unique to the various ages, e.g. myelocytomatosis oncogene, jun oncogene, and amyloid beta (A4) to 2 weeks; tumor necrosis factor, transforming growth factor, beta 1, NF?B, ERK, and p38MAPK to 3 weeks; and interleukin 12 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 to 4 weeks. Thus, our study demonstrated that expression of many genes that lie within several Idds (e.g. Idd27, Idd13 and Idd9/11) was altered in CD4 T-cells in the early induction phase of autoimmune diabetes and identified their associated molecular pathways. These data offer the opportunity to test hypotheses on the roles played by the altered genes/molecular pathways, to understand better the mechanisms of CD4 T-cell diabetogenesis, and to develop new therapeutic strategies for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy N Kakoola
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, VAMC Research 151, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA ; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VAMC Research 151, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
| | - Anita Curcio-Brint
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, VAMC Research 151, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA ; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VAMC Research 151, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
| | - Nataliya I Lenchik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, VAMC Research 151, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA ; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VAMC Research 151, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
| | - Ivan C Gerling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, VAMC Research 151, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA ; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VAMC Research 151, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
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Idd13 is involved in determining immunoregulatory DN T-cell number in NOD mice. Genes Immun 2014; 15:82-7. [PMID: 24335706 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunoregulatory T cells have been identified as key modulators of peripheral tolerance and participate in preventing autoimmune diseases. CD4(-)CD8(-) (double negative, DN) T cells compose one of these immunoregulatory T-cell subsets, where the injection of DN T cells confers protection from autoimmune diabetes progression. Interestingly, genetic loci defining the function and number of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) coincide with at least some autoimmune disease susceptibility loci. Herein, we investigate the impact of major insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) loci in defining the number of DN T cells. We demonstrate that although Idd3, Idd5 and Idd9 loci do not regulate DN T-cell number, NOD mice congenic for diabetes resistance alleles at the Idd13 locus show a partial restoration in DN T-cell number. Moreover, competitive and non-competitive bone marrow chimera experiments reveal that DN T-cell number is defined by a bone marrow-intrinsic, but DN T-cell-extrinsic, factor. This suggests that non-autonomous candidate genes define DN T-cell number in secondary lymphoid organs. Together, our results show that the regulation of DN T-cell number in NOD mice is at least partially conferred by alleles at the Idd13 locus.
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Advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of Type 1 diabetes: lessons from the NOD mouse. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 126:1-18. [PMID: 24020444 DOI: 10.1042/cs20120627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
T1D (Type 1 diabetes) is an autoimmune disease caused by the immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Studies in T1D patients have been limited by the availability of pancreatic samples, a protracted pre-diabetic phase and limitations in markers that reflect β-cell mass and function. The NOD (non-obese diabetic) mouse is currently the best available animal model of T1D, since it develops disease spontaneously and shares many genetic and immunopathogenic features with human T1D. Consequently, the NOD mouse has been extensively studied and has made a tremendous contribution to our understanding of human T1D. The present review summarizes the key lessons from NOD mouse studies concerning the genetic susceptibility, aetiology and immunopathogenic mechanisms that contribute to autoimmune destruction of β-cells. Finally, we summarize the potential and limitations of immunotherapeutic strategies, successful in NOD mice, now being trialled in T1D patients and individuals at risk of developing T1D.
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Pelletier AN, Lesage S. The Idd13 congenic interval defines the number of merocytic dendritic cells, a novel trait associated with autoimmune diabetes susceptibility. J Autoimmun 2013; 43:70-7. [PMID: 23623717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
When antigens derived from apoptotic cells are presented by conventional dendritic cells (cDC), T cell tolerance is induced. Surprisingly, the presentation of apoptotic cell antigens by an unconventional DC subset, termed merocytic dendritic cells (mcDC), can reverse T cell anergy. The potency of mcDC at breaking T cell tolerance has been demonstrated in the context of tumors and autoimmunity, suggesting that modulating the number of mcDC in vivo may be of clinical interest. To identify the genetic determinants that define the number of mcDC, we performed a linkage analysis between NOD and C57BL/6 mouse strains, where autoimmune-prone NOD mice show an increased proportion of mcDC relative to the non-autoimmune-prone C57BL/6 mice. We identified a locus on chromosome 2 significantly linked to both the proportion and the absolute number of mcDC in the spleen. Interestingly, the dominant interval on chromosome 2 overlaps with a locus previously associated with diabetes protection, namely Idd13. Using NOD.Idd13 congenic mice, we validate the impact of the Idd13 congenic interval in defining the proportion and number of mcDC in the spleen. These results show that the decreased number of mcDC is conferred by C57BL/6 alleles at the Idd13 locus, which is linked to diabetes resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam-Nicolas Pelletier
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada.
