1
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Fila M, Przyslo L, Derwich M, Sobczuk P, Pawlowska E, Blasiak J. The TRPA1 Ion Channel Mediates Oxidative Stress-Related Migraine Pathogenesis. Molecules 2024; 29:3385. [PMID: 39064963 PMCID: PMC11280075 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the introduction of drugs targeting calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) revolutionized migraine treatment, still a substantial proportion of migraine patients do not respond satisfactorily to such a treatment, and new therapeutic targets are needed. Therefore, molecular studies on migraine pathogenesis are justified. Oxidative stress is implicated in migraine pathogenesis, as many migraine triggers are related to the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). Migraine has been proposed as a superior mechanism of the brain to face oxidative stress resulting from energetic imbalance. However, the precise mechanism behind the link between migraine and oxidative stress is not known. Nociceptive primary afferent nerve fiber endings express ion channel receptors that change harmful stimuli into electric pain signals. Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1 (TRPA1) is an ion channel that can be activated by oxidative stress products and stimulate the release of CGRP from nerve endings. It is a transmembrane protein with ankyrin repeats and conserved cysteines in its N-terminus embedded in the cytosol. TRPA1 may be a central element of the signaling pathway from oxidative stress and NO production to CGRP release, which may play a critical role in headache induction. In this narrative review, we present information on the role of oxidative stress in migraine pathogenesis and provide arguments that TRPA1 may be "a missing link" between oxidative stress and migraine and therefore a druggable target in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Fila
- Department of Developmental Neurology and Epileptology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland; (M.F.); (L.P.)
| | - Lukasz Przyslo
- Department of Developmental Neurology and Epileptology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland; (M.F.); (L.P.)
| | - Marcin Derwich
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-217 Lodz, Poland; (M.D.); (E.P.)
| | - Piotr Sobczuk
- Emergency Medicine and Disaster Medicine Department, Medical University of Lodz, 92-209 Lodz, Poland;
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Polish Mothers’ Memorial Hospital–Research Institute, Rzgowska 281, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pawlowska
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-217 Lodz, Poland; (M.D.); (E.P.)
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Mazovian Academy in Plock, 09-402 Plock, Poland
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2
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Matsubara M, Muraki Y, Suzuki H, Hatano N, Muraki K. Critical amino acid residues regulating TRPA1 Zn 2+ response: A comparative study across species. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107302. [PMID: 38642892 PMCID: PMC11134551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular zinc ions (Zn2+) are crucial for signal transduction in various cell types. The transient receptor potential (TRP) ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel, known for its sensitivity to intracellular Zn2+ ([Zn2+]i), has been a subject of limited understanding regarding its molecular mechanism. Here, we used metal ion-affinity prediction, three-dimensional structural modeling, and mutagenesis, utilizing data from the Protein Data Bank and AlphaFold database, to elucidate the [Zn2+]i binding domain (IZD) structure composed by specific AAs residues in human (hTRPA1) and chicken TRPA1 (gTRPA1). External Zn2+ induced activation in hTRPA1, while not in gTRPA1. Moreover, external Zn2+ elevated [Zn2+]i specifically in hTRPA1. Notably, both hTRPA1 and gTRPA1 exhibited inherent sensitivity to [Zn2+]i, as evidenced by their activation upon internal Zn2+ application. The critical AAs within IZDs, specifically histidine at 983/984, lysine at 711/717, tyrosine at 714/720, and glutamate at 987/988 in IZD1, and H983/H984, tryptophan at 710/716, E854/E855, and glutamine at 979/980 in IZD2, were identified in hTRPA1/gTRPA1. Furthermore, mutations, such as the substitution of arginine at 919 (R919) to H919, abrogated the response to external Zn2+ in hTRPA1. Among single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at Y714 and a triple SNP at R919 in hTRPA1, we revealed that the Zn2+ responses were attenuated in mutants carrying the Y714 and R919 substitution to asparagine and proline, respectively. Overall, this study unveils the intrinsic sensitivity of hTRPA1 and gTRPA1 to [Zn2+]i mediated through IZDs. Furthermore, our findings suggest that specific SNP mutations can alter the responsiveness of hTRPA1 to extracellular and intracellular Zn2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Matsubara
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukiko Muraki
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroka Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Hatano
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Muraki
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.
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3
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Huffer K, Oskoui EV, Swartz KJ. Conservation of the cooling agent binding pocket within the TRPM subfamily. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.20.595003. [PMID: 38826484 PMCID: PMC11142142 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.20.595003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels are a large and diverse family of tetrameric cation selective channels that are activated by many different types of stimuli, including noxious heat or cold, organic ligands such as vanilloids or cooling agents, or intracellular Ca2+. Structures available for all subtypes of TRP channels reveal that the transmembrane domains are closely related despite their unique sensitivity to activating stimuli. Here we use computational and electrophysiological approaches to explore the conservation of the cooling agent binding pocket identified within the S1-S4 domain of the Melastatin subfamily member TRPM8, the mammalian sensor of noxious cold, with other TRPM channel subtypes. We find that a subset of TRPM channels, including TRPM2, TRPM4 and TRPM5, contain well-conserved cooling agent binding pockets. We then show how the cooling agent icilin modulates activation of TRPM4 to intracellular Ca2+, enhancing the sensitivity of the channel to Ca2+ and diminishing outward-rectification to promote opening at negative voltages. Mutations known to promote or diminish activation of TRPM8 by icilin similarly alter activation of TRPM4 by the cooling agent, suggesting that icilin binds to the cooling agent binding pocket to promote opening of the channel. These findings demonstrate that TRPM4 and TRPM8 channels share related cooling agent binding pockets that are allosterically coupled to opening of the pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Huffer
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Kenton J. Swartz
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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4
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Sánchez JC, Alemán A, Henao JF, Olaya JC, Ehrlich BE. NCS-1 protein regulates TRPA1 channel through the PI3K pathway in breast cancer and neuronal cells. J Physiol Biochem 2024; 80:451-463. [PMID: 38564162 PMCID: PMC11074019 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-024-01016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The physical and functional interaction between transient receptor potential channel ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and neuronal calcium sensor 1 (NCS-1) was assessed. NCS-1 is a calcium (Ca2+) sensor found in many tissues, primarily neurons, and TRPA1 is a Ca2+ channel involved not only in thermal and pain sensation but also in conditions such as cancer and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, in which NCS-1 is also a regulatory component.We explored the interactions between these two proteins by employing western blot, qRT-PCR, co-immunoprecipitation, Ca2+ transient monitoring with Fura-2 spectrophotometry, and electrophysiology assays in breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) with different levels of NCS-1 expression and neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y).Our findings showed that the expression of TRPA1 was directly correlated with NCS-1 levels at both the protein and mRNA levels. Additionally, we found a physical and functional association between these two proteins. Physically, the NCS-1 and TRPA1 co-immunoprecipitate. Functionally, NCS-1 enhanced TRPA1-dependent Ca2+ influx, current density, open probability, and conductance, where the functional effects depended on PI3K. Conclusion: NCS-1 appears to act not only as a Ca2+ sensor but also modulates TRPA1 protein expression and channel function in a direct fashion through the PI3K pathway. These results contribute to understanding how Ca2+ homeostasis is regulated and provides a mechanism underlying conditions where Ca2+ dynamics are compromised, including breast cancer. With a cellular pathway identified, targeted treatments can be developed for breast cancer and neuropathy, among other related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Sánchez
- Department of Basic Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, AA 97, La Julita, 660003, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.
