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Alsemari A, Boscarino JJ. Neuropsychological and neuroanatomical underpinnings of the face pareidolia errors on the noise pareidolia test in patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia due to Lewy bodies. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38949538 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2024.2372876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prior research on the Noise Pareidolia Test (NPT) has demonstrated its clinical utility in detecting patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia due to Lewy Body Disease (LBD). However, few studies to date have investigated the neuropsychological factors underlying pareidolia errors on the NPT across the clinical spectrum of LBD. Furthermore, to our knowledge, no research has examined the relationship between cortical thickness using MRI data and NPT subscores. As such, this study sought to explore the neuropsychological and neuroanatomical factors influencing performance on the NPT utilizing the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Lewy Body Dementia Module. METHODS Our sample included participants with normal cognition (NC; n = 56), LBD with mild cognitive impairment (LBD-MCI; n = 97), and LBD with dementia (LBD-Dementia; n = 94). Archival data from NACC were retrospectively analyzed for group differences in neuropsychological test scores and cognitive and psychiatric predictors of NPT scores. Clinicoradiological correlates between NPT subscores and a small subsample of the above LBD participants were also examined. RESULTS Analyses revealed significant differences in NPT scores among groups. Regression analysis demonstrated that dementia severity, attention, and visuospatial processing contributed approximately 24% of NPT performance in LBD groups. Clinicoradiological analysis suggests a potential contribution of the right fusiform gyrus, but not the inferior occipital gyrus, to NPT pareidolia error scores. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the interplay of attention and visuoperceptual functions in complex pareidolia in LBD. Further investigation is needed to refine the utility of NPT scores in clinical settings, including identifying patients at risk for visual illusions and hallucinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Alsemari
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio OH, USA
| | - Joseph J Boscarino
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida FL, USA
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Devenyi RA, Hamedani AG. Visual dysfunction in dementia with Lewy bodies. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2024:10.1007/s11910-024-01349-8. [PMID: 38907811 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-024-01349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the literature on visual dysfunction in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), including its mechanisms and clinical implications. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have explored novel aspects of visual dysfunction in DLB, including visual texture agnosia, mental rotation of 3-dimensional drawn objects, and reading fragmented letters. Recent studies have shown parietal and occipital hypoperfusion correlating with impaired visuoconstruction performance. While visual dysfunction in clinically manifest DLB is well recognized, recent work has focused on prodromal or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Lewy body pathology with mixed results. Advances in retinal imaging have recently led to the identification of abnormalities such as parafoveal thinning in DLB. Patients with DLB experience impairment in color perception, form and object identification, space and motion perception, visuoconstruction tasks, and illusions in association with visual cortex and network dysfunction. These symptoms are associated with visual hallucinations, driving impairment, falls, and other negative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Devenyi
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ali G Hamedani
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Saurels BW, Peluso N, Taubert J. A behavioral advantage for the face pareidolia illusion in peripheral vision. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10040. [PMID: 38693189 PMCID: PMC11063176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60892-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Investigation of visual illusions helps us understand how we process visual information. For example, face pareidolia, the misperception of illusory faces in objects, could be used to understand how we process real faces. However, it remains unclear whether this illusion emerges from errors in face detection or from slower, cognitive processes. Here, our logic is straightforward; if examples of face pareidolia activate the mechanisms that rapidly detect faces in visual environments, then participants will look at objects more quickly when the objects also contain illusory faces. To test this hypothesis, we sampled continuous eye movements during a fast saccadic choice task-participants were required to select either faces or food items. During this task, pairs of stimuli were positioned close to the initial fixation point or further away, in the periphery. As expected, the participants were faster to look at face targets than food targets. Importantly, we also discovered an advantage for food items with illusory faces but, this advantage was limited to the peripheral condition. These findings are among the first to demonstrate that the face pareidolia illusion persists in the periphery and, thus, it is likely to be a consequence of erroneous face detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake W Saurels
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Natalie Peluso
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica Taubert
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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Obrenovic M, Mouthon M, Chavan C, Saj A, Dieguez S, Aellen J, Chabwine JN. Acute right opercular stroke-associated polyopic heautoscopy and hallucinations caused by disconnection to the inferior parietal lobule through the superior longitudinal fasciculus III: A single case study. Cortex 2024; 174:125-136. [PMID: 38520766 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Illusory neuropsychiatric symptoms such as hallucinations or the feeling of a presence (FOP) can occur in diffuse brain lesion or dysfunction, in psychiatric diseases as well as in healthy individuals. Their occurrence due to focal brain lesions is rare, most probably due to underreporting, which limits progress in understanding their underlying mechanisms and anatomical determinants. In this single case study, an 86-year-old patient experienced, in the context of an acute right central opercular ischemic stroke, visual hallucinatory symptoms (including palinopsia), differently lateralized auditory hallucinations and FOP. This unusual clinical constellation could be precisely documented and illustrated while still present, allowing a realistic and immersive visual experience validated by the patient. The acute stroke appeared to be their most plausible cause (after exclusion of other etiologies). Furthermore, accurate analysis of tractographic data suggested that disruption in the posterior bundle of the superior longitudinal fasciculus connecting the stroke lesion to the inferior parietal lobule was the anatomical substrate explaining the FOP and, indirectly, also hallucinations through whiter matter involvement, in coherence with existing literature. We could finally elaborate on symptoms taxonomy and phenomenology (e.g., polyopic heautoscopy, hallucinatory FOP, etc), and on patient's remarkable distancing from them (with some therapeutic implications supported by plausibly engaged mechanisms). This case not only authentically enriched the description of such rare combination of heterogenous illusory symptoms through this novel visualization-based reporting approach, but disclosed an unrevealed anatomo-clinical link relating all of them to the acute stroke lesion through an association fiber, thereby contributing to the understanding of these intriguing symptoms and their determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihailo Obrenovic
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation SUVA Care, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Michael Mouthon
- Laboratory for Neurorehabilitation Science, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Camille Chavan
- Neuropsychology-Logopedy Unit, Fribourg Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Saj
- Neuropsychology-Logopedy Unit, Fribourg Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Dieguez
- Laboratory for Neurorehabilitation Science, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Jerôme Aellen
- Department of Radiology, Fribourg Hospital, Riaz, Switzerland
| | - Joelle N Chabwine
- Laboratory for Neurorehabilitation Science, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg Switzerland; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Fribourg Hospital, Cantonal Hospital Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Camenzind M, Göbel N, Eberhard-Moscicka A, Knobel S, Hegi H, Single M, Kaufmann B, Schumacher R, Nyffeler T, Nef T, Müri R. The phenomenology of pareidolia in healthy subjects and patients with left- or right-hemispheric stroke. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27414. [PMID: 38468958 PMCID: PMC10926141 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Pareidolia are perceptions of recognizable images or meaningful patterns where none exist. In recent years, this phenomenon has been increasingly studied in healthy subjects and patients with neurological or psychiatric diseases. The current study examined pareidolia production in a group of 53 stroke patients and 82 neurologically healthy controls who performed a natural images task. We found a significant reduction of absolute pareidolia production in left- and right-hemispheric stroke patients, with right-hemispheric patients producing overall fewest pareidolic output. Responses were categorized into 28 distinct categories, with 'Animal', 'Human', 'Face', and 'Body parts' being the most common, accounting for 72% of all pareidolia. Regarding the percentages of the different categories of pareidolia, we found a significant reduction for the percentage of "Body parts" pareidolia in the left-hemispheric patient group as compared to the control group, while the percentage of this pareidolia type was not significantly reduced in right-hemispheric patients compared to healthy controls. These results support the hypothesis that pareidolia production may be influenced by local-global visual processing with the left hemisphere being involved in local and detailed analytical visual processing to a greater extent. As such, a lesion to the right hemisphere, that is believed to be critical for global visual processing, might explain the overall fewest pareidolic output produced by the right-hemispheric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Camenzind
- Perception and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - N. Göbel
- Perception and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland
- Research and Analysis Services, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A.K. Eberhard-Moscicka
- Perception and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S.E.J. Knobel
- Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - H. Hegi
- Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M. Single
- Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - B.C. Kaufmann
- Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - R. Schumacher
- Perception and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - T. Nyffeler
- Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - T. Nef
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - R.M. Müri
- Perception and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Matsumoto T, Koh J, Sakata M, Nakayama Y, Yorozu S, Taruya J, Takahashi M, Miyamoto K, Ito H. Noise Pareidolia Test in Parkinson's Disease and Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes: A Retrospective Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e55436. [PMID: 38567204 PMCID: PMC10986643 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pareidolias, or visual misperceptions, are a non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) with unclear pathophysiology. The noise pareidolia test (NPT) is a tool for screening pareidolias. The usefulness of the NPT in differentiating PD from atypical parkinsonian syndromes (APS) is also unknown. METHODS We retrospectively investigated 74 patients with PD and 18 patients with APS who took the NPT. Correlations between the number of pareidolic responses, gray matter volume, and cerebral blood flow were also examined in the patients with PD. RESULTS The median number of pareidolic responses in patients with PD and patients with APS was 0 (interquartile range (IQR): 0-3) and 0 (IQR: 0-1), respectively, and tended to be higher in patients with PD than in those with APS (p = 0.077). It was significantly higher in patients with PD who had hallucinations (2; IQR: 0-9) (p = 0.016). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the number of pareidolic responses in the NPT was 0.62 when used to differentiate PD and APS, and the optimal cutoff number of pareidolic responses was 2/3. Sensitivity and specificity were 25.7% and 100%, respectively. In the PD group, the number of pareidolic responses was correlated with age (r = 0.27; p = 0.021) and the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) score (r = -0.34; p = 0.0099). Magnetic resonance imaging showed no significant correlation between the number of pareidolic responses and the volume of focal gray matter. On cerebral hypoperfusion mapping, the left parietal lobe had a significant correlation with the number of pareidolic responses (r = 0.35; p = 0.027). CONCLUSION The number of pareidolic responses in NPT was suggested to be useful as a red flag to rule out APS in differentiating PD from APS. In PD without dementia, the number of pareidolic responses was associated with reduced blood flow in the left parietal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Neurology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, JPN
| | - Jinsoo Koh
- Department of Neurology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, JPN
| | - Mayumi Sakata
- Department of Neurology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, JPN
| | | | - Shoko Yorozu