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Leiter EH, Schile A. Genetic and Pharmacologic Models for Type 1 Diabetes. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOUSE BIOLOGY 2013; 3:9-19. [PMID: 24592352 PMCID: PMC3936677 DOI: 10.1002/9780470942390.mo120154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by a partial or total insufficiency of insulin. The premiere animal model of autoimmune T cell-mediated T1D is the NOD mouse. A dominant negative mutation in the mouse insulin 2 gene (Ins2Akita ) produces a severe insulin deficiency syndrome without autoimmune involvement, as do a variety of transgenes overexpressed in beta cells. Pharmacologically-induced T1D (without autoimmunity) elicted by alloxan or streptozotocin at high doses can generate hyperglycemia in almost any strain of mouse by direct toxicity. Multiple low doses of streptozotocin combine direct beta cell toxicity with local inflammation to elicit T1D in a male sex-specific fashion. A summary of protocols relevant to the management of these different mouse models will be covered in this overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H. Leiter
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, Tel: 207-288-6370, FAX: 207-288-6077
| | - Andrew Schile
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, Tel: 207-288-6370, FAX: 207-288-6077
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Driver JP, Chen YG, Mathews CE. Comparative genetics: synergizing human and NOD mouse studies for identifying genetic causation of type 1 diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud 2012; 9:169-87. [PMID: 23804259 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2012.9.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although once widely anticipated to unlock how human type 1 diabetes (T1D) develops, extensive study of the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse has failed to yield effective treatments for patients with the disease. This has led many to question the usefulness of this animal model. While criticism about the differences between NOD and human T1D is legitimate, in many cases disease in both species results from perturbations modulated by the same genes or different genes that function within the same biological pathways. Like in humans, unusual polymorphisms within an MHC class II molecule contributes the most T1D risk in NOD mice. This insight supports the validity of this model and suggests the NOD has been improperly utilized to study how to cure or prevent disease in patients. Indeed, clinical trials are far from administering T1D therapeutics to humans at the same concentration ranges and pathological states that inhibit disease in NOD mice. Until these obstacles are overcome it is premature to label the NOD mouse a poor surrogate to test agents that cure or prevent T1D. An additional criticism of the NOD mouse is the past difficulty in identifying genes underlying T1D using conventional mapping studies. However, most of the few diabetogenic alleles identified to date appear relevant to the human disorder. This suggests that rather than abandoning genetic studies in NOD mice, future efforts should focus on improving the efficiency with which diabetes susceptibility genes are detected. The current review highlights why the NOD mouse remains a relevant and valuable tool to understand the genes and their interactions that promote autoimmune diabetes and therapeutics that inhibit this disease. It also describes a new range of technologies that will likely transform how the NOD mouse is used to uncover the genetic causes of T1D for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Driver
- Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Holmes N, Cooke A. Genetic analysis of type 1 diabetes: embryonic stem cells as new tools to unlock biological mechanisms in type 1 diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud 2012; 9:137-47. [PMID: 23804257 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2012.9.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse has provided an important animal model for studying the mechanism and genetics of type 1 diabetes over the past 30 years. Arguably, the bio-breeding (BB) rat model may be an even closer phenotypic mimic of the typical human disease. A large number of distinct genetic traits which influence diabetes development have been defined through an extraordinary effort, most conspicuously in the mouse model. However, in both NOD and BB models the lack of availability of robust means for experimental genetic manipulation has restricted our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this spontaneous autoimmune disease. Recent developments in the derivation of embryonic stem (ES) cells have the potential to transform this picture. We argue here that targeting of NOD strain ES cells can bring much needed certainty to our present understanding of the genetics of type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse. In addition, ES cells can play important roles in the future, in both the NOD mouse and BB rat models, through the generation of new tools to investigate the mechanisms by which genetic variation acts to promote diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Holmes
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
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Stolp J, Chen YG, Cox SL, Henck V, Zhang W, Tsaih SW, Chapman H, Stearns T, Serreze DV, Silveira PA. Subcongenic analyses reveal complex interactions between distal chromosome 4 genes controlling diabetogenic B cells and CD4 T cells in nonobese diabetic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1406-17. [PMID: 22732593 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) in humans and NOD mice results from interactions between multiple susceptibility genes (termed Idd) located within and outside the MHC. Despite sharing ∼88% of their genome with NOD mice, including the H2(g7) MHC haplotype and other important Idd genes, the closely related nonobese resistant (NOR) strain fails to develop T1D because of resistance alleles in residual genomic regions derived from C57BLKS mice mapping to chromosomes (Chr.) 1, 2, and 4. We previously produced a NOD background strain with a greatly decreased incidence of T1D as the result of a NOR-derived 44.31-Mb congenic region on distal Chr. 4 containing disease-resistance alleles that decrease the pathogenic activity of autoreactive B and CD4 T cells. In this study, a series of subcongenic strains for the NOR-derived Chr. 4 region was used to significantly refine genetic loci regulating diabetogenic B and CD4 T cell activity. Analyses of these subcongenic strains revealed the presence of at least two NOR-origin T1D resistance genes within this region. A 6.22-Mb region between rs13477999 and D4Mit32, not previously known to contain a locus affecting T1D susceptibility and now designated Idd25, was found to contain the main NOR gene(s) dampening diabetogenic B cell activity, with Ephb2 and/or Padi2 being strong candidates as the causal variants. Penetrance of this Idd25 effect was influenced by genes in surrounding regions controlling B cell responsiveness and anergy induction. Conversely, the gene(s) controlling pathogenic CD4 T cell activity was mapped to a more proximal 24.26-Mb region between the rs3674285 and D4Mit203 markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Stolp
- Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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Antal Z, Baker JC, Smith C, Jarchum I, Babad J, Mukherjee G, Yang Y, Sidney J, Sette A, Santamaria P, DiLorenzo TP. Beyond HLA-A*0201: new HLA-transgenic nonobese diabetic mouse models of type 1 diabetes identify the insulin C-peptide as a rich source of CD8+ T cell epitopes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:5766-75. [PMID: 22539795 PMCID: PMC3358524 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by T cell responses to β cell Ags, including insulin. Investigations employing the NOD mouse model of the disease have revealed an essential role for β cell-specific CD8(+) T cells in the pathogenic process. As CD8(+) T cells specific for β cell Ags are also present in patients, these reactivities have the potential to serve as therapeutic targets or markers for autoimmune activity. NOD mice transgenic for human class I MHC molecules have previously been employed to identify T cell epitopes having important relevance to the human disease. However, most studies have focused exclusively on HLA-A*0201. To broaden the reach of epitope-based monitoring and therapeutic strategies, we have looked beyond this allele and developed NOD mice expressing human β(2)-microglobulin and HLA-A*1101 or HLA-B*0702, which are representative members of the A3 and B7 HLA supertypes, respectively. We have used islet-infiltrating T cells spontaneously arising in these strains to identify β cell peptides recognized in the context of the transgenic HLA molecules. This work has identified the insulin C-peptide as an abundant source of CD8(+) T cell epitopes. Responses to these epitopes should be of considerable utility for immune monitoring, as they cannot reflect an immune reaction to exogenously administered insulin, which lacks the C-peptide. Because the peptides bound by one supertype member were found to bind certain other members also, the epitopes identified in this study have the potential to result in therapeutic and monitoring tools applicable to large numbers of patients and at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Antal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY 10467
| | - Jason C. Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Carla Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Irene Jarchum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Jeffrey Babad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Gayatri Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Yang Yang
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - John Sidney
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa P. DiLorenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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25
