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Pechette Markley A, Kieves NR, Rivas LB, Shoben AB. Evaluation of surface type and time of day on agility course performance. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1415634. [PMID: 38988979 PMCID: PMC11233466 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1415634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Canine agility competitions are performed on a variety of surfaces. In the equine and human literature, surface type has been associated with speed, performance, and injury risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of general surface type and time of day on calculated speed (yards per second over a measured course distance) and course performance during the UKI Agility International (UKI) U.S. Open. We hypothesized that surface type would affect calculated speed, with sand being the slowest. Materials and methods Data on course performance from the 2021 and 2022 events were obtained directly from UKI. The officiating judge measured course length, automatic timers recorded dogs' course times, and speeds were calculated from these values. Three surfaces (dirt, grass, and sand) were compared across three categories of courses (jumpers, standard, and speedstakes). Differences in calculated speeds and qualifying rates were estimated using generalized estimating equations (GEE) to account for multiple runs by the same handler. Results Among jumpers courses, those run on sand in 2021 were markedly slower than those run on dirt. Grass and dirt were more similar in terms of average calculated speed, though some courses run on grass were significantly faster than courses run on dirt and vice versa. Time of day effects observed were inconsistent, with more variability observed for dirt and sand than for grass. Discussion There was a notable variation in calculate speed based on surface with sand being slowest, likely due to the increased energy cost required to run on sand due to its high compliance. Calculated speeds on grass and dirt appeared generally similar, but there was substantial variability of calculated speed among various courses, making comparison of surface effects challenging. Variables within the surface itself (such as compaction level and moisture content) likely play a role in the effects of surface on speed and performance. This study provides insight into the complexity of surface effects on performance in agility dogs and highlights the need for canine-specific surface studies on the effect of surface variables and how these relate to risk of development of musculoskeletal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Pechette Markley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Red Sage Integrative Veterinary Partners, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Nina R Kieves
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Linda Blake Rivas
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Abigail B Shoben
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Kaltenbach C, Gollhofer A, Nigg BM, Asmussen MJ. Comparison of muscle activity of the lower limbs while running on different treadmill models. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1341772. [PMID: 38638809 PMCID: PMC11024346 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1341772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Treadmill running is a common method of exercise and to study human locomotion. Research has examined the kinematics and kinetics of overground and treadmill running, but there has been less focus on the levels of muscle activity during treadmill running. We investigated if muscle activity is different while running overground compared to running on a variety of treadmills. A total of 11 healthy individuals ran at 3 speeds (2.6, 3.6, 4.5 m/s) under 4 different running conditions (3 treadmills, overground). The three treadmills included a typical home exercise treadmill, a midsize commercial research treadmill, and a large, instrumented research treadmill. Surface EMG of the tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius medialis (GM), rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles were measured for each running condition. The integrated EMG was computed for each running condition for the stance and swing phase, as well as 100 ms before and after the heel-strike. Friedman analysis revealed significant effects during the stance phase for GM and RF at all speeds, such that muscle activation was lower on the treadmills relative to overground. During the stance phase at faster speeds, the muscle activity was higher for the TA and lower for the BF while running on the different treadmills compared to overground running. Before heel-strike, the TA was significantly less active during treadmill compared to overground running at 2.6 m/s and the RF showed significantly higher activity at 3.6 m/s and 4.5 m/s while running on the different treadmills. Summarizing, differences were mainly observed between the different treadmill conditions relative to overground running. Muscle activation differences between the different treadmill conditions were observed at faster running speeds for RF during the pre-heel-strike phase only. Different types of treadmills with different mechanical properties affects the muscle activity during stance phase as well as in preparation to heel-strike. Additionally, the muscle activity is greater during overground compared to treadmill running during the stance phase for the GM, BF, and RF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kaltenbach
- Department of Sport and Sports Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Department of Sport and Sports Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benno M. Nigg
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Michael J. Asmussen
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
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Smith T, Ditroilo M. Force plate coverings significantly affect measurement of ground reaction forces. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293959. [PMID: 37922265 PMCID: PMC10624306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to carry out a material test to investigate the effect of different force plate coverings on vertical and horizontal ground reaction force and derived parameters. Four surface conditions were analysed; bare plate, vinyl, sportflex, and astroturf on a Kistler force plate. Vertical data were collected by dropping a 2 kg rigid, textured medicine ball from a low (61 cm) and a high (139 cm) height. Horizontal data were collected using a custom-built, rigid, metal pendulum device. A one-way ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of surface on peak force and rate of force development for high height, low height, and horizontal force conditions (all p<0.001), with effect sizes in the post-hoc analysis being mostly large to very large. Interestingly, sportflex yielded the highest vertical but the lowest horizontal ground reaction forces. This study showed the use of current force platform coverings had a significant effect on peak force and rate of force development measurements during a standardised testing procedure. Future research should try to obtain rate of force development values that more closely replicate aspects of human performance during standardised testing procedures. Also further investigate the effect of the different surfaces on ground reaction forces during human movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Smith
- Faculty of Education, Health & Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, United Kingdom
| | - Massimiliano Ditroilo
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Herholz C, Siegwart J, Nussbaum M, Studer MHP, Burgos S. Large Temporal Variations of Functional Properties of Outdoor Equestrian Arena Surfaces and a New Concept of Evaluating Reactivity With Light Weight Deflectometer Settlement Curves. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 129:104909. [PMID: 37597593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Sports physiological properties of ten sand or sand-mineral outdoor arenas, five with vertical drainage systems and five with an ebb and flow like system were assessed over a period of 8 weeks. For each arena, the riding zone was spatially delineated, nine locations at medium to intensely used zones were selected by simple random sampling and used along the whole measurement period. A total of 72 values for the dynamic deflection modulus (Evd), attenuation (s/v), settlement (s) and moisture content (Vol %) were analyzed for each arena. A novel technique to analyze the settlement curves of the light weight deflectometer (LWD) to describe reactivity of the footing surface was introduced. Statistical testing was done by linear mixed models. Three of the five arenas with a vertical watering system were judged to be hard (Evd > 20 MN/m2), whereas all five arenas with an ebb and flow like watering systems were medium hard (Evd = 10-20 MN/m2) over the entire 8 weeks. Significant (P < .01) temporal differences in Evd, s/v and moisture were demonstrated for both watering systems; however, the spatial and temporal variations were much lower with the ebb-flow system. Temporal consistency in the parameters over the test weeks appeared to be a criterion for stability of the arena surface. The analysis of the settlement curves of the LWD showed that the slope symmetry has a large potential to describe the restoration of the energy of an equestrian surface than only the settlement, which requires further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conny Herholz
- Agriculture, Equine Science and Soil Use and Conservation, Bern University of Applied Sciences, School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (HAFL) Länggasse 85, Zollikofen, Switzerland.
