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Marques Antunes M, Nunes-Ferreira A, Duarte GS, Gouveia E Melo R, Sucena Rodrigues B, Guerra NC, Nobre A, Pinto FJ, Costa J, Caldeira D. Preoperative statin therapy for adults undergoing cardiac surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024; 7:CD008493. [PMID: 39037762 PMCID: PMC11262559 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008493.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite significant advances in surgical techniques and perioperative care, people undertaking cardiac surgery due to cardiovascular disease are more prone to the development of postoperative adverse events. Statins (5-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-co-enzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors) are well-known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and are established for primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. In addition, statins are thought to have clinical benefits in perioperative outcomes in people undergoing cardiac surgery. This review is an update of a review that was first published in 2012 and updated in 2015. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the benefits and harms of preoperative statin therapy in adults undergoing cardiac surgery compared to standard of care or placebo. SEARCH METHODS We performed a search of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (Issue 9, 2023), Ovid MEDLINE (1980 to 14 September 2023), and Ovid Embase (1980 to 2023 (week 36)). We applied no language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any statin treatment before cardiac surgery, for any given duration and dose, versus no preoperative statin therapy (standard of care) or placebo. We excluded trials without a registered trial protocol and trials without approval by an institutional ethics committee. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methodology. Primary outcomes were short-term mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events. Secondary outcomes were myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, stroke, renal failure, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, length of hospital stay and adverse effects related to statin therapy. We reported effect measures as risk ratios (RRs) or mean differences (MDs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We used the RoB 1 tool to assess the risk of bias in included trials, and GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS We identified eight RCTs (five new to this review) including 5592 participants. Pooled analysis showed that statin treatment before surgery may result in little to no difference in the risk of postoperative short-term mortality (RR 1.36, 95% CI 0.72 to 2.59; I2 = 0%; 6 RCTs, 5260 participants; low-certainty evidence; note 2 RCTs reported 0 events in both groups so RR calculated from 4 RCTs with 5143 participants). We are very uncertain about the effect of statins on major adverse cardiovascular events (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.13; 1 RCT, 2406 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Statins probably result in little to no difference in myocardial infarction (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.06; I2 = 0%; 5 RCTs, 4645 participants; moderate-certainty evidence), may result in little to no difference in atrial fibrillation (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.05; I2 = 60%; 8 RCTs, 5592 participants; low-certainty evidence), and may result in little to no difference in stroke (RR 1.47, 95% CI 0.90 to 2.40; I2 = 0%; 4 RCTs, 5143 participants; low-certainty evidence). We are very uncertain about the effect of statins on renal failure (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.34; I2 = 57%; 4 RCTs, 4728 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Additionally, statins probably result in little to no difference in length of ICU stay (MD 1.40 hours, 95% CI -1.62 to 4.41; I2 = 43%; 3 RCTs, 4528 participants; moderate-certainty evidence) and overall hospital stay (MD -0.31 days, 95% CI -0.64 to 0.03; I2 = 84%; 5 RCTs, 4788 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). No study had any individual risk of bias domain classified as high. However, two studies were at high risk of bias overall given the classification of unclear risk of bias in three domains. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS In this updated Cochrane review, we found no evidence that statin use in the perioperative period of elective cardiac surgery was associated with any clinical benefit or worsening, when compared with placebo or standard of care. Compared with placebo or standard of care, statin use probably results in little to no difference in MIs, length of ICU stay and overall hospital stay; and may make little to no difference to mortality, atrial fibrillation and stroke. We are very uncertain about the effects of statins on major harmful cardiac events and renal failure. The certainty of the evidence validating this finding varied from moderate to very low, depending on the outcome. Future trials should focus on assessing the impact of statin therapy on mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Marques Antunes
- Centro Cardiovascular da Universidade de Lisboa - CCUL@RISE, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Marta, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central (CHULC), Centro Clínico Académico de Lisboa (CCAL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Afonso Nunes-Ferreira
- Department of Cardiology/Heart and Vessels, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte (CHULN), CAML, CCUL@RISE, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo S Duarte
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Hospital da Luz Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ryan Gouveia E Melo
- Centro Cardiovascular da Universidade de Lisboa - CCUL@RISE, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte (CHULN), CAML, CCUL@RISE, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Nuno C Guerra
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (CHLN), CAML, Centro Cardiovascular da Universidade de Lisboa - CCUL@RISE, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Angelo Nobre
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (CHLN), CAML, Centro Cardiovascular da Universidade de Lisboa - CCUL@RISE, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fausto J Pinto
- Department of Cardiology/Heart and Vessels, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte (CHULN), CAML, CCUL@RISE, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Costa
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel Caldeira
- Department of Cardiology/Heart and Vessels, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte (CHULN), CAML, CCUL@RISE, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Clínica e Terapêutica / Centro Cardiovascular da Universidade de Lisboa - CCUL@RISE / CEMBE - Centro de Estudos de Medicina Baseada na Evidência, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Prajapathi S, Kapoor A, Agarwal SK, Tewari P, Pande S, Chandra B, Sahu A, Khanna R, Kumar S, Garg N, Tewari S. Does high dose statin pretreatment affect global strains in patients undergoing valve replacement. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2024; 40:300-310. [PMID: 38681712 PMCID: PMC11045680 DOI: 10.1007/s12055-023-01652-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To study the effect of rosuvastatin 40 mg (initiated 7 days prior to surgery) in patients undergoing valve replacement (VR) for rheumatic mitral valve disease on left ventricular (LV) strain and biomarker release kinetics. Methods In this randomized study, cardiac biomarkers viz. troponin I (TnI), Creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NTPBNP) were measured before surgery; and 8, 24 and 48 h postoperatively. Global LV (circumferential, global circumferential strain (GCS); longitudinal, GLS; radial, global radial strain (GRS)) strains were measured preoperatively; and 48 h and 30 days postoperatively. Results Following VR, Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS), Global Circumferential Strain (GCS) and Global Radial Strain (GRS) declined at 48 h in both statin loaded (SL) and non loaded (NL) groups. The %decline in strain was significantly lower in SL group (% change in GLS 35.8% vs 38.8%, GCS 34% vs 44.1%, GRS 45.7% vs 52.6%; p < 0.001).All strain values improved at 30 days with higher improvement in SL group (GLS -15.92 ± 2.00% vs -12.6 ± 1.66%, GCS -15.12 ± 2.93% vs -13.04 ± 2.44%; GRS 22.12 ± 6.85% vs 19.32 ± 6.48%). While TnI, CKMB, NTPBNP increased following surgery, values at 8, 24 and 48 h were lower in the SL vs. NL group. Mean change (baseline to peak biomarker value) was also significantly lower in SL group.The SL group had shorter hospital and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay. On Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) analysis, baseline GCS ≤ 14% best predicted postoperative 30 day Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) ≤ 50%. Conclusion Pre-operative high dose rosuvastatin was "cardioprotective" with favorable effect on LV global strain and release kinetics of biomarkers. These cut-offs (described for the first time for rheumatic VR) can be used as prognostic predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudesh Prajapathi