- Department of Neurology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, JPN
| | - Junko Taruya
- Department of Neurology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, JPN
| | - Maiko Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, JPN
| | | | - Hidefumi Ito
- Department of Neurology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, JPN
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Kim S, Choi JH, Woo KA, Joo JY, Jeon B, Lee JY. Clinical correlates of pareidolias and color discrimination deficits in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder and Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024; 131:141-148. [PMID: 38110521 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02724-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Visuoperceptual dysfunction is common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and is also reported in its prodromal phase, isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD). We aimed to investigate color discrimination ability and complex visual illusions known as pareidolias in patients with iRBD and PD compared to healthy controls, and their associating clinical factors. 46 iRBD, 43 PD, and 64 healthy controls performed the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test and noise pareidolia tests. Any relationship between those two visual functions and associations with prodromal motor and non-motor manifestations were evaluated, including MDS-UPDRS part I to III, Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test, sleep questionnaires, and comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. iRBD and PD patients both performed worse on the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test and had greater number of pareidolias compared to healthy controls. No correlations were found between the extent of impaired color discrimination and pareidolia scores in either group. In iRBD patients, pareidolias were associated with frontal executive dysfunction, while impaired color discrimination was associated with visuospatial dysfunction, hyposmia, and higher MDS-UPDRS-III scores. Pareidolias in PD patients correlated with worse global cognition, whereas color discrimination deficits were associated with frontal executive dysfunction. Color discrimination deficits and pareidolias are frequent but does not correlate with each other from prodromal to clinically established stage of PD. The different pattern of clinical associates with the two visual symptoms suggests that evaluation of both color and pareidolias may aid in revealing the course of neurodegeneration in iRBD and PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Choi
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ah Woo
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Joo
- Department of Neurology, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Uijeongbu, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomseok Jeon
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Young Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Batzu L, Podlewska A, Gibson L, Chaudhuri KR, Aarsland D. A general clinical overview of the non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: Neuropsychiatric symptoms. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 174:59-97. [PMID: 38341232 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of non-motor features observed in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) is often dominated by one or more symptoms belonging to the neuropsychiatric spectrum, such as cognitive impairment, psychosis, depression, anxiety, and apathy. Due to their high prevalence in people with PD (PwP) and their occurrence in every stage of the disease, from the prodromal to the advanced stage, it is not surprising that PD can be conceptualised as a complex neuropsychiatric disorder. Despite progress in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms in PD, and better identification and diagnosis of these symptoms, effective treatments are still a major unmet need. The impact of these symptoms on the quality of life of PwP and caregivers, as well as their contribution to the overall non-motor symptom burden can be greater than that of motor symptoms and require a personalised, holistic approach. In this chapter, we provide a general clinical overview of the major neuropsychiatric symptoms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Batzu
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandra Podlewska
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Gibson
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
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Bernardin F, Remy I, Giersch A, Schwan R, Schwitzer T, Laprevote V. Commentary: Visual Hallucinations in Psychosis: The Curious Absence of the Primary Visual Cortex. Schizophr Bull 2024; 50:1-4. [PMID: 37611909 PMCID: PMC10754165 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Bernardin
- Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d’Adultes du Grand Nancy, Laxou, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médical, INSERM U1114, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Irving Remy
- Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d’Adultes du Grand Nancy, Laxou, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médical, INSERM U1114, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Giersch
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médical, INSERM U1114, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Raymund Schwan
- Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d’Adultes du Grand Nancy, Laxou, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- University of Lorraine, IADI, INSERM U1254, Nancy, France
| | - Thomas Schwitzer
- Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d’Adultes du Grand Nancy, Laxou, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- University of Lorraine, IADI, INSERM U1254, Nancy, France
| | - Vincent Laprevote
- Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d’Adultes du Grand Nancy, Laxou, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médical, INSERM U1114, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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McCann E, Lee S, Coleman F, O’Sullivan JD, Nestor PJ. Pareidolias are a function of visuoperceptual impairment. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293942. [PMID: 37930972 PMCID: PMC10627440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pareidolias, or the misperception of ambiguous stimuli as meaningful objects, are complex visual illusions thought to be phenomenologically similar to Visual Hallucination (VH). VH are a major predictor of dementia in Parkinson's Disease (PD) and are included as a core clinical feature in Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB). A newly developed Noise Pareidolia Test (NPT) was proposed as a possible surrogate marker for VH in DLB patients as increased pareidolic responses correlated with informant-corroborated accounts of VH. This association could, however, be mediated by visuoperceptual impairment. To understand the drivers of performance on the NPT, we contrasted performances in patient groups that varied both in terms of visuoperceptual ability and rates of VH. N = 43 patients were studied of whom n = 13 had DLB or PD with Dementia (PDD); n = 13 had PD; n = 12 had typical, memory-onset Alzheimer's Disease (tAD); and n = 5 had Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA) due to Alzheimer's disease. All patient groups reported pareidolias. Within the Lewy body disorders (PD, DLB, PDD), there was no significant difference in pareidolic response rates between hallucinating and non-hallucinating patients. Visuoperceptual deficits and pareidolic responses were most frequent in the PCA group-none of whom reported VH. Regression analyses in the entire patient cohort indicated that pareidolias were strongly predicted by visuoperceptual impairment but not by the presence of VH. These findings suggest that pareidolias reflect the underlying visuoperceptual impairment of Lewy body disorders, rather than being a direct marker for VH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily McCann
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Felicia Coleman
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - John D. O’Sullivan
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter J. Nestor
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Neurosciences Centre, Mater Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Matsuura K, Ii Y, Maeda M, Tabei K, Satoh M, Umino M, Kajikawa H, Araki T, Nakamura N, Matsuyama H, Shindo A, Tomimoto H. Pulvinar quantitative susceptibility mapping predicts visual hallucinations post-deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3263. [PMID: 37743594 PMCID: PMC10636381 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We have reported the relationship between low pulvinar nuclei (PN) intensity in susceptibility-weighted imaging and the appearance of visual hallucinations and cognitive function. The aim of the study was to examine the changes in the quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) who underwent deep brain stimulation (DBS) and verify whether the PN susceptibility value (SV) on QSM can predict visual hallucination and cognitive changes after DBS. METHODS This study examined 24 patients with PD who underwent DBS along with QSM imaging on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All MRIs were performed within 3 months before surgery. The PN SV was further assessed based on the QSM. Then, associations were examined among cognitive changes, hallucination, and PN SV. The cognitive function of the patient was compared immediately before surgery and at 1 year postoperatively. RESULTS Visual hallucinations were observed in seven patients during the follow-up period. The PN SV was ≥0.045 ppm in nine patients with PD, and six of them had visual hallucinations, whereas only one of 15 patients with PD with SV of <0.045 ppm had visual hallucinations (Fisher's exact test, p = .0037). CONCLUSIONS The SV of >0.045 ppm at the PN in QSM in patients with PD may provide useful information suggesting visual hallucination and cognitive deterioration after DBS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Matsuura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of MedicineMie UniversityMieJapan
| | - Yuichiro Ii
- Department of Neuroimaging and PathophysiologyMie University School of MedicineMieJapan
| | - Masayuki Maeda
- Department of Neuroradiology, Graduate School of MedicineMie UniversityMieJapan
| | - Ken‐ichi Tabei
- School of Industrial Technology, Advanced Institute of Industrial TechnologyTokyo Metropolitan Public University CorporationTokyoJapan
| | - Masayuki Satoh
- Department of Dementia and Neuropsychology, Advanced Institute of Industrial TechnologyTokyo Metropolitan Public University CorporationTokyoJapan
| | - Maki Umino
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of MedicineMie UniversityMieJapan
| | | | | | - Naoko Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of MedicineMie UniversityMieJapan
| | - Hirofumi Matsuyama
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of MedicineMie UniversityMieJapan
| | - Akihiro Shindo
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of MedicineMie UniversityMieJapan
| | - Hidekazu Tomimoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of MedicineMie UniversityMieJapan
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12
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Taubert J, Wally S, Dixson BJ. Preliminary evidence of an increased susceptibility to face pareidolia in postpartum women. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230126. [PMID: 37700700 PMCID: PMC10498352 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
As primates, we are hypersensitive to faces and face-like patterns in the visual environment, hence we often perceive illusory faces in otherwise inanimate objects, such as burnt pieces of toast and the surface of the moon. Although this phenomenon, known as face pareidolia, is a common experience, it is unknown whether our susceptibility to face pareidolia is static across our lifespan or what factors would cause it to change. Given the evidence that behaviour towards face stimuli is modulated by the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT), we reasoned that participants in stages of life associated with high levels of endogenous OT might be more susceptible to face pareidolia than participants in other stages of life. We tested this hypothesis by assessing pareidolia susceptibility in two groups of women; pregnant women (low endogenous OT) and postpartum women (high endogenous OT). We found evidence that postpartum women report seeing face pareidolia more easily than women who are currently pregnant. These data, collected online, suggest that our sensitivity to face-like patterns is not fixed and may change throughout adulthood, providing a crucial proof of concept that requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Taubert
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, McElwain Building, St Lucia, 4072 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Samantha Wally
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, McElwain Building, St Lucia, 4072 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Barnaby J. Dixson
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, McElwain Building, St Lucia, 4072 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Psychology and Social Sciences, The University of Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
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13