| | - Janina Siegwart
- Agriculture, Equine Science and Soil Use and Conservation, Bern University of Applied Sciences, School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (HAFL) Länggasse 85, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Madlene Nussbaum
- Agriculture, Equine Science and Soil Use and Conservation, Bern University of Applied Sciences, School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (HAFL) Länggasse 85, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hans-Peter Studer
- Agriculture, Equine Science and Soil Use and Conservation, Bern University of Applied Sciences, School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (HAFL) Länggasse 85, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Burgos
- Agriculture, Equine Science and Soil Use and Conservation, Bern University of Applied Sciences, School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (HAFL) Länggasse 85, Zollikofen, Switzerland
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Wolski K, Sobol Ł, Bujak H. Bonitation assessment of intensively used football turf depending on the date and area of observation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15580. [PMID: 37730722 PMCID: PMC10511500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This article aimed to evaluate the visual and functional characteristics of intensively used football turf over 10 years, depending on the different areas of the game. The research was conducted on the football turf of the AZS Environmental Club in Wrocław (N: 51° 7' 31'' E:17° 4' 14''). High variability of the evaluated parameters was observed regarding seasonality, year of observation, and the area of play. It has been shown that the goal area and penalty box areas have the lowest functional value, which are vital areas of the game from the point of view of gaining an advantage in the game. Also, these places are more susceptible to creating sites without plants (requiring additional overseeding) due to the potential of hollowing and goalkeeper interventions ending with the body landing on the ground. The middle area was characterized by the highest overall aspect, color, and turf density values. In the vast majority of cases, there was a downward trend in the turfs' functional value with the turf's age, which is an essential finding in the context of the use of intensively used, athletic natural grass surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Wolski
- Institute of Agroecology and Plant Production, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq. 24A, 50-363, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Sobol
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 37a, 51-630, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Henryk Bujak
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki 24A, 50-363, Wroclaw, Poland
- Research Centre for Cultivar Testing, Słupia Wielka 34, 63-022, Słupia Wielka, Poland
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Rohlf CM, Garcia TC, Marsh LJ, Acutt EV, le Jeune SS, Stover SM. Effects of Jumping Phase, Leading Limb, and Arena Surface Type on Forelimb Hoof Movement. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2122. [PMID: 37443919 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During the stance phase of equine locomotion, ground reaction forces are exerted on the hoof, leading first to rapid deceleration ("braking") and later to acceleration ("propulsion") as the hoof leaves the ground. Excessive hoof deceleration has been identified as a risk factor for musculoskeletal injury and may be influenced by arena surface properties. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the effect of arena surface type (dirt, synthetic) on hoof translation of the leading and trailing forelimbs during jump takeoff and landing. Solar hoof angle, displacement, velocity, and deceleration were captured using kinematic markers and high-speed video for four horses jumping over a 1.1 m oxer at 12 different arenas (5 dirt, 7 synthetic). Surface vertical impact and horizontal shear properties were measured simultaneously. The effects of surface type (dirt, synthetic), jump phase (takeoff, landing), and limb (leading, trailing) on hoof movement were assessed using ANOVA (p < 0.05), while the relationships of hoof movement with surface mechanical properties were examined with correlation. Slide time (p = 0.032), horizontal velocity of the hoof (p < 0.001), and deceleration (p < 0.001) were greater in the leading limb, suggesting a higher risk of injury to the leading limb when braking. However, surface type and jump phase did not significantly affect deceleration during braking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Rohlf
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tanya C Garcia
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lyndsey J Marsh
- Animal Biology Graduate Group, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Elizabeth V Acutt
- Clinical Large Animal Diagnostic Imaging, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sarah S le Jeune
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Susan M Stover
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Animal Biology Graduate Group, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Néri-Fuchs JB, Sedeaud A, Marc A, De Larochelambert Q, Toussaint JF, Brocherie F. Medical withdrawals in elite tennis in reference to playing standards, court surfaces and genders. J Sci Med Sport 2023:S1440-2440(23)00071-3. [PMID: 37149407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the relationships between medical withdrawals, playing standards, court surfaces and genders in tennis players participating in all elite tours. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS Medical withdrawals of men and women tennis players from Association of Tennis Professionals, Women Tennis Association, Challengers and International Tennis Federation Futures tours' matches have been identified considering the court surfaces (fast vs. slow). Proportion comparison and the binomial regression model were used to determine the influence of playing standards, court surfaces and genders on tennis players' likelihoods to withdraw. RESULTS A higher proportion of withdrawals was found for men in Challengers and Futures vs. Association of Tennis Professionals (4.8 %, 5.9 % vs 3.4 %; p < 0.001), but without difference between court surfaces (0.1 %, p > 0.05) whatever the playing standards. Women reported higher proportion of medical withdrawals sustained on slow surfaces (0.4 %, p < 0.001), but without different withdrawal rates between playing standards (3.9 %, p > 0.05). After adjustment, the odds of medical withdrawals were higher for Challengers (1.18, p < 0.001) and Futures (1.34, p < 0.001), with a higher likelihood to withdraw (1.04, p < 0.001) when playing on slow surfaces and with a gender-dependent effect indicating higher odds (1.29, p < 0.001) to withdraw for medical reasons in men in reference to women. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated a gender-dependent effect on medical withdrawals from an elite tennis tournament with higher likelihood for men participating in Challengers/Futures tours and for women playing on slow surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrien Sedeaud
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (EA 7329), French Institute of Sport, France. https://twitter.com/ASedeaud
| | - Andy Marc
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (EA 7329), French Institute of Sport, France
| | - Quentin De Larochelambert
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (EA 7329), French Institute of Sport, France
| | - Jean-François Toussaint
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (EA 7329), French Institute of Sport, France
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, France.
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Reeve A, Linklater JM, Dimmick DS. Lesser Metatarsophalangeal Joint Plantar Plate Degeneration and Tear and Acute First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Capsuloligamentous Injury: What the Surgeon Wants to Know. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2023. [DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Dimmick S, Reeve A, Linklater J. Presurgical Perspective and Postsurgical Evaluation of Plantar Plate and Turf Toe. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2022; 26:695-709. [PMID: 36791738 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1760221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Capsuloligamentous injury of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint (eponymously called "turf toe") mostly occurs in athletes and involves acute trauma, whereas tears of the lesser MTP joint plantar plate typically are an attritional-degenerative condition. This article reviews the anatomy, pathophysiology, mechanism and patterns of injury, grading and classification of injury, imaging appearances (pre- and postoperative), and management of first MTP joint capsuloligamentous injuries and lesser MTP joint plantar plate tears. These two distinct pathologies are discussed in separate sections.
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Jimenez IA, Canapp SO, Percival ML. Internet-based survey evaluating the impact of ground substrate on injury and performance in canine agility athletes. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1025331. [PMID: 36330156 PMCID: PMC9624126 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1025331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agility is a rapidly growing canine performance sport worldwide, yet the literature is sparse regarding the impact of ground substrate on performance and injury. Approximately 1/3 of dogs participating in agility trials will experience a performance-related injury. The impact of ground material has been well-documented in racing greyhounds, equine athletes, and humans, but has been minimally investigated in agility dogs. In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, 300 respondents (handlers, owners, and trainers) of 308 agility dogs completed an online survey regarding their dog's training and competition regimen, history of injury, perceived association between injury and substrate and/or agility obstacle, markers of decreased performance (MDPs) observed on different substrates, and changes to routine following injury. 35.7% of dogs sustained a training injury (TI) and 11.2% sustained a competition injury (CI). The most commonly reported sites of injury were the shoulder (TI: 33.9%, CI: 25.4%), forelimb digits (TI: 14.7%, CI: 11.9%) and iliopsoas muscle (TI: 11.9%, CI: 13.6%). Dogs most commonly trained on natural grass (85.3%), artificial turf (50.8%), and dirt (34.5%). Significantly fewer MDPs were observed on natural grass than any other substrate except dirt. Significantly more MDPs were noted on rubber mat compared to natural grass, artificial turf, dirt, sand, or foam mat. Rubber mat had the highest Incidence Proportion (IP) (32.0%) of TI and was perceived to be related to TI in 87.5% of cases. Obstacles perceived to be associated with injuries included jumps (TI: 37.5%, CI: 27.8%), contacts (TI: 29.7%, CI: 22.2%), weaves (TI: 11.9%, CI: 13.9%), and tunnels (CI: 25.0%). Overall, agility dogs were perceived to perform best on natural grass and dirt, while rubber mat was associated with injury and decreased performance. Respondents were willing to make significant alterations to their dog's routine due to a perceived association between substrate, injury, and performance. Further prospective studies are needed to assess the impact of substrate composition and maintenance, and inform evidence-based recommendations to maximize performance and minimize performance-related injury in agility dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A. Jimenez
- Veterinary Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Group, Annapolis Junction, MD, United States
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Isabel A. Jimenez
| | - Sherman O. Canapp
- Veterinary Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Group, Annapolis Junction, MD, United States
- Canapp Sports Medicine LLC, Oakland, MD, United States
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Tomin M, Kmetty Á. Polymer foams as advanced energy absorbing materials for sports applications—A review. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Márton Tomin
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest Hungary
| | - Ákos Kmetty
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest Hungary
- MTA–BME Research Group for Composite Science and Technology Budapest Hungary
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12