- Department of Cardiology, Sanjay Gandhi PGIMS, Lucknow, 226014 India
| | - Aditya Kapoor
- Department of Cardiology, Sanjay Gandhi PGIMS, Lucknow, 226014 India
| | | | - Prabhat Tewari
- Cardiac Anesthesia, Sanjay Gandhi PGIMS, Lucknow, 226014 India
| | - Shantanu Pande
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Sanjay Gandhi PGIMS, Lucknow, 226014 India
| | - Bipin Chandra
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Sanjay Gandhi PGIMS, Lucknow, 226014 India
| | - Ankit Sahu
- Department of Cardiology, Sanjay Gandhi PGIMS, Lucknow, 226014 India
| | - Roopali Khanna
- Department of Cardiology, Sanjay Gandhi PGIMS, Lucknow, 226014 India
| | - Sudeep Kumar
- Department of Cardiology, Sanjay Gandhi PGIMS, Lucknow, 226014 India
| | - Naveen Garg
- Department of Cardiology, Sanjay Gandhi PGIMS, Lucknow, 226014 India
| | - Satyendra Tewari
- Department of Cardiology, Sanjay Gandhi PGIMS, Lucknow, 226014 India
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Halonen J, Kärkkäinen J, Jäntti H, Martikainen T, Valtola A, Ellam S, Väliaho E, Santala E, Räsänen J, Juutilainen A, Mahlamäki V, Vasankari S, Vasankari T, Hartikainen J. Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery: A Review of Literature and Comparison of Different Treatment Modalities. Cardiol Rev 2024; 32:248-256. [PMID: 36729126 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0000000000000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia to occur after cardiac surgery, with an incidence of 10% to 50%. It is associated with postoperative complications including increased risk of stroke, prolonged hospital stays and increased costs. Despite new insights into the mechanisms of atrial fibrillation, no specific etiologic factor has been identified as the sole perpetrator of the arrhythmia. Current evidence suggests that the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation in general, as well as after cardiac surgery, is multifactorial. Studies have also shown that new-onset postoperative atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery is associated with a higher risk of short-term and long-term mortality. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that prophylactic medical therapy decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Of note, the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation has not changed during the last decades despite the numerous preventive strategies and operative techniques proposed, although the perioperative and postoperative care of cardiac patients as such has improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Halonen
- From the Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Kärkkäinen
- From the Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Helena Jäntti
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Centre for Prehospital Emergency Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tero Martikainen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Services, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Valtola
- From the Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sten Ellam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Services, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eemu Väliaho
- From the Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elmeri Santala
- From the Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jenni Räsänen
- From the Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Auni Juutilainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Visa Mahlamäki
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sini Vasankari
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
- The Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha Hartikainen
- From the Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Abbasciano RG, Tomassini S, Roman MA, Rizzello A, Pathak S, Ramzi J, Lucarelli C, Layton G, Butt A, Lai F, Kumar T, Wozniak MJ, Murphy GJ. Effects of interventions targeting the systemic inflammatory response to cardiac surgery on clinical outcomes in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 10:CD013584. [PMID: 37873947 PMCID: PMC10594589 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013584.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organ injury is a common and severe complication of cardiac surgery that contributes to the majority of deaths. There are no effective treatment or prevention strategies. It has been suggested that innate immune system activation may have a causal role in organ injury. A wide range of organ protection interventions targeting the innate immune response have been evaluated in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in adult cardiac surgery patients, with inconsistent results in terms of effectiveness. OBJECTIVES The aim of the review was to summarise the results of RCTs of organ protection interventions targeting the innate immune response in adult cardiac surgery. The review considered whether the interventions had a treatment effect on inflammation, important clinical outcomes, or both. SEARCH METHODS CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, conference proceedings and two trial registers were searched on October 2022 together with reference checking to identify additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA RCTs comparing organ protection interventions targeting the innate immune response versus placebo or no treatment in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery where the treatment effect on innate immune activation and on clinical outcomes of interest were reported. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Searches, study selection, quality assessment, and data extractions were performed independently by pairs of authors. The primary inflammation outcomes were peak IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations in blood post-surgery. The primary clinical outcome was in-hospital or 30-day mortality. Treatment effects were expressed as risk ratios (RR) and standardised mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Meta-analyses were performed using random effects models, and heterogeneity was assessed using I2. MAIN RESULTS A total of 40,255 participants from 328 RCTs were included in the synthesis. The effects of treatments on IL-6 (SMD -0.77, 95% CI -0.97 to -0.58, I2 = 92%) and IL-8 (SMD -0.92, 95% CI -1.20 to -0.65, I2 = 91%) were unclear due to heterogeneity. Heterogeneity for inflammation outcomes persisted across multiple sensitivity and moderator analyses. The pooled treatment effect for in-hospital or 30-day mortality was RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.91, I2 = 0%, suggesting a significant clinical benefit. There was little or no treatment effect on mortality when analyses were restricted to studies at low risk of bias. Post hoc analyses failed to demonstrate consistent treatment effects on inflammation and clinical outcomes. Levels of certainty for pooled treatment effects on the primary outcomes were very low. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS A systematic review of RCTs of organ protection interventions targeting innate immune system activation did not resolve uncertainty as to the effectiveness of these treatments, or the role of innate immunity in organ injury following cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marius A Roman
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Angelica Rizzello
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Suraj Pathak
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Joussi Ramzi
- Leicester Medical School, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Carla Lucarelli
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Georgia Layton
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Ayesha Butt
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Florence Lai
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Tracy Kumar
- Leicester Clinical Trials Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Marcin J Wozniak