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Watanabe H, Uchiyama M, Yokoi K, Mamiya Y, Narita W, Iizuka O, Baba T, Suzuki K, Mori E, Nishio Y. Behavioral and neural correlates of pareidolic illusions in dementia with Lewy bodies. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 113:105513. [PMID: 37441885 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pareidolia, a form of visual illusions phenomenologically similar to complex visual hallucinations, is a phenomenon that is associated with visual hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). This study aimed to identify commonalities and differences in behavioral and neural correlates between pareidolic illusions and visual hallucinations in DLB. METHODS Forty-three patients with DLB underwent the scene pareidolia test, which evokes and measures pareidolic illusions, and standardized neuropsychological and behavioral assessments. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured by single-photon emission computed tomography. Factor analysis was performed to assess the relationships among pareidolic illusions, cognitive functions, and behavioral symptoms. Partial least squares correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between these symptoms and rCBF. RESULTS Factor analysis yielded three behavior factors: the first factor (hallucinations/fluctuations) consisted of pareidolic illusions, visual hallucinations, and fluctuating cognition; the second factor (general cognitive function) consisted of general cognitive function and working memory; and the third factor (visual processing) consisted of visual processing and pareidolic illusions. Partial least squares correlation analysis identified two brain-behavior correlation patterns: (1) rCBF reduction in the frontal and perisylvian/periventricular regions was associated with lower general cognitive function and lower visual processing; and (2) rCBF reduction in the bilateral occipitotemporal cortex was associated with more severe hallucinations/fluctuations and lower visual processing. CONCLUSIONS At the behavioral level, pareidolic illusions are associated with visual hallucinations, fluctuating cognition, and visual processing in DLB. At the neural level, pareidolic illusions may arise from the synergistic effects of global neuropathological changes and occipitotemporal cortical dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Makoto Uchiyama
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kayoko Yokoi
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Mamiya
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Occupational Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Wataru Narita
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Osamu Iizuka
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toru Baba
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kyoko Suzuki
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Etsuro Mori
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Nishio
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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14
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Shahid M, Rawls A, Ramirez V, Ryman S, Santini VE, Yang L, Sha SJ, Hall JN, Montine TJ, Lin A, Tian L, Henderson VW, Cholerton B, Yutsis M, Poston KL. Illusory Responses across the Lewy Body Disease Spectrum. Ann Neurol 2023; 93:702-714. [PMID: 36511519 PMCID: PMC10231422 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to study pareidolias, or perceived meaningful objects in a meaningless stimulus, in patients across the Lewy body (LB) disease spectrum, where most do not report hallucinations or delusions. METHODS We studied illusory responses on the Noise Pareidolia Task in 300 participants (38 cognitively impaired LB, 65 cognitively unimpaired LB, 51 Alzheimer disease spectrum [AD-s], 146 controls). Pairwise between-group comparisons examined how diagnosis impacts the number of illusory responses. Ordinal regression analysis compared the number of illusory responses across diagnosis groups, adjusting for age, sex, and education. Analyses were repeated after removing participants with reported hallucinations or delusions. RESULTS Cognitively impaired LB participants were 12.3, 4.9, and 4.6 times more likely than control, cognitively unimpaired LB, and AD-s participants, respectively, to endorse illusory responses. After adjusting for age, sex, and education, the probability of endorsing 1 or more illusory responses was 61% in the cognitively impaired LB group, compared to 26% in AD-s, 25% in cognitively unimpaired LB, and 12% in control participants. All results were similar after repeated analysis only in participants without hallucinations or delusions. In LB without hallucinations or delusions, 52% with mild cognitive impairment and 66.7% with dementia endorsed at least 1 illusory response. INTERPRETATION We found illusory responses are common in cognitively impaired LB patients, including those without any reported psychosis. Our data suggest that, prior to the onset of hallucinations and delusions, the Noise Pareidolia Task can easily be used to screen for unobtrusive pareidolias in all LB patients. ANN NEUROL 2023;93:702-714.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Shahid
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ashley Rawls
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Veronica Ramirez
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sephira Ryman
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Veronica E Santini
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Laurice Yang
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sharon J Sha
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jacob N Hall
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Neurology Center of Southern California, Temecula, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amy Lin
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Victor W Henderson
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brenna Cholerton
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maya Yutsis
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen L Poston
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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15
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Palmisano A, Chiarantoni G, Bossi F, Conti A, D'Elia V, Tagliente S, Nitsche MA, Rivolta D. Face pareidolia is enhanced by 40 Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) of the face perception network. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2035. [PMID: 36739325 PMCID: PMC9899232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pareidolia refers to the perception of ambiguous sensory patterns as carrying a specific meaning. In its most common form, pareidolia involves human-like facial features, where random objects or patterns are illusionary recognized as faces. The current study investigated the neurophysiological correlates of face pareidolia via transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). tACS was delivered at gamma (40 Hz) frequency over critical nodes of the "face perception" network (i.e., right lateral occipito-temporal and left prefrontal cortex) of 75 healthy participants while completing four face perception tasks ('Mooney test' for faces, 'Toast test', 'Noise pareidolia test', 'Pareidolia task') and an object perception task ('Mooney test' for objects). In this single-blind, sham-controlled between-subjects study, participants received 35 min of either Sham, Online, (40Hz-tACS_ON), or Offline (40Hz-tACS_PRE) stimulation. Results showed that face pareidolia was causally enhanced by 40Hz-tACS_PRE in the Mooney test for faces in which, as compared to sham, participants more often misperceived scrambled stimuli as faces. In addition, as compared to sham, participants receiving 40Hz-tACS_PRE showed similar reaction times (RTs) when perceiving illusory faces and correctly recognizing noise stimuli in the Toast test, thus not exhibiting hesitancy in identifying faces where there were none. Also, 40Hz-tACS_ON induced slower rejections of face pareidolia responses in the Noise pareidolia test. The current study indicates that 40 Hz tACS can enhance pareidolic illusions in healthy individuals and, thus, that high frequency (i.e., gamma band) oscillations are critical in forming coherent and meaningful visual perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Palmisano
- Department of Education, Psychology, and Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
| | - Giulio Chiarantoni
- Department of Education, Psychology, and Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Conti
- Department of Education, Psychology, and Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Vitiana D'Elia
- Department of Education, Psychology, and Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Serena Tagliente
- Department of Education, Psychology, and Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | - Davide Rivolta
- Department of Education, Psychology, and Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,School of Psychology, University of East London (UEL), London, UK
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16
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Turner TH, Rodriguez‐Porcel F. Utility of the 20-Item Noise Pareidolia Task (NPT-20) for Assessing Visuoperceptual Disturbances Associated with Complex Visual Hallucinations in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2023; 10:269-273. [PMID: 36825060 PMCID: PMC9941920 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complex visual hallucinations (VH) are a common complication of Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent studies have demonstrated relevance of face pareidolia to VH in PD and Lewy body dementia (LBD). Objective This study examined utility of the 20-item Noise Pareidolia Task (NPT-20) in assessing visuoperceptual disturbances associated with VH in PD. Methods Retrospective chart review included 46 consecutive PD patients who completed NPT-20 during clinical neuropsychological evaluation. Results About half the sample (43%) reported VH. PD with VH made significantly more false-positive pareidolia errors on the NPT-20 (p < 0.0001). A cut-off of 2 errors yielded 40% sensitivity, 100% specificity to VH; cut-off of 1 yielded 75% sensitivity, 81% specificity. NPT-20 was not associated with any other clinical or demographic factor. Across groups, NPT-20 evinced moderate correlations with visuospatial functioning and visual memory. Conclusions Current findings support utility of the NPT-20 for evaluating visuoperceptual disturbances associated with VH in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis H. Turner
- Department of NeurologyMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
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17
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Lhotka M, Ischebeck A, Helmlinger B, Zaretskaya N. No common factor for illusory percepts, but a link between pareidolia and delusion tendency: A test of predictive coding theory. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1067985. [PMID: 36798645 PMCID: PMC9928206 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1067985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Predictive coding theory is an influential view of perception and cognition. It proposes that subjective experience of the sensory information results from a comparison between the sensory input and the top-down prediction about this input, the latter being critical for shaping the final perceptual outcome. The theory is able to explain a wide range of phenomena extending from sensory experiences such as visual illusions to complex pathological states such as hallucinations and psychosis. In the current study we aimed at testing the proposed connection between different phenomena explained by the predictive coding theory by measuring the manifestation of top-down predictions at progressing levels of complexity, starting from bistable visual illusions (alternating subjective experience of the same sensory input) and pareidolias (alternative meaningful interpretation of the sensory input) to self-reports of hallucinations and delusional ideations in everyday life. Examining the correlation structure of these measures in 82 adult healthy subjects revealed a positive association between pareidolia proneness and a tendency for delusional ideations, yet without any relationship to bistable illusions. These results show that only a subset of the phenomena that are explained by the predictive coding theory can be attributed to one common underlying factor. Our findings thus support the hierarchical view of predictive processing with independent top-down effects at the sensory and cognitive levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Lhotka
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anja Ischebeck
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Birgit Helmlinger
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Natalia Zaretskaya
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria,*Correspondence: Natalia Zaretskaya, ✉
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18
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Romagnano V, Sokolov AN, Steinwand P, Fallgatter AJ, Pavlova MA. Face pareidolia in male schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 8:112. [PMID: 36517504 PMCID: PMC9751144 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Faces are valuable signals for efficient social interaction. Yet, social cognition including the sensitivity to a coarse face scheme may be deviant in schizophrenia (SZ). Tuning to faces in non-face images such as shadows, grilled toasts, or ink blots is termed face pareidolia. This phenomenon is poorly investigated in SZ. Here face tuning was assessed in 44 male participants with SZ and person-by-person matched controls by using recently created Face-n-Thing images (photographs of non-face objects to a varying degree resembling a face). The advantage of these images is that single components do not automatically trigger face processing. Participants were administered a set of images with upright and inverted (180° in the image plane) orientation. In a two-alternative forced-choice paradigm, they had to indicate whether an image resembled a face. The findings showed that: (i) With upright orientation, SZ patients exhibited deficits in face tuning: they provided much fewer face responses than controls. (ii) Inversion generally hindered face pareidolia. However, while in neurotypical males, inversion led to a drastic drop in face impression, in SZ, the impact of orientation was reduced. (iii) Finally, in accord with the signal detection theory analysis, the sensitivity index (d-prime) was lower in SZ, whereas no difference occurred in decision criterion. The outcome suggests altered face pareidolia in SZ is caused by lower face sensitivity rather than by alterations in cognitive bias. Comparison of these findings with earlier evidence confirms that tuning to social signals is lower in SZ, and warrants tailored brain imaging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Romagnano
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, and Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander N Sokolov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, and Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Steinwand
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, and Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, and Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina A Pavlova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, and Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Tübingen, Germany.