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Egenvall A, Roepstorff L, Peterson M, Lundholm M, Hernlund E. The Descriptions and Attitudes of Riders and Arena Owners to 656 Equestrian Sport Surfaces in Sweden. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:798910. [PMID: 35004931 PMCID: PMC8732755 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.798910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Horses in equestrian sports are commonly trained in arenas with prepared footing. Information on the number and variants of such arenas is generally unknown. This paper provides an overview of the primary construction types of riding surfaces in Sweden including details on composition, constructions principles, usage frequency, maintenance, and cost of operation as well as to investigate rider perception of the ideal arena properties using a large population of riders. Data on 656 equestrian surfaces in Sweden obtained up to 2014 are presented, of which 373 were outdoor and 283 were indoor arenas. Dressage and show-jumping were the main disciplines conducted in the arenas. Sand-mineral arenas were most common outdoors and sand-woodchips arenas most common indoors, followed by sand-fibre arenas and even fewer synthetic arenas. Comparing the three most common arena types, dragging was most often done on sand-woodchips and sand-fibre arenas. Harrowing was less often done on sand-mineral arenas compared to sand-woodchips and sand-fibre arenas. Combining dragging, harrowing, deep harrowing, and rolling, arenas with higher usage were maintained more frequently, compared to those used less frequently. It was commonly claimed that the top-layer needs renovation every other-4th year or every 5th to 10th year. Few respondents allocated more than 10,000 SEK in yearly maintenance costs, with the exception for sand-woodchips and sand-fibre arenas followed by synthetic arenas. The shortest duration perceived between required renovations was found for sand-woodchips top-layer arenas. Ideal surface properties were evaluated by 3,158 riders. Dressage and show-jumping riders differed somewhat regarding ideal spans of functional arena properties: for impact firmness, responsiveness, and grip. The current study likely included well-utilised arenas, compared to those less well-utilised. The resources necessary to keep an arena consistent over time seemed underestimated. Knowledge of maintenance and priorities for arenas are important to users and arenas managers, be they construction companies or arena managers in order to maximise the outcome of efforts for arena improvement and optimise locomotor health for horses that use them. Further, many arenas were new and research into organic arena management is important, especially if equestrians continue to build and renew arena surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Egenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Roepstorff
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Peterson
- Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Marcus Lundholm
- Department for Riding Schools, Swedish Equestrian Federation, Ridsportens Hus, Strömsholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Hernlund
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Northrop AJ, Martin JH, Peterson ML, Roepstorff L, Hernlund E, Hobbs SJ. The challenges of equestrian arena surfaces: the unprecedented use of a raised platform at the 2012 Olympic Games. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 109:103838. [PMID: 34923071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The design of equestrian arenas can be challenged by time constraints and specific restrictions at a venue but are nonetheless a critical element to the success and sustainability of equestrian sport. The equestrian arenas for the 2012 Olympic Games were an example of a temporary arena constructed on a raised platform and supported by struts, a design unprecedented for equestrian activities. This study assessed the developmental stages of the Olympic surfaces from 2011 to the actual event in 2012 and aimed to confirm that accelerations and forces experienced by horses were comparable to those on solid ground. Assessment took place at i) the Olympic test-event; ii) a developmental mock-up arena and iii) the Olympic venue in 2012. A Clegg impact hammer measured peak vertical deceleration and an Orono Biomechanical Surface Tester quantified peak load and peak loading rate. General Linear Models using the arena's structural features as explanatory variables highlighted surface heterogeneity. Peak vertical deceleration (P < .0001) and peak load (P < .0001) were significantly higher and peak loading rate was significantly lower (P < .0001) following iterative testing and modifications to the arena. Data were comparable with surfaces on solid ground by the final testing at the 2012 Olympic Games. Findings highlighted the importance of testing surfaces throughout their development and demonstrated the impact that surface composition, time elapsed since installation, water management, and type of construction have on surface functional properties, with relevance to future temporary arena initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Northrop
- School of Animal Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Jaime H Martin
- School of Animal Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L Peterson
- Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering and UK Ag Equine Programs, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Lars Roepstorff
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elin Hernlund
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sarah Jane Hobbs
- Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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Lin C, Li S, Lu Y, Wiltshire H. Comparison of Muscle Activity and Ultrasound Response of Lower Extremity Muscles During Treadmill and Track Running. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL IMAGING AND HEALTH INFORMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1166/jmihi.2021.3634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the changes in lower extremity muscle morphology and electromyography (EMG) signals during treadmill running (TR) and plastic track running (PR). Methods: A total of 10 healthy male runners aged 22.5±1.3 years, height:
175.5±4.5 cm; weight: 71.9±2.7 kg; BMI: 22.1±1.1 volunteered to participate in this study. Muscle morphology data were collected by a portable ultrasound scanner before and after running. Median frequency (MF), mean power frequency (MPF) and root mean square (RMS) were
monitored during TR and PR. Results: The results indicated that muscle thickness and pennation angle have increased after running. The muscle thickness after PR showed significantly higher than TR in tested muscle except tibialis anterior (TA) and medial gastrocnemius (MG). In contrast,
only the pennation angle of TA and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) after PR was significantly different from that after TR (P <0.001, P = 0.002). The most significant difference in the change rate of muscle thickness was found at TA. In addition, TA and MG showed significantly
higher change rate of the pennation angle after TR than that after PR. Both of MF and MPF showed a downward trend after TR and PR. It could discover that the MF and MPF of LG during TR showed a significantly lower than that during PR both in two phases (P =0.001, P <0.001).
However, in the last 5 minutes, MF and MPF of MQ during PR were smaller than that during PR (P = 0.001, P = 0.015). Furthermore, MF of RF during TR showed significantly different from that during PR (P = 0.017). From the point of RMS, in the first five minutes, the RMS
of medical quadriceps (MQ), lateral quadriceps (LQ), hamstring muscles (HM) and MG during TR was significantly higher than that of PR (P <0.05). In addition, the RMS of all tested muscles after TR was significantly higher than after PR during the last 5 minutes (P <0.05).
Conclusions: The current study indicated that TR and PR would cause different effects to lower extremity muscle morphology. In addition, the EMG signals based on running surfaces are also unconformity. Compared with the plastic track, the treadmill will bring more stimulation to the
lower extremity muscles. The preliminary findings provide further insights into the rationality of runners’ choice of the running surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghui Lin
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Shudong Li
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yining Lu
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF5 2YB, UK
| | - Huw Wiltshire
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF5 2YB, UK
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15
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Shield S, Jericevich R, Patel A, Jusufi A. Tails, Flails, and Sails: How Appendages Improve Terrestrial Maneuverability by Improving Stability. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:506-520. [PMID: 34050735 PMCID: PMC8633431 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trade-offs in maneuverability and stability are essential in ecologically relevant situations with respect to robustness of locomotion, with multiple strategies apparent in animal model systems depending on their habitat and ecology. Free appendages such as tails and ungrounded limbs may assist in navigating this trade-off by assisting with balance, thereby increasing the acceleration that can be achieved without destabilizing the body. This comparative analysis explores the inertial mechanisms and, in some cases, fluid dynamic mechanisms by which appendages contribute to the stabilization of gait and perturbation response behaviors in a wide variety of animals. Following a broad review of examples from nature and bio-inspired robotics that illustrate the importance of appendages to the control of body orientation, two specific cases are examined through preliminary experiments: the role of arm motion in bipedal gait termination is explored using trajectory optimization, and the role of the cheetah’s tail during a deceleration maneuver is analyzed based on motion capture data. In both these examples, forward rotation of the appendage in question is found to counteract the unwanted forward pitch caused by the braking forces. It is theorized that this stabilizing action may facilitate more rapid deceleration by allowing larger or longer-acting braking forces to be applied safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Shield
- African Robotics Unit, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Amir Patel
- African Robotics Unit, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ardian Jusufi
- African Robotics Unit, University of Cape Town, South Africa.,Locomotion in Biorobotic and Somatic Systems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569, Germany
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16
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A Proposed Method to Assess the Mechanical Properties of Treadmill Surfaces. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20092724. [PMID: 32397664 PMCID: PMC7249199 DOI: 10.3390/s20092724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to define a reliable and sensitive test method for assessing Shock Absorption (SA), Vertical Deformation (VD), and Energy Restitution (ER) in treadmill surfaces. A total of 42 treadmills belonging to four different models were included in the study: (a) Technogym Jog700 Excite (n = 10), (b) Technogym Artis Run (n = 12), (c) LifeFitness Integrity Series 97T (n = 11), and (d) LifeFitness Integrity Series DX (n = 9). An advanced artificial athlete (AAA) device was used to assess SA, VD, and ER at three different locations along the longitudinal axis of each treadmill and in the support area of the athletes’ feet. For each location, our results show that the error assumed when performing one impact with the AAA instead of three (SA ≤ |0.1|%, VD ≤ |0.0| mm, and ER ≤ |0.2|%) is lower than the smallest changes that can be detected by the measuring device (SA = 0.4%, VD = 0.2 mm, and ER = 0.9%). Also, our results show the ability of the test method to detect meaningful differences between locations once the one-impact criterium is adopted, since absolute minimum differences between zones (SA: |0.6|%, VD: |0.3| mm, and ER: |1.2|%) were above the uncertainty of the measuring device. Therefore, performing a single impact with the AAA in each of the three locations described in this study can be considered a representative and reliable method for assessing SA, VD, and ER in treadmill surfaces.