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Gavin J Murphy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Vu T, Smith JA. The pathophysiology and management of depression in cardiac surgery patients. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1195028. [PMID: 37928924 PMCID: PMC10623009 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1195028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Depression is common in the cardiac surgery population. This contemporary narrative review aims to explore the main pathophysiological disturbances underpinning depression specifically within the cardiac surgery population. The common non-pharmacological and pharmacological management strategies used to manage depression within the cardiac surgery patient population are also explored. Methods A total of 1291 articles were identified through Ovid Medline and Embase. The findings from 39 studies were included for qualitative analysis in this narrative review. Results Depression is associated with several pathophysiological and behavioral factors which increase the likelihood of developing coronary heart disease which may ultimately require surgical intervention. The main pathophysiological factors contributing to depression are well characterized and include autonomic nervous system dysregulation, excessive inflammation and disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. There are also several behavioral factors in depressed patients associated with the development of coronary heart disease including poor diet, insufficient exercise, poor compliance with medications and reduced adherence to cardiac rehabilitation. The common preventative and management modalities used for depression following cardiac surgery include preoperative and peri-operative education, cardiac rehabilitation, cognitive behavioral therapy, religion/prayer/spirituality, biobehavioral feedback, anti-depressant medications, and statins. Conclusion This contemporary review explores the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to depression following cardiac surgery and the current management modalities. Further studies on the preventative and management strategies for postoperative depression in the cardiac surgery patient population are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Vu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julian A. Smith
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Krasniqi L, Brandes A, Mortensen PE, Dahl JS, Gerke O, Ali M, Riber LPS. Atorvastatin and the influence on postoperative atrial fibrillation after surgical aortic valve replacement (STARC) in adults at Odense University Hospital, Denmark: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e069595. [PMID: 37164465 PMCID: PMC10174010 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common postoperative complication after surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) and occurs in up to 50% of the patients. Development of postoperative AF (POAF) is associated with a 2-3 fold increased risk of adverse events, including stroke, myocardial infarction and death.Several studies have implied that prophylactic Atorvastatin therapy could prevent POAF in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft. These studies suggest that Atorvastatin has rapid and significant pleiotropic actions that reduce the risk of POAF. However, prophylactic treatment with statins has yet to be understood in SAVR. The aim of this study is to investigate whether prophylactic administration of torvastatin reduces POAF in patients undergoing SAVR. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In this investigator-initiated, prospective, parallel-group, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled single-centre trial, 266 patients undergoing elective solitary SAVR with bioprosthetic valve, with no prior history of AF, and statin-naïve will be randomised (1:1) to treatment with Atorvastatin (80 mg once daily) or matching placebo for 1-2 weeks prior to and 30 days after surgery. The primary endpoint is POAF defined as an episode of irregular RR-intervals without a traceable p-wave of at least 30 s duration. After discharge and until day 30 after surgery, POAF will be documented by either rhythm strip or 12-lead ECG. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Protocol approval has been obtained from the Regional Scientific Ethical Committee for Southern Denmark (S-20210159), The Danish Medicines Agency (2021103821) and the Data Protection Agency (21/65621).The trial is conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, the ICH-GCP (International Conference on Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice) guidelines and the legal regulations of Denmark. Study findings will be shared via peer-reviewed journal publication and conference presentations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05076019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lytfi Krasniqi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Axel Brandes
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Cardiology, University of Southern Denmark - Campus Esbjerg, Esbjerg, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Poul Erik Mortensen
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jordi Sanchez Dahl
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Oke Gerke
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mulham Ali
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Peter Schødt Riber
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Shvartz V, Khugaeva E, Kryukov Y, Sokolskaya M, Ispiryan A, Shvartz E, Petrosyan A, Dorokhina E, Bockeria L, Bockeria O. Long-Term Preoperative Atorvastatin or Rosuvastatin Use in Adult Patients before CABG Does Not Increase Incidence of Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2022; 29:354-364. [PMID: 35893597 PMCID: PMC9326680 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology29030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is among the expected complications of cardiac surgery. Statins with pleiotropic anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects may be effective in the prevention of AKI. However, the results of studies on the efficacy and safety of statins are varied and require further study. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study to evaluate long-term preoperative intake of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on the incidence of AKI, based on the “Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes” (KDIGO) criteria in the early postoperative period after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). We performed propensity score matching to compare the findings in our study groups. The incidence of AKI was assessed on day 2 and day 4 after the surgery. Results: The analysis included 958 patients after CABG. After 1:1 individual matching, based on propensity score, the incidence of AKI was comparable both on day 2 after the surgery (7.4%) between the atorvastatin group and rosuvastatin group (6.5%) (OR: 1.182; 95%Cl 0.411–3.397; p = 0.794), and on postoperative day 4 between the atorvastatin group (3.7%) and the rosuvastatin group (4.6%) (OR: 0.723, 95%Cl 0.187–2.792; p = 0.739). Additionally, there were no statistically significant differences in terms of incidence of AKI after 1:1 individual matching, based on propensity score, between the rosuvastatin group and the control group both on postoperative day 2 (OR: 0.692; 95%Cl 0.252–1.899; p = 0.611) and day 4 (OR: 1.245; 95%Cl 0.525–2.953; p = 0.619); as well as between the atorvastatin group and the control group both on postoperative day 2 (OR: 0.549; 95%Cl 0.208–1.453; p = 0.240) and day 4 (OR: 0.580; 95%Cl 0.135–2.501; p = 0.497). Conclusion: Long-term statin use before CABG did not increase the incidence of postoperative AKI. Further, we revealed no difference in the incidence of post-CABG AKI between the atorvastatin and rosuvastatin groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Shvartz
- Department of Surgical Treatment for Interactive Pathology, Bakulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (E.K.); (M.S.); (A.I.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (O.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eleonora Khugaeva
- Department of Surgical Treatment for Interactive Pathology, Bakulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (E.K.); (M.S.); (A.I.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (O.B.)
| | - Yuri Kryukov
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Arrhythmology and Clinical Electrophysiology, Bakulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (Y.K.); (E.D.)
| | - Maria Sokolskaya
- Department of Surgical Treatment for Interactive Pathology, Bakulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (E.K.); (M.S.); (A.I.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (O.B.)
| | - Artak Ispiryan
- Department of Surgical Treatment for Interactive Pathology, Bakulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (E.K.); (M.S.); (A.I.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (O.B.)
| | - Elena Shvartz
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, 101990 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andrey Petrosyan
- Department of Surgical Treatment for Interactive Pathology, Bakulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (E.K.); (M.S.); (A.I.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (O.B.)
| | - Elizaveta Dorokhina
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Arrhythmology and Clinical Electrophysiology, Bakulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (Y.K.); (E.D.)
| | - Leo Bockeria
- Department of Surgical Treatment for Interactive Pathology, Bakulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (E.K.); (M.S.); (A.I.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (O.B.)
| | - Olga Bockeria
- Department of Surgical Treatment for Interactive Pathology, Bakulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (E.K.); (M.S.); (A.I.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (O.B.)