| | - Alexander Alemán
- Department of Basic Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, AA 97, La Julita, 660003, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Juan F Henao
- Department of Basic Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, AA 97, La Julita, 660003, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Juan C Olaya
- Department of Basic Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, AA 97, La Julita, 660003, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Barbara E Ehrlich
- Departments of Pharmacology and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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5
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Vlachova V, Barvik I, Zimova L. Human Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 Channel: Structure, Function, and Physiology. Subcell Biochem 2024; 104:207-244. [PMID: 38963489 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58843-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential ion channel TRPA1 is a Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channel widely expressed in sensory neurons, but also in many nonneuronal tissues typically possessing barrier functions, such as the skin, joint synoviocytes, cornea, and the respiratory and intestinal tracts. Here, the primary role of TRPA1 is to detect potential danger stimuli that may threaten the tissue homeostasis and the health of the organism. The ability to directly recognize signals of different modalities, including chemical irritants, extreme temperatures, or osmotic changes resides in the characteristic properties of the ion channel protein complex. Recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy have provided an important framework for understanding the molecular basis of TRPA1 function and have suggested novel directions in the search for its pharmacological regulation. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge of human TRPA1 from a structural and functional perspective and discusses the complex allosteric mechanisms of activation and modulation that play important roles under physiological or pathophysiological conditions. In this context, major challenges for future research on TRPA1 are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktorie Vlachova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivan Barvik
- Division of Biomolecular Physics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Zimova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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6
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Patil MJ, Kim SH, Bahia PK, Nair SS, Darcey TS, Fiallo J, Zhu XX, Frisina RD, Hadley SH, Taylor-Clark TE. A Novel Flp Reporter Mouse Shows That TRPA1 Expression Is Largely Limited to Sensory Neuron Subsets. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0350-23.2023. [PMID: 37989590 PMCID: PMC10698635 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0350-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a polymodal cation channel that is activated by electrophilic irritants, oxidative stress, cold temperature, and GPCR signaling. TRPA1 expression has been primarily identified in subsets of nociceptive sensory afferents and is considered a target for future analgesics. Nevertheless, TRPA1 has been implicated in other cell types including keratinocytes, epithelium, enterochromaffin cells, endothelium, astrocytes, and CNS neurons. Here, we developed a knock-in mouse that expresses the recombinase FlpO in TRPA1-expressing cells. We crossed the TRPA1Flp mouse with the R26ai65f mouse that expresses tdTomato in a Flp-sensitive manner. We found tdTomato expression correlated well with TRPA1 mRNA expression and sensitivity to TRPA1 agonists in subsets of TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor type 1)-expressing neurons in the vagal ganglia and dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), although tdTomato expression efficiency was limited in DRG. We observed tdTomato-expressing afferent fibers centrally (in the medulla and spinal cord) and peripherally in the esophagus, gut, airways, bladder, and skin. Furthermore, chemogenetic activation of TRPA1-expressing nerves in the paw evoked flinching behavior. tdTomato expression was very limited in other cell types. We found tdTomato in subepithelial cells in the gut mucosa but not in enterochromaffin cells. tdTomato was also observed in supporting cells within the cochlea, but not in hair cells. Lastly, tdTomato was occasionally observed in neurons in the somatomotor cortex and the piriform area, but not in astrocytes or vascular endothelium. Thus, this novel mouse strain may be useful for mapping and manipulating TRPA1-expressing cells and deciphering the role of TRPA1 in physiological and pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur J Patil
- Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Seol-Hee Kim
- Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Parmvir K Bahia
- Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Sanjay S Nair
- Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Teresa S Darcey
- Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Jailene Fiallo
- Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Xiao Xia Zhu
- Medical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620
| | - Robert D Frisina
- Medical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620
| | - Stephen H Hadley
- Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Thomas E Taylor-Clark
- Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
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7
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Michot B, Casey SM, Lee CS, Erdogan O, Basu H, Chiu I, Gibbs JL. Lipopolysaccharide-Induced TRPA1 Upregulation in Trigeminal Neurons is Dependent on TLR4 and Vesicular Exocytosis. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6731-6744. [PMID: 37643860 PMCID: PMC10552941 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0162-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain from bacterial infection was believed to be the consequence of inflammation induced by bacterial products. However recent studies have shown that bacterial products can directly activate sensory neurons and induce pain. The mechanisms by which bacteria induce pain are poorly understood, but toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) receptors are likely important integrators of pain signaling induced by bacteria. Using male and female mice we show that sensory neuron activation by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is mediated by both TRPA1 and TLR4 and involves the mobilization of extracellular and intracellular calcium. We also show that LPS induces neuronal sensitization in a process dependent on TLR4 receptors. Moreover, we show that TLR4 and TRPA1 are both involved in sensory neurons response to LPS stimulation. Activation of TLR4 in a subset of sensory neurons induces TRPA1 upregulation at the cell membrane through vesicular exocytosis, contributing to the initiation of neuronal sensitization and pain. Collectively these data highlight the importance of sensory neurons to pathogen detection, and their activation by bacterial products like LPS as potentially important to early immune and nociceptive responses.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Bacterial infections are often painful and the recent discovery that bacteria can directly stimulate sensory neurons leading to pain sensation and modulation of immune system have highlighted the importance of nervous system in the response to bacterial infection. Here, we showed that lipopolysaccharide, a major bacterial by-product, requires both toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) receptors for neuronal activation and acute spontaneous pain, but only TLR4 mediates sensory neurons sensitization. Moreover, we showed for the first time that TLR4 sensitize sensory neurons through a rapid upregulation of TRPA1 via vesicular exocytosis. Our data highlight the importance of sensory neurons to pathogen detection and suggests that TLR4 would be a potential therapeutic target to modulate early stage of bacteria-induced pain and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Michot
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Endodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010
| | - Sharon M Casey
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Endodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010
| | - Caroline S Lee
- Department of Endodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010
| | - Ozge Erdogan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Himanish Basu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Isaac Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Jennifer L Gibbs
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Endodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010
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8
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Jesus RLC, Araujo FA, Alves QL, Dourado KC, Silva DF. Targeting temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential channels in hypertension: far beyond the perception of hot and cold. J Hypertens 2023; 41:1351-1370. [PMID: 37334542 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are nonselective cation channels and participate in various physiological roles. Thus, changes in TRP channel function or expression have been linked to several disorders. Among the many TRP channel subtypes, the TRP ankyrin type 1 (TRPA1), TRP melastatin type 8 (TRPM8), and TRP vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channels are temperature-sensitive and recognized as thermo-TRPs, which are expressed in the primary afferent nerve. Thermal stimuli are converted into neuronal activity. Several studies have described the expression of TRPA1, TRPM8, and TRPV1 in the cardiovascular system, where these channels can modulate physiological and pathological conditions, including hypertension. This review provides a complete understanding of the functional role of the opposing thermo-receptors TRPA1/TRPM8/TRPV1 in hypertension and a more comprehensive appreciation of TRPA1/TRPM8/TRPV1-dependent mechanisms involved in hypertension. These channels varied activation and inactivation have revealed a signaling pathway that may lead to innovative future treatment options for hypertension and correlated vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Leonne C Jesus
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador
| | - Fênix A Araujo
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - FIOCRUZ, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Quiara L Alves
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador
| | - Keina C Dourado
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador
| | - Darizy F Silva
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - FIOCRUZ, Bahia, Brazil
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9
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Vélez-Ortega AC, Stepanyan R, Edelmann SE, Torres-Gallego S, Park C, Marinkova DA, Nowacki JS, Sinha GP, Frolenkov GI. TRPA1 activation in non-sensory supporting cells contributes to regulation of cochlear sensitivity after acoustic trauma. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3871. [PMID: 37391431 PMCID: PMC10313773 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39589-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
TRPA1 channels are expressed in nociceptive neurons, where they detect noxious stimuli, and in the mammalian cochlea, where their function is unknown. Here we show that TRPA1 activation in the supporting non-sensory Hensen's cells of the mouse cochlea causes prolonged Ca2+ responses, which propagate across the organ of Corti and cause long-lasting contractions of pillar and Deiters' cells. Caged Ca2+ experiments demonstrated that, similar to Deiters' cells, pillar cells also possess Ca2+-dependent contractile machinery. TRPA1 channels are activated by endogenous products of oxidative stress and extracellular ATP. Since both these stimuli are present in vivo after acoustic trauma, TRPA1 activation after noise may affect cochlear sensitivity through supporting cell contractions. Consistently, TRPA1 deficiency results in larger but less prolonged noise-induced temporary shift of hearing thresholds, accompanied by permanent changes of latency of the auditory brainstem responses. We conclude that TRPA1 contributes to the regulation of cochlear sensitivity after acoustic trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Catalina Vélez-Ortega
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Ruben Stepanyan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Stephanie E Edelmann
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Sara Torres-Gallego
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Channy Park
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Desislava A Marinkova
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Joshua S Nowacki
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Ghanshyam P Sinha
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Gregory I Frolenkov
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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10
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Bali A, Schaefer SP, Trier I, Zhang AL, Kabeche L, Paulsen CE. Molecular mechanism of hyperactivation conferred by a truncation of TRPA1. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2867. [PMID: 37208332 PMCID: PMC10199097 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38542-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A drastic TRPA1 mutant (R919*) identified in CRAMPT syndrome patients has not been mechanistically characterized. Here, we show that the R919* mutant confers hyperactivity when co-expressed with wild type (WT) TRPA1. Using functional and biochemical assays, we reveal that the R919* mutant co-assembles with WT TRPA1 subunits into heteromeric channels in heterologous cells that are functional at the plasma membrane. The R919* mutant hyperactivates channels by enhancing agonist sensitivity and calcium permeability, which could account for the observed neuronal hypersensitivity-hyperexcitability symptoms. We postulate that R919* TRPA1 subunits contribute to heteromeric channel sensitization by altering pore architecture and lowering energetic barriers to channel activation contributed by the missing regions. Our results expand the physiological impact of nonsense mutations, reveal a genetically tractable mechanism for selective channel sensitization, uncover insights into the process of TRPA1 gating, and provide an impetus for genetic analysis of patients with CRAMPT or other stochastic pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avnika Bali
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Samantha P Schaefer
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Isabelle Trier
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alice L Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lilian Kabeche
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Candice E Paulsen
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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11
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Moccia F, Montagna D. Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) Channel as a Sensor of Oxidative Stress in Cancer Cells. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091261. [PMID: 37174661 PMCID: PMC10177399 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Moderate levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), fuel tumor metastasis and invasion in a variety of cancer types. Conversely, excessive ROS levels can impair tumor growth and metastasis by triggering cancer cell death. In order to cope with the oxidative stress imposed by the tumor microenvironment, malignant cells exploit a sophisticated network of antioxidant defense mechanisms. Targeting the antioxidant capacity of cancer cells or enhancing their sensitivity to ROS-dependent cell death represent a promising strategy for alternative anticancer treatments. Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a redox-sensitive non-selective cation channel that mediates extracellular Ca2+ entry upon an increase in intracellular ROS levels. The ensuing increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration can in turn engage a non-canonical antioxidant defense program or induce mitochondrial Ca2+ dysfunction and apoptotic cell death depending on the cancer type. Herein, we sought to describe the opposing effects of ROS-dependent TRPA1 activation on cancer cell fate and propose the pharmacological manipulation of TRPA1 as an alternative therapeutic strategy to enhance cancer cell sensitivity to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Moccia