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17
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Mechanical Properties of Treadmill Surfaces and Their Effects on Endurance Running. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:685-689. [PMID: 32000139 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize, for the first time, the mechanical properties of treadmill surfaces along with a practical interpretation of their influence on physiological and perceived demands during endurance running compared with other widely used surfaces such as asphalt and tartan tracks. METHODS Ten experienced male endurance runners performed a 40-minute running bout at a preferred constant speed on 3 different surfaces (after a randomized, counterbalanced order with a 7-d interval between trials): asphalt, tartan, or treadmill. Shock absorption, vertical deformation, and energy restitution were measured for the 3 surfaces. Intensity (based on heart rate data) and rating of perceived exertion were monitored. RESULTS The values of shock absorption averaged 0.0% (asphalt), 37.4% (tartan), and 71.3% (treadmill), while those of vertical deformation and energy restitution averaged 0.3, 2.2, and 6.5 mm and 90.8%, 62.6%, and 37.0%, respectively. Running intensity (as determined by heart rate data) was higher overall on the treadmill than tartan but not asphalt running. Except for the first 10 minutes, all mean rating of perceived exertion values were significantly higher in asphalt and treadmill than in tartan. No significant differences were identified between treadmill and asphalt. CONCLUSIONS The considerably higher shock absorption of the treadmill than the tartan surface leads to a reduction in the amount of energy returned to the athlete, which in turn increases physiological stress and rating of perceived exertion during endurance running.
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Abstract
Turf toe is a term used to describe myriad injuries to the metatarsophalangeal complex of the great toe, which have been associated with the introduction of artificial turf surfaces in sport. If not diagnosed early and treated properly, these injuries can result in chronic pain and loss of mobility. Accurate injury grading through physical exam and advanced imaging is essential to guide treatment, thereby minimizing long-term complications and maximizing an athlete's recovery and return to play. Levels of Evidence: Level V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chiou
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (DC).,Department of Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (KLS, GW)
| | - Kristen L Stupay
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (DC).,Department of Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (KLS, GW)
| | - Gregory Waryasz
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (DC).,Department of Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (KLS, GW)
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19
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Calloway SP, Hardin DM, Crawford MD, Hardin JM, Lemak LJ, Giza E, Forsythe B, Lu Y, Patel BH, Osbahr DC, Gerhardt MB, Mandelbaum BR, Baldwin WW. Injury Surveillance in Major League Soccer: A 4-Year Comparison of Injury on Natural Grass Versus Artificial Turf Field. Am J Sports Med 2019; 47:2279-2286. [PMID: 31306590 DOI: 10.1177/0363546519860522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial playing surfaces are becoming more common due to decreased cost of maintenance and increased field usability across different environmental conditions. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) has approved newer generation artificial turf for soccer competition at the elite level, but many elite-level athletes prefer to play on natural grass surfaces due to a perceived increase in injury rate, discomfort, and fatigability on artificial turf. HYPOTHESIS Injury rates and rates of individually categorized types of injury experienced on artificial turf are noninferior to rates of injury on the standard comparator, natural grass, in elite-level Major League Soccer athletes. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS Over the course of 4 Major League Soccer seasons (2013-2016), athlete injury data were recorded electronically. Injury data recorded in matches between 2 Major League Soccer teams were then analyzed. Playing surface was known for each venue, and all artificial turf surfaces were rated as 2-star according to FIFA criteria. Incidence rate ratios (Artificial Turf ÷ Natural Grass) were calculated with a 95% CI (α = .05) for both overall injury incidence and individual injury subgroups. A noninferiority margin (δ) of 0.15 was used to determine noninferiority of injury incidence rates. RESULTS A total of 2174 in-game injuries were recorded during the study period, with 1.54 injuries per game on artificial turf and 1.49 injuries per game on natural grass (incidence rate ratio, 1.033; 95% CI, 0.937-1.139). Within injury subgroups, overall ankle injury, Achilles injury, and ankle fracture were found to have a statistically higher incidence on artificial turf. Artificial turf was found to be noninferior to natural grass for overall foot injury and forefoot injury. No statistically significant differences were found in knee injuries between the 2 surfaces. CONCLUSION The overall rate of injury on artificial turf was noninferior to that on natural grass. Within individual injury categories, a higher rate of ankle injury was found on artificial turf. No other injury subgroup demonstrated statistically significant differences between surfaces. CLINICAL RELEVANCE FIFA 2-star rated artificial turf is a viable alternative to natural grass in elite-level soccer competition. Innovative research methods for comparing artificial turf versus natural grass may elucidate relative advantages with respect to player safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Calloway
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - David M Hardin
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Matthew D Crawford
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - J Michael Hardin
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Lawrence J Lemak
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Eric Giza
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Brian Forsythe
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Yining Lu
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Bhavik H Patel
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Daryl C Osbahr
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Michael B Gerhardt
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Bert R Mandelbaum
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - William W Baldwin
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
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20
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Andena L, Aleo S, Caimmi F, Briatico-Vangosa F, Mariani S, Tagliabue S, Pavan A. Modelling the cushioning properties of athletic tracks. SPORTS ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12283-018-0292-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Tiernan S, O’Sullivan D, Byrne G. Repeatability and Reliability Evaluation of a Wireless Head-band Sensor. THE ASIAN JOURNAL OF KINESIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.15758/ajk.2018.20.4.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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22
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Rago V, Silva JR, Brito J, Barreira D, Mohr M, Krustrup P, Rebelo AN. Switching between pitch surfaces: practical applications and future perspectives for soccer training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:510-519. [PMID: 29619795 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Soccer training and completion is conventionally practiced on natural grass (NG) or artificial turf (AT). Recently, AT pitches for training/competition, and of unstable surfaces for injury prevention training has increased. Therefore, soccer players are frequently exposed to variations in pitch surface during either training or competition. These ground changes may impact physical and physiological responses, adaptations as well as the injury. The aim of this review was to summarize the acute physical and physiological responses, chronic adaptations, and injury risk associated with exercising on different pitch surfaces in soccer. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Eligible studies were published in English, had pitch surface as an independent variable, and had physical, physiological or epidemiological information as outcome variables. Specific data extracted from the articles included the training response, training adaptations or injury outcomes according to different pitch surfaces. A total of 224 studies were retrieved from a literature search. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria: 9 for acute physical and physiological responses, 2 for training adaptations and 9 for injury assessment. The literature lacks consistent evidence regarding the effects of pitch surface on performance and health outcomes in soccer players. However, it seems that occasionally switching training surfaces seems a valuable strategy for focusing on specific musculoskeletal queries and enhancing players' fitness. For instance, sand training may be occasionally proposed as complementary training strategy, given the recruitment of additional musculature probably not involved on firmer surfaces, but the possible training-induced adaptations of non-conventional soccer surfaces (e.g., sand) might potentially result into a negative transfer on AT or NG. CONCLUSIONS Since the specific physical demands of soccer can differ between surfaces, coaches should resort to the use of non-traditional surfaces with parsimony, emphasizing the specific surface-related motor tasks, normally observed on natural grass or artificial turf. Further studies are required to better understand the physiological effects induced by systematic surface-specific training, or switching between pitch surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal - .,Unit of Health and Performance, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal -
| | - João R Silva
- National Sports Medicine Programme Excellence in Football Project, Aspetar-Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - João Brito
- Unit of Health and Performance, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel Barreira
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Magni Mohr
- Center of Health Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences Tórshavn, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Center of Health and Human Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - António N Rebelo