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Perry R, Herbert G, Atkinson C, England C, Northstone K, Baos S, Brush T, Chong A, Ness A, Harris J, Haase A, Shah S, Pufulete M. Pre-admission interventions (prehabilitation) to improve outcome after major elective surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e050806. [PMID: 34593498 PMCID: PMC8487197 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the benefits and harms of pre-admission interventions (prehabilitation) on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing major elective surgery. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (published or unpublished). We searched Medline, Embase, CENTRAL, DARE, HTA and NHS EED, The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PsychINFO and ISI Web of Science (June 2020). SETTING Secondary care. PARTICIPANTS Patients (≥18 years) undergoing major elective surgery (curative or palliative). INTERVENTIONS Any intervention administered in the preoperative period with the aim of improving postoperative outcomes. OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcomes were 30-day mortality, hospital length of stay (LoS) and postoperative complications. Secondary outcomes included LoS in intensive care unit or high dependency unit, perioperative morbidity, hospital readmission, postoperative pain, heath-related quality of life, outcomes specific to the intervention, intervention-specific adverse events and resource use. REVIEW METHODS Two authors independently extracted data from eligible RCTs and assessed risk of bias and the certainty of evidence using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Random-effects meta-analyses were used to pool data across trials. RESULTS 178 RCTs including eight types of intervention were included. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT), immunonutrition and multimodal interventions reduced hospital LoS (mean difference vs usual care: -1.81 days, 95% CI -2.31 to -1.31; -2.11 days, 95% CI -3.07 to -1.15; -1.67 days, 95% CI -2.31 to -1.03, respectively). Immunonutrition reduced infective complications (risk ratio (RR) 0.64 95% CI 0.40 to 1.01) and IMT, and exercise reduced postoperative pulmonary complications (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.80, and RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.75, respectively). Smoking cessation interventions reduced wound infections (RR 0.28, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.64). CONCLUSIONS Some prehabilitation interventions may reduce postoperative LoS and complications but the quality of the evidence was low. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42015019191.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Perry
- NIHR Bristol BRC, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Georgia Herbert
- NIHR Bristol BRC, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Charlotte Atkinson
- NIHR Bristol BRC, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Clare England
- NIHR Bristol BRC, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kate Northstone
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah Baos
- Bristol Trials Centre (CTEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tim Brush
- Bristol Trials Centre (CTEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Amanda Chong
- NIHR Bristol BRC, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andy Ness
- NIHR Bristol BRC, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jessica Harris
- Bristol Trials Centre (CTEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Anne Haase
- Faculty of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sanjoy Shah
- University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Maria Pufulete
- Bristol Trials Centre (CTEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Chello C, Nenna A, Chello M, Satriano UM, Cardetta F, Lusini M, Nappi F, Dianzani C. Statin treatment and hypertrophic scarring after cardiac surgery. Wound Repair Regen 2020; 29:129-133. [PMID: 33236817 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing process after surgical procedure plays a crucial role to prevent blood loss and infections. Hypertrophic scars might occur after surgery and are generally associated with an inflammatory burden. Cardiac surgery is intrinsically related to a strong systemic inflammatory state that might favor hypertrophic scarring. Besides lipid-lowering effects, statins are known for their pleiotropic and anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of statins in the healing process after median sternotomy in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. All patients undergoing major cardiac surgery with median sternotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass, and subsequently evaluated in the outpatient clinic after discharge, were included in this study. A total of 930 Caucasian patients were retrospectively reviewed. At outpatient visit, 276 patients (29.7%) showed the formation of hypertrophic scars. Patients with hypertrophic scars tended to be younger (P = .001) and nonstatin users (P = .001). Logistic regression analysis confirmed the protective role of statins (odds ratio 0.39, 95% confidence interval 0.29-0.53, P = .001), after adjustment for age. A dose-dependent effect was confirmed, showing a more intensive protective effect for higher doses of statins. Statin use might be correlated with reduced hypertrophic scars after cardiac surgery through median sternotomy. A dose-dependent effect has been shown, and statin effect seems to be independent of age in a selected population undergoing surgery with an elevated inflammatory burden. Although further studies are warranted to elucidate the biologic mechanisms, the concept of using statins as anti-scarring agents is novel and should be investigated with tailored studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Chello
- Department of Dermatology, Università La Sapienza di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Nenna
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Chello
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Cardetta
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Lusini
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Nappi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Cardiologique du Nord de Saint Denis, Paris, France
| | - Caterina Dianzani
- Department of Reconstructive Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Kaushik A, Kapoor A, Agarwal SK, Pande S, Kashyap S, Sinha A, Khanna R, Kumar S, Garg N, Tewari S, Goel PK. Effect of statin on perioperative myocardial injury in isolated valve surgery. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2020; 29:369-375. [PMID: 33197319 DOI: 10.1177/0218492320974514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins have known pleiotropic effects that confer protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Because cardiopulmonary bypass is a potentially reversible ischemia-reperfusion sequence, we aimed to assess whether statin loading could help to limit myocardial injury in patients undergoing isolated heart valve replacement under cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS One hundred patients with rheumatic valvular heart disease undergoing valve replacement received either a loading dose of rosuvastatin (40 mg initiated 7 days before surgery; loaded group) or no statins (non-loaded group). Cardiac troponin I, creatine kinase MB, and brain natriuretic peptide were measured at 8, 24, and 48 hours postoperatively. The primary endpoint was the extent of perioperative myocardial injury measured by the area under the curve for each biomarker. RESULTS Despite similar baseline levels, all biomarkers at 8, 24, and 48 h were significantly lower in the loaded group. The area under the curve of each biomarker was significantly lower in the loaded group than in the non-loaded group (troponin I: 31.43 vs. 77.21 ng·h·mL-1, creatine kinase MB 309.31 vs. 429.12 ng·h·mL-1, brain natriuretic peptide 5176.11 vs. 16119.31 pg·h·mL-1, all p < 0.001). The mean changes from baseline to peak levels were also significantly lower in the loaded group. The loaded group had a shorter hospital stay but no significant difference was seen in ventilator time, inotrope time, aortic crossclamp time, cardiopulmonary bypass time, or intensive care unit stay. CONCLUSION In patients undergoing valve replacement, high-dose statin loading before surgery had a favorable impact on the release kinetics of various cardiac biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kaushik
- Department of Cardiology, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aditya Kapoor
- Department of Cardiology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Surendra Kumar Agarwal
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shantanu Pande
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | | - Roopali Khanna
- Department of Cardiology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudeep Kumar
- Department of Cardiology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Naveen Garg
- Department of Cardiology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Satyendra Tewari
- Department of Cardiology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pravin K Goel
- Department of Cardiology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Royston-White P, Janmohamed I, Ansari D, Whittaker A, Aboughadir M, Mahbub S, Harky A. WITHDRAWN: Cardioplegia and Cardiac surgery: A comprehensive literature review. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2020. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation Following Cardiac Surgery: From Pathogenesis to Potential Therapies. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2020; 20:19-49. [PMID: 31502217 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-019-00365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a major complication after cardiac surgery which can lead to high rates of morbidity and mortality, an enhanced length of hospital stay, and an increased cost of care. POAF is postulated to be a multifactorial phenomenon; however, some major pathogeneses have been proposed, including inflammatory pathways, oxidative stress, and autonomic dysfunction. Genetic studies also showed that inflammatory pathways, beta-1 adrenoreceptor variants, G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 gene variants, and non-coding single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the 4q25 chromosomal locus are involved in this phenomenon. Moreover, several predisposing factors lead to the development of POAF, consisting of pre-, intra-, and postoperative contributors. The main predisposing factors comprise age, prior history of major cardiovascular risk factors, and ischemia-reperfusion injury during surgery. The management of POAF is based on the usual therapies used for non-surgical AF, including medications for either rate control or rhythm control in hemodynamically unstable patients. The perioperative administration of β-blockers and some antiarrhythmic agents has been recommended in major international guidelines. In addition, upstream therapies consisting of colchicine, magnesium, statins, and antioxidants have attenuated the incidence of POAF; however, some uncomfortable side effects developed in large randomized trials. The use of anticoagulation has also resulted in less mortality in patients with POAF at higher risk of thromboembolic events. Despite these recommendations, the actual regimen for the prevention of POAF remains controversial. In this review, we highlight the pathogenesis, predisposing factors, and potential therapeutic options for the management of patients at risk for or with POAF following cardiac surgery.