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Montagna
- Department of Sciences Clinic-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Pediatric Clinic, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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12
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Celsi F, Peri F, Cavasin J, Zupin L, Cozzi G, Barbi E, Crovella S. Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) Methylation and Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:411. [PMID: 36833338 PMCID: PMC9957263 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Chronic pain represents a major global health issue in terms of psycho-physiological, therapeutic, and economic burden, not limited to adults but also to the pediatric age. Despite its great impact, its molecular mechanisms have still not been completely unraveled. Focusing on the impact of epigenetics in the pain complex trait, we assessed the association between chronic pain and the methylation pattern of TRPA1, a key gene related to pain sensitivity. METHODS We conducted a systematic review retrieving articles from three different databases. After deduplication, 431 items were subjected to manual screening, and then 61 articles were selected and screened again. Of these, only six were maintained for meta-analysis and analyzed using specific R packages. RESULTS Six articles were divided into two groups (group 1: comparison of mean methylation levels between healthy subjects and patients with chronic pain; group 2: correlation between mean methylation levels and pain sensation). A non-significant mean difference was obtained from the analysis of group 1 with a value of 3.97 (95% C.I. -7.79; 15.73). Analysis of group 2 showed a high level of variability between studies (correlation = 0.35, 95% C.I. -0.12; 0.82) due to their heterogeneity (I2 = 97%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Despite the high variability observed in the different studies analyzed, our results suggest that hypermethylation and increased pain sensitivity could be connected, possibly due to the variation of TRPA1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Celsi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Peri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Julia Cavasin
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luisa Zupin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giorgio Cozzi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Egidio Barbi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
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13
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Belinskaia M, Wang J, Kaza SK, Antoniazzi C, Zurawski T, Dolly JO, Lawrence GW. Bipartite Activation of Sensory Neurons by a TRPA1 Agonist Allyl Isothiocyanate Is Reflected by Complex Ca 2+ Influx and CGRP Release Patterns: Enhancement by NGF and Inhibition with VAMP and SNAP-25 Cleaving Botulinum Neurotoxins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021338. [PMID: 36674850 PMCID: PMC9865456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The trafficking of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels to the plasma membrane and the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from trigeminal ganglion neurons (TGNs) are implicated in some aspects of chronic migraines. These exocytotic processes are inhibited by cleavage of SNAREs with botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs); moreover, type A toxin (/A) clinically reduces the frequency and severity of migraine attacks but not in all patients for unknown reasons. Herein, neonatal rat TGNs were stimulated with allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a TRPA1 agonist, and dose relationships were established to link the resultant exocytosis of CGRP with Ca2+ influx. The CGRP release, quantified by ELISA, was best fit by a two-site model (EC50 of 6 and 93 µM) that correlates with elevations in intracellular Ca2+ [Ca2+]i revealed by time-lapse confocal microscopy of fluo-4-acetoxymethyl ester (Fluo-4 AM) loaded cells. These signals were all blocked by two TRPA1 antagonists, HC-030031 and A967079. At low [AITC], [Ca2+]i was limited because of desensitisation to the agonist but rose for concentrations > 0.1 mM due to a deduced non-desensitising second phase of Ca2+ influx. A recombinant BoNT chimera (/DA), which cleaves VAMP1/2/3, inhibited AITC-elicited CGRP release to a greater extent than SNAP-25-cleaving BoNT/A. /DA also proved more efficacious against CGRP efflux evoked by a TRPV1 agonist, capsaicin. Nerve growth factor (NGF), a pain-inducing sensitiser of TGNs, enhanced the CGRP exocytosis induced by low [AITC] only. Both toxins blocked NGF-induced neuropeptide secretion and its enhancement of the response to AITC. In conclusion, NGF sensitisation of sensory neurons involves TRPA1, elevated Ca2+ influx, and CGRP exocytosis, mediated by VAMP1/2/3 and SNAP-25 which can be attenuated by the BoNTs.
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14
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Noori T, Dehpour AR, Alavi SD, Hosseini SZ, Korani S, Sureda A, Esmaeili J, Shirooie S. Synthesis and evaluation of the effects of solid lipid nanoparticles of ivermectin and ivermectin on cuprizone-induced demyelination via targeting the TRPA1/NF-kB/GFAP signaling pathway. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 26:1272-1282. [PMID: 37886003 PMCID: PMC10598811 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.71309.15493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and its cause is unknown. Several environmental and genetic factors may have roles in the pathogenesis of MS. The synthesis of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for ivermectin (IVM) loading was performed to increase its efficiency and bioavailability and evaluate its ability in improving the behavioral and histopathological changes induced by cuprizone (CPZ) in the male C57BL/6 mice. Materials and Methods Four groups of 7 adult C57BL/6 mice including control (normal diet), CPZ, IVM, and nano-IVM groups were chosen. After synthesis of nano-ivermectin, demyelination was induced by adding 0.2% CPZ to animal feed for 6 weeks. IVM and nano-IVM (1 mg/kg/day, IP) were given for the final 14 days of the study. At last, behavioral tests, histochemical assays, and immunohistochemistry of TRPA1, NF-kB p65, and GFAP were done. Results The time of immobility of mice in the IVM and nano-IVM groups was reduced compared to the CPZ group. Histopathological examination revealed demyelination in the CPZ group, which was ameliorated by IVM and nano-IVM administration. In IVM and nano-IVM groups corpus callosum levels of TRPA1, NF-kB p65, and GFAP were decreased compared to the CPZ group. In the IVM and nano-IVM groups, the levels of MBP were significantly higher than in the CPZ group. Conclusion The results evidenced that IVM and nano-IVM administration is capable of reducing demyelination in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Noori
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental medicine research center, Tehran University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyede Darya Alavi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyede Zahra Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sina Korani
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress (NUCOX) and Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, Palma de Mallorca E-07122, Balearic Islands, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jamileh Esmaeili
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Shirooie
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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15
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Kazandzhieva K, Mammadova-Bach E, Dietrich A, Gudermann T, Braun A. TRP channel function in platelets and megakaryocytes: basic mechanisms and pathophysiological impact. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108164. [PMID: 35247518 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins form a superfamily of cation channels that are expressed in a wide range of tissues and cell types. During the last years, great progress has been made in understanding the molecular complexity and the functions of TRP channels in diverse cellular processes, including cell proliferation, migration, adhesion and activation. The diversity of functions depends on multiple regulatory mechanisms by which TRP channels regulate Ca2+ entry mechanisms and intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, either through membrane depolarization involving cation influx or store- and receptor-operated mechanisms. Abnormal function or expression of TRP channels results in vascular pathologies, including hypertension, ischemic stroke and inflammatory disorders through effects on vascular cells, including the components of blood vessels and platelets. Moreover, some TRP family members also regulate megakaryopoiesis and platelet production, indicating a complex role of TRP channels in pathophysiological conditions. In this review, we describe potential roles of TRP channels in megakaryocytes and platelets, as well as their contribution to diseases such as thrombocytopenia, thrombosis and stroke. We also critically discuss the potential of TRP channels as possible targets for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Kazandzhieva
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Elmina Mammadova-Bach
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Dietrich
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.
| | - Attila Braun
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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16
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Rosenbaum T, Morales-Lázaro SL, Islas LD. TRP channels: a journey towards a molecular understanding of pain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:596-610. [PMID: 35831443 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The perception of nociceptive signals, which are translated into pain, plays a fundamental role in the survival of organisms. Because pain is linked to a negative sensation, animals learn to avoid noxious signals. These signals are detected by receptors, which include some members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels that act as transducers of exogenous and endogenous noxious cues. These proteins have been in the focus of the field of physiology for several years, and much knowledge of how they regulate the function of the cell types and organs where they are expressed has been acquired. The last decade has been especially exciting because the 'resolution revolution' has allowed us to learn the molecular intimacies of TRP channels using cryogenic electron microscopy. These findings, in combination with functional studies, have provided insights into the role played by these channels in the generation and maintenance of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Rosenbaum
- Departamento de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Sara L Morales-Lázaro
- Departamento de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - León D Islas
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
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17
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Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels are sophisticated signaling machines that detect a wide variety of environmental and physiological signals. Every cell in the body expresses one or more members of the extended TRP channel family, which consists of over 30 subtypes, each likely possessing distinct pharmacological, biophysical, and/or structural attributes. While the function of some TRP subtypes remains enigmatic, those involved in sensory signaling are perhaps best characterized and have served as models for understanding how these excitatory ion channels serve as polymodal signal integrators. With the recent resolution revolution in cryo-electron microscopy, these and other TRP channel subtypes are now yielding their secrets to detailed atomic analysis, which is beginning to reveal structural underpinnings of stimulus detection and gating, ion permeation, and allosteric mechanisms governing signal integration. These insights are providing a framework for designing and evaluating modality-specific pharmacological agents for treating sensory and other TRP channel-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda M Diver
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
- Current affiliation: Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - John V Lin King
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
- Current affiliation: Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - David Julius
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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18
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Camponogara C, Oliveira SM. Are TRPA1 and TRPV1 channel-mediated signalling cascades involved in UVB radiation-induced sunburn? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 92:103836. [PMID: 35248760 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Burn injuries are underappreciated injuries associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation has dramatic clinical effects in humans and is a significant public health concern. Although the mechanisms underlying UVB exposure are not fully understood, many studies have made substantial progress in the pathophysiology of sunburn in terms of its molecular aspects in the last few years. It is well established that the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), and vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels modulate the inflammatory, oxidative, and proliferative processes underlying UVB radiation exposure. However, it is still unknown which mechanisms underlying TRPV1/A1 channel activation are elicited in sunburn induced by UVB radiation. Therefore, in this review, we give an overview of the TRPV1/A1 channel-mediated signalling cascades that may be involved in the pathophysiology of sunburn induced by UVB radiation. These data will undoubtedly help to explain the various features of sunburn and contribute to the development of novel therapeutic approaches to better treat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Camponogara
- Graduated Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sara Marchesan Oliveira
- Graduated Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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19
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TRPA1 promotes melanosome phagocytosis in keratinocytes via PAR-2/CYLD axis. J Dermatol Sci 2022; 106:181-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Landini L, Souza Monteiro de Araujo D, Titiz M, Geppetti P, Nassini R, De Logu F. TRPA1 Role in Inflammatory Disorders: What Is Known So Far? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094529. [PMID: 35562920 PMCID: PMC9101260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), a member of the TRP superfamily of channels, is primarily localized in a subpopulation of primary sensory neurons of the trigeminal, vagal, and dorsal root ganglia, where its activation mediates neurogenic inflammatory responses. TRPA1 expression in resident tissue cells, inflammatory, and immune cells, through the indirect modulation of a large series of intracellular pathways, orchestrates a range of cellular processes, such as cytokine production, cell differentiation, and cytotoxicity. Therefore, the TRPA1 pathway has been proposed as a protective mechanism to detect and respond to harmful agents in various pathological conditions, including several inflammatory diseases. Specific attention has been paid to TRPA1 contribution to the transition of inflammation and immune responses from an early defensive response to a chronic pathological condition. In this view, TRPA1 antagonists may be regarded as beneficial tools for the treatment of inflammatory conditions.