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Does the FIFA 11+ Injury Prevention Program Reduce the Incidence of ACL Injury in Male Soccer Players? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2017; 475:2447-2455. [PMID: 28389864 PMCID: PMC5599387 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-017-5342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The FIFA 11+ injury prevention program has been shown to decrease the risk of soccer injuries in men and women. The program has also been shown to decrease time loss resulting from injury. However, previous studies have not specifically investigated how the program might impact the rate of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in male soccer players. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES The purpose of this study was to examine if the FIFA 11+ injury prevention program can (1) reduce the overall number of ACL injuries in men who play competitive college soccer and whether any potential reduction in rate of ACL injuries differed based on (2) game versus practice setting; (3) player position; (4) level of play (Division I or II); or (5) field type. METHODS This study was a prospective cluster randomized controlled trial, which was conducted in 61 Division I and Division II National Collegiate Athletic Association men's soccer teams over the course of one competitive soccer season. The FIFA 11+ is a 15- to 20-minute on-the-field dynamic warm-up program used before training and games and was utilized as the intervention throughout the entire competitive season. Sixty-five teams were randomized: 34 to the control group (850 players) and 31 to the intervention group (675 players). Four intervention teams did not complete the study and did not submit their data, noting insufficient time to complete the program, reducing the number for per-protocol analysis to 61. Compliance to the FIFA 11+ program, athletic exposures, specific injuries, ACL injuries, and time loss resulting from injury were collected and recorded using a secure Internet-based system. At the end of the season, the data in the injury surveillance system were crosshatched with each individual institution's internal database. At that time, the certified athletic trainer signed off on the injury collection data to confirm their accuracy and completeness. RESULTS A lower proportion of athletes in the intervention group experienced knee injuries (25% [34 of 136]) compared with the control group (75% [102 of 136]; relative risk [RR], 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29-0.61; p < 0.001). When the data were stratified for ACL injury, fewer ACL injuries were reported in the intervention group (16% [three of 19]) compared with the control group (84% [16 of 19]), accounting for a 4.25-fold reduction in the likelihood of incurring ACL injury (RR, 0.236; 95% CI, 0.193-0.93; number needed to treat = 70; p < 0.001). With the numbers available, there was no difference between the ACL injury rate within the FIFA 11+ group and the control group with respect to game and practice sessions (games-intervention: 1.055% [three of 15] versus control: 1.80% [12 of 15]; RR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.09-1.11; p = 0.073 and practices-intervention: 0% [zero of four] versus control: 0.60% [four of four]; RR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.01-2.59; p = 0.186). With the data that were available, there were no differences in incidence rate (IR) or injury by player position for forwards (IR control = 0.339 versus IR intervention = 0), midfielders (IR control = 0.54 versus IR intervention = 0.227), defenders (IR control = 0.339 versus IR intervention = 0.085), and goalkeepers (IR control = 0.0 versus IR intervention = 0.0) (p = 0.327). There were no differences in the number of ACL injuries for the Division I intervention group (0.70% [two of nine]) compared with the control group (1.05% [seven of nine]; RR, 0.30; CI, 0.06-1.45; p = 0.136). However, there were fewer ACL injuries incurred in the Division II intervention group (0.35% [one of 10]) compared with the control group (1.35% [nine of 10]; RR, 0.12; CI, 0.02-0.93; p = 0.042). There was no difference between the number of ACL injuries in the control group versus in the intervention group that occurred on grass versus turf (Wald chi square [1] = 0.473, b = 0.147, SE = 0.21, p = 0.492). However, there were more ACL injuries that occurred on artificial turf identified in the control group (1.35% [nine of 10]) versus the intervention group (0.35% [one of 10]; RR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.02-1.10; p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS This program, if implemented correctly, has the potential to decrease the rate of ACL injury in competitive soccer players. In addition, this may also enhance the development and dissemination of injury prevention protocols and may mitigate risk to athletes who utilize the program consistently. Further studies are necessary to analyze the cost-effectiveness of the program implementation and to analyze the efficacy of the FIFA 11+ in the female collegiate soccer cohort. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I, therapeutic study.
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Fujitaka K, Taniguchi A, Kumai T, Otuki S, Okubo M, Tanaka Y. Effect of Changes in Artificial Turf on Sports Injuries in Male University Soccer Players. Orthop J Sports Med 2017; 5:2325967117719648. [PMID: 28812040 PMCID: PMC5544152 DOI: 10.1177/2325967117719648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies comparing the types and severity of trauma and injuries caused by different types of field surfaces have been conducted. However, there have been no studies on sports injuries caused by temporal deterioration of long-pile artificial turf fields and related decreases in the rubber chip and silica sand infill. Purpose: To investigate the influence of an artificial turf field on sports injuries in a university soccer team. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: A total of 397 male soccer players who were members of a single university soccer team were surveyed over a 12-year period, from April 2003 to March 2015. During this period, the team played for 4 years on a soil field (2003-2006) and 8 years on artificial turf (2007-2014). We analyzed the effect of changes in the artificial turf on the incidence rate of sports injuries (injury rate per 1000 athlete-exposures). We calculated the incidence rate of injuries sustained by the team and compared the results for each year of the study. Results: After conversion of the field to artificial turf, there was a significant increase in the incidence of upper extremity trauma (P < .05). There was a significant increase in lower extremity sprains from 2007 to 2008, 1 year after the conversion from soil to artificial turf (P < .05). Analysis of the incidence of lower extremity muscle strain indicated that although the injury rate increased progressively, it decreased significantly after the insertion of additional rubber chips in 2014 (P < .05). Conclusion: After conversion to artificial turf, there was a significant increase in the incidence of upper extremity trauma. After the refurbishing with additional rubber chips, the incidence of lower extremity muscle strain significantly declined. When analyzing measures that could prevent sports injuries related to soccer, it is necessary to take into consideration the changes that occur to the artificial turf over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Fujitaka
- Nara Medical University Graduate School, Kashihara Nara, Japan
| | - Akira Taniguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara Nara, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Kumai
- Department of Sports Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara Nara, Japan
| | | | - Mamoru Okubo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kishima Hon-in Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara Nara, Japan
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25
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Encarnación-Martínez A, García-Gallart A, Gallardo AM, Sánchez-Sáez JA, Sánchez-Sánchez J. Effects of structural components of artificial turf on the transmission of impacts in football players. Sports Biomech 2017. [PMID: 28632048 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2017.1285347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The third generation of artificial turf systems (ATS) has matched the mechanical behaviour of natural grass, but today a high heterogeneity at structural level and mechanical behaviour in the new ATS also exists. The objective was to analyse the effect of the structural components of ATS football pitches and running speed on the capacity of impact attenuation. A total of 12 athletes were evaluated at three speed conditions (3.33 m/s, 4 m/s and maximum speed) on four different ATS, classifying them by their components (length of fibre, type of in-fill and sub-base). Impact attenuation was significantly higher in ATS3, characterised by longer fibre compared to other ATS with less fibre length. The ATS4 with a higher length fibre and built on compacted granular material proportioned significantly lower values in the maximum peaks of tibia acceleration. Finally, as speed increases, the peak tibia impacts were significantly higher. Longer fibre length and the capacity to accommodate a higher quantity of infill facilitate higher impact attenuation. Equally, a compacted granular sub-base is related to lower magnitude of maximum tibia peaks. Finally, the magnitude of the tibia acceleration peaks is dependent of running speed for all ATS analysed, being higher as speed increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Encarnación-Martínez
- a Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Department of Sports Science and Physical Activity , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - Antonio García-Gallart
- a Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Department of Sports Science and Physical Activity , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - Ana M Gallardo
- a Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Department of Sports Science and Physical Activity , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - Juan A Sánchez-Sáez
- a Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Department of Sports Science and Physical Activity , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- a Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Department of Sports Science and Physical Activity , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
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26