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Hijazi EM, Edwan HT, Al-Zoubi NA, Ibdah RK, Rawashdeh SI, Radaideh HA. Preoperative statin associated with a reduced risk of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery. Chirurgia (Bucur) 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s0394-9508.18.04872-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Nenna A, Spadaccio C, Lusini M, Nappi F, Mastroianni C, Giacinto O, Pugliese G, Casacalenda A, Barbato R, Barberi F, Greco SM, Satriano U, Forte F, Miano N, Colicchia C, Di Lorenzo D, Gaudino M, Chello M. Preoperative atorvastatin reduces bleeding and blood transfusions in patients undergoing elective isolated aortic valve replacement. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2019; 29:51-58. [PMID: 30753487 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Minimization of bleeding to reduce the use of blood products is of utmost importance in cardiac surgery. Statins are known for their pleiotropic effects beyond lipid-lowering properties, and the use of atorvastatin preoperatively is associated with reduced risk of bleeding and blood product use after coronary surgery. However, no studies have investigated if this beneficial effect also extends to aortic valve surgery. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, 1145 consecutive patients undergoing elective primary isolated aortic valve replacement meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected from January 2009 to December 2017 (547 in the atorvastatin group, 598 in the control group). Postoperative bleeding, blood product use, and complications were monitored during hospitalization. RESULTS Postoperative bleeding was significantly lower in the atorvastatin group compared with the controls in the first 12 h after surgery (372 ± 137 vs 561 ± 219 ml; P = 0.001) and considering overall bleeding (678 ± 387 vs 981 ± 345 ml, P = 0.001). A total of 32.3% of controls and 26.3% of atorvastatin users received packed red blood cells (P = 0.027), and major surgical complications were similar between the groups. Postoperative length of stay was shorter in the atorvastatin group with an average reduction of 1 day of hospitalization (6.0 ± 1.4 vs 6.9 ± 2.1 days; P = 0.001). Postoperative bleeding among the atorvastatin-treated patients was significantly greater in those taking lower doses compared to those taking higher doses of atorvastatin with a 20% between-group difference (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Preoperative treatment with atorvastatin might reduce postoperative bleeding and transfusion of packed red blood cells in patients undergoing elective isolated aortic valve replacement. This result might translate into faster recovery after surgery and reduced hospitalization costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Nenna
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano Spadaccio
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mario Lusini
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Nappi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Cardiologique du Nord de Saint-Denis, Paris, France
| | - Ciro Mastroianni
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Omar Giacinto
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pugliese
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Adele Casacalenda
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Barbato
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Barberi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Umberto Satriano
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Felice Forte
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Miano
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Colicchia
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Domitilla Di Lorenzo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Gaudino
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Massimo Chello
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Allah EA, Kamel EZ, Osman HM, Abd-Elshafy SK, Nabil F, Elmelegy TTH, Elkhayat H, Ibrahim AS, Minshawy AA. Could Short-Term Perioperative High-Dose Atorvastatin Offer Antiarrhythmic and Cardio-Protective Effects in Rheumatic Valve Replacement Surgery? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019; 33:3340-3347. [PMID: 31178259 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the role of prophylactic high-dose atorvastatin for prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF), inflammatory response attenuation, and myocardial protection after valve replacement cardiac surgery. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING Assiut University Hospitals. PARTICIPANTS Sixty-four adult patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement surgery. INTERVENTIONS The participants were equally divided into 2 groups. Group S received 80 mg of atorvastatin (oral tablets), 12 and 2 hours preoperatively, and on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th postoperative days. Control group C received placebo at the same time periods. MEASUREMENTS The incidence of POAF, postoperative white blood cell count, serum C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and troponin I. MAIN RESULTS Group S patients showed a lower incidence of POAF compared with the placebo group (p = 0.031). The white blood cell count showed significant reductions in group S compared with group C on the second, third, fourth, and fifth postoperative days. The C-reactive protein level showed significant reductions on the third, fourth, and fifth postoperative days in group S compared with group C (p = 0.001, 0.001, and 0.001, respectively). The serum level of interleukin 6 showed a significant reduction on the fifth postoperative day in group S compared with group C (p = 0.001). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups regarding the troponin I level and inotropic score. CONCLUSION Prophylactic use of high dose atorvastatin can decrease the incidence of POAF and attenuate the inflammatory process in adult patients undergoing isolated rheumatic cardiac valve replacement surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam Abd Allah
- Anesthesia and ICU department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Emad Zarief Kamel
- Anesthesia and ICU department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Hany M Osman
- Anesthesia and ICU department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Fatma Nabil
- Anesthesia and ICU department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Hussein Elkhayat
- Cardiothoracic Surgery department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Al Minshawy
- Cardiothoracic Surgery department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Jellinger PS, Handelsman Y, Rosenblit PD, Bloomgarden ZT, Fonseca VA, Garber AJ, Grunberger G, Guerin CK, Bell DSH, Mechanick JI, Pessah-Pollack R, Wyne K, Smith D, Brinton EA, Fazio S, Davidson M. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF DYSLIPIDEMIA AND PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. Endocr Pract 2019; 23:1-87. [PMID: 28437620 DOI: 10.4158/ep171764.appgl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 632] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The development of these guidelines is mandated by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Board of Directors and American College of Endocrinology (ACE) Board of Trustees and adheres with published AACE protocols for the standardized production of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). METHODS Recommendations are based on diligent reviews of the clinical evidence with transparent incorporation of subjective factors, according to established AACE/ACE guidelines for guidelines protocols. RESULTS The Executive Summary of this document contains 87 recommendations of which 45 are Grade A (51.7%), 18 are Grade B (20.7%), 15 are Grade C (17.2%), and 9 (10.3%) are Grade D. These detailed, evidence-based recommendations allow for nuance-based clinical decision-making that addresses multiple aspects of real-world medical care. The evidence base presented in the subsequent Appendix provides relevant supporting information for Executive Summary Recommendations. This