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21
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Behrendt M, Solinski HJ, Schmelz M, Carr R. Bradykinin-Induced Sensitization of Transient Receptor Potential Channel Melastatin 3 Calcium Responses in Mouse Nociceptive Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:843225. [PMID: 35496916 PMCID: PMC9043526 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.843225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TRPM3 is a calcium-permeable cation channel expressed in a range of sensory neurons that can be activated by heat and the endogenous steroid pregnenolone sulfate (PS). During inflammation, the expression and function of TRPM3 are both augmented in somatosensory nociceptors. However, in isolated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons application of inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins and bradykinin (BK) inhibit TRPM3. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of preceding activation of cultured 1 day old mouse DRG neurons by the inflammatory mediator BK on TRPM3-mediated calcium responses. Calcium signals were recorded using the intensity-based dye Fluo-8. We found that TRPM3-mediated calcium responses to PS were enhanced by preceding application of BK in cells that responded to BK with a calcium signal, indicating BK receptor (BKR) expression. The majority of cells that co-expressed TRPM3 and BKRs also expressed TRPV1, however, only a small fraction co-expressed TRPA1, identified by calcium responses to capsaicin and supercinnamaldehyde, respectively. Signaling and trafficking pathways responsible for sensitization of TRPM3 following BK were characterized using inhibitors of second messenger signaling cascades and exocytosis. Pharmacological blockade of protein kinase C, calcium–calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and diacylglycerol (DAG) lipase did not affect BK-induced sensitization, but inhibition of DAG kinase did. In addition, release of calcium from intracellular stores using thapsigargin also resulted in TRPM3 sensitization. Finally, BK did not sensitize TRPM3 in the presence of exocytosis inhibitors. Collectively, we show that preceding activation of DRG neurons by BK sensitized TRPM3-mediated calcium responses to PS. Our results indicate that BKR-mediated activation of intracellular signaling pathways comprising DAG kinase, calcium and exocytosis may contribute to TRPM3 sensitization during inflammation.
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22
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Habgood M, Seiferth D, Zaki AM, Alibay I, Biggin PC. Atomistic mechanisms of human TRPA1 activation by electrophile irritants through molecular dynamics simulation and mutual information analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4929. [PMID: 35322090 PMCID: PMC8943162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ion channel TRPA1 is a promiscuous chemosensor, with reported response to a wide spectrum of noxious electrophilic irritants, as well as cold, heat, and mechanosensation. It is also implicated in the inception of itch and pain and has hence been investigated as a drug target for novel analgesics. The mechanism of electrophilic activation for TRPA1 is therefore of broad interest. TRPA1 structures with the pore in both open and closed states have recently been published as well as covalent binding modes for electrophile agonists. However, the detailed mechanism of coupling between electrophile binding sites and the pore remains speculative. In addition, while two different cysteine residues (C621 and C665) have been identified as critical for electrophile bonding and activation, the bound geometry has only been resolved at C621. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations of TRPA1 in both pore-open and pore-closed states to explore the allosteric link between the electrophile binding sites and pore stability. Our simulations reveal that an open pore is structurally stable in the presence of open ‘pockets’ in the C621/C665 region, but rapidly collapses and closes when these pockets are shut. Binding of electrophiles at either C621 or C665 provides stabilisation of the pore-open state, but molecules bound at C665 are shown to be able to rotate in and out of the pocket, allowing for immediate stabilisation of transient open states. Finally, mutual information analysis of trajectories reveals an informational path linking the electrophile binding site pocket to the pore via the voltage-sensing-like domain, giving a detailed insight into the how the pore is stabilized in the open state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Habgood
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK. .,AWE Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire, RG7 4PR, UK.
| | - David Seiferth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Afroditi-Maria Zaki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Irfan Alibay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Philip C Biggin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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23
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Kravchenko AD, Pyatigorskaya NV, Brkich GE, Yevsieieva LV, Kyrychenko AV, Kovalenko SM. Synthesis, molecular docking, ADMET study and in vitro pharmacological research of 7-(2-chlorophenyl)-4-(4-methylthiazol-5-yl)-4,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline-2,5(1H,3H)-dione as a promising non-opioid analgesic drug. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.8.80504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The discovery of novel drugs that can block the transmission of pain signals for treating the pain of various etiologies is an urgent topic in pharmaceutics. The aim of this paper is to synthesize and to investigate in vitro and in silico characteristics of a promising novel compound: 7-(2-chlorophenyl)-4-(4-methylthiazol-5-yl)-4,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline-2,5(1H,3H)-dione (HSV-DKH-0450).
Materials and methods: The specific activity and the inhibitory mechanism of HSV-DKH-0450 were studied using the HEK293 culture cells expressing the IPTG-induced TRPA1 ion channels. Cardiotoxicity was determined by estimating the binding of HSV-DKH-0450 to the hERG channel. Inhibition of human liver cytochromes was determined by the effect on the activity of cytochromes 1A2, 2C9, 2D6, 2C8, and 3A4. Cellular toxicity was assessed by the effect on the viability of human hepatocytes. ADMET properties were evaluated using admetSAR and SwissADME web-based tools. Molecular docking was carried out using AutoDock Vina tools to predict the binding affinity of all HSV-DKH-0450 stereoisomers toward the TRPA1 and TRPV1 receptors.
Results and discussion: In silico predictions of ADMET properties of HSV-DKH-0450 showed that it has optimal pharmaceutical profiles. A series of in vitro pharmacological studies revealed that HSV-DKH-0450 is a promising antagonist of the TRPA1 ion channel with the IC50 of 91.3 nM. The molecular docking of HSV-DKH-0450 stereoisomers against the TRPA1 and TRPV1 receptors demonstrates that they all are characterized by an approximately similar high binding affinity.
Conclusion: The obtained data for substance HSV-DKH-0450 look promising for its further development as a potential therapeutic agent for pain relief.