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Cross MR, Tinwala F, Lenetsky S, Samozino P, Brughelli M, Morin JB. Determining friction and effective loading for sled sprinting. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:2198-2203. [PMID: 27905864 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1261178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of friction in sled sprinting allows the quantification of kinetic outputs and the effective loading experienced by the athlete. This study assessed changes in the coefficient of friction (µk) of a sled sprint-training device with changing mass and speed to provide a means of quantifying effective loading for athletes. A common sled equipped with a load cell was towed across an athletics track using a motorised winch under variable sled mass (33.1-99.6 kg) with constant speeds (0.1 and 0.3 m · s-1), and with constant sled mass (55.6 kg) and varying speeds (0.1-6.0 m · s-1). Mean force data were analysed, with five trials performed for each condition to assess the reliability of measures. Variables were determined as reliable (ICC > 0.99, CV < 4.3%), with normal-force/friction-force and speed/coefficient of friction relationships well fitted with linear (R2 = 0.994-0.995) and quadratic regressions (R2 = 0.999), respectively (P < 0.001). The linearity of composite friction values determined at two speeds, and the range in values from the quadratic fit (µk = 0.35-0.47) suggested µk and effective loading were dependent on instantaneous speed on athletics track surfaces. This research provides a proof-of-concept for the assessment of friction characteristics during sled towing, with a practical example of its application in determining effective loading and sled-sprinting kinetics. The results clarify effects of friction during sled sprinting and improve the accuracy of loading applications in practice and transparency of reporting in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt R Cross
- a Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Farhan Tinwala
- a Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Seth Lenetsky
- a Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Pierre Samozino
- b Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology , University Savoie Mont Blanc , Le Bourget-du-Lac , France
| | - Matt Brughelli
- a Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Jean-Benoit Morin
- a Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand.,c Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS , Nice , France
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27
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Abstract
Background: Injuries and illnesses for professional tennis athletes disrupt training, competition, and progression in the sport and represent a major reason for athlete withdrawal or retirement from a tournament. Few descriptive epidemiological studies have focused on these trends in elite tennis athletes. Purpose: To examine the causes of professional tennis player withdrawal or retirement from United States Tennis Association (USTA) Pro Circuit tournaments during 2013. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: Tournament records from the 2013 USTA Pro Circuit season were retrospectively reviewed for incidences of injury and illness that resulted in athlete withdrawal from the tournament. Data were reported as incidence rates per 1000 match exposures and rate ratios. Results: There were 70 medical conditions over the course of 27 competitions (20,988 match exposures), for an overall incidence rate of 3.34 per 1000 match exposures. Women were more likely to injure themselves on clay courts compared with hard courts (rate ratio, 4.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41-19.85) and in the first half of the season compared with the second half (rate ratio, 3.95; 95% CI, 1.13-21.17). Men had a higher injury rate than women (rate ratio, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.17-3.63), and muscle-/tendon-related injuries were 6 times more likely than all other injuries (95% CI, 2.81-14.69). Conclusion: Women were more likely to experience an injury when playing on clay court surfaces, and they also experienced more injuries during the first half of the season. Injury rates for men often peaked during the months that players could qualify for Grand Slam competitions. There was a predominance of injuries in men compared with women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Hartwell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Sandra M Fong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alexis C Colvin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Charalambous L, von Lieres und Wilkau HC, Potthast W, Irwin G. The effects of artificial surface temperature on mechanical properties and player kinematics during landing and acceleration. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2016; 5:355-360. [PMID: 30356517 PMCID: PMC6188608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial turf is considered a feasible global alternative to natural turf by many sports governing bodies. Consequently, its ability to provide a safe and consistent playing surface regardless of climate becomes essential. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of artificial surface temperature on: (1) mechanical properties of the turf and (2) the kinematics of a turf-sport related movement. METHODS Two identical artificial turf pitches were tested: one with a cold surface temperature (1.8°C-2.4°C) and one with a warm surface temperature (14.5°C-15.2°C). Mechanical testing was performed to measure the surface properties. Four amateur soccer players performed a hurdle jump to sprint acceleration movement, with data (contact time, step length and hip, knee and ankle kinematics) collected using CODASport (200 Hz). RESULTS The temperature difference had a significant influence on the mechanical properties of the artificial turf, including force absorption, energy restitution, rotational resistance, and the height where the head injury criterion was met. Both step length (p = 0.008) and contact time (p = 0.002) of the initial step after the landing were significantly longer on the warm surface. In addition, significant range of motion and joint angular velocity differences were found. CONCLUSION These findings highlight different demands placed on players due to the surface temperature and suggest a need for coaches, practitioners, and sports governing bodies to be aware of these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Charalambous
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, MK41 9EA, UK
| | | | - Wolfgang Potthast
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Gareth Irwin
- Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
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29
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Larsen RJ, Jackson WH, Schmitt D. Mechanisms for regulating step length while running towards and over an obstacle. Hum Mov Sci 2016; 49:186-95. [PMID: 27423264 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to run across uneven terrain with continuous stable movement is critical to the safety and efficiency of a runner. Successful step-to-step stabilization while running may be mediated by minor adjustments to a few key parameters (e.g., leg stiffness, step length, foot strike pattern). However, it is not known to what degree runners in relatively natural settings (e.g., trails, paved road, curbs) use the same strategies across multiple steps. This study investigates how three readily measurable running parameters - step length, foot placement, and foot strike pattern - are adjusted in response to encountering a typical urban obstacle - a sidewalk curb. Thirteen subjects were video-recorded as they ran at self-selected slow and fast paces. Runners targeted a specific distance before the curb for foot placement, and lengthened their step over the curb (p<0.0001) regardless of where the step over the curb was initiated. These strategies of adaptive locomotion disrupt step cycles temporarily, and may increase locomotor cost and muscle loading, but in the end assure dynamic stability and minimize the risk of injury over the duration of a run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne J Larsen
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - William H Jackson
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Schmitt
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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30
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Nunns MPI, Dixon SJ, Clarke J, Carré M. Boot-insole effects on comfort and plantar loading at the heel and fifth metatarsal during running and turning in soccer. J Sports Sci 2015. [PMID: 26197986 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1069378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Plantar loading may influence comfort, performance and injury risk in soccer boots. This study investigated the effect of cleat configuration and insole cushioning levels on perception of comfort and in-shoe plantar pressures at the heel and fifth metatarsal head region. Nine soccer academy players (age 15.7 ± 1.6 years; height 1.80 ± 0.40 m; body mass 71.9 ± 6.1 kg) took part in the study. Two boot models (8 and 6 cleats) and two insoles (Poron and Poron/gel) provided four footwear combinations assessed using pressure insoles during running and 180° turning. Mechanical and comfort perception tests differentiated boot and insole conditions. During biomechanical testing, the Poron insole generally provided lower peak pressures than the Poron/gel insole, particularly during the braking step of the turn. The boot model did not independently influence peak pressures at the fifth metatarsal, and had minimal influence on heel loads. Specific boot-insole combinations performed differently (P < 0.05). The 8-cleat boot and the Poron insole performed best biomechanically and perceptually, but the combined condition did not. Inclusion of kinematic data and improved control of the turning technique are recommended to strengthen future research. The mechanical, perception and biomechanical results highlight the need for a multi-faceted approach in the assessment of footwear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P I Nunns
- a Biomechanics Research Team, College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
| | - Sharon J Dixon
- a Biomechanics Research Team, College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
| | - James Clarke
- b Sports Engineering Research Group , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK
| | - Matt Carré
- b Sports Engineering Research Group , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK
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31