update contains 695 citations of which 203 (29.2 %) are EL 1 (strong), 137 (19.7%) are EL 2 (intermediate), 119 (17.1%) are EL 3 (weak), and 236 (34.0%) are EL 4 (no clinical evidence). CONCLUSION This CPG is a practical tool that endocrinologists, other health care professionals, health-related organizations, and regulatory bodies can use to reduce the risks and consequences of dyslipidemia. It provides guidance on screening, risk assessment, and treatment recommendations for a range of individuals with various lipid disorders. The recommendations emphasize the importance of treating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in some individuals to lower goals than previously endorsed and support the measurement of coronary artery calcium scores and inflammatory markers to help stratify risk. Special consideration is given to individuals with diabetes, familial hypercholesterolemia, women, and youth with dyslipidemia. Both clinical and cost-effectiveness data are provided to support treatment decisions. ABBREVIATIONS 4S = Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study A1C = glycated hemoglobin AACE = American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists AAP = American Academy of Pediatrics ACC = American College of Cardiology ACE = American College of Endocrinology ACS = acute coronary syndrome ADMIT = Arterial Disease Multiple Intervention Trial ADVENT = Assessment of Diabetes Control and Evaluation of the Efficacy of Niaspan Trial AFCAPS/TexCAPS = Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study AHA = American Heart Association AHRQ = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality AIM-HIGH = Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome With Low HDL/High Triglycerides trial ASCVD = atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease ATP = Adult Treatment Panel apo = apolipoprotein BEL = best evidence level BIP = Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention trial BMI = body mass index CABG = coronary artery bypass graft CAC = coronary artery calcification CARDS = Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study CDP = Coronary Drug Project trial CI = confidence interval CIMT = carotid intimal media thickness CKD = chronic kidney disease CPG(s) = clinical practice guideline(s) CRP = C-reactive protein CTT = Cholesterol Treatment Trialists CV = cerebrovascular CVA = cerebrovascular accident EL = evidence level FH = familial hypercholesterolemia FIELD = Secondary Endpoints from the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes trial FOURIER = Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research with PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects With Elevated Risk trial HATS = HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol HeFH = heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia HHS = Helsinki Heart Study HIV = human immunodeficiency virus HoFH = homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia HPS = Heart Protection Study HPS2-THRIVE = Treatment of HDL to Reduce the Incidence of Vascular Events trial HR = hazard ratio HRT = hormone replacement therapy hsCRP = high-sensitivity CRP IMPROVE-IT = Improved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial IRAS = Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study JUPITER = Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Lp-PLA2 = lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 MACE = major cardiovascular events MESA = Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis MetS = metabolic syndrome MI = myocardial infarction MRFIT = Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial NCEP = National Cholesterol Education Program NHLBI = National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute PCOS = polycystic ovary syndrome PCSK9 = proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 Post CABG = Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft trial PROSPER = Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk trial QALY = quality-adjusted life-year ROC = receiver-operator characteristic SOC = standard of care SHARP = Study of Heart and Renal Protection T1DM = type 1 diabetes mellitus T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus TG = triglycerides TNT = Treating to New Targets trial VA-HIT = Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial VLDL-C = very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol WHI = Women's Health Initiative.
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Sai C, Li J, Ruiyan M, Yingbin X. Atorvastatin prevents postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Hellenic J Cardiol 2019; 60:40-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Simvastatin-induced Changes in the Leukocytic System of Porcine Bone Marrow. J Vet Res 2018; 62:329-333. [PMID: 30584612 PMCID: PMC6296003 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Simvastatin is a substance which is commonly used as a medicine to reduce cholesterol level. Unfortunately, it shows numerous side effects. Simvastatin affects various internal organs, and among other detriments to health may cause persistent muscle weakness, osteolytic processes, headaches, and rashes. Until now knowledge of the influence of simvastatin on bone marrow cells has been rather scant and fragmentary. Material and Methods During this experiment the numbers of all types of cells in the leukocytic system of porcine bone marrow were evaluated after 28 and 56 days of oral administration of simvastatin at a dose of 40 mg/day/animal. Results Simvastatin caused an increase in the number of all types of cells in the leukocytic system, and the most visible fluctuations concerned promyelocytes. Conclusion Observations obtained during the present study indicated that the results of the action of simvastatin on porcine bone marrow differ from those observed in other mammal species, including human. This may be due to various metabolic pathways within the bone marrow in the particular species, but the exact mechanisms of these actions are unknown at the present time.
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Outcomes of patients with and without baseline lipid-lowering therapy undergoing revascularization for left main coronary artery disease: analysis from the EXCEL trial. Coron Artery Dis 2018; 30:143-149. [PMID: 30531253 DOI: 10.1097/mca.0000000000000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is a paucity of data on the effect of baseline lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) in patients undergoing revascularization for left main (LM) coronary artery disease (CAD). We compared outcomes for patients with LMCAD randomized to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) according to the presence of baseline LLT in the EXCEL trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS The EXCEL trial randomized 1905 patients with LMCAD and SYNTAX scores up to 32 to PCI with everolimus-eluting stents versus CABG. Patients were categorized according to whether they were medically treated with LLT at baseline, and their outcomes were examined using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. The primary endpoint was a composite of death, stroke, or myocardial infarction at 3 years. RESULTS Among 1901 patients with known baseline LLT status, 1331 (70.0%) were medically treated with LLT at baseline. There were no significant differences between the PCI and CABG groups in the 3-year rates of the primary endpoint in patients with versus without baseline LLT (Pinteraction=0.62). Among patients with baseline LLT, the 3-year rate of ischemia-driven revascularization was higher after PCI compared with CABG (13.7 vs. 5.3%; adjusted hazard ratio=2.97; 95% confidence interval: 1.95-4.55; P<0.0001), in contrast to patients without baseline LLT (9.8 vs. 12.1%; adjusted hazard ratio=0.79; 95% confidence interval: 0.47-1.33; P=0.39) (Pinteraction=0.0003). CONCLUSION In the EXCEL trial, 3-year major adverse event rates after PCI versus CABG for LMCAD were similar and consistent in patients with and without LLT at baseline; however, revascularization during follow-up was more common after PCI compared with CABG in patients with baseline LLT, but not in those without baseline LLT.