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19
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Hashimoto Y, Kano O, Ebihara S. Noise pareidolia test for predicting delirium in hospitalized older patients with cognitive decline. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22:883-888. [PMID: 36071029 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although older people are at an increased risk of developing delirium during hospitalization, no definitive screening tools exist to predict the condition. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the noise pareidolia test (NPT) as a tool for predicting the onset of post-hospitalization delirium in older adults. METHODS Hospitalized patients who were cared for by a multidisciplinary geriatric care team owing to behavioral symptoms, difficulties in communication, and a history of dementia or delirium were analyzed. The NPT was performed on patients who could complete a Mini-Mental State Examination within 3 days of admission. Demographic and clinical data were recorded on the same day as the NPT or within 3 days of admission. Delirium was assessed using the observation-based Delirium Screening Tool (DST). RESULTS Of 96 patients, 59 were in the DST-negative group and 37 in the DST-positive group. Benzodiazepine agonist use, serum potassium levels, and the number of images in which pareidolia was noted (i.e., the NPT score) significantly differed between groups. Logistic regression analysis identified benzodiazepine agonist use (odds ratio, 2.897; P = 0.032), serum potassium levels (odds ratio, 0.427; P = 0.041) and NPT scores (odds ratio, 1.253; P = 0.017) as significant predictors of DST results. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed an NPT score of 1 as the appropriate cutoff value. CONCLUSIONS A positive NPT score was identified as an independent predictor of delirium in older patients admitted to an acute care hospital with cognitive dysfunction. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; ••: ••-••.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Hashimoto
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Geriatric Nursing, Toho University Faculty of Nursing, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Kano
- Department of Neurology, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Ebihara
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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20
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Prasad S, Katta MR, Abhishek S, Sridhar R, Valisekka SS, Hameed M, Kaur J, Walia N. Recent advances in Lewy body dementia: A comprehensive review. Dis Mon 2022; 69:101441. [PMID: 35690493 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lewy Body Dementia is the second most frequent neurodegenerative illness proven to cause dementia, after Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is believed to be vastly underdiagnosed, as there is a significant disparity between the number of cases diagnosed clinically and those diagnosed via neuropathology at the time of postmortem autopsy. Strikingly, many of the pharmacologic treatments used to treat behavioral and cognitive symptoms in other forms of dementia exacerbate the symptoms of DLB. Therefore, it is critical to accurately diagnose DLB as these patients require a specific treatment approach. This article focuses on its pathophysiology, risk factors, differentials, and its diverse treatment modalities. In this study, an English language literature search was conducted on Medline, Cochrane, Embase, and Google Scholar till April 2022. The following search strings and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms were used: "Lewy Body Dementia," "Dementia with Lewy bodies," and "Parkinson's Disease Dementia." We explored the literature on Lewy Body Dementia for its epidemiology, pathophysiology, the role of various genes and how they bring about the disease, biomarkers, its differential diagnoses and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Prasad
- Faculty of Medicine, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, 21018, Vinnytsya, Ukraine.
| | | | | | | | | | - Maha Hameed
- Alfaisal University College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Namrata Walia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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21
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Rodriguez-Porcel F, Wyman-Chick KA, Abdelnour Ruiz C, Toledo JB, Ferreira D, Urwyler P, Weil RS, Kane J, Pilotto A, Rongve A, Boeve B, Taylor JP, McKeith I, Aarsland D, Lewis SJG. Clinical outcome measures in dementia with Lewy bodies trials: critique and recommendations. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:24. [PMID: 35491418 PMCID: PMC9059356 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00299-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The selection of appropriate outcome measures is fundamental to the design of any successful clinical trial. Although dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is one of the most common neurodegenerative conditions, assessment of therapeutic benefit in clinical trials often relies on tools developed for other conditions, such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease. These may not be sufficiently valid or sensitive to treatment changes in DLB, decreasing their utility. In this review, we discuss the limitations and strengths of selected available tools used to measure DLB-associated outcomes in clinical trials and highlight the potential roles for more specific objective measures. We emphasize that the existing outcome measures require validation in the DLB population and that DLB-specific outcomes need to be developed. Finally, we highlight how the selection of outcome measures may vary between symptomatic and disease-modifying therapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Rodriguez-Porcel
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 208b Rutledge Av., Charleston, SC, 29403, USA.
| | - Kathryn A. Wyman-Chick
- grid.280625.b0000 0004 0461 4886Department of Neurology, Center for Memory and Aging, HealthPartners, Saint Paul, MN USA
| | - Carla Abdelnour Ruiz
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jon B. Toledo
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Daniel Ferreira
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Center for Alzheimer’s Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Prabitha Urwyler
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rimona S. Weil
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Dementia Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joseph Kane
- grid.4777.30000 0004 0374 7521Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
| | - Andrea Pilotto
- grid.7637.50000000417571846Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Arvid Rongve
- grid.413782.bDepartment of Research and Innovation, Helse Fonna, Haugesund Hospital, Haugesund, Norway ,grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Institute of Clinical Medicine (K1), The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bradley Boeve
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Center for Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ian McKeith
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dag Aarsland
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Old Age Psychiatry Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Simon J. G. Lewis
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XForeFront Parkinson’s Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, 100 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050 Australia
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Wang C, Yu L, Mo Y, Wood LC, Goon C. Pareidolia in a Built Environment as a Complex Phenomenological Ambiguous Stimuli. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095163. [PMID: 35564558 PMCID: PMC9103170 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Pareidolia is a kind of misperception caused by meaningless, ambiguous stimuli perceived with meaning. Pareidolia in a built environment may trigger the emotions of residents, and the most frequently observed pareidolian images are human faces. Through a pilot experiment and an in-depth questionnaire survey, this research aims to compare built environmental pareidolian phenomena at different time points (6 a.m., 12 p.m., 2 a.m.) and to determine people’s sensitivity and reactions towards pareidolia in the built environment. Our findings indicate that the differences in stress level do not influence the sensitivity and reactions towards pareidolia in the built environment; however, age does, and the age of 40 seems to be a watershed. Females are more likely to identify pareidolian faces than males. Smokers, topers, and long-term medicine users are more sensitive to pareidolian images in the built environment. An unexpected finding is that most pareidolian images in built environments are much more easily detected in the early morning and at midnight but remain much less able to be perceived at midday. The results help architects better understand people’s reactions to pareidolia in the built environment, thus allowing them to decide whether to incorporate it appropriately or avoid it consciously in building design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Intelligence and Automation in Construction Fujian Province Higher-Educational Engineering Research Centre, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.W.); (L.Y.)
| | - Liangcheng Yu
- Intelligence and Automation in Construction Fujian Province Higher-Educational Engineering Research Centre, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.W.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yiyi Mo
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Lincoln C. Wood
- Department of Management, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | - Carry Goon
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China;
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Creative, yet not unique? Paranormal belief, but not self-rated creative ideation behavior is associated with a higher propensity to perceive unique meanings in randomness. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09269. [PMID: 35497038 PMCID: PMC9038559 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Apophenia, patternicity, and the experience of meaningful coincidences describe the propensity to perceive meaning in random arrangements, which is known to be linked with paranormal beliefs. Additionally, this trait of combining unrelated elements to create new meanings suggests an association with creativity. However, studies indicating a relationship between creativity and apophenia are scarce. To gain empirical evidence, the present study (n = 77) assessed the propensity to experience meaningful patterns in random arrangements by means of a questionnaire (coincidence questionnaire) and a behavioral measure. The applied figural association task allows to reliably differentiate between the perception of idiosyncratic/unique and intersubjective meaningful/non-unique patterns. Self-rated creative ideation behavior and paranormal beliefs were positively associated with the subjectively rated frequency of meaningful coincidences. Furthermore, participants high in both creative ideation behavior and paranormal beliefs perceived a higher number of non-unique meanings in the figural association task. Yet, participants high in paranormal beliefs additionally perceived a higher number of unique meanings. This divergence in findings suggests that creative ideation behavior and paranormal belief are associated with the perception of partly different meanings in random arrangements. In paranormal believers, this pattern of findings may indicate a lower threshold to detect meaning in meaninglessness, leading to more idiosyncratic/unique perceptions. Altogether, slight reductions of this threshold to detect meaningfulness may increase a persons’ creativity; however, excessive pattern recognition may facilitate paranormal beliefs.