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Wannop JW, Stefanyshyn DJ. The effect of translational and rotational traction on lower extremity joint loading. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:613-20. [PMID: 26176985 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1066023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have linked footwear traction to lower extremity non-contact injury; however, these studies mainly focussed on rotational traction exclusively. While studies have shown that increases in traction lead to increases in joint loading, represented by joint moments, these studies failed to determine how the individual components of rotational and translational traction affect joint loading. Therefore, this study investigated how each component of traction independently affects lower extremity joint loading. Traction testing was performed using a robotic testing machine on three shoes that had independent alterations of translational and rotational traction. All testing was conducted on a sample piece of artificial turf. Kinematic and kinetic data were then collected on 10 athletes performing two cutting movements in each shoe condition. As rotational and translational traction were independently altered, decreased rotational traction led to significant decreases in transverse and frontal plane joint loading at the ankle and knee joints, while increases in translational traction led to increases in frontal plane joint loading at the ankle and knee joints. Increases in joint loading in the transverse and frontal planes are one of the possible mechanisms of lower extremity non-contact injury. Both translational and rotational traction can independently alter the joint loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Wannop
- a Human Performance Lab , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
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32
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Abstract
Tennis places high loads on the joints of players, with supraphysiologic forces being generated at the shoulder and elbow hundreds of times per match. Acute injuries tend to affect the lower extremity; chronic injuries usually involve the upper extremity. Commonly encountered upper extremity conditions include rotator cuff injury, internal impingement, superior labral tears, and epicondylitis of the elbow. Serving is the most strenuous stroke in tennis, with the highest peak muscle activity in the shoulder and forearm occurring during this stroke. The kinetic chain links upper extremity, lower extremity, and core muscle segments by transmitting coordinated activation and motion; in this regard, any pathologic process that disturbs the groin, hip, and abdominal musculature can further result in an increased risk of injury to the shoulder and upper extremity. Evolution in equipment and in play surfaces has also affected the type and frequency of injuries. Prevention programs that address the muscular imbalances throughout the kinetic chain may help reduce the incidence of both acute and chronic injuries experienced by tennis athletes.
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33
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Coward SRL, Halsey LG. Energy expended during horizontal jumping: investigating the effects of surface compliance. Biol Open 2014; 3:815-20. [PMID: 25150277 PMCID: PMC4163658 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20148672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the first data on the metabolic costs of horizontal jumping in humans, using this tractable model to explore variations in energy expenditure with substrate properties, and consider these findings in light of kinematic data. Twenty-four participants jumped consistently at the rate of 1 jump per 5 s between opposing springboards separated by either a short (1.2 m) or long (1.8 m) gap. Springboards were either 'firm' or 'compliant'. Respiratory gas exchange was measured using a back-mounted portable respiratory gas analyser to represent rate of energy expenditure, which was converted to energy expenditure per metre jumped. Video data were recorded to interpret kinematic information. Horizontal jumping was found to be between around 10 and 20 times the energy cost of cursorial locomotion per unit distance moved. There is considerable evidence from the data that jumping 1.8 m from a compliant springboard (134.9 mL O2 m(-1)) is less costly energetically than jumping that distance from a firm springboard (141.6 mL O2 m(-1)), albeit the effect size is quite small within the range of compliances tested in this study. However, there was no evidence of an effect of springboard type for jumps of 1.2 m. The kinematic analyses indicate possible explanations for these findings. Firstly, the calf muscle is likely used more, and the thigh muscles less, to take-off from a firm springboard during 1.8 m jumps, which may result in the power required to take-off being produced less efficiently. Secondly, the angle of take-off from the compliant surface during 1.8 m jumps is closer to the optimal for energetic efficiency (45°), possible due to the impulse provided by the surface as it returns stored energy during the final stages of the take-off. The theoretical effect on energy costs due to a different take-off angle for jumps of only 1.2 m is close to negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R L Coward
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Lewis G Halsey
- Centre for Research in Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK
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34
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Andena L, Briatico-Vangosa F, Cazzoni E, Ciancio A, Mariani S, Pavan A. Modeling of shock absorption in athletics track surfaces. SPORTS ENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12283-014-0162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Damm L, Starbuck C, Stocker N, Clarke J, Carré M, Dixon S. Shoe-surface friction in tennis: influence on plantar pressure and implications for injury. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2014.891659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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Lucas DE, Philbin T, Hatic S. The plantar plate of the first metatarsophalangeal joint: an anatomical study. Foot Ankle Spec 2014; 7:108-12. [PMID: 24572212 DOI: 10.1177/1938640014522095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The plantar plate of the first metatarsophalangeal (MP) joint is a critical structure of the forefoot that has been identified as a major stabilizer within the capsuloligamentous complex. Many studies have clarified and documented the anatomy of the lesser toe MP plantar plates, but few have looked closely at the anatomy of the first MP joint. Ten cadaveric specimens were examined to identify and document the objective anatomic relationship of the plantar plate, tibial sesamoid, and surrounding osseus structures. The average distance of the plantar plate distal insertion from the joint line into the proximal phalanx was 0.33 mm. The plantar plate was inserted into the metatarsal head on average 17.29 mm proximal from the joint line. The proximal aspect of the sesamoid was 18.55 mm proximal to the distal attachment of the plantar plate to the phalanx. The distal aspect of the sesamoid averaged 4.69 mm away from the distal attachment into the proximal phalanx. The footprint of the distal plate insertion was on average 6.33 mm in length in the sagittal plane. The authors hope that these objective data measures can aid in the understanding and subsequent surgical repair of this important forefoot structure.
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37
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Schrier NM, Wannop JW, Lewinson RT, Worobets J, Stefanyshyn D. Shoe traction and surface compliance affect performance of soccer-related movements. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2014.886302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Maquirriain J. The interaction between the tennis court and the player: how does surface affect leg stiffness? Sports Biomech 2013; 12:48-53. [PMID: 23724608 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2012.725088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An adequate level of leg stiffness is necessary for an optimal tennis performance and leg stiffness should be adapted to frequently changing surfaces as tennis players usually play on different courts. The aim of this study was to evaluate leg stiffness in competitive tennis players on different court surfaces. Ten healthy competitive tennis players (nine men and one woman; mean age = 17.6 +/- 3.2 years) underwent leg stiffness testing by modeling the vertical ground reaction force using an optical system. Flight time and contact time were determined during hopping on two different tennis court surfaces (clay and acrylic). No significant difference was found in the flight time, contact time, and jump height between the surfaces. No significant difference in leg stiffness was found between the surfaces (18.25 +/- 5.8 and 19.27 +/- 4.9 kN/m for clay and acrylic, respectively; p = 0.28). This study demonstrated that contact time and flight time as well as leg stiffness of tennis players remained unchanged when hopping on two different tennis surfaces. Results of this research provide objective data regarding the tennis-specific loading of the locomotor system and proper mechanical adaptation of the player on different surfaces, which may be useful for testing protocols and planning training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Maquirriain
- High Performance National Sports Centre (CeNARD), Argentine Tennis Association, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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39
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Dragoo JL, Braun HJ, Harris AHS. The effect of playing surface on the incidence of ACL injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association American Football. Knee 2013; 20:191-5. [PMID: 22920310 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial playing surfaces are widely used for American football practice and competition and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common. This study analyzed the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance System (ISS) men's football ACL injury database from 2004-2005 through 2008-2009 to determine the effect of playing surface on ACL injury in NCAA football athletes. METHODS This database was reviewed from the 2004-2005 through 2008-2009 seasons using the specific injury code, "Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) complete tear." The injury rate was computed for competition and practice exposures. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals were calculated using assumptions of a Poisson distribution. Pair-wise, two-sample tests of equality of proportions with a continuity correction were used to estimate the associations of risk factors. RESULTS There was an incidence rate of 1.73 ACL injuries per 10,000 athlete-exposures (A-Es) (95% CI 1.47-2.0) on artificial playing surfaces compared with a rate of 1.24 per 10,000 A-Es (1.05-1.45, p<0.001) on natural grass. The rate of ACL injury on artificial surfaces is 1.39 times higher than the injury rate on grass surfaces. Non-contact injuries occurred more frequently on artificial turf surfaces (44.29%) than on natural grass (36.12%). CONCLUSIONS NCAA football players experience a greater number of ACL injuries when playing on artificial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Dragoo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94063-6342, USA.