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Pennel KAF, Park JH, McMillan DC, Roseweir AK, Edwards J. Signal interaction between the tumour and inflammatory cells in patients with gastrointestinal cancer: Implications for treatment. Cell Signal 2018; 54:81-90. [PMID: 30453014 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 15 years there has been a change in how we understand the impact of the interaction between the tumour and the host on cancer outcomes. From the simplistic view that the make-up of tumours cells largely determines their aggressiveness to a more complex view that the interaction between the products of tumour and host cell signal transduction pathways is crucial in determining whether the tumour cell is eliminated or survives in the host. Of the host cells, those with an immune/inflammatory function are most well documented to inhibit or promote tumour cell proliferation and dissemination. It is only in the last few years that there has been greater recognition of the impact of intracellular, cellular and systemic immune/inflammatory phenotypes on patient outcomes independent of current tumour staging and that these phenotypes are useful in informing oncological research and practice. In the present review we will examine the importance of inflammatory phenotypes at the intra-cellular, cellular and systemic levels on outcomes in patients with gastrointestinal cancer with focus on colorectal cancer. Based on these phenotypes we will examine and discuss the prospects for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A F Pennel
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - James H Park
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine - University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, United Kingdom
| | - Donald C McMillan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine - University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, United Kingdom
| | - Antonia K Roseweir
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine - University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
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21
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Putzu A, de Carvalho E Silva CMPD, de Almeida JP, Belletti A, Cassina T, Landoni G, Hajjar LA. Perioperative statin therapy in cardiac and non-cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Intensive Care 2018; 8:95. [PMID: 30264290 PMCID: PMC6160380 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-018-0441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of perioperative statin therapy on clinical outcome after cardiac or non-cardiac surgery are controversial. We aimed to assess the association between perioperative statin therapy and postoperative outcome. Methods Electronic databases were searched up to May 1, 2018, for randomized controlled trials of perioperative statin therapy versus placebo or no treatment in adult cardiac or non-cardiac surgery. Postoperative outcomes were: myocardial infarction, stroke, acute kidney injury (AKI), and mortality. We calculated risk ratio (RR) or odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using fixed-effects meta-analyses. We performed meta-regression and subgroup analyses to assess the possible influence of statin therapy regimen on clinical outcomes and trial sequential analysis to evaluate the risk of random errors and futility. Results We included data from 35 RCTs involving 8200 patients. Perioperative statin therapy was associated with lower incidence of postoperative myocardial infarction in non-cardiac surgery (OR = 0.44 [95% CI 0.30–0.64], p < 0.0001), but not in cardiac surgery (OR = 0.93 [95% CI 0.70–1.24], p = 0.61) (psubgroup = 0.002). Higher incidence of AKI was present in cardiac surgery patients receiving perioperative statins (RR = 1.15 [95% CI 1.00–1.31], p = 0.05), nonetheless not in non-cardiac surgery (RR = 1.52 [95% CI 0.71–3.26], p = 0.28) (psubgroup = 0.47). No difference in postoperative stroke and mortality was present in either cardiac or non-cardiac surgery. However, low risk of bias trials performed in cardiac surgery showed a higher mortality with statins versus placebo (OR = 3.71 [95% CI 1.03–13.34], p = 0.04). Subgroup and meta-regression analyses failed to find possible relationships between length of statin regimens and clinical outcomes. Trial sequential analysis suggested no firm conclusions on the topic. Conclusions Perioperative statins appear to be protective against postoperative myocardial infarction in non-cardiac surgery and associated with higher AKI in cardiac surgery. Possible positive or even negative effects on mortality could not be excluded and merits further investigations. Currently, no randomized evidence supports the systematic administration of statins in surgical patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13613-018-0441-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Putzu
- Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Juliano Pinheiro de Almeida
- Division of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, InCor, Instituto do Cancer, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Belletti
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziano Cassina
- Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Landoni
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. .,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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22
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Nenna A, Lusini M, Spadaccio C, Nappi F, Prestipino F, Barbato R, Casacalenda A, Pugliese G, Barberi F, Giacinto O, Petitti T, Covino E, Chello M. Preoperative atorvastatin reduces bleeding and blood products use in patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2018; 18:976-982. [PMID: 28787317 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000000550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Statins are a widely recognized weapon in the primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease for their pleiotropic effects. However, recent reports from the cerebrovascular and pharmacological literature are insinuating concerns about a potential increase in the haemorrhagic risk among statin users.The effect of statins in postoperative bleeding should be carefully investigated in major cardiac surgery that exposes per se to risk of bleeding. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, we evaluated 441 patients who received atorvastatin until surgery and 213 patients who had never been treated with statins, undergoing elective primary isolated on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Postoperative bleedings, blood products use and complications were monitored during hospitalization. RESULTS Preoperative and intraoperative variables were similar between groups. Early and overall postoperative bleedings were reduced among statin users, who had lower C-reactive protein values in the first postoperative day. Atorvastatin carries a strong protective effect against major bleedings, with a propensity score-adjusted odds ratio of 0.28 (P < 0.01). Also, blood products use for statin-treated patients was lower compared with controls, with fewer transfused patients and fewer red-packed cells units per transfused patient. CONCLUSION Preoperative atorvastatin use is associated with reduced risk of bleeding and blood products use after coronary artery bypass grafting, likely due to a reduction in the postoperative inflammatory response. Statin continuation at the highest tolerable dose should be encouraged before cardiac surgery. The preoperative use of statins in cardiac surgery as 'bleeding-preventers' might have profound clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Nenna
- aDepartment of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, ItalybDepartment of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, UKcDepartment of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Cardiologique du Nord de Saint-Denis, Paris, FrancedDepartment of Public Health and Statistics, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite the benefits of surgical coronary revascularization, patients continue to be at risk for ischemic events in the years that follow coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), mandating the role for postoperative secondary preventive therapy. The purpose of this review was to present a summary on the subject of secondary prevention after CABG, including an overview of a recently published scientific statement, and highlight the newest studies in the field. RECENT FINDINGS Aspirin and statin therapy continue to be the mainstay of secondary prevention after CABG, although newer antiplatelet and lipid-lowering medicines are being actively studied for their potential benefits. Other important elements to secondary prevention after CABG include the aggressive management of hypertension, smoking cessation, and the initiation of cardiac rehabilitation. SUMMARY Secondary prevention is an essential component of postoperative care after CABG. Instituting preventive therapies after surgery optimizes graft patency and helps patients achieve the highest level of physical health and quality of life following CABG.
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Treatment with Atorvastatin Provides Additional Benefits to Imipenem in a Model of Gram-Negative Pneumonia Induced by Klebsiella pneumoniae in Mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00764-17. [PMID: 29463546 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00764-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae is a relevant cause of nosocomial infections, and resistance to current treatment with carbapenem antibiotics is becoming a significant problem. Statins are inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) used for controlling plasma cholesterol levels. There is clinical evidence showing other effects of statins, including decrease of lung inflammation. In the current study, we show that pretreatment with atorvastatin markedly attenuated lung injury, which was correlated with a reduction in the cellular influx into the alveolar space and lungs and downmodulation of the production of proinflammatory mediators in the initial phase of infection in C57BL/6 mice with K. pneumoniae However, atorvastatin did not alter the number of bacteria in the lungs and blood of infected mice, despite decreasing local inflammatory response. Interestingly, mice that received combined treatment with atorvastatin and imipenem displayed better survival than mice treated with vehicle, atorvastatin, or imipenem alone. These findings suggest that atorvastatin could be an adjuvant in host-directed therapies for multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae, based on its powerful pleiotropic immunomodulatory effects. Together with antimicrobial approaches, combination therapy with anti-inflammatory compounds could improve the efficiency of therapy during acute lung infections.