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Animal models of human genetic diseases: do they need to be faithful to be useful? Mol Genet Genomics 2011; 286:1-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-011-0627-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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Tan IKL, Mackin L, Wang N, Papenfuss AT, Elso CM, Ashton MP, Quirk F, Phipson B, Bahlo M, Speed TP, Smyth GK, Morahan G, Brodnicki TC. A recombination hotspot leads to sequence variability within a novel gene (AK005651) and contributes to type 1 diabetes susceptibility. Genome Res 2010; 20:1629-38. [PMID: 21051460 DOI: 10.1101/gr.101881.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
More than 25 loci have been linked to type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, but identification of the underlying genes remains challenging. We describe here the positional cloning of a T1D susceptibility locus, Idd11, located on mouse chromosome 4. Sequence analysis of a series of congenic NOD mouse strains over a critical 6.9-kb interval in these mice and in 25 inbred strains identified several haplotypes, including a unique NOD haplotype, associated with varying levels of T1D susceptibility. Haplotype diversity within this interval between congenic NOD mouse strains was due to a recombination hotspot that generated four crossover breakpoints, including one with a complex conversion tract. The Idd11 haplotype and recombination hotspot are located within a predicted gene of unknown function, which exhibits decreased expression in relevant tissues of NOD mice. Notably, it was the recombination hotspot that aided our mapping of Idd11 and confirms that recombination hotspots can create genetic variation affecting a common polygenic disease. This finding has implications for human genetic association studies, which may be affected by the approximately 33,000 estimated hotspots in the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris K L Tan
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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27
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Thayer TC, Wilson SB, Mathews CE. Use of nonobese diabetic mice to understand human type 1 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2010; 39:541-61. [PMID: 20723819 PMCID: PMC2925291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In 1922, Leonard Thompson received the first injections of insulin prepared from the pancreas of canine test subjects. From pancreatectomized dogs to the more recent development of animal models that spontaneously develop autoimmune syndromes, animal models have played a meaningful role in furthering diabetes research. Of these animals, the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse is the most widely used for research in type 1 diabetes (T1D) because the NOD shares several genetic and immunologic traits with the human form of the disease. In this article, the authors discuss the similarities and differences in NOD and human T1D and the potential role of NOD mice in future preclinical studies, aiming to provide a better understanding of the genetic and immune defects that lead to T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri C Thayer
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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28
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Santamaria P. The long and winding road to understanding and conquering type 1 diabetes. Immunity 2010; 32:437-45. [PMID: 20412754 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases with high population prevalence such as type 1 diabetes (T1D) develop as a result of ill-defined interactions between putative environmental triggers and a constellation of genetic elements scattered throughout the genome. In T1D, these interactions somehow trigger a loss of tolerance to pancreatic beta cells, manifested in the form of a chronic autoimmune response that mobilizes virtually every cell type of the immune system and progressively erodes the host's beta cell mass. The five accompanying review articles focus on key areas of T1D research, ranging from genetics and pathogenesis to prediction and therapy. Here, I attempt to integrate and bring into focus the most salient points of these reviews in the context of other findings, with an emphasis on identifying knowledge gaps and research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases and Institute of Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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29
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Driver JP, Serreze DV, Chen YG. Mouse models for the study of autoimmune type 1 diabetes: a NOD to similarities and differences to human disease. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 33:67-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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30
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Fraser HI, Dendrou CA, Healy B, Rainbow DB, Howlett S, Smink LJ, Gregory S, Steward CA, Todd JA, Peterson LB, Wicker LS. Nonobese diabetic congenic strain analysis of autoimmune diabetes reveals genetic complexity of the Idd18 locus and identifies Vav3 as a candidate gene. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5075-84. [PMID: 20363978 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We have used the public sequencing and annotation of the mouse genome to delimit the previously resolved type 1 diabetes (T1D) insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd)18 interval to a region on chromosome 3 that includes the immunologically relevant candidate gene, Vav3. To test the candidacy of Vav3, we developed a novel congenic strain that enabled the resolution of Idd18 to a 604-kb interval, designated Idd18.1, which contains only two annotated genes: the complete sequence of Vav3 and the last exon of the gene encoding NETRIN G1, Ntng1. Targeted sequencing of Idd18.1 in the NOD mouse strain revealed that allelic variation between NOD and C57BL/6J (B6) occurs in noncoding regions with 138 single nucleotide polymorphisms concentrated in the introns between exons 20 and 27 and immediately after the 3' untranslated region. We observed differential expression of VAV3 RNA transcripts in thymocytes when comparing congenic mouse strains with B6 or NOD alleles at Idd18.1. The T1D protection associated with B6 alleles of Idd18.1/Vav3 requires the presence of B6 protective alleles at Idd3, which are correlated with increased IL-2 production and regulatory T cell function. In the absence of B6 protective alleles at Idd3, we detected a second T1D protective B6 locus, Idd18.3, which is closely linked to, but distinct from, Idd18.1. Therefore, genetic mapping, sequencing, and gene expression evidence indicate that alteration of VAV3 expression is an etiological factor in the development of autoimmune beta-cell destruction in NOD mice. This study also demonstrates that a congenic strain mapping approach can isolate closely linked susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather I Fraser
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
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31
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Burt RA, Watkins L, Tan IKL, Wang N, Quirk F, Mackin L, Morgan P, Zhang JG, Berzins SP, Morahan G, Brodnicki TC. An NZW-derived interval on chromosome 7 moderates sialadenitis, but not insulitis in congenic nonobese diabetic mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:859-68. [PMID: 20007538 PMCID: PMC9800181 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune lymphocytic infiltration of the salivary glands, termed sialadenitis, is a pathologic feature of Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) that is also prominent in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Genetic factors regulate sialadenitis, and a previous (NOD x NZW)F2 study detected linkage to murine chromosome (Chr) 7. The locus, subsequently annotated as Ssial3, maps to the distal end of Chr7 and overlaps a region associated with type 1 diabetes susceptibility in NOD mice. To examine whether Ssial3 could contribute to both diseases, or was specific for SjS, we generated a congenic mouse strain that harbored an NZW-derived Chr7 interval on the NOD genetic background. This congenic strain exhibited reduced sialadenitis compared with NOD mice and confirmed Ssial3. This reduction, however, did not ameliorate saliva abnormalities associated with SjS-like disease in NOD mice, nor were congenic mice protected against insulitis (lymphocytic infiltration of the pancreatic islets) or diabetes onset. Thus, the Ssial3 locus appears to have a tissue-specific effect for which the NZW allele is unable to prevent other autoimmune traits in the NOD mouse. Anomalous increases for antinuclear Ab production and frequency of marginal-zone B cells were also identified in congenic mice, indicating that the NZW-derived Chr7 interval has a complex effect on the NOD immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Burt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Laura Watkins
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Iris Kwee Ling Tan
- St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy VIC 3065, Australia, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Nancy Wang
- St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy VIC 3065, Australia, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Fiona Quirk
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Leanne Mackin
- St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Phillip Morgan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Stuart P. Berzins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Grant Morahan
- Centre for Diabetes Research, The Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, and Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Thomas C. Brodnicki
- St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy VIC 3065, Australia,Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Thomas C Brodnicki, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy VIC 3065, Australia.