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24
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Nakata T, Shimada K, Iba A, Oda H, Terashima A, Koide Y, Kawasaki R, Yamada T, Ishii K. Correlation between noise pareidolia test scores for visual hallucinations and regional cerebral blood flow in dementia with Lewy bodies. Ann Nucl Med 2022; 36:384-392. [DOI: 10.1007/s12149-022-01717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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25
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Caruana N, Seymour K. Objects that induce face pareidolia are prioritized by the visual system. Br J Psychol 2021; 113:496-507. [PMID: 34923634 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The human visual system has evolved specialized neural mechanisms to rapidly detect faces. Its broad tuning for facial features is thought to underlie the illusory perception of faces in inanimate objects, a phenomenon called face pareidolia. Recent studies on face pareidolia suggest that the mechanisms underlying face processing, at least at the early stages of visual encoding, may treat objects that resemble faces as real faces; prioritizing their detection. In our study, we used breaking continuous flash suppression (b-CFS) to examine whether the human visual system prioritizes the detection of objects that induce face pareidolia over stimuli matched for object content. Similar to previous b-CFS results using real face stimuli, we found that participants detected the objects with pareidolia faces faster than object-matched control stimuli. Given that face pareidolia has been more frequently reported amongst individuals prone to hallucinations, we also explored whether this rapid prioritization is intact in individuals with schizophrenia, and found evidence suggesting that it was. Our findings suggest that face pareidolia engages a broadly tuned mechanism that facilitates rapid face detection. This may involve the proposed fast subcortical pathway that operates outside of visual awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Caruana
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Perception in Action Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kiley Seymour
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
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26
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de Bustamante Simas ML, Maranhão ACT, Lacerda AM, Teixeira FS, Freire CHR, da Silva Raposo CC, de Menezes GMM. Pictorial size perception in schizophrenia. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2021; 34:36. [PMID: 34806134 PMCID: PMC8606485 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-021-00201-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we compared visual pictorial size perception between healthy volunteers (CG) and an experimental group (EG) of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. We have been using paintings by Salvador Dalí and Rorschach plates to estimate visual pictorial size perception. In this transversal, ex post facto, and quasi-experimental study, we observed differences between EG and CG. Schizophrenic in-patients perceived sizes about 1.3-fold greater than healthy volunteers (p=0.006), implying that pictorial size perception is altered in some way in schizophrenia. Considering the present and previous results, this measurement of diameter size of first pictorial perception may be a useful estimate of some aspects of perceptual alterations that may be associated with psychotic symptoms in prodromal and acute schizophrenic episodes and other related mental states. Eventually, this may help in preventing people from evolving to acute episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lúcia de Bustamante Simas
- Laboratório de Percepção Visual, Programa da Pós Graduação em Psicologia, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Taunay Maranhão
- Laboratório de Percepção Visual, Programa da Pós Graduação em Psicologia, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Aline Mendes Lacerda
- Laboratório de Percepção Visual, Programa da Pós Graduação em Psicologia, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Flora Silva Teixeira
- Laboratório de Percepção Visual, Programa da Pós Graduação em Psicologia, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Resende Freire
- Laboratório de Percepção Visual, Programa da Pós Graduação em Psicologia, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Cecília Coimbra da Silva Raposo
- Laboratório de Percepção Visual, Programa da Pós Graduação em Psicologia, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Georgia Mônica Marque de Menezes
- Laboratório de Percepção Visual, Programa da Pós Graduação em Psicologia, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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27
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Pareidolia in Parkinson's Disease and Multiple System Atrophy. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 2021:2704755. [PMID: 34754412 PMCID: PMC8572613 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2704755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pareidolia is a visual illusion of meaningful objects that arise from ambiguous forms embedded in visual scenes. Previous studies showed that pareidolias are frequently observed in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) as well as dementia with Lewy bodies. However, whether pareidolias are useful for differentiating PD from other neurodegenerative parkinsonism disorders including multiple system atrophy (MSA) is unclear. The noise pareidolia test (NPT) was performed in 40 and 48 patients with PD and MSA, respectively. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate sensitivity and specificity. Results of neuropsychological tests were also compared between patients with PD with and without pareidolias. Visual hallucinations were present in none of the subjects. Pareidolic response in the NPT was observed in 47.5% and 18.8% of patients with PD and MSA, respectively. The number of pareidolic responses in patients with PD was significantly larger compared with patients with MSA (P=0.001). ROC curve analyses showed the sensitivity and specificity at 33% and 98%, respectively. Among patients with PD, those with pareidolias demonstrated higher State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-state (P=0.044) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-trait (P=0.044) than those without pareidolias. Pareidolias can be found in patients with PD without visual hallucinations, and the pareidolia test may be a highly specific test for differentiating PD from MSA. Thus, anxiety may be associated with pareidolias in patients with PD.
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28
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Decreased frontotemporal connectivity in patients with parkinson's disease experiencing face pareidolia. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 7:90. [PMID: 34620877 PMCID: PMC8497472 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The precise neural underpinnings of face pareidolia in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) remain unclear. We aimed to clarify face recognition network abnormalities associated with face pareidolia in such patients. Eighty-three patients with PD and 40 healthy controls were recruited in this study. Patients with PD were classified into pareidolia and nonpareidolia groups. Volumetric analyses revealed no significant differences between the pareidolia (n = 39) and nonpareidolia (n = 44) patient groups. We further observed decreased functional connectivity among regions of interest in the bilateral frontotemporal lobes in patients with pareidolia. Seed-based analysis using bilateral temporal fusiform cortices as seeds revealed significantly decreased connectivity with the bilateral inferior medial prefrontal cortices in the pareidolia group. Post hoc regression analysis further demonstrated that the severity of face pareidolia was negatively correlated with functional connectivity between the bilateral temporal fusiform and medial prefrontal cortices. Our findings suggest that top-down modulation of the face recognition network is impaired in patients with PD experiencing face pareidolia.
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29
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Hamilton CA, Matthews FE, Allan LM, Barker S, Ciafone J, Donaghy PC, Durcan R, Firbank MJ, Lawley S, O'Brien JT, Roberts G, Taylor JP, Thomas AJ. Utility of the pareidolia test in mild cognitive impairment with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 36:1407-1414. [PMID: 33772864 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous research has identified that dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) has abnormal pareidolic responses which are associated with severity of visual hallucinations (VH), and the pareidolia test accurately classifies DLB with VH. We aimed to assess whether these findings would also be evident at the earlier stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with Lewy bodies (MCI-LB) in comparison to MCI due to AD (MCI-AD) and cognitively healthy comparators. METHODS One-hundred and thirty-seven subjects were assessed prospectively in a longitudinal study with a mean follow-up of 1.2 years (max = 3.7): 63 MCI-LB (22% with VH) and 40 MCI-AD according to current research diagnostic criteria, and 34 healthy comparators. The pareidolia test was administered annually as a repeated measure. RESULTS Probable MCI-LB had an estimated pareidolia rate 1.2-6.7 times higher than MCI-AD. Pareidolia rates were not associated with concurrent VH, but had a weak association with total score on the North East Visual Hallucinations Inventory. The pareidolia test was not an accurate classifier of either MCI-LB (Area under curve (AUC) = 0.61), or VH (AUC = 0.56). There was poor sensitivity when differentiating MCI-LB from controls (41%) or MCI-AD (27%), though specificity was better (91% and 89%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Whilst pareidolic responses are specifically more frequent in MCI-LB than MCI-AD, sensitivity of the pareidolia test is poorer than in DLB, with fewer patients manifesting VH at the earlier MCI stage. However, the high specificity and ease of use may make it useful in specialist clinics where imaging biomarkers are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum A Hamilton
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fiona E Matthews
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Louise M Allan
- College of Medicine and Health, Exeter University, Exeter, UK
| | - Sally Barker
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Joanna Ciafone
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paul C Donaghy
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rory Durcan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Michael J Firbank
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah Lawley
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gemma Roberts
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Nuclear Medicine Department, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alan J Thomas
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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30
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Revankar GS, Kajiyama Y, Hattori N, Shimokawa T, Nakano T, Mihara M, Mori E, Mochizuki H. Prestimulus Low-Alpha Frontal Networks Are Associated with Pareidolias in Parkinson's Disease. Brain Connect 2021; 11:772-782. [PMID: 33858200 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2020.0992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pareidolias are visual phenomena wherein ambiguous, abstract forms or shapes appear meaningful due to incorrect perception. In Parkinson's disease (PD), patients susceptible to visual hallucinations experience visuo-perceptual deficits in the form of pareidolias. Although pareidolias necessitate top-down modulation of visual processing, the cortical dynamics of internally generated perceptual priors on these visual misperceptions is unknown. Objectives: To study prestimulus-related electroencephalography (EEG) spectral and network abnormalities in PD patients experiencing pareidolias. Methods: Twenty-one PD in-patients and 10 age-matched controls were evaluated. Neuropsychological assessments included tests for cognition, attention, and executive functions. Pareidolias were quantified by using the "noise pareidolia test" with simultaneous EEG recording. The PD patients were subdivided into two groups-those with high pareidolia counts (n = 10) and those without (n = 11). The EEG was analyzed 1000 msec before stimulus presentation in the spectral domain (theta, low-alpha, and high-alpha frequencies) with corresponding graph networks to evaluate network properties. Statistical analysis included analysis of variance and multiple regression to evaluate the differences. Results: The PD patients with high pareidolia counts were older with lower scores on neuropsychological tests. Their prestimulus EEG low-alpha band showed a tendency toward higher frontal activity (p = 0.07). Graph networks showed increased normalized clustering coefficient (p = 0.05) and lower frontal degree centrality (p = 0.005). These network indices correlated positively to patients' pareidolia scores. Discussion: We suggest that pareidolias in PD are a consequence of an abnormal top-down modulation of visual processing; they are defined by their frontal low-alpha spectral and network alterations in the prestimulus phase due to a dissonance between patients' internally generated mental processing with external stimuli. Impact statement Pareidolias in Parkinson's disease (PD) are considered to be promising early markers of visual hallucinations and an indicator of PD prognosis. In certain susceptible PD patients, pareidolias can be evoked and studied. Here, via electroencephalography, we aimed at understanding this visual phenomenon by studying how neural information is processed before stimulus presentation in such patients. Using spectral and graph network measures, we revealed how top-down modulated internally generated processes affect visual perception in patients with pareidolias. Our findings highlight how prestimulus network alterations in the frontal cortex shape poststimulus pareidolic manifestations in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan S Revankar
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuta Kajiyama
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriaki Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shimokawa
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohito Nakano
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahito Mihara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Kawasaki Medical College, Okayama, Japan
| | - Etsuro Mori
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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31