Graphical abstract:
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24
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Duque M, Lee-Kubli CA, Tufail Y, Magaram U, Patel J, Chakraborty A, Mendoza Lopez J, Edsinger E, Vasan A, Shiao R, Weiss C, Friend J, Chalasani SH. Sonogenetic control of mammalian cells using exogenous Transient Receptor Potential A1 channels. Nat Commun 2022; 13:600. [PMID: 35140203 PMCID: PMC8828769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound has been used to non-invasively manipulate neuronal functions in humans and other animals. However, this approach is limited as it has been challenging to target specific cells within the brain or body. Here, we identify human Transient Receptor Potential A1 (hsTRPA1) as a candidate that confers ultrasound sensitivity to mammalian cells. Ultrasound-evoked gating of hsTRPA1 specifically requires its N-terminal tip region and cholesterol interactions; and target cells with an intact actin cytoskeleton, revealing elements of the sonogenetic mechanism. Next, we use calcium imaging and electrophysiology to show that hsTRPA1 potentiates ultrasound-evoked responses in primary neurons. Furthermore, unilateral expression of hsTRPA1 in mouse layer V motor cortical neurons leads to c-fos expression and contralateral limb responses in response to ultrasound delivered through an intact skull. Collectively, we demonstrate that hsTRPA1-based sonogenetics can effectively manipulate neurons within the intact mammalian brain, a method that could be used across species. Ultrasound can be used to non-invasively control neuronal functions. Here the authors report the use of human Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (hsTRPA1) to achieve ultrasound sensitivity in mammalian cells, and show that it can be used to manipulate neurons in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Duque
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Corinne A Lee-Kubli
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yusuf Tufail
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Uri Magaram
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Janki Patel
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ahana Chakraborty
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jose Mendoza Lopez
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Eric Edsinger
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Aditya Vasan
- Medically Advanced Devices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Rani Shiao
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Connor Weiss
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - James Friend
- Medically Advanced Devices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sreekanth H Chalasani
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Maksymchuk N, Sakurai A, Cox DN, Cymbalyuk G. Transient and Steady-State Properties of Drosophila Sensory Neurons Coding Noxious Cold Temperature. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:831803. [PMID: 35959471 PMCID: PMC9358291 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.831803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Coding noxious cold signals, such as the magnitude and rate of temperature change, play essential roles in the survival of organisms. We combined electrophysiological and computational neuroscience methods to investigate the neural dynamics of Drosophila larva cold-sensing Class III (CIII) neurons. In response to a fast temperature change (-2 to -6°C/s) from room temperature to noxious cold, the CIII neurons exhibited a pronounced peak of a spiking rate with subsequent relaxation to a steady-state spiking. The magnitude of the peak was higher for a higher rate of temperature decrease, while slow temperature decrease (-0.1°C/s) evoked no distinct peak of the spiking rate. The rate of the steady-state spiking depended on the magnitude of the final temperature and was higher at lower temperatures. For each neuron, we characterized this dependence by estimating the temperature of the half activation of the spiking rate by curve fitting neuron's spiking rate responses to a Boltzmann function. We found that neurons had a temperature of the half activation distributed over a wide temperature range. We also found that CIII neurons responded to decrease rather than increase in temperature. There was a significant difference in spiking activity between fast and slow returns from noxious cold to room temperature: The CIII neurons usually stopped activity abruptly in the case of the fast return and continued spiking for some time in the case of the slow return. We developed a biophysical model of CIII neurons using a generalized description of transient receptor potential (TRP) current kinetics with temperature-dependent activation and Ca2+-dependent inactivation. This model recapitulated the key features of the spiking rate responses found in experiments and suggested mechanisms explaining the transient and steady-state activity of the CIII neurons at different cold temperatures and rates of their decrease and increase. We conclude that CIII neurons encode at least three types of cold sensory information: the rate of temperature decrease by a peak of the firing rate, the magnitude of cold temperature by the rate of steady spiking activity, and direction of temperature change by spiking activity augmentation or suppression corresponding to temperature decrease and increase, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Maksymchuk
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Akira Sakurai
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Daniel N Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gennady Cymbalyuk
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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26
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Duitama M, Moreno Y, Santander SP, Casas Z, Sutachan JJ, Torres YP, Albarracín SL. TRP Channels as Molecular Targets to Relieve Cancer Pain. Biomolecules 2021; 12:1. [PMID: 35053150 PMCID: PMC8774023 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are critical receptors in the transduction of nociceptive stimuli. The microenvironment of diverse types of cancer releases substances, including growth factors, neurotransmitters, and inflammatory mediators, which modulate the activity of TRPs through the regulation of intracellular signaling pathways. The modulation of TRP channels is associated with the peripheral sensitization observed in patients with cancer, which results in mild noxious sensory stimuli being perceived as hyperalgesia and allodynia. Secondary metabolites derived from plant extracts can induce the activation, blocking, and desensitization of TRP channels. Thus, these compounds could act as potential therapeutic agents, as their antinociceptive properties could be beneficial in relieving cancer-derived pain. In this review, we will summarize the role of TRPV1 and TRPA1 in pain associated with cancer and discuss molecules that have been reported to modulate these channels, focusing particularly on the mechanisms of channel activation associated with molecules released in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Duitama
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (M.D.); (Z.C.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Yurany Moreno
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Sandra Paola Santander
- Phytoimmunomodulation Research Group, Juan N. Corpas University Foundation, Bogotá 111111, Colombia;
| | - Zulma Casas
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (M.D.); (Z.C.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Jhon Jairo Sutachan
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (M.D.); (Z.C.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Yolima P. Torres
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (M.D.); (Z.C.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Sonia L. Albarracín
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (M.D.); (Z.C.); (J.J.S.)
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27
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Blue-light treatment reduces spontaneous and evoked pain in a human experimental pain model. Pain Rep 2021; 6:e968. [PMID: 34901678 PMCID: PMC8660004 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Blue light reduces pain and shows antihyperalgesic effects in a human experimental pain model. Therefore, blue light may be a novel therapeutic approach for pain in multiple conditions. Introduction: Chronic pain is a frequent severe disease and often associated with anxiety, depression, insomnia, disability, and reduced quality of life. This maladaptive condition is further characterized by sensory loss, hyperalgesia, and allodynia. Blue light has been hypothesized to modulate sensory neurons and thereby influence nociception. Objectives: Here, we compared the effects of blue light vs red light and thermal control on pain sensation in a human experimental pain model. Methods: Pain, hyperalgesia, and allodynia were induced in 30 healthy volunteers through high-density transcutaneous electrical stimulation. Subsequently, blue light, red light, or thermal control treatment was applied in a cross-over design. The nonvisual effects of the respective light treatments were examined using a well-established quantitative sensory testing protocol. Somatosensory parameters as well as pain intensity and quality were scored. Results: Blue light substantially reduced spontaneous pain as assessed by numeric rating scale pain scoring. Similarly, pain quality was significantly altered as assessed by the German counterpart of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Furthermore, blue light showed antihyperalgesic, antiallodynic, and antihypesthesic effects in contrast to red light or thermal control treatment. Conclusion: Blue-light phototherapy ameliorates pain intensity and quality in a human experimental pain model and reveals antihyperalgesic, antiallodynic, and antihypesthesic effects. Therefore, blue-light phototherapy may be a novel approach to treat pain in multiple conditions.
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Mahajan N, Khare P, Kondepudi KK, Bishnoi M. TRPA1: Pharmacology, natural activators and role in obesity prevention. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 912:174553. [PMID: 34627805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel is a calcium permeable, non-selective cation channel, expressed in the sensory neurons and non-neuronal cells of different tissues. Initially studied for its role in pain and inflammation, TRPA1 has now functionally involved in multiple other physiological functions. TRPA1 channel has been extensively studied for modulation by pungent compounds present in the spices and herbs. In the last decade, the role of TRPA1 agonism in body weight reduction, secretion of hunger and satiety hormones, insulin secretion and thermogenesis, has unveiled the potential of the TRPA1 channel to be used as a preventive target to tackle obesity and associated comorbidities including insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. In this review, we summarized the recent findings of TRPA1 based dietary/non-dietary modulation for its role in obesity prevention and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mahajan
- Centre of Excellence in Functional Foods, Department of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Knowledge City-Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India; Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Pragyanshu Khare
- Centre of Excellence in Functional Foods, Department of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Knowledge City-Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Kanthi Kiran Kondepudi
- Centre of Excellence in Functional Foods, Department of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Knowledge City-Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Mahendra Bishnoi
- Centre of Excellence in Functional Foods, Department of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Knowledge City-Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India.
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29
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Lewis AH, Grandl J. Piezo1 ion channels inherently function as independent mechanotransducers. eLife 2021; 10:70988. [PMID: 34711306 PMCID: PMC8555984 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Piezo1 is a mechanically activated ion channel involved in sensing forces in various cell types and tissues. Cryo-electron microscopy has revealed that the Piezo1 structure is bowl-shaped and capable of inducing membrane curvature via its extended footprint, which indirectly suggests that Piezo1 ion channels may bias each other’s spatial distribution and interact functionally. Here, we use cell-attached patch-clamp electrophysiology and pressure-clamp stimulation to functionally examine large numbers of membrane patches from cells expressing Piezo1 endogenously at low levels and cells overexpressing Piezo1 at high levels. Our data, together with stochastic simulations of Piezo1 spatial distributions, show that both at endogenous densities (1–2 channels/μm2), and at non-physiological densities (10–100 channels/μm2) predicted to cause substantial footprint overlap, Piezo1 density has no effect on its pressure sensitivity or open probability in the nominal absence of membrane tension. The results suggest that Piezo channels, at densities likely to be physiologically relevant, inherently behave as independent mechanotransducers. We propose that this property is essential for cells to transduce forces homogeneously across the entire cell membrane. Cells can sense a range of mechanical forces both inside and outside the body, such as the stroke of a fingertip or the filling of a lung. Pores on the surface of the cell called Piezo channels open up in response to this pressure. This allows ions to flood in to the cell and trigger a series of biochemical reactions that alter the cell’s behavior. Piezo channels have a unique bowl-like structure that transforms the shape of the cell surface around them, potentially affecting how nearby proteins behave. Previous research had suggested that these channels might be unevenly distributed across the cell surface, and were predicted to modify each other’s behaviors when tightly packed together. This cooperative response would have a significant impact on how cells sense mechanical force. To investigate if this was the case, Lewis and Grandl studied a mouse cell called Neuro2A which naturally produces Piezo ion channels. In the experiment, pressure was applied to different parts of the cell and the electric current generated by ions moving across the surface was recorded: the higher the electrical activity, the more ion channels present. This showed that Piezo channels are randomly distributed across the cell surface and do not tend to cluster together. The same Neuro2A cells were then engineered to produce up to one hundred times more Piezo proteins. Despite the channels being more densely packed together, how they responded to mechanical force remained the same. These results suggest that Piezo channels act independently and are not influenced by close proximity to one another. Lewis and Grandl propose that this property may ensure that all parts of the cell surface react to mechanical force in the same way. Further work is needed to see if this finding applies to other cell types that produce Piezo proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H Lewis
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Jörg Grandl
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
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Zsidó BZ, Börzsei R, Pintér E, Hetényi C. Prerequisite Binding Modes Determine the Dynamics of Action of Covalent Agonists of Ion Channel TRPA1. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:988. [PMID: 34681212 PMCID: PMC8540651 DOI: 10.3390/ph14100988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a transmembrane protein channeling the influx of calcium ions. As a polymodal nocisensor, TRPA1 can be activated by thermal, mechanical stimuli and a wide range of chemically damaging molecules including small volatile environmental toxicants and endogenous algogenic lipids. After activation by such compounds, the ion channel opens up, its central pore widens allowing calcium influx into the cytosol inducing signal transduction pathways. Afterwards, the calcium influx desensitizes irritant evoked responses and results in an inactive state of the ion channel. Recent experimental determination of structures of apo and holo forms of TRPA1 opened the way towards the design of new agonists, which can activate the ion channel. The present study is aimed at the elucidation of binding dynamics of agonists using experimental structures of TRPA1-agonist complexes at the atomic level applying molecular docking and dynamics methods accounting for covalent and non-covalent interactions. Following a test of docking methods focused on the final, holo structures, prerequisite binding modes were detected involving the apo forms. It was shown how reversible interactions with prerequisite binding sites contribute to structural changes of TRPA1 leading to covalent bonding of agonists. The proposed dynamics of action allowed a mechanism-based forecast of new, druggable binding sites of potent agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Zoltán Zsidó
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.Z.Z.); (E.P.)