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Yamanouchi J, Puertas MC, Verdaguer J, Lyons PA, Rainbow DB, Chamberlain G, Hunter KM, Peterson LB, Wicker LS, Santamaria P. Idd9.1 locus controls the suppressive activity of FoxP3+CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells. Diabetes 2010; 59:272-81. [PMID: 19833887 PMCID: PMC2797933 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The approximately 45-cM insulin-dependent diabetes 9 (Idd9) region on mouse chromosome 4 harbors several different type 1 diabetes-associated loci. Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice congenic for the Idd9 region of C57BL/10 (B10) mice, carrying antidiabetogenic alleles in three different Idd9 subregions (Idd9.1, Idd9.2, and Idd9.3), are strongly resistant to type 1 diabetes. However, the mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to define mechanisms underlying the type 1 diabetes resistance afforded by B10 Idd9.1, Idd9.2, and/or Idd9.3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used a reductionist approach that involves comparing the fate of a type 1 diabetes-relevant autoreactive CD8(+) T-cell population, specific for residues 206-214 of islet-specific glucose 6 phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP(206-214)), in noncongenic versus B10 Idd9-congenic (Idd9.1 + Idd9.2 + Idd9.3, Idd9.2 + Idd9.3, Idd9.1, Idd9.2, and Idd9.3) T-cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic (8.3) NOD mice. RESULTS Most of the protective effect of Idd9 against 8.3-CD8(+) T-cell-enhanced type 1 diabetes was mediated by Idd9.1. Although Idd9.2 and Idd9.3 afforded some protection, the effects were small and did not enhance the greater protective effect of Idd9.1. B10 Idd9.1 afforded type 1 diabetes resistance without impairing the developmental biology or intrinsic diabetogenic potential of autoreactive CD8(+) T-cells. Studies in T- and B-cell-deficient 8.3-NOD.B10 Idd9.1 mice revealed that this antidiabetogenic effect was mediated by endogenous, nontransgenic T-cells in a B-cell-independent manner. Consistent with this, B10 Idd9.1 increased the suppressive function and antidiabetogenic activity of the FoxP3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) T-cell subset in both TCR-transgenic and nontransgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS A gene(s) within Idd9.1 regulates the development and function of FoxP3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T-cells and, in turn, the activation of CD8(+) effector T-cells in the pancreatic draining lymph nodes, without affecting their development or intrinsic diabetogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yamanouchi
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria-Carmen Puertas
- Unitat d'Immunologia, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida & IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Joan Verdaguer
- Unitat d'Immunologia, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida & IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Paul A. Lyons
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Daniel B. Rainbow
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Giselle Chamberlain
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Kara M. Hunter
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | | | - Linda S. Wicker
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Corresponding author: Pere Santamaria,
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33
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Araki M, Chung D, Liu S, Rainbow DB, Chamberlain G, Garner V, Hunter KMD, Vijayakrishnan L, Peterson LB, Oukka M, Sharpe AH, Sobel R, Kuchroo VK, Wicker LS. Genetic evidence that the differential expression of the ligand-independent isoform of CTLA-4 is the molecular basis of the Idd5.1 type 1 diabetes region in nonobese diabetic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5146-57. [PMID: 19783679 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Idd5.1 regulates T1D susceptibility in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and has two notable candidate genes, Ctla4 and Icos. Reduced expression of one of the four CTLA-4 isoforms, ligand-independent CTLA-4 (liCTLA-4), which inhibits in vitro T cell activation and cytokine production similarly to full-length CTLA-4 (flCTLA-4), has been hypothesized to increase type 1 diabetes (T1D) susceptibility. However, further support of this hypothesis is required since the Idd5.1 haplotypes of the diabetes-susceptible NOD and the resistant B10 strains differ throughout Ctla4 and Icos. Using haplotype analysis and the generation of novel Idd5.1-congenic strains that differ at the disease-associated Ctla4 exon 2 single-nucleotide polymorphism, we demonstrate that increased expression of liCTLA-4 correlates with reduced T1D susceptibility. To directly assess the ability of liCTLA-4 to modulate T1D, we generated liCTLA-4-transgenic NOD mice and compared their diabetes susceptibility to nontransgenic littermates. NOD liCTLA-4-transgenic mice were protected from T1D to the same extent as NOD.B10 Idd5.1-congenic mice, demonstrating that increased liCTLA-4 expression alone can account for disease protection. To further investigate the in vivo function of liCTLA-4, specifically whether liCTLA-4 can functionally replace flCTLA-4 in vivo, we expressed the liCTLA-4 transgene in CTLA-4(-/-) B6 mice. CTLA-4(-/-) mice expressing liCTLA-4 accumulated fewer activated effector/memory CD4(+) T cells than CTLA-4(-/-) mice and the transgenic mice were partially rescued from the multiorgan inflammation and early lethality caused by the disruption of Ctla4. These results suggest that liCTLA-4 can partially replace some functions of flCTLA-4 in vivo and that this isoform evolved to reinforce the function of flCTLA-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Araki
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Phillips JM, Parish NM, Raine T, Bland C, Sawyer Y, De La Peña H, Cooke A. Type 1 diabetes development requires both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and can be reversed by non-depleting antibodies targeting both T cell populations. Rev Diabet Stud 2009; 6:97-103. [PMID: 19806239 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2009.6.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes development in NOD mice appears to require both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. However, there are some situations where it has been suggested that either CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells are able to mediate diabetes in the absence of the other population. In the case of transgenic mice, this may reflect the numbers of antigen-specific T cells able to access the pancreas and recruit other cell types such as macrophages leading to a release of high concentrations of damaging cytokines. Previous studies examining the requirement for CD8(+) T cells have used antibodies specific for CD8alpha. It is known that CD8alpha is expressed not only on alphabeta T cells, but also on other cell types, including a DC population that may be critical for presenting islet antigen in the pancreatic draining lymph nodes. Therefore, we have re-examined the need for both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell populations in diabetes development in NOD mice using an antibody to CD8beta. Our studies indicate that by using highly purified populations of T cells and antibodies specific for CD8(+) T cells, there is indeed a need for both cell types. In accordance with some other reports, we found that CD4(+) T cells appeared to be able to access the pancreas more readily than CD8(+) T cells. Despite the ability of CD4(+) T cells to recruit CD11b class II positive cells, diabetes did not develop in the absence of CD8(+) T cells. These studies support the observation that CD8(+) T cells may be final effector cells. As both T cell populations are clearly implicated in diabetes development, we have used a combination of non-depleting antibodies to target both CD4-positive and CD8-positive cells and found that this antibody combination was able to reverse diabetes onset in NOD mice as effectively as anti-CD3 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Phillips
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge, CB21 QP, United Kingdom
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35