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Göbel N, Möller JC, Hollenstein N, Binder A, Oechsner M, Ide J, Urwyler P, Cazzoli D, Müri RM. Face Perception and Pareidolia Production in Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:669691. [PMID: 34413822 PMCID: PMC8370466 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.669691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, visual misperceptions are a major problem within the non-motor symptoms. Pareidolia, i.e., the tendency to perceive a specific, meaningful image in an ambiguous visual pattern, is a phenomenon that occurs also in healthy subjects. Literature suggests that the perception of face pareidolia may be increased in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. We aimed to examine, within the same experiment, face perception and the production of face pareidolia in PD patients and healthy controls (HC). Thirty participants (15 PD patients and 15 HC) were presented with 47 naturalistic photographs in which faces were embedded or not. The likelihood to perceive the embedded faces was modified by manipulating their transparency. Participants were asked to decide for each photograph whether a face was embedded or not. We found that PD patients were significantly less likely to recognize embedded faces than controls. However, PD patients also perceived faces significantly more often in locations where none were actually present than controls. Linear regression analyses showed that gender, age, hallucinations, and Multiple-Choice Vocabulary Intelligence Test (MWT) score were significant predictors of face pareidolia production in PD patients. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was a significant predictor for pareidolia production in PD patients in trials in which a face was embedded in another region [F (1, 13) = 24.4, p = <0.001]. We conclude that our new embedded faces paradigm is a useful tool to distinguish face perception performance between HC and PD patients. Furthermore, we speculate that our results observed in PD patients rely on disturbed interactions between the Dorsal (DAN) and Ventral Attention Networks (VAN). In photographs in which a face is present, the VAN may detect this as a behaviourally relevant stimulus. However, due to the deficient communication with the DAN in PD patients, the DAN would not direct attention to the correct location, identifying a face at a location where actually none is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Göbel
- Perception and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jens Carsten Möller
- Rehaklinik Zihlschlacht, Centre for Neurological Rehabilitation, Zihlschlacht-Sitterdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Hollenstein
- Rehaklinik Zihlschlacht, Centre for Neurological Rehabilitation, Zihlschlacht-Sitterdorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Binder
- Rehaklinik Zihlschlacht, Centre for Neurological Rehabilitation, Zihlschlacht-Sitterdorf, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Oechsner
- Rehaklinik Zihlschlacht, Centre for Neurological Rehabilitation, Zihlschlacht-Sitterdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Ide
- Rehaklinik Zihlschlacht, Centre for Neurological Rehabilitation, Zihlschlacht-Sitterdorf, Switzerland
| | - Prabitha Urwyler
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dario Cazzoli
- Perception and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - René M Müri
- Perception and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Kocagoncu E, Klimovich-Gray A, Hughes LE, Rowe JB. Evidence and implications of abnormal predictive coding in dementia. Brain 2021; 144:3311-3321. [PMID: 34240109 PMCID: PMC8677549 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of cognitive deficits and neuropathological processes associated with dementias has encouraged divergence in pathophysiological explanations of disease. Here, we review an alternative framework that emphasizes convergent critical features of cognitive pathophysiology. Rather than the loss of ‘memory centres’ or ‘language centres’, or singular neurotransmitter systems, cognitive deficits are interpreted in terms of aberrant predictive coding in hierarchical neural networks. This builds on advances in normative accounts of brain function, specifically the Bayesian integration of beliefs and sensory evidence in which hierarchical predictions and prediction errors underlie memory, perception, speech and behaviour. We describe how analogous impairments in predictive coding in parallel neurocognitive systems can generate diverse clinical phenomena, including the characteristics of dementias. The review presents evidence from behavioural and neurophysiological studies of perception, language, memory and decision-making. The reformulation of cognitive deficits in terms of predictive coding has several advantages. It brings diverse clinical phenomena into a common framework; it aligns cognitive and movement disorders; and it makes specific predictions on cognitive physiology that support translational and experimental medicine studies. The insights into complex human cognitive disorders from the predictive coding framework may therefore also inform future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Kocagoncu
- Cambridge Centre for Frontotemporal Dementia, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Laura E Hughes
- Cambridge Centre for Frontotemporal Dementia, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James B Rowe
- Cambridge Centre for Frontotemporal Dementia, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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33
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Salge JH, Pollmann S, Reeder RR. Anomalous visual experience is linked to perceptual uncertainty and visual imagery vividness. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 85:1848-1865. [PMID: 32476064 PMCID: PMC8289756 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An imbalance between top-down and bottom-up processing on perception (specifically, over-reliance on top-down processing) can lead to anomalous perception, such as illusions. One factor that may be involved in anomalous perception is visual mental imagery, which is the experience of "seeing" with the mind's eye. There are vast individual differences in self-reported imagery vividness, and more vivid imagery is linked to a more sensory-like experience. We, therefore, hypothesized that susceptibility to anomalous perception is linked to individual imagery vividness. To investigate this, we adopted a paradigm that is known to elicit the perception of faces in pure visual noise (pareidolia). In four experiments, we explored how imagery vividness contributes to this experience under different response instructions and environments. We found strong evidence that people with more vivid imagery were more likely to see faces in the noise, although removing suggestive instructions weakened this relationship. Analyses from the first two experiments led us to explore confidence as another factor in pareidolia proneness. We, therefore, modulated environment noise and added a confidence rating in a novel design. We found strong evidence that pareidolia proneness is correlated with uncertainty about real percepts. Decreasing perceptual ambiguity abolished the relationship between pareidolia proneness and both imagery vividness and confidence. The results cannot be explained by incidental face-like patterns in the noise, individual variations in response bias, perceptual sensitivity, subjective perceptual thresholds, viewing distance, testing environments, motivation, gender, or prosopagnosia. This indicates a critical role of mental imagery vividness and perceptual uncertainty in anomalous perceptual experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H Salge
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Otto-Von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Pollmann
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Otto-Von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition and School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Reshanne R Reeder
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Otto-Von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Milán-Tomás Á, Fernández-Matarrubia M, Rodríguez-Oroz MC. Lewy Body Dementias: A Coin with Two Sides? Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 11:94. [PMID: 34206456 PMCID: PMC8301188 DOI: 10.3390/bs11070094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lewy body dementias (LBDs) consist of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), which are clinically similar syndromes that share neuropathological findings with widespread cortical Lewy body deposition, often with a variable degree of concomitant Alzheimer pathology. The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the neuropathological and clinical features, current diagnostic criteria, biomarkers, and management of LBD. Literature research was performed using the PubMed database, and the most pertinent articles were read and are discussed in this paper. The diagnostic criteria for DLB have recently been updated, with the addition of indicative and supportive biomarker information. The time interval of dementia onset relative to parkinsonism remains the major distinction between DLB and PDD, underpinning controversy about whether they are the same illness in a different spectrum of the disease or two separate neurodegenerative disorders. The treatment for LBD is only symptomatic, but the expected progression and prognosis differ between the two entities. Diagnosis in prodromal stages should be of the utmost importance, because implementing early treatment might change the course of the illness if disease-modifying therapies are developed in the future. Thus, the identification of novel biomarkers constitutes an area of active research, with a special focus on α-synuclein markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Milán-Tomás
- Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 28027 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marta Fernández-Matarrubia
- Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Cruz Rodríguez-Oroz
- Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 28027 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- CIMA, Center of Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Neurosciences Program, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Omoto S, Murakami H, Shiraishi T, Bono K, Umehara T, Iguchi Y. Risk factors for minor hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2021; 143:538-544. [PMID: 33222164 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Minor hallucinations (MHs), including sense of presence, passage hallucinations, and visual illusions, have been reported in Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we investigated the prevalence and associated risk factors for MHs according to appearance time. METHODS Data on the clinical characteristics and the appearance time of MHs for 100 PD patients were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed. MHs were classified into two groups according to the time when MHs appeared: MHs appearing while awake during the daytime (dMHs) and MHs appearing at arousal from sleep during the night or early morning (aMHs). RESULTS Thirty-eight patients (38%) experienced MHs. dMHs and aMHs were present in 21 (21%) and 28 patients (28%), respectively. Compared to patients without MHs, patients with dMHs had more severe motor symptoms, longer disease duration, higher levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD), and higher rates of cognitive impairment and visual hallucinations during the daytime, whereas patients with aMHs had a higher rate of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), longer disease duration, higher LEDD, and higher dopamine agonist dosage. Logistic regression analysis showed that cognitive impairment was significantly associated with dMHs (odds ratio (OR) 7.292, p = .001), and that RBD (OR 8.306, p < .001) and LEDD (OR 1.002, p = .049) were significantly associated with aMHs. CONCLUSIONS Patients with MHs have different clinical characteristics according to the time when MHs appear. These findings have important clinical and prognostic implications and suggest appropriate therapeutic options for psychotic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusaku Omoto
- Department of Neurology The Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Hidetomo Murakami
- Department of Neurology The Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomotaka Shiraishi
- Department of Neurology The Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Keiko Bono
- Department of Neurology The Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Tadashi Umehara
- Department of Neurology The Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Iguchi
- Department of Neurology The Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
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36
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Sasai-Sakuma T, Takeuchi N, Asai Y, Inoue Y, Inoue Y. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of REM sleep behavior disorder in Japanese elderly people. Sleep 2021; 43:5737933. [PMID: 32064524 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To evaluate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) among a general population of elderly Japanese people. METHODS This epidemiological study targeted 2714 elderly residents (76.0 ± 8.0 years, 52.9% female) of a rural community. Questionnaires including the REM sleep behavior disorder single question and demographic information were distributed. All respondents with the question positive were interviewed by telephone. Respondents suspected of having iRBD proceeded to face-to-face interviews and underwent video-polysomnography and neurological/neuropsychological examination. These results were compared to those of previously diagnosed clinical iRBD patients in our sleep clinic. RESULTS Of 1464 respondents to the questionnaire, 18 respondents were diagnosed as iRBD (1.23 [0.66-1.79]%), including eight respondents who satisfied diagnostic criteria with REM sleep without atonia (RWA) above the cut-off value (0.54 [0.17-0.92]%) and 10 respondents who had clear dream enactment behaviors but not RWA above the cut-off (provisionally diagnosed iRBD; p-iRBD) (0.69 [0.26-1.11]%). Severity of RBD and RWA of the population-based iRBD were compatible with those of the clinical iRBD. Half of the population-based iRBD showed orthostatic hypotension and they showed lower olfactory function than population-based p-iRBD and non-RBD. However, their olfactory and cognitive functions were higher than those in the clinical iRBD patients. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of iRBD in Japanese elderly people was comparable with the rate reported from other countries. Population-based iRBD/p-iRBD showed lower neurodegenerative loading than clinical iRBD in spite of comparable disease duration of RBD, that may indicate their lower risk of future neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Sasai-Sakuma
- Faculty of Medical Technique, Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Takeuchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuichi Inoue
- Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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37
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Do you see the “face”? Individual differences in face pareidolia. JOURNAL OF PACIFIC RIM PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/prp.2019.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
People tend to see faces from non-face objects or meaningless patterns. Such illusory face perception is called face pareidolia. Previous studies have revealed an interesting fact that there are huge individual differences in face pareidolia experience among the population. Here, we review previous findings on individual differences in face pareidolia experience from four categories: sex differences, developmental factors, personality traits and neurodevelopmental factors. We further discuss underlying cognitive or neural mechanisms to explain why some perceive the objects as faces while others do not. The individual differences in face pareidolia could not only offer scientific insights on how the brain works to process face information, but also suggest potential clinical applications.