| | - Rita Börzsei
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Erika Pintér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.Z.Z.); (E.P.)
| | - Csaba Hetényi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.Z.Z.); (E.P.)
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Parks TA, Bahia PK, Taylor-Clark TE. Functional evidence of distinct electrophile-induced activation states of the ion channel TRPA1. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 27:101044. [PMID: 34189279 PMCID: PMC8219651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a tetrameric, nonselective cation channel expressed on nociceptive sensory nerves whose activation elicits nocifensive responses (e.g. pain). TRPA1 is activated by electrophiles found in foods and pollution, or produced during inflammation and oxidative stress, via covalent modification of reactive cysteines, but the mechanism underlying electrophilic activation of TRPA1 is poorly understood. Here we studied TRPA1 activation by the irreversible electrophiles iodoacetamide and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) following transient expression in HEK293 cells. We found that in Ca2+ imaging studies C621 is critical for electrophile-induced TRPA1 activation, but the role of C665 in TRPA1 activation is dependent on the size of the electrophile. We identified slower TRPA1 activation in whole-cell recordings compared to studies with intact cells, which is rescued by pipette solution supplementation with the antioxidant glutathione. Single-channel recordings identified two distinct electrophilic-induced TRPA1 activation phases: a partial activation that, in some channels, switched to full activation with continued electrophile exposure. Full activation but not the initial activation was regulated by C665. Fitting of open time distributions suggests that full activation correlated with an additional (and long) exponential component, thus suggesting the phases are manifestations of distinct activation states. Our results suggest that distinct NEM-induced TRPA1 activation states are evoked by sequential modification of C621 then C665.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Parks
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Parmvir K. Bahia
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Thomas E. Taylor-Clark
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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Hoebart C, Rojas‐Galvan NS, Ciotu CI, Aykac I, Reissig LF, Weninger WJ, Kiss A, Podesser BK, Fischer MJM, Heber S. No functional TRPA1 in cardiomyocytes. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13659. [PMID: 33819369 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM There is mounting evidence that TRPA1 has a role in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. We aim to clarify the site of TRPA1 expression in the heart and in particular whether the channel is expressed in cardiomyocytes. METHODS Due to the high calcium conductance of TRPA1, and marginal calcium changes being detectable, microfluorimetry in primary mouse cardiomyocytes, and in the cardiomyocyte cell lines H9c2 and HL-1, was applied. TRPA1 mRNA in mouse and human hearts, primary cardiomyocytes, and the cardiac cell lines were quantified. Dorsal root ganglia served as control for both methods. RESULTS In addition to AITC, the more potent and specific TRPA1 agonists JT010 and PF-4840154 failed to elicit a TRPA1-mediated response in native and electrically paced primary cardiomyocytes, and the cardiomyocyte cell lines H9c2 and HL-1. There were only marginal levels of TRPA1 mRNA in cardiomyocytes and cardiac cell lines, also in conditions of cell differentiation or inflammation, which might occur in pathophysiological conditions. Similarly, TRPV1 agonist capsaicin did not activate primary mouse cardiomyocytes, did not alter electrically paced activity in these, and did not activate H9c2 cells or alter spontaneous activity of HL-1 cells. Human pluripotent stem cells differentiated to cardiomyocytes had no relevant TRPA1 mRNA levels. Also in human post-mortem heart samples, TRPA1 mRNA levels were substantially lower compared with the respective dorsal root ganglion. CONCLUSION The results do not question a role of TRPA1 in the heart but exclude a direct effect in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Hoebart
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | | | - Cosmin I. Ciotu
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Ibrahim Aykac
- Center for Biomedical Research Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | | | | | - Attila Kiss
- Center for Biomedical Research Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Bruno K. Podesser
- Center for Biomedical Research Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | | | - Stefan Heber
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
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HIF-1α Dependent Upregulation of ZIP8, ZIP14, and TRPA1 Modify Intracellular Zn 2+ Accumulation in Inflammatory Synoviocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126349. [PMID: 34198528 PMCID: PMC8231863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular free zinc ([Zn2+]i) is mobilized in neuronal and non-neuronal cells under physiological and/or pathophysiological conditions; therefore, [Zn2+]i is a component of cellular signal transduction in biological systems. Although several transporters and ion channels that carry Zn2+ have been identified, proteins that are involved in Zn2+ supply into cells and their expression are poorly understood, particularly under inflammatory conditions. Here, we show that the expression of Zn2+ transporters ZIP8 and ZIP14 is increased via the activation of hypoxia-induced factor 1α (HIF-1α) in inflammation, leading to [Zn2+]i accumulation, which intrinsically activates transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel and elevates basal [Zn2+]i. In human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), treatment with inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1α (IL-1α), evoked TRPA1-dependent intrinsic Ca2+ oscillations. Assays with fluorescent Zn2+ indicators revealed that the basal [Zn2+]i concentration was significantly higher in TRPA1-expressing HEK cells and inflammatory FLSs. Moreover, TRPA1 activation induced an elevation of [Zn2+]i level in the presence of 1 μM Zn2+ in inflammatory FLSs. Among the 17 out of 24 known Zn2+ transporters, FLSs that were treated with TNF-α and IL-1α exhibited a higher expression of ZIP8 and ZIP14. Their expression levels were augmented by transfection with an active component of nuclear factor-κB P65 and HIF-1α expression vectors, and they could be abolished by pretreatment with the HIF-1α inhibitor echinomycin (Echi). The functional expression of ZIP8 and ZIP14 in HEK cells significantly increased the basal [Zn2+]i level. Taken together, Zn2+ carrier proteins, TRPA1, ZIP8, and ZIP14, induced under HIF-1α mediated inflammation can synergistically change [Zn2+]i in inflammatory FLSs.
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Oguma N, Takahashi K, Okabe S, Ohta T. Inhibitory effect of polysulfide, an endogenous sulfur compound, on oxidative stress-induced TRPA1 activation. Neurosci Lett 2021; 757:135982. [PMID: 34023406 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polysulfide (PS), an endogenous sulfur compound, generated by oxidation of hydrogen sulfide, has a stimulatory action on the nociceptive TRPA1 channel. TRPA1 is also activated by reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) produced during inflammation. Here, we examined the effect of PS on H2O2-induced responses in native and heterologously expressed TRPA1 using a cell-based calcium assay. We also carried out behavioral experiments in vivo. In mouse sensory neurons, H2O2 elicited early TRPA1-dependent and late TRPA1-independent increases of [Ca2+]i. The former was suppressed by the pretreatment with PS. In cells heterologously expressed TRPA1, PS suppressed [Ca2+]i responses to H2O2. Simultaneous measurement of [Ca2+]i and the intracellular PS level revealed that scavenging effect of PS was not related to the inhibitory effect. Removal of extracellular Ca2+, a calmodulin inhibitor and dithiothreitol attenuated the inhibitory effect of PS. Pretreatment with PS diminished nociceptive behaviors induced by H2O2. The present data suggest that PS suppresses oxidative stress-induced TRPA1 activation due to cysteine modification and Ca2+/calmodulin signaling. Thus, endogenous sulfurs may have regulatory roles in nociception via functional changes in TRPA1 under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Oguma
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - K Takahashi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - S Okabe
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - T Ohta
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.
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Sensitization of knee-innervating sensory neurons by tumor necrosis factor-α-activated fibroblast-like synoviocytes: an in vitro, coculture model of inflammatory pain. Pain 2021; 161:2129-2141. [PMID: 32332252 PMCID: PMC7431145 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pain is a principal contributor to the global burden of arthritis with peripheral sensitization being a major cause of arthritis-related pain. Within the knee joint, distal endings of dorsal root ganglion neurons (knee neurons) interact with fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) and the inflammatory mediators they secrete, which are thought to promote peripheral sensitization. Correspondingly, RNA sequencing has demonstrated detectable levels of proinflammatory genes in FLS derived from arthritis patients. This study confirms that stimulation with tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) results in expression of proinflammatory genes in mouse and human FLS (derived from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis patients), as well as increased secretion of cytokines from mouse TNF-α-stimulated FLS (TNF-FLS). Electrophysiological recordings from retrograde labelled knee neurons cocultured with TNF-FLS, or supernatant derived from TNF-FLS, revealed a depolarized resting membrane potential, increased spontaneous action potential firing, and enhanced TRPV1 function, all consistent with a role for FLS in mediating the sensitization of pain-sensing nerves in arthritis. Therefore, data from this study demonstrate the ability of FLS activated by TNF-α to promote neuronal sensitization, results that highlight the importance of both nonneuronal and neuronal cells to the development of pain in arthritis.