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Fletcher MT, Baxter AG. Clinical application of NKT cell biology in type I (autoimmune) diabetes mellitus. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 87:315-23. [PMID: 19223852 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 natural killer T (NKT) cells are a population of CD1d-restricted, regulatory T cells that exhibit various NK cell characteristics and rapidly produce cytokines on stimulation with glycolipid antigen. In type I diabetes (TID), NKT cells are thought to have a tolerogenic function, evidenced by NKT cell numerical and functional deficiencies in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, which when corrected, can ameliorate disease. The mechanisms by which NKT cells can mediate their immunosuppressive effects in NOD mice are still poorly understood, which makes successful clinical translation of NKT- cell-based therapies challenging. However, new insights into the genetic control of NKT cell deficiencies have provided some understanding of the genes that may control NKT cell number and function, potentially offering a new avenue for assessing TID risk in humans. Here, we review the mechanisms by which NKT cells are thought to prevent TID, discuss the evidence for involvement of NKT cells in the regulation of human TID and examine the genetic control of NKT cell number and function. A greater understanding of these areas will increase the chances of successful clinical manipulation of NKT cells to prevent or treat TID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie T Fletcher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Ridgway WM, Peterson LB, Todd JA, Rainbow DB, Healy B, Burren OS, Wicker LS. Gene-gene interactions in the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Adv Immunol 2009; 100:151-75. [PMID: 19111166 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)00806-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human genome wide association studies (GWAS) have recently identified at least four new, non-MHC-linked candidate genes or gene regions causing type one diabetes (T1D), highlighting the need for functional models to investigate how susceptibility alleles at multiple common genes interact to mediate disease. Progress in localizing genes in congenic strains of the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse has allowed the reproducible testing of gene functions and gene-gene interactions that can be reflected biologically as intrapathway interactions, for example, IL-2 and its receptor CD25, pathway-pathway interactions such as two signaling pathways within a cell, or cell-cell interactions. Recent studies have identified likely causal genes in two congenic intervals associated with T1D, Idd3, and Idd5, and have documented the occurrence of gene-gene interactions, including "genetic masking", involving the genes encoding the critical immune molecules IL-2 and CTLA-4. The demonstration of gene-gene interactions in congenic mouse models of T1D has major implications for the understanding of human T1D since such biological interactions are highly likely to exist for human T1D genes. Although it is difficult to detect most gene-gene interactions in a population in which susceptibility and protective alleles at many loci are randomly segregating, their existence as revealed in congenic mice reinforces the hypothesis that T1D alleles can have strong biological effects and that such genes highlight pathways to consider as targets for immune intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Ridgway
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 725 SBST, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Chen YG, Scheuplein F, Osborne MA, Tsaih SW, Chapman HD, Serreze DV. Idd9/11 genetic locus regulates diabetogenic activity of CD4 T-cells in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Diabetes 2008; 57:3273-80. [PMID: 18776136 PMCID: PMC2584133 DOI: 10.2337/db08-0767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the H2(g7) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) provides the primary pathogenic component, the development of T-cell-mediated autoimmune type 1 diabetes in NOD mice also requires contributions from other susceptibility (Idd) genes. Despite sharing the H2(g7) MHC, the closely NOD-related NOR strain remains type 1 diabetes resistant because of contributions of protective Idd5.2, Idd9/11, and Idd13 region alleles. To aid their eventual identification, we evaluated cell types in which non-MHC Idd resistance genes in NOR mice exert disease-protective effects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Adoptive transfer and bone marrow chimerism approaches tested the diabetogenic activity of CD4 and CD8 T-cells from NOR mice and NOD stocks congenic for NOR-derived Idd resistance loci. Tetramer staining and mimotope stimulation tested the frequency and proliferative capacity of CD4 BDC2.5-like cells. Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) were identified by Foxp3 staining and functionally assessed by in vitro suppression assays. RESULTS NOR CD4 T-cells were less diabetogenic than those from NOD mice. The failure of NOR CD4 T-cells to induce type 1 diabetes was not due to decreased proliferative capacity of BDC2.5 clonotypic-like cells. The frequency and function of Tregs in NOD and NOR mice were also equivalent. However, bone marrow chimerism experiments demonstrated that intrinsic factors inhibited the pathogenic activity of NOR CD4 T-cells. The NOR Idd9/11 resistance region on chromosome 4 was found to diminish the diabetogenic activity of CD4 but not CD8 T-cells. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we demonstrated that a gene(s) within the Idd9/11 region regulates the diabetogenic activity of CD4 T-cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- CD8 Antigens/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Chromosome Mapping
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Major Histocompatibility Complex
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD/genetics
- Mice, SCID
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
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38
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Fletcher JM, Jordan MA, Snelgrove SL, Slattery RM, Dufour FD, Kyparissoudis K, Besra GS, Godfrey DI, Baxter AG. Congenic analysis of the NKT cell control gene Nkt2 implicates the peroxisomal protein Pxmp4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3400-12. [PMID: 18714012 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 NKT cells play a critical role in controlling the strength and character of adaptive and innate immune responses. We have previously reported deficiencies in the numbers and function of NKT cells in the NOD mouse strain, which is a well-validated model of type 1 diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus. Genetic control of thymic NKT cell numbers was mapped to two linkage regions: Nkt1 on distal chromosome 1 and Nkt2 on chromosome 2. Herein, we report the production and characterization of a NOD.Nkrp1(b).Nkt2b(b) congenic mouse strain, which has increased thymic and peripheral NKT cells, a decreased incidence of type 1 diabetes, and enhanced cytokine responses in vivo and increased proliferative responses in vitro following challenge with alpha-galactosylceramide. The 19 highly differentially expressed candidate genes within the congenic region identified by microarray expression analyses included Pxmp4. This gene encodes a peroxisome-associated integral membrane protein whose only known binding partner is Pex19, an intracellular chaperone and component of the peroxisomal membrane insertion machinery encoded by a candidate for the NKT cell control gene Nkt1. These findings raise the possibility that peroxisomes play a role in modulating glycolipid availability for CD1d presentation, thereby influencing NKT cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Fletcher
- Comparative Genomics Centre, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
The immune repertoire of normal, healthy individuals contains autoreactive T cells and natural antibodies that, under normal conditions, are controlled, either through central tolerance or by the activity of immunoregulatory T cells to prevent the onset of autoimmune diseases. Over the years, several types of immunoregulatory T cells have been identified. These include natural CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T (Treg) cells and type 1 NKT cells, which develop in the thymus, as well as acquired immunoregulatory T cells, such as type 1 cells (Tr1), Th3 cells, Ts cells and anergic CD4 T cells, which all appear to be products of peripheral immune activation. While little is understood about the genetics of most types of immunoregulatory T cell, detailed information on the genetic control of NKT and Treg cells is now available and may contribute significantly to our understanding of the aetiology of autoimmune disease.