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38
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Murphy N, Killen A, Gupta RK, Graziadio S, Rochester L, Firbank M, Baker MR, Allan C, Collerton D, Taylor JP, Urwyler P. Exploring Bottom-Up Visual Processing and Visual Hallucinations in Parkinson's Disease With Dementia. Front Neurol 2021; 11:579113. [PMID: 33584490 PMCID: PMC7876258 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.579113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual hallucinations (VH) are a common symptom of Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD), affecting up to 65% of cases. Integrative models of their etiology posit that a decline in executive control of the visuo-perceptual system is a primary mechanism of VH generation. The role of bottom-up processing in the manifestation of VH in this condition is still not clear although visual evoked potential (VEP) differences have been associated with VH at an earlier stage of PD. Here we compared the amplitude and latency pattern reversal VEPs in healthy controls (n = 21) and PDD patients (n = 34) with a range of VH severities. PDD patients showed increased N2 latency relative to controls, but no significant differences in VEP measures were found for patients reporting complex VH (CVH) (n = 17) compared to those without VH. Our VEP findings support previous reports of declining visual system physiology in PDD and some evidence of visual system differences between patients with and without VH. However, we did not replicate previous findings of a major relationship s between the integrity of the visual pathway and VH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Murphy
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alison Killen
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Rajnish Kumar Gupta
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sara Graziadio
- National Institute for Health Research Newcastle In Vitro Diagnostics Co-operative, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn Rochester
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Firbank
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Baker
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Allan
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Collerton
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Prabitha Urwyler
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- University Neurorehabilitation Unit, Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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39
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Abo Hamza EG, Kéri S, Csigó K, Bedewy D, Moustafa AA. Pareidolia in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:746734. [PMID: 34955913 PMCID: PMC8702957 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.746734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While there are many studies on pareidolia in healthy individuals and patients with schizophrenia, to our knowledge, there are no prior studies on pareidolia in patients with bipolar disorder. Accordingly, in this study, we, for the first time, measured pareidolia in patients with bipolar disorder (N = 50), and compared that to patients with schizophrenia (N = 50) and healthy controls (N = 50). We have used (a) the scene test, which consists of 10 blurred images of natural scenes that was previously found to produce illusory face responses and (b) the noise test which had 32 black and white images consisting of visual noise and 8 images depicting human faces; participants indicated whether a face was present on these images and to point to the location where they saw the face. Illusory responses were defined as answers when observers falsely identified objects that were not on the images in the scene task (maximum illusory score: 10), and the number of noise images in which they reported the presence of a face (maximum illusory score: 32). Further, we also calculated the total pareidolia score for each task (the sum number of images with illusory responses in the scene and noise tests). The responses were scored by two independent raters with an excellent congruence (kappa > 0.9). Our results show that schizophrenia patients scored higher on pareidolia measures than both healthy controls and patients with bipolar disorder. Our findings are agreement with prior findings on more impaired cognitive processes in schizophrenia than in bipolar patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eid G Abo Hamza
- Psychology Department, College of Humanities and Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,College of Education, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Szabolcs Kéri
- National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin Csigó
- National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dalia Bedewy
- Psychology Department, College of Humanities and Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,College of Education, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.,School of Psychology & Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
Illusions and hallucinations are commonly encountered in both daily life and clinical practice. In this chapter, we review definitions and possible underlying mechanisms of these phenomena and then review what is known about specific conditions that are associated with them, including ophthalmic causes, migraine, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia. We then discuss specific syndromes including the Charles Bonnet syndrome, visual snow syndrome, Alice in Wonderland syndrome, and peduncular hallucinosis. The scientific study of illusions and hallucinations has contributed significantly to our understanding of how eye and brain process vision and contribute to perception. Important concepts are the distinction between topologic and hodologic mechanisms underlying hallucinations and the involvement of attentional networks. This chapter examines the various ways in which pathological illusions and hallucinations might arise in relation to the phenomenology and known pathology of the various conditions associated with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Fraser
- Department of Ophthalmology, Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Christian J Lueck
- Department of Neurology, Canberra Hospital, and Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, Australia
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41
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Phillips JR, Matar E, Ehgoetz Martens KA, Moustafa AA, Halliday GM, Lewis SJG. Evaluating a novel behavioral paradigm for visual hallucinations in Dementia with Lewy bodies. AGING BRAIN 2021; 1:100011. [PMID: 36911512 PMCID: PMC9997132 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2021.100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of the Bistable Percept Paradigm (BPP), a computerised behavioural task that has previously been utilised for the assessment of visual hallucinations in Parkinson's Disease, in a Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) cohort. Dementia with Lewy bodies patients demonstrated poorer performance than healthy controls (HC) on the BPP with significantly more misperceptions and a greater failure to detect bistable percepts correctly compared to HC. Further, the number of misperceptions was also correlated with the severity of hallucinations. The findings from this study demonstrate that the BPP is a viable tool to measure misperceptions in DLB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Phillips
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre and Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia.,School of Psychology & Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elie Matar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre and Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia.,Dementia and Movement Disorders Laboratory, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kaylena A Ehgoetz Martens
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre and Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre and Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia.,School of Psychology & Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre and Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia.,Dementia and Movement Disorders Laboratory, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon J G Lewis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre and Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
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42
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Naganuma R, Yabe I, Takeuchi M, Morishita K, Nakane S, Takase R, Takahashi-Iwata I, Matsushima M, Otsuki M, Shiraishi H, Sasaki H. Clinical factors affecting evoked magnetic fields in patients with Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232808. [PMID: 32941428 PMCID: PMC7498017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on evoked responses in Parkinson's disease (PD) may be useful for elucidating the etiology and quantitative evaluation of PD. However, in previous studies, the association between evoked responses and detailed motor symptoms or cognitive functions has not been clear. This study investigated the characteristics of the visual (VEF), auditory (AEF), and somatosensory (SEF) evoked magnetic fields in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), and the correlations between evoked fields and the patient’s clinical characteristics, motor symptoms, and cognitive functions. Twenty patients with PD and 10 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited as participants. We recorded VEF, AEF, and SEF, collected clinical characteristics, performed physical examinations, and administered 10 cognitive tests. We investigated differences in the latencies of the evoked fields between patients with PD and HCs. We also evaluated the correlation of the latencies with motor symptoms and cognitive functioning. There were significant differences between the two groups in 6 of the cognitive tests, all of which suggested mild cognitive impairment in patients with PD. The latencies of the VEF N75m, P100m, N145m, AEF P50m, P100m, and SEF P60m components were greater in the patients with PD than in the HCs. The latencies mainly correlated with medication and motor symptoms, less so with cognitive tests, with some elements of the correlations remaining significant after Bonferroni correction. In conclusion, the latencies of the VEF, AEF, and SEF were greater in PD patients than in HCs and were mainly correlated with medication and motor symptoms rather than cognitive functioning. Findings from this study suggest that evoked fields may reflect basal ganglia functioning and are candidates for assessing motor symptoms or the therapeutic effects of medication in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Naganuma
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yabe
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Megumi Takeuchi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kirari Morishita
- Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakane
- Division of Magnetoencephalography, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryoken Takase
- Faculty of Health Sciences/Graduate School of Health Sciences/Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Radiation Technology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ikuko Takahashi-Iwata
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masaaki Matsushima
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mika Otsuki
- Faculty of Health Sciences/Graduate School of Health Sciences/Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shiraishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hidenao Sasaki
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Inagawa Y, Kanetaka H, Tsugawa A, Sakurai S, Serisawa S, Shimizu S, Sakurai H, Hanyu H. Efficacy of Olfactory and Pareidolia Tests Compared With That of Indicative Biomarkers in Diagnosis of Dementia With Lewy Bodies. Front Neurol 2020; 11:540291. [PMID: 33041991 PMCID: PMC7517047 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.540291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Although olfactory decline and visual hallucinations are useful in distinguishing dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) from Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a clinical setting, neither is easy to evaluate objectively. The pareidolia test is used to assess susceptibility to visual hallucinations, while in Japan, the Odor Stick Identification Test for the Japanese (OSIT-J) is used to objectively quantify olfactory decline. The present study investigated the efficacy of these olfactory and pareidolia tests in differentiating AD from DLB. Their usefulness was then compared with that of the indicative biomarkers in neuroimaging for a clinical diagnosis of DLB listed in the Fourth Consensus Report of the Dementia with Lewy Bodies Consortium. Methods: A total of 24 probable DLB and 22 probable AD patients were enrolled. All underwent 4 diagnostic procedures: uptake of dopamine transporter in single photon emission computed tomography (DaT-SPECT) and meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) in myocardial scintigraphy, the pareidolia test, and OSIT-J. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of these methods in differentiating DLB from AD were compared. Results: Sensitivity and specificity in differentiating DLB from AD were 86 and 100% by the heart-to-mediastinum ratio of MIBG uptake; 82 and 96% by the specific binding ratio on DaT-SPECT; 77 and 67% by the combination of OSIT-J and pareidolia test scores; 73 and 62% by the pareidolia test scores; and 77 and 58% by the OSIT-J scores, respectively. Conclusions: The present results suggest that the pareidolia and OSIT-J tests may be considered before resorting to nuclear neuroimaging in the diagnosis of DLB.