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Alvarado MG, Thakore P, Earley S. Transient Receptor Potential Channel Ankyrin 1: A Unique Regulator of Vascular Function. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051167. [PMID: 34064835 PMCID: PMC8151290 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
TRPA1 (transient receptor potential ankyrin 1), the lone member of the mammalian ankyrin TRP subfamily, is a Ca2+-permeable, non-selective cation channel. TRPA1 channels are localized to the plasma membranes of various cells types, including sensory neurons and vascular endothelial cells. The channel is endogenously activated by byproducts of reactive oxygen species, such as 4-hydroxy-2-noneal, as well as aromatic, dietary molecules including allyl isothiocyanate, a derivative of mustard oil. Several studies have implicated TRPA1 as a regulator of vascular tone that acts through distinct mechanisms. First, TRPA1 on adventitial sensory nerve fibers mediates neurogenic vasodilation by stimulating the release of the vasodilator, calcitonin gene-related peptide. Second, TRPA1 is expressed in the endothelium of the cerebral vasculature, but not in other vascular beds, and its activation results in localized Ca2+ signals that drive endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Finally, TRPA1 is functionally present on brain capillary endothelial cells, where its activation orchestrates a unique biphasic propagation mechanism that dilates upstream arterioles. This response is vital for neurovascular coupling and functional hyperemia in the brain. This review provides a brief overview of the biophysical and pharmacological properties of TRPA1 and discusses the importance of the channel in vascular control and pathophysiology.
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Gebhardt LA, Kichko TI, Fischer MJM, Reeh PW. TRPA1-dependent calcium transients and CGRP release in DRG neurons require extracellular calcium. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151799. [PMID: 32434221 PMCID: PMC7265312 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201702151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Shang et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201603081) reported that activation of lysosomal TRPA1 channels led to intracellular calcium transients and CGRP release from DRG neurons. We argue that both findings are more likely due to influx of insufficiently buffered extracellular calcium rather than lysosomal release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Gebhardt
- Institute of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tetyana I Kichko
- Institute of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Peter W Reeh
- Institute of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Cojocaru F, Şelescu T, Domocoş D, Măruţescu L, Chiritoiu G, Chelaru NR, Dima S, Mihăilescu D, Babes A, Cucu D. Functional expression of the transient receptor potential ankyrin type 1 channel in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2018. [PMID: 33479347 PMCID: PMC7819973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential ankyrin type 1 (TRPA1) channel belongs to the TRP superfamily of ion channels. TRPA1 is a membrane protein with multiple functions able to respond to noxious stimuli, reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines or pungent substances, and it participates in pain signalling, taste, inflammation and various steps of the tumorigenic process. To date, no reports have addressed the expression and function of TRPA1 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. This work reports the endogenous expression of TRPA1 channels in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines and provides insights into the function of the TRPA1 protein in the Panc-1 cell line. This study reports that cell lines isolated from PDAC patients had different levels of TRPA1 expression. The channel activity in Panc-1 cells, as assessed with electrophysiological (whole-cell patch clamp) and microfluorimetry methods, showed that non-selective cationic currents were activated by allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) in Panc-1 cells and inhibited by the selective TRPA1 antagonist A-967079. The current elicited by the specific agonist was associated with a robust increase in intracellular Ca2+. Furthermore, siRNA-induced downregulation of TRPA1 enhanced cell migration in the wound healing assay, indicating a possible role of ion channels independent from pore function. Finally, TRPA1 activation changed the cell cycle progression. Taken together, these results support the idea of channel-dependent and independent role for TRPA1 in tumoral processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Cojocaru
- Department DAFAB, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independenței 91-95, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tudor Şelescu
- Department DAFAB, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independenței 91-95, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dan Domocoş
- Department DAFAB, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independenței 91-95, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luminiţa Măruţescu
- Faculty of Biology, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Chiritoiu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independenței 296, 060031, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicoleta-Raluca Chelaru
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Dima
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dan Mihăilescu
- Department DAFAB, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independenței 91-95, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Babes
- Department DAFAB, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independenței 91-95, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Dana Cucu
- Department DAFAB, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independenței 91-95, Bucharest, Romania.
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Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) activates nonselective cation currents in human cardiac fibroblasts: possible involvement of TRPA1. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05816. [PMID: 33458442 PMCID: PMC7797518 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) agonist, on cultured human cardiac fibroblasts were examined by measuring intracellular Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]i and whole-cell voltage clamp techniques. AITC (200 μM) increased Ca2+ entry in the presence of [Ca2+]i. Ruthenium red (RR) (30 μM), and La3+ (0.5 mM), a general cation channel blocker, inhibited AITC-induced Ca2+ entry. Under the patch pipette filled with Cs+- and EGTA-solution, AITC induced the current of a reversal potential (Er) of approximately +0 mV. When extracellular Na+ ion was changed by NMDG+, the inward current activated by AITC was markedly reduced. La3+ and RR inhibited the AITC-induced current. The conventional RT-PCR analysis, Western blot, and immunocytochemical studies showed TRPA1 mRNA and protein expression. The present study shows the first evidence for functional Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation currents induced by AITC, possibly via TRPA1 in human cardiac fibroblast.
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Gore S, Ukhanov K, Herbivo C, Asad N, Bobkov YV, Martens JR, Dore TM. Photoactivatable Odorants for Chemosensory Research. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2516-2528. [PMID: 32865973 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The chemosensory system of any animal relies on a vast array of detectors tuned to distinct chemical cues. Odorant receptors and the ion channels of the TRP family are all uniquely expressed in olfactory tissues in a species-specific manner. Great effort has been made to characterize the molecular and pharmacological properties of these proteins. Nevertheless, most of the natural ligands are highly hydrophobic molecules that are not amenable to controlled delivery. We sought to develop photoreleasable, biologically inactive odorants that could be delivered to the target receptor or ion channel and effectively activated by a short light pulse. Chemically distinct ligands eugenol, benzaldehyde, 2-phenethylamine, ethanethiol, butane-1-thiol, and 2,2-dimethylethane-1-thiol were modified by covalently attaching the photoremovable protecting group (8-cyano-7-hydroxyquinolin-2-yl)methyl (CyHQ). The CyHQ derivatives were shown to release the active odorant upon illumination with 365 and 405 nm light. We characterized their bioactivity by measuring activation of recombinant TRPV1 and TRPA1 ion channels expressed in HEK 293 cells and the electroolfactogram (EOG) response from intact mouse olfactory epithelium (OE). Illumination with 405 nm light was sufficient to robustly activate TRP channels within milliseconds of the light pulse. Photoactivation of channels was superior to activation by conventional bath application of the ligands. Photolysis of the CyHQ-protected odorants efficiently activated an EOG response in a dose-dependent manner with kinetics similar to that evoked by the vaporized odorant amyl acetate (AAc). We conclude that CyHQ-based, photoreleasable odorants can be successfully implemented in chemosensory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangram Gore
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kirill Ukhanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Cyril Herbivo
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naeem Asad
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yuriy V. Bobkov
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida 32080, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Martens
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Timothy M. Dore
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Marchi S, Giorgi C, Galluzzi L, Pinton P. Ca 2+ Fluxes and Cancer. Mol Cell 2020; 78:1055-1069. [PMID: 32559424 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ ions are key second messengers in both excitable and non-excitable cells. Owing to the rather pleiotropic nature of Ca2+ transporters and other Ca2+-binding proteins, however, Ca2+ signaling has attracted limited attention as a potential target of anticancer therapy. Here, we discuss cancer-associated alterations of Ca2+ fluxes at specific organelles as we identify novel candidates for the development of drugs that selectively target Ca2+ signaling in malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Marchi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Souza Monteiro de Araujo D, Nassini R, Geppetti P, De Logu F. TRPA1 as a therapeutic target for nociceptive pain. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:997-1008. [PMID: 32838583 PMCID: PMC7610834 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1815191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Chronic pain affects approximatively 30–50% of the population globally. Pathologies such as migraine, diabetic neuropathy, nerve injury and treatment with chemotherapeutic agents, can induce chronic pain. Members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, including the TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), have a major role in pain. Areas covered We focus on TRPA1 as a therapeutic target for pain relief. The structure, localization, and activation of the channel and its implication in different pathways to signal pain are described. This paper underlines the role of pharmacological interventions on TRPA1 to reduce pain in numerous pain conditions. We conducted a literature search in PubMed up to and including July 2020. Expert opinion Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the sensitization of central and peripheral nociceptive pathways is limited. Preclinical evidence indicates that, in murine models of pain diseases, numerous mechanisms converge on the pathway that encompasses oxidative stress and Schwann cell TRPA1 to sustain chronic pain. Programs to identify and develop treatments to attenuate TRPA1-mediated chronic pain have emerged from this knowledge. Antagonists explored as a novel class of analgesics have a new and promising target in the TRPA1 expressed by peripheral glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Romina Nassini
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence , Florence, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Geppetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence , Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco De Logu
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence , Florence, Italy
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Calcium activates purified human TRPA1 with and without its N-terminal ankyrin repeat domain in the absence of calmodulin. Cell Calcium 2020; 90:102228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Brauchi SE, Rothberg BS. Gating and calcium-sensing mechanisms of TRPA1 channels revealed. Cell Calcium 2020; 91:102278. [PMID: 32858446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel structures of the human TRPA1 channel were determined in the presence of the agonist iodoacetamide and the antagonist A-967079, to reveal the open and closed states of the channel, respectively. The structures further revealed the location of Ca2+ modulatory site that is likely conserved among several TRP subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian E Brauchi
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, and Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Brad S Rothberg
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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45
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Irritant-evoked activation and calcium modulation of the TRPA1 receptor. Nature 2020; 585:141-145. [PMID: 32641835 PMCID: PMC7483980 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The TRPA1 ion channel is expressed by primary afferent nerve fibers, where it functions as a low threshold sensor for structurally diverse electrophilic irritants ranging from small volatile environmental toxicants to endogenous algogenic lipids1. TRPA1 is also a ‘receptor-operated’ channel whose activation downstream of metabotropic receptors elicits inflammatory pain or itch, making it an attractive target for novel analgesic therapies2. However, we lack mechanistic insight into how TRPA1 recognizes and responds to electrophiles or cytoplasmic second messengers. Here, we show that electrophiles act through a two-step process in which modification of a highly reactive cysteine (C621) promotes reorientation of a cytoplasmic loop to enhance nucleophilicity and modification of a nearby cysteine (C665), thereby stabilizing the loop in an activating configuration. These actions modulate two restrictions controlling ion permeation, including widening of the selectivity filter to enhance calcium permeability and opening of a canonical gate at the cytoplasmic end of the pore. We propose a model to explain functional coupling between electrophile action and these control points. We also characterize a calcium binding pocket that is remarkably conserved across TRP channel subtypes and accounts for all aspects of calcium-dependent TRPA1 regulation, including potentiation, desensitization, and activation by metabotropic receptors. These findings provide a structural framework for understanding how a broad-spectrum irritant receptor is controlled by endogenous and exogenous agents that elicit or exacerbate pain and itch.