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Irie J, Reck B, Wu Y, Wicker LS, Howlett S, Rainbow D, Feingold E, Ridgway WM. Genome-wide microarray expression analysis of CD4+ T Cells from nonobese diabetic congenic mice identifies Cd55 (Daf1) and Acadl as candidate genes for type 1 diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:1071-9. [PMID: 18178847 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NOD.Idd3/5 congenic mice have insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) regions on chromosomes 1 (Idd5) and 3 (Idd3) derived from the nondiabetic strains B10 and B6, respectively. NOD.Idd3/5 mice are almost completely protected from type 1 diabetes (T1D) but the genes within Idd3 and Idd5 responsible for the disease-altering phenotype have been only partially characterized. To test the hypothesis that candidate Idd genes can be identified by differential gene expression between activated CD4+ T cells from the diabetes-susceptible NOD strain and the diabetes-resistant NOD.Idd3/5 congenic strain, genome-wide microarray expression analysis was performed using an empirical Bayes method. Remarkably, 16 of the 20 most differentially expressed genes were located in the introgressed regions on chromosomes 1 and 3, validating our initial hypothesis. The two genes with the greatest differential RNA expression on chromosome 1 were those encoding decay-accelerating factor (DAF, also known as CD55) and acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, long chain, which are located in the Idd5.4 and Idd5.3 regions, respectively. Neither gene has been implicated previously in the pathogenesis of T1D. In the case of DAF, differential expression of mRNA was extended to the protein level; NOD CD4+ T cells expressed higher levels of cell surface DAF compared with NOD.Idd3/5 CD4+ T cells following activation with anti-CD3 and -CD28. DAF up-regulation was IL-4 dependent and blocked under Th1 conditions. These results validate the approach of using congenic mice together with genome-wide analysis of tissue-specific gene expression to identify novel candidate genes in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichiro Irie
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Benoit LA, Tan R. Xenogeneic beta 2-microglobulin substitution affects functional binding of MHC class I molecules by CD8+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:3588-95. [PMID: 17785793 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.3588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NK cells and CD8+ T cells bind MHC-I molecules using distinct topological interactions. Specifically, murine NK inhibitory receptors bind MHC-I molecules at both the MHC-I H chain regions and beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) while TCR engages MHC-I molecules at a region defined solely by the class I H chain and bound peptide. As such, alterations in beta2m are not predicted to influence functional recognition of MHC-I by TCR. We have tested this hypothesis by assessing the capability of xenogeneic beta2m to modify the interaction between TCR and MHC-I. Using a human beta2m-transgenic C57BL/6 mouse model, we show that human beta2m supports formation and expression of H-2K(b) and peptide:H-2K(b) complexes at levels nearly equivalent to those in wild-type mice. Despite this finding, the frequencies of CD8+ single-positive thymocytes in the thymus and mature CD8+ T cells in the periphery were significantly reduced and the TCR Vbeta repertoire of peripheral CD8+ T cells was skewed in the human beta2m-transgenic mice. Furthermore, the ability of mouse beta2m-restricted CTL to functionally recognize human beta2m+ target cells was diminished compared with their ability to recognize mouse beta2m+ target cells. Finally, we provide evidence that this effect is achieved through subtle conformational changes occurring in the distal, peptide-binding region of the MHC-I molecule. Our results indicate that alterations in beta2m influence the ability of TCR to engage MHC-I during normal T cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loralyn A Benoit
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Chen YG, Driver JP, Silveira PA, Serreze DV. Subcongenic analysis of genetic basis for impaired development of invariant NKT cells in NOD mice. Immunogenetics 2007; 59:705-12. [PMID: 17619875 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-007-0236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Reduced numbers and function of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells partially contribute to type 1 diabetes (T1D) development in NOD mice. Previous linkage analysis identified a genetic locus on chromosome 2 controlling numbers of thymic iNKT cells. Interestingly, this locus resides within the Idd13 region that distinguishes NOD mice from the closely genetically related, but strongly T1D-resistant NOR strain. Thus, we tested if a genetic variant that confers T1D resistance in NOR mice may do so by enhancing iNKT cell numbers. iNKT cells were enumerated by an alpha-GalCer analog loaded CD1d tetramer in NOD and NOR mice as well as in NOD stocks carrying NOR-derived congenic regions on chromosome 1, 2, or 4. Significantly, more thymic and splenic iNKT cells were present in NOR than NOD mice. The NOR-derived Idd13 region on chromosome 2 contributed the most significant effect on increasing iNKT cell numbers. Subcongenic analyses indicated that at least two genes within the Idd13 region regulate iNKT cell numbers. These results further define the genetic basis for numerical iNKT cell defects contributing to T1D development in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Guang Chen
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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Liston A, Hardy K, Pittelkow Y, Wilson SR, Makaroff LE, Fahrer AM, Goodnow CC. Impairment of organ-specific T cell negative selection by diabetes susceptibility genes: genomic analysis by mRNA profiling. Genome Biol 2007; 8:R12. [PMID: 17239257 PMCID: PMC1839132 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-1-r12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cells in the thymus undergo opposing positive and negative selection processes so that the only T cells entering circulation are those bearing a T cell receptor (TCR) with a low affinity for self. The mechanism differentiating negative from positive selection is poorly understood, despite the fact that inherited defects in negative selection underlie organ-specific autoimmune disease in AIRE-deficient people and the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse strain RESULTS Here we use homogeneous populations of T cells undergoing either positive or negative selection in vivo together with genome-wide transcription profiling on microarrays to identify the gene expression differences underlying negative selection to an Aire-dependent organ-specific antigen, including the upregulation of a genomic cluster in the cytogenetic band 2F. Analysis of defective negative selection in the autoimmune-prone NOD strain demonstrates a global impairment in the induction of the negative selection response gene set, but little difference in positive selection response genes. Combining expression differences with genetic linkage data, we identify differentially expressed candidate genes, including Bim, Bnip3, Smox, Pdrg1, Id1, Pdcd1, Ly6c, Pdia3, Trim30 and Trim12. CONCLUSION The data provide a molecular map of the negative selection response in vivo and, by analysis of deviations from this pathway in the autoimmune susceptible NOD strain, suggest that susceptibility arises from small expression differences in genes acting at multiple points in the pathway between the TCR and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Liston