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40
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Zanetti EM, Bignardi C, Franceschini G, Audenino AL. Amateur football pitches: Mechanical properties of the natural ground and of different artificial turf infills and their biomechanical implications. J Sports Sci 2013; 31:767-78. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.750005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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41
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McGhie D, Ettema G. Biomechanical analysis of traction at the shoe-surface interface on third-generation artificial turf. SPORTS ENGINEERING 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12283-013-0115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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McGhie D, Ettema G. Biomechanical analysis of surface-athlete impacts on third-generation artificial turf. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41:177-85. [PMID: 23149018 DOI: 10.1177/0363546512464697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive repetitive loads are widely believed to be the cause of overload or overuse injuries. On third-generation artificial turf, impacts have been found to vary with surface and shoe properties. Mechanical devices are considered not representative for measuring impact absorption during athletic movements, and pressure insoles have been shown as inaccurate with regard to magnitude of force. PURPOSE To compare impact properties between different third-generation artificial turf systems in combination with various cleat configurations in vivo using force plate technology. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Twenty-two male soccer players (mean ± SD: age, 23.1 ± 2.8 y; height, 1.81 ± 0.1 m; body mass, 77.5 ± 6.0 kg) performed 10 short sprints, 5 straight with a sudden stop and 5 with a 90° cut, over a force plate covered with artificial turf for each combination of 3 turf systems and 3 cleat configurations. RESULTS During stop sprints, peak impact was significantly higher on a recreational-level turf system than professional-level turf systems with and without an underlying shock pad (3.12 body weight [W] vs 3.01 W and 3.02 W, respectively). During cut sprints, peak impact was significantly higher with traditional round cleats than with turf cleats and bladed cleats (2.99 W vs 2.84 W and 2.87 W, respectively). CONCLUSION The results indicate that both an increase in assumed impact-absorbing surface properties and a larger distribution of shorter cleats produced lower impacts during standardized athletic movements. Regardless, none of the shoe-surface combinations yielded peak impacts of an assumed hazardous magnitude. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The study provides information on the extent to which various third-generation artificial turf systems and cleat configurations affect impact force, widely believed to be a causative factor for overload and overuse injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- David McGhie
- Department of Human Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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43
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Brito J, Krustrup P, Rebelo A. The influence of the playing surface on the exercise intensity of small-sided recreational soccer games. Hum Mov Sci 2012; 31:946-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Caudal paw displacement during movement initiation and its implications for possible injury mechanisms. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2012; 25:397-401. [PMID: 22695713 DOI: 10.3415/vcot-11-07-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to quantify and determine the degree to which dogs experience negative displacement of the paw during movement initiation on natural surfaces, the frequency of that displacement, and whether or not the negative displacement could yield injuries. METHODS Seven retired racing Greyhound dogs were selected to participate in sprint starts on two natural (non-vegetated and vegetated) surfaces. Kinematic analysis was conducted to quantify the displacements. RESULTS All dogs in all trials experienced a negative paw displacement in at least one or more limbs. Significant effects were found for negative displacement across surfaces, limb, and for the surface x limb interactions. Rear paw negative displacement was -6.68 ± 2.55% body length (BL) for the non-vegetated surface and -5.29 ± 1.92% BL for the vegetated surface. Front paw negative displacement was -21.42 ± 2.62% BL for the non-vegetated surface and -17.25 ± 3.82% BL for the vegetated surface. There was no significant difference between average torso velocity on the two track surfaces. This study verified that the paw does negatively displace (moves backwards) during movement initiation. The magnitude of the displacements suggests that multiple injury mechanisms could be present. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings demonstrate the extreme kinematics placed on the canine body during movement initiation, which might further the understanding of the mechanism of injury and contribute to enhanced surgical and rehabilitation techniques.
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Wei F, Meyer EG, Braman JE, Powell JW, Haut RC. Rotational Stiffness of Football Shoes Influences Talus Motion during External Rotation of the Foot. J Biomech Eng 2012; 134:041002. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4005695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Shoe-surface interface characteristics have been implicated in the high incidence of ankle injuries suffered by athletes. Yet, the differences in rotational stiffness among shoes may also influence injury risk. It was hypothesized that shoes with different rotational stiffness will generate different patterns of ankle ligament strain. Four football shoe designs were tested and compared in terms of rotational stiffness. Twelve (six pairs) male cadaveric lower extremity limbs were externally rotated 30 deg using two selected football shoe designs, i.e., a flexible shoe and a rigid shoe. Motion capture was performed to track the movement of the talus with a reflective marker array screwed into the bone. A computational ankle model was utilized to input talus motions for the estimation of ankle ligament strains. At 30 deg of rotation, the rigid shoe generated higher ankle joint torque at 46.2 ± 9.3 Nm than the flexible shoe at 35.4 ± 5.7 Nm. While talus rotation was greater in the rigid shoe (15.9 ± 1.6 deg versus 12.1 ± 1.0 deg), the flexible shoe generated more talus eversion (5.6 ± 1.5 deg versus 1.2± 0.8 deg). While these talus motions resulted in the same level of anterior deltoid ligament strain (approxiamtely 5%) between shoes, there was a significant increase of anterior tibiofibular ligament strain (4.5± 0.4% versus 2.3 ± 0.3%) for the flexible versus more rigid shoe design. The flexible shoe may provide less restraint to the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints, resulting in more eversion but less axial rotation of the talus during foot/shoe rotation. The increase of strain in the anterior tibiofibular ligament may have been largely due to the increased level of talus eversion documented for the flexible shoe. There may be a direct correlation of ankle joint torque with axial talus rotation, and an inverse relationship between torque and talus eversion. The study may provide some insight into relationships between shoe design and ankle ligament strain patterns. In future studies, these data may be useful in characterizing shoe design parameters and balancing potential ankle injury risks with player performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wei
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratories, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824
| | - Eric G. Meyer
- Experimental Biomechanics Laboratory, Lawrence Technological University, Southfield, MI, 48076
| | - Jerrod E. Braman
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratories, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824
| | - John W. Powell
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824
| | - Roger C. Haut
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratories, Michigan State University, East Lansing, M, 48824
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46
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Wannop JW, Stefanyshyn DJ. The effect of normal load, speed and moisture on footwear traction. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2011.653992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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47
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Angle TC, Gillette RL, Weimar WH. Kinematic analysis of maximal movement initiation in Greyhounds. Aust Vet J 2012; 90:60-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Lohman EB, Balan Sackiriyas KS, Swen RW. A comparison of the spatiotemporal parameters, kinematics, and biomechanics between shod, unshod, and minimally supported running as compared to walking. Phys Ther Sport 2011; 12:151-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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49
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Williams S, Hume PA, Kara S. A Review of Football Injuries on Third and Fourth Generation Artificial Turfs Compared with Natural Turf. Sports Med 2011; 41:903-23. [DOI: 10.2165/11593190-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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50
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Wei F, Braman JE, Weaver BT, Haut RC. Determination of dynamic ankle ligament strains from a computational model driven by motion analysis based kinematic data. J Biomech 2011; 44:2636-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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