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46
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Shin N, Lee SH, Cho Y, Park TH, Hong S. Bioelectronic Skin Based on Nociceptive Ion Channel for Human-Like Perception of Cold Pains. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2001469. [PMID: 32578398 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A bioelectronic skin device based on nociceptive ion channels in nanovesicles is developed for the detection of chemical cold-pain stimuli and cold environments just like human somesthetic sensory systems. The human transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (hTRPA1) is involved in transmission and modulation of cold-pain sensations. In the bioelectronic skin, the nanovesicles containing the hTRPA1 nociceptive ion channel protein reacts to cold-pain stimuli, and it is electrically monitored through carbon nanotube transistor devices based on floating electrodes. The bioelectronic skin devices sensitively detect chemical cold-pain stimuli like cinnamaldehyde at 10 fm, and selectively discriminate cinnamaldehyde among other chemical stimuli. Further, the bioelectronic skin is used to evaluate the effect of cold environments on the response of the hTRPA1, finding that the nociceptive ion channel responds more sensitively to cinnamaldehyde at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures. The bioelectronic skin device could be useful for a basic study on somesthetic systems such as cold-pain sensation, and should be used for versatile applications such as screening of foods and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narae Shin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
- Department of Bionano Engineering and Bionanotechnology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngtak Cho
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Seunghun Hong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
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47
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Du EJ, Kang K. A Single Natural Variation Determines Cytosolic Ca 2+-Mediated Hyperthermosensitivity of TRPA1s from Rattlesnakes and Boas. Mol Cells 2020; 43:572-580. [PMID: 32484163 PMCID: PMC7332359 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 from rattlesnakes (rsTRPA1) and boas (bTRPA1) was previously proposed to underlie thermo-sensitive infrared sensing based on transcript enrichment in infrared-sensing neurons and hyper-thermosensitivity expressed in Xenopus oocytes. It is unknown how these TRPA1s show thermosensitivities that overwhelm other thermoreceptors, and why rsTRPA1 is more thermosensitive than bTRPA1. Here, we show that snake TRPA1s differentially require Ca2+ for hyper-thermosensitivity and that predisposition to cytosolic Ca2+ potentiation correlates with superior thermosensitivity. Extracellularly applied Ca2+ upshifted the temperature coefficients (Q10s) of both TRPA1s, for which rsTRPA1, but not bTRPA1, requires cytosolic Ca2+. Intracellular Ca2+ chelation and substitutive mutations of the conserved cytosolic Ca2+-binding domain lowered rsTRPA1 thermosensitivity comparable to that of bTRPA1. Thapsigargin-evoked Ca2+ or calmodulin little affected rsTRPA1 activity or thermosensitivity, implying the importance of precise spatiotemporal action of Ca2+. Remarkably, a single rattlesnake-mimicking substitution in the conserved but presumably dormant cytosolic Ca2+-binding domain of bTRPA1 substantially enhanced thermosensitivity through cytosolic Ca2+ like rsTRPA1, indicating the capability of this single site in the determination of both cytosolic Ca2+ dependence and thermosensitivity. Collectively, these data suggest that Ca2+ is essential for the hyper-thermosensitivity of these TRPA1s, and cytosolic potentiation by permeating Ca2+ may contribute to the natural variation of infrared senses between rattlesnakes and boas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jo Du
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - KyeongJin Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
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Suo Y, Wang Z, Zubcevic L, Hsu AL, He Q, Borgnia MJ, Ji RR, Lee SY. Structural Insights into Electrophile Irritant Sensing by the Human TRPA1 Channel. Neuron 2020; 105:882-894.e5. [PMID: 31866091 PMCID: PMC7205012 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential channel subfamily A member 1 (TRPA1) is a Ca2+-permeable cation channel that serves as one of the primary sensors of environmental irritants and noxious substances. Many TRPA1 agonists are electrophiles that are recognized by TRPA1 via covalent bond modifications of specific cysteine residues located in the cytoplasmic domains. However, a mechanistic understanding of electrophile sensing by TRPA1 has been limited due to a lack of high-resolution structural information. Here, we present the cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of nanodisc-reconstituted ligand-free TRPA1 and TRPA1 in complex with the covalent agonists JT010 and BITC at 2.8, 2.9, and 3.1 Å, respectively. Our structural and functional studies provide the molecular basis for electrophile recognition by the extraordinarily reactive C621 in TRPA1 and mechanistic insights into electrophile-dependent conformational changes in TRPA1. This work also provides a platform for future drug development targeting TRPA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Suo
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zilong Wang
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lejla Zubcevic
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Allen L Hsu
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Qianru He
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mario J Borgnia
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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49
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Thakore P, Ali S, Earley S. Regulation of vascular tone by transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 channels. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2020; 85:119-150. [PMID: 32402637 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Ca2+-permeable, non-selective cation channel, TRPA1 (transient receptor potential ankyrin 1), is the sole member of the ankyrin TRP subfamily. TRPA1 channels are expressed on the plasma membrane of neurons as well as non-neuronal cell types, such as vascular endothelial cells. TRPA1 is activated by electrophilic compounds, including dietary molecules such as allyl isothiocyanate, a derivative of mustard. Endogenously, the channel is thought to be activated by reactive oxygen species and their metabolites, such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). In the context of the vasculature, activation of TRPA1 channels results in a vasodilatory response mediated by two distinct mechanisms. In the first instance, TRPA1 is expressed in sensory nerves of the vasculature and, upon activation, mediates release of the potent dilator, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). In the second, work from our laboratory has demonstrated that TRPA1 is expressed in the endothelium of blood vessels exclusively in the cerebral vasculature, where its activation produces a localized Ca2+ signal that results in dilation of cerebral arteries. In this chapter, we provide an in-depth overview of the biophysical and pharmacological properties of TRPA1 channels and their importance in regulating vascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratish Thakore
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Sher Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Scott Earley
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States.
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50
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Talavera K, Startek JB, Alvarez-Collazo J, Boonen B, Alpizar YA, Sanchez A, Naert R, Nilius B. Mammalian Transient Receptor Potential TRPA1 Channels: From Structure to Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:725-803. [PMID: 31670612 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRPA) channels are Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channels remarkably conserved through the animal kingdom. Mammals have only one member, TRPA1, which is widely expressed in sensory neurons and in non-neuronal cells (such as epithelial cells and hair cells). TRPA1 owes its name to the presence of 14 ankyrin repeats located in the NH2 terminus of the channel, an unusual structural feature that may be relevant to its interactions with intracellular components. TRPA1 is primarily involved in the detection of an extremely wide variety of exogenous stimuli that may produce cellular damage. This includes a plethora of electrophilic compounds that interact with nucleophilic amino acid residues in the channel and many other chemically unrelated compounds whose only common feature seems to be their ability to partition in the plasma membrane. TRPA1 has been reported to be activated by cold, heat, and mechanical stimuli, and its function is modulated by multiple factors, including Ca2+, trace metals, pH, and reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and carbonyl species. TRPA1 is involved in acute and chronic pain as well as inflammation, plays key roles in the pathophysiology of nearly all organ systems, and is an attractive target for the treatment of related diseases. Here we review the current knowledge about the mammalian TRPA1 channel, linking its unique structure, widely tuned sensory properties, and complex regulation to its roles in multiple pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Talavera
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Justyna B Startek
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julio Alvarez-Collazo
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brett Boonen
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yeranddy A Alpizar
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alicia Sanchez
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robbe Naert
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernd Nilius
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
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