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kristine Hardy
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yvonne Pittelkow
- Mathematical Sciences Institute, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Susan R Wilson
- Mathematical Sciences Institute, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Lydia E Makaroff
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Aude M Fahrer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- The Australian Phenomics Facility, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Serreze DV, Marron MP, Dilorenzo TP. "Humanized" HLA transgenic NOD mice to identify pancreatic beta cell autoantigens of potential clinical relevance to type 1 diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1103:103-11. [PMID: 17376821 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1394.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic basis by which the H2(g7) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) provides the primary risk factor for the development of T cell-mediated autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice involves contributions not only from the unusual A(g7) class II molecule, but also from the more common K(d) and/or D(b) class I variants it encodes. Similarly, transgenic studies in NOD mice have confirmed the possibility first suggested in association studies that in the proper genetic context the common human HLA-A2.1 class I variant can mediate diabetogenic CD8 T cell responses. T1D continues to develop in a further refined NOD stock that expresses human HLA-A2.1, but no murine class I molecules (designated NOD.beta2m-.HHD). Islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP) is an important antigenic target of diabetogenic CD8 cells in standard NOD mice. Three IGRP-derived peptides have also been identified that are presented by human HLA-A2.1 molecules to diabetogenic CD8 T cells in NOD.beta2m-.HHD mice. At least one of these IGRP peptides (265-273) can also be the target of autoreactive CD8 T cells in HLA-A2.1-expressing human T1D patients. Studies are currently under way to determine whether HLA-A2.1-restricted IGRP peptides can be used in a tolerance-inducing protocol that inhibits T1D development in NOD. beta2m-.HHD mice. If so, this knowledge could ultimately lead to the development of a similar T1D prevention protocol in humans.
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Hill NJ, Stotland A, Solomon M, Secrest P, Getzoff E, Sarvetnick N. Resistance of the target islet tissue to autoimmune destruction contributes to genetic susceptibility in Type 1 diabetes. Biol Direct 2007; 2:5. [PMID: 17254331 PMCID: PMC1797159 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Type 1 diabetes occurs when self-reactive T lymphocytes destroy the insulin-producing islet beta cells of the pancreas. The defects causing this disease have often been assumed to occur exclusively in the immune system. We present evidence that genetic variation at the Idd9 diabetes susceptibility locus determines the resilience of the targets of autoimmunity, the islets, to destruction. Susceptible islets exhibit hyper-responsiveness to inflammatory cytokines resulting in enhanced cell death and increased expression of the death receptor Fas. Fas upregulation in beta cells is mediated by TNFR2, and colocalization of TNFR2 with the adaptor TRAF2 in NOD beta cells is altered. TNFR2 lies within the candidate Idd9 interval and the diabetes-associated variant contains a mutation adjacent to the TRAF2 binding site. A component of diabetes susceptibility may therefore be determined by the target of the autoimmune response, and protective TNFR2 signaling in islets inhibit early cytokine-induced damage required for the development of destructive autoimmunity. REVIEWERS This article was reviewed by Matthiasvon Herrath, HaraldVon Boehmer, and Ciriaco Piccirillo (nominated by Ethan Shevach).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha J Hill
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Barts and the London Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Aleksandr Stotland
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michelle Solomon
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Patrick Secrest
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Getzoff
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nora Sarvetnick
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Jordan MA, Fletcher JM, Pellicci D, Baxter AG. Slamf1, the NKT Cell Control Gene Nkt1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:1618-27. [PMID: 17237411 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT cells play a critical role in controlling the strength and character of adaptive immune responses. We have previously reported deficiencies in the numbers and function of NKT cells in the NOD mouse strain, which is a well-validated model of type 1 diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus. Genetic control of thymic NKT cell numbers was mapped to two linkage regions: Nkt1 on distal chromosome 1 and Nkt2 on chromosome 2. In this study, we report the production and characterization of a NOD.Nkrp1(b).Nkt1(b) congenic mouse strain, apply microarray expression analyses to limit candidate genes within the 95% confidence region, identify Slamf1 (encoding signaling lymphocyte activation molecule) and Slamf6 (encoding Ly108) as potential candidates, and demonstrate retarded signaling lymphocyte activation molecule expression during T cell development of NOD mice, resulting in reduced expression at the CD4(+)CD8(+) stage, which is consistent with decreased NKT cell production and deranged tolerance induction in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Jordan