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Nestor A, Lee ACH, Plaut DC, Behrmann M. The Face of Image Reconstruction: Progress, Pitfalls, Prospects. Trends Cogn Sci 2020; 24:747-759. [PMID: 32674958 PMCID: PMC7429291 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that neural and behavioral data acquired in response to viewing face images can be used to reconstruct the images themselves. However, the theoretical implications, promises, and challenges of this direction of research remain unclear. We evaluate the potential of this research for elucidating the visual representations underlying face recognition. Specifically, we outline complementary and converging accounts of the visual content, the representational structure, and the neural dynamics of face processing. We illustrate how this research addresses fundamental questions in the study of normal and impaired face recognition, and how image reconstruction provides a powerful framework for uncovering face representations, for unifying multiple types of empirical data, and for facilitating both theoretical and methodological progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Nestor
- Department of Psychology at Scarborough, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Andy C H Lee
- Department of Psychology at Scarborough, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David C Plaut
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marlene Behrmann
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Rhythmic Synchrony with Artificial Agents and Its Effects on Frequency of Visual Illusions Seen in White Noise. MULTIMODAL TECHNOLOGIES AND INTERACTION 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/mti4030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhythmic synchrony among different individuals has often been observed in various religious rituals and it has been known to bring various psychological effects in human minds. This study investigated the effects of induced rhythmic synchrony with artificial agents in drumming on participants’ visual illusions. The participants completed a task with three cartoon agents on a computer screen beating drums taking turns. We then investigated whether participants were tended to find more meaningful shapes in displayed random dots (pareidolia) when rhythms of intervals between each agents’ drumbeats were in-sync rather than out-of-sync. We simultaneously compared an active condition, in which participants took the role as one of three agents to beat a drum, with a passive condition, in which they only observed three agents beating the drums. The results showed that pareidolia appeared strongly in participants where the drum rhythm was in sync, regardless of active and passive conditions.
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Visual texture agnosia influences object identification in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. Cortex 2020; 129:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rosenblum Y, Maidan I, Fahoum F, Giladi N, Bregman N, Shiner T, Mirelman A. Differential changes in visual and auditory event-related oscillations in dementia with Lewy bodies. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 131:2357-2366. [PMID: 32828038 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aside from the cognitive impairment, patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) have a high frequency of visual hallucinations and a number of other vision-related symptoms, whereas auditory hallucinations are less frequent. To better understand the differential dysfunction of the visual network in DLB, we compared auditory and visual event-related potentials and oscillations in patients with DLB. METHODS Event-related potentials elicited by visual and auditory oddball tasks were recorded in 23 patients with DLB and 22 healthy controls and analyzed in time and time-frequency domain. RESULTS DLB patients had decreased theta band activity related to both early sensory and later cognitive processing in the visual, but not in the auditory task. Patients had lower delta and higher alpha and beta bands power related to later cognitive processing in both auditory and visual tasks. CONCLUSIONS In DLB visual event-related oscillations are characterized by a decrease in theta and lack of inhibition in alpha bands. SIGNIFICANCE Decreased theta and a lack of inhibition in alpha band power might be an oscillatory underpinning of some classical DLB symptoms such as fluctuations in attention and high-level visual disturbances and a potential marker of dysfunction of the visual system in DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgenia Rosenblum
- Laboratory of Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition and Mobility, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Cognitive Neurology Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbal Maidan
- Laboratory of Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition and Mobility, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Firas Fahoum
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Giladi
- Laboratory of Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition and Mobility, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Cognitive Neurology Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Epilepsy Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noa Bregman
- Cognitive Neurology Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamara Shiner
- Cognitive Neurology Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Mirelman
- Laboratory of Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition and Mobility, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Dagnall N, Drinkwater KG, O’Keeffe C, Ventola A, Laythe B, Jawer MA, Massullo B, Caputo GB, Houran J. Things That Go Bump in the Literature: An Environmental Appraisal of "Haunted Houses". Front Psychol 2020; 11:1328. [PMID: 32595577 PMCID: PMC7304295 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper contains a narrative overview of the past 20-years of environmental research on anomalous experiences attributed to "haunted house." This exercise served as a much-needed update to an anthology of noteworthy overviews on ghosts, haunts, and poltergeists (Houran and Lange, 2001b). We also considered whether new studies had incorporated certain recommendations made in this anthology. Our search revealed a relative paucity of studies (n = 66) on environmental factors that ostensibly stimulate haunt-type experiences. This literature was diverse and often lacked methodological consistency and adherence to the prior suggestions. However, critical consideration of the content revealed a recurring focus on six ambient variables: embedded (static) cues, lighting levels, air quality, temperature, infrasound, and electromagnetic fields. Their relation to the onset or structure of witness reports showed mostly null, though sometimes inconsistent or weak outcomes. However, such research as related to haunts is arguably in its infancy and new designs are needed to account better for environmental and architectural phenomenology. Future studies should therefore address four areas: (i) more consistent and precise measurements of discrete ambient variables; (ii) the potential role of "Gestalt influences" that involve holistic environment-person interactions; (iii) individual differences in attentional or perceptual sensitivities of percipients to environmental variables; and (iv) the role of attitudinal and normative influences in the interpretation of environmental stimuli. Focused scrutiny on these issues should clarify the explanatory power of evolutionary-environmental models for these and related anomalous experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Dagnall
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Campus, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth G. Drinkwater
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Campus, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ciarán O’Keeffe
- School of Human & Social Sciences, Buckinghamshire New University, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Brian Laythe
- Institute for the Study of Religious and Anomalous Experience, Jeffersonville, IN, United States
| | | | | | | | - James Houran
- Laboratory for Statistics and Computation, ISLA—Instituto Politécnico de Gestão e Tecnologia, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
- Integrated Knowledge Systems, Dallas, TX, United States
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Revankar GS, Hattori N, Kajiyama Y, Nakano T, Mihara M, Mori E, Mochizuki H. Ocular fixations and presaccadic potentials to explain pareidolias in Parkinson's disease. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa073. [PMID: 32954309 PMCID: PMC7425388 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, a precursor phenomenon to visual hallucinations presents as 'pareidolias' which make ambiguous forms appear meaningful. To evoke and detect pareidolias in patients, a noise pareidolia test was recently developed, although its task-dependent mechanisms are yet to be revealed. When subjected to this test, we hypothesized that patients exhibiting pareidolias would show altered top-down influence of visual processing allowing us to demonstrate the influence of pareidolic illusionary behaviour in Parkinson's disease patients. To that end, we evaluated eye-movement strategies and fixation-related presaccadic activity on scalp EEG when participants performed the test. Twelve healthy controls and 21 Parkinson's disease patients, evaluated for cognitive, visuo-spatial and executive functions, took a modified computer-based version of the noise pareidolia test in a free-viewing EEG eye-tracking experiment. Eye-tracking metrics (fixation-related durations and counts) documented the eye movement behaviour employed in correct responses (face/noise) and misperceptions (pareidolia/missed) during early and late visual search conditions. Simultaneously, EEG recorded the presaccadic activity in frontal and parietal areas of the brain. Based on the noise pareidolia test scores, we found certain Parkinson's disease patients exhibited pareidolias whereas others did not. ANOVA on eye-tracking data showed that patients dwelled significantly longer to detect faces and pareidolias which affected both global and local search dynamics depending on their visuo-perceptual status. Presaccadic activity in parietal electrodes for the groups was positive for faces and pareidolias, and negative for noise, though these results depended mainly on saccade size. However, patients sensitive to pareidolias showed a significantly higher presaccadic potential on frontal electrodes independent of saccade sizes, suggesting a stronger frontal activation for pareidolic stimuli. We concluded with the following interpretations (i) the noise pareidolia test specifically characterizes visuo-perceptual inadequacies in patients despite their wide range of cognitive scores, (ii) Parkinson's disease patients dwell longer to converge attention to pareidolic stimuli due to abnormal saccade generation proportional to their visuo-perceptual deficit during early search, and during late search, due to time-independent alteration of visual attentional network and (iii) patients with pareidolias show increased frontal activation reflecting the allocation of attention to irrelevant targets that express the pareidolic phenomenon. While the disease per se alters the visuo-perceptual and oculomotor dynamics, pareidolias occur in Parkinson's disease due to an abnormal top-down modulation of visual processing that affects visual attention and guidance to ambiguous stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan S Revankar
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Noriaki Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan.,Endowed Research Department of Clinical Neuroengineering, Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Yuta Kajiyama
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Tomohito Nakano
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Masahito Mihara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Etsuro Mori
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan
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Honeycutt L, Gagnon JF, Pelletier A, De Roy J, Montplaisir JY, Postuma RB. Pareidolias and cognition in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 75:76-79. [PMID: 32492550 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though visual illusions and hallucinations are common in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease (PD), they are not typically observed clinically in prodromal stages, including isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD). False-noise errors on the pareidolia test (seeing faces when none are present) may be an effective measure of susceptibility to future hallucinations in iRBD. METHODS One hundred patients with iRBD underwent the 20-image pareidolia test. Clinical markers were assessed and a neuropsychological battery was administered. An exploratory analysis on the impact of pareidolic errors on phenoconversion was also performed. RESULTS In our cohort, 17 patients (17%) made false-noise pareidolic errors. These patients had significantly lower total Montreal Cognitive Assesment (MoCA) scores (26.7 ± 2.3 vs. 24.4 ± 2.6, B = -1.88, 95% CI: [-3.17, -0.59]), with lower subcomponent MoCA scores on memory and visuospatial-executive sections. Pareidolic errors were also associated with lower visuospatial, attention/executive, and memory scores on the neuropsychological tests. Furthermore, after 1.6 years follow-up, 3/16 (19%) patients making pareidolic errors had phenoconverted at time of publication compared to 6/71 (8%) patients who did not make errors. CONCLUSION Pareidolic errors in patients with iRBD are associated with poorer overall cognition and may indicate higher risk of DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Honeycutt
- Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-François Gagnon
- Centre d'Études Avancées en Médecine du Sommeil, CIUSSS-NÎM-Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amélie Pelletier
- Centre d'Études Avancées en Médecine du Sommeil, CIUSSS-NÎM-Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jessie De Roy
- Centre d'Études Avancées en Médecine du Sommeil, CIUSSS-NÎM-Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacques Y Montplaisir
- Centre d'Études Avancées en Médecine du Sommeil, CIUSSS-NÎM-Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ronald B Postuma
- Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Canada; Centre d'Études Avancées en Médecine du Sommeil, CIUSSS-NÎM-Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.
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