- Comparative Genomics Center, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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de Jersey J, Snelgrove SL, Palmer SE, Teteris SA, Mullbacher A, Miller JFAP, Slattery RM. Beta cells cannot directly prime diabetogenic CD8 T cells in nonobese diabetic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:1295-300. [PMID: 17229843 PMCID: PMC1773057 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610057104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by the destruction of insulin-producing islet beta cells. CD8 T cells are prevalent in the islets of T1D patients and are the major effectors of beta cell destruction in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. In addition to their critical involvement in the late stages of diabetes, CD8 T cells are implicated in the initiation of disease. NOD mice, in which the beta2-microglobulin gene has been inactivated by gene targeting (NOD.beta2M-/-), have a deficiency in CD8 T cells and do not develop insulitis, which suggests that CD8 T cells are required for the initiation of T1D. However, neither in humans nor in NOD mice have the immunological requirements for diabetogenic CD8 T cells been precisely defined. In particular, it is not known in which cell type MHC class I expression is required for recruitment and activation of CD8 T cells. Here we have generated transgenic NOD mice, which lack MHC class I on mature professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPCs). These "class I APC-bald" mice developed periislet insulitis but not invasive intraislet insulitis, and they never became diabetic. Recruitment to the islet milieu does not therefore require cognate interaction between CD8 T cells and MHC class I on mature pAPCs. Conversely, such an interaction is critically essential to allow the crucial shift from periislet insulitis to invasive insulitis. Importantly, our findings demonstrate unequivocally that CD8 T cells cannot be primed to become diabetogenic by islet beta cells alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- James de Jersey
- *Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Sarah L. Snelgrove
- *Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | | | - Simon A. Teteris
- *Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Arno Mullbacher
- Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, G.P.O. Box 334, Canberra City, ACT 2601, Australia; and
| | - Jacques F. A. P. Miller
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia. E-mail:
| | - Robyn M. Slattery
- *Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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Ivakine EA, Mortin-Toth SM, Gulban OM, Valova A, Canty A, Scott C, Danska JS. The idd4 locus displays sex-specific epistatic effects on type 1 diabetes susceptibility in nonobese diabetic mice. Diabetes 2006; 55:3611-9. [PMID: 17130511 DOI: 10.2337/db06-0758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse recapitulates many aspects of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in humans, including inheritance as a complex trait. More than 20 Idd loci have been linked to type 1 diabetes susceptibility in NOD mice. Previously, we used linkage analysis of NOD crossed to the nonobese diabetes-resistant (NOR) strain and NOD congenic strains to map susceptibility to both spontaneous and cyclophosphamide-accelerated type 1 diabetes to the Idd4 locus on chromosome 11 that displayed a sex-specific effect on diabetes susceptibility. Here, we elucidate the complex genetic architecture of Idd4 by analysis of congenic strains on the NOD and NOR backgrounds. We previously refined Idd4.1 to 1.4 Mb and demonstrated an impact of this interval on type 1 interferon pathways in antigen-presenting cells. Here, we identify a second subregion, the 0.92 Mb Idd4.2 locus located telomeric to Idd4.1. Strikingly, Idd4.2 displayed a sex-specific, epistatic interaction with Idd4.1 in NOR.NOD congenic females that was not observed in syngenic males. Idd4.2 contains 29 genes, and promising candidates for the Idd4.2 effect on type 1 diabetes are described. These data demonstrate sex-dependent interaction effects on type 1 diabetes susceptibility and provide a framework for functional analysis of Idd4.2 candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgueni A Ivakine
- Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Chen YG, Chen J, Osborne MA, Chapman HD, Besra GS, Porcelli SA, Leiter EH, Wilson SB, Serreze DV. CD38 Is Required for the Peripheral Survival of Immunotolerogenic CD4+Invariant NK T Cells in Nonobese Diabetic Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:2939-47. [PMID: 16920929 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.2939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
T cell-mediated autoimmune type-1 diabetes (T1D) in NOD mice partly results from this strain's numerical and functional defects in invariant NK T (iNKT) cells. T1D is inhibited in NOD mice treated with the iNKT cell superagonist alpha-galactosylceramide through a process involving enhanced accumulation of immunotolerogenic dendritic cells in pancreatic lymph nodes. Conversely, T1D is accelerated in NOD mice lacking CD38 molecules that play a role in dendritic cell migration to inflamed tissues. Unlike in standard NOD mice, alpha-galactosylceramide pretreatment did not protect the CD38-deficient stock from T1D induced by an adoptively transferred pancreatic beta cell-autoreactive CD8 T cell clone (AI4). We found that in the absence of CD38, ADP-ribosyltransferase 2 preferentially activates apoptotic deletion of peripheral iNKT cells, especially the CD4+ subset. Therefore, this study documents a previously unrecognized role for CD38 in maintaining survival of an iNKT cell subset that preferentially contributes to the maintenance of immunological tolerance.
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Chaparro RJ, Konigshofer Y, Beilhack GF, Shizuru JA, McDevitt HO, Chien YH. Nonobese diabetic mice express aspects of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:12475-80. [PMID: 16895987 PMCID: PMC1832259 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604317103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the onset of autoimmune destruction, type 1 diabetic patients and an animal model, the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, show morphological and functional abnormalities in target organs, which may act as inciting events for leukocyte infiltration. To better understand these abnormalities, but without the complications associated with lymphocytic infiltrates, we examined genes expressed in autoimmune target tissues of NOD/severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice and of autoimmune-resistant C57BL/6/scid mice. Our results suggest that the NOD genetic background may predispose them to diabetic complications, including insulin resistance in the absence of high circulating glucose levels and without autoimmune destruction of their beta cells. Several of these genes lie within known type 1 and 2 diabetes loci. These data suggest that the NOD mouse may be a good candidate to study an interface between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo José Chaparro
- *Program in Immunology and Departments of
- To whom correspondence may be sent at the present address:
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461. E-mail:
| | - Yves Konigshofer
- *Program in Immunology and Departments of
- Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Georg F. Beilhack
- *Program in Immunology and Departments of
- Medicine, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Judith A. Shizuru
- *Program in Immunology and Departments of
- Medicine, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Hugh O. McDevitt
- *Program in Immunology and Departments of
- Microbiology and Immunology and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Yueh-hsiu Chien
- *Program in Immunology and Departments of
- Microbiology and Immunology and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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