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Joshi SS, Ruth K, Smaldone MC, Chen DY, Greenberg RE, Viterbo R, Kutikov A, Uzzo RG. Perioperative Statin Use and Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Partial Nephrectomy. KIDNEY CANCER 2018; 2:47-55. [PMID: 30740579 PMCID: PMC6364048 DOI: 10.3233/kca-180031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statin use is widespread among the general population. Data suggest a potentially beneficial effect of statin therapy on renal function following surgery. The impact of statins on post-partial nephrectomy (PN) renal function is unknown. We hypothesized that perioperative statin use may be associated with reduced rates of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing PN. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of perioperative statin use on AKI rates in patients undergoing PN. MATERIALS & METHODS 1,056 patients undergoing PN were identified from a prospectively-maintained institutional renal mass database. Exclusion criteria included lack of preoperative serum creatinine (Cr), concurrent surgeries, and those with baseline Cr <0.4. The binary outcome was AKI, defined using modified Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. Chi-Square and Cochran-Armitage trend tests were used to evaluate the strength of associations. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine predictors of AKI. RESULTS Statin use was reported by n = 346 (32.8%) patients at the time of surgery. Univariate analysis demonstrated that statin use was associated with an increased risk of AKI following PN (OR 1.38, CI 1.01-1.88, p = 0.04). On multivariate analysis, statin use was no longer associated with AKI following PN (OR 1.09, CI 0.76-1.56, p = 0.65). Gender, BMI, comorbidity index, hypertension, surgical approach, ischemia temperature/time, and nephrometry "R" score were all independently associated with AKI. CONCLUSIONS Perioperative statin use at the time of PN was not associated with rates of post-operative AKI. Prospective studies are needed to elucidate the effects of statins on functional outcomes following PN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas S. Joshi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Division of Urologic Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karen Ruth
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Division of Urologic Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marc C. Smaldone
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Division of Urologic Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Y.T. Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Division of Urologic Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard E. Greenberg
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Division of Urologic Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rosalia Viterbo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Division of Urologic Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexander Kutikov
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Division of Urologic Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert G. Uzzo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Division of Urologic Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Sukumaran V, Tsuchimochi H, Fujii Y, Hosoda H, Kangawa K, Akiyama T, Shirai M, Tatsumi E, Pearson JT. Ghrelin Pre-treatment Attenuates Local Oxidative Stress and End Organ Damage During Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Anesthetized Rats. Front Physiol 2018; 9:196. [PMID: 29593559 PMCID: PMC5854848 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induced systemic inflammation significantly contributes to the development of postoperative complications, including respiratory failure, myocardial, renal and neurological dysfunction and ultimately can lead to failure of multiple organs. Ghrelin is a small endogenous peptide with wide ranging physiological effects on metabolism and cardiovascular regulation. Herein, we investigated the protective effects of ghrelin against CPB-induced inflammatory reactions, oxidative stress and acute organ damage. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats randomly received vehicle (n = 5) or a bolus of ghrelin (150 μg/kg, sc, n = 5) and were subjected to CPB for 4 h (protocol 1). In separate rats, ghrelin pre-treatment (protocol 2) was compared to two doses of ghrelin (protocol 3) before and after CPB for 2 h followed by recovery for 2 h. Blood samples were taken prior to CPB, and following CPB at 2 h and 4 h. Organ nitrosative stress (3-nitrotyrosine) was measured by Western blotting. CPB induced leukocytosis with increased plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 indicating a potent inflammatory response. Ghrelin treatment significantly reduced plasma organ damage markers (lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase) and protein levels of 3-nitrotyrosine, particularly in the brain, lung and liver, but only partly suppressed inflammatory cell invasion and did not reduce proinflammatory cytokine production. Ghrelin partially attenuated the CPB-induced elevation of epinephrine and to a lesser extent norepinephrine when compared to the CPB saline group, while dopamine levels were completely suppressed. Ghrelin treatment sustained plasma levels of reduced glutathione and decreased glutathione disulphide when compared to CPB saline rats. These results suggest that even though ghrelin only partially inhibited the large CPB induced increase in catecholamines and organ macrophage infiltration, it reduced oxidative stress and subsequent cell damage. Pre-treatment with ghrelin might provide an effective adjunct therapy for preventing widespread CPB induced organ injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Sukumaran
- Department of Artificial Organs, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, Suita, Japan.,Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Tsuchimochi
- Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Yutaka Fujii
- Department of Clinical Engineering and Medical Technology, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hosoda
- Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Akiyama
- Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Mikiyasu Shirai
- Advanced Medical Research for Pulmonary Hypertension, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Eisuke Tatsumi
- Department of Artificial Organs, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - James T Pearson
- Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, Suita, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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He SJ, Liu Q, Li HQ, Tian F, Chen SY, Weng JX. Role of statins in preventing cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2018; 14:475-482. [PMID: 29551897 PMCID: PMC5842775 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s160298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevention of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) by statins remains controversial. Therefore, the present meta-analysis including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to assess the effect of perioperative statin on CSA-AKI. Methods Two reviewers independently searched for RCTs about perioperative statin for prevention of CSA-AKI. The primary endpoint was CSA-AKI. Relative risk was calculated between statin and placebo for preventing CSA-AKI using the random-effect model or fixed-effect model according to different heterogeneity. Results Eight RCTs met inclusion criteria, including five studies with atorvastatin, two with rosuvastatin, and one with simvastatin. There were 1,603 patients receiving statin treatment and 1,601 with placebo. Perioperative statin therapy did not reduce the incidence of CSA-AKI (relative risk =1.17, 95% CI: 0.98–1.39, p=0.076). Furthermore, perioperative statin increased the risk of CSA-AKI in the subgroup analysis with clear definition of CSA-AKI and those with JADAD score >3. Perioperative rosuvastatin produced slightly significantly higher risk of AKI than atorvastatin therapy (p=0.070). Statin intervention both pre and post surgery slightly increased the risk of CSA-AKI versus preoperative statin therapy alone (p=0.040). Conclusions Perioperative statin therapy might increase the risk of CSA-AKI after cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Jian He
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hua-Qiu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shi-Yu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian-Xin Weng
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Zhao BC, Shen P, Liu KX. Perioperative Statins Do Not Prevent Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiac Surgery: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2017; 31:2086-2092. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2017.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Efficacy and Mechanism of Preoperative Simvastatin Therapy on Myocardial Protection after Extracorporeal Circulation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6082430. [PMID: 29250545 PMCID: PMC5698794 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6082430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) causes systemic inflammatory response and ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of simvastatin on myocardial injury in cardiac valve surgery with CPB. Methods One hundred thirty patients were randomly assigned to the statin group (n = 65) or control group (n = 65). Simvastatin was administered preoperatively and postoperatively. Duration of intensive care unit stay, duration of assisted ventilation, and left ventricular ejection fraction were recorded. Plasma was analysed for troponin T (cTnT), isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8). Ultrastructure of the myocardium and autophagosomes were observed. Beclin-1, LC3-II/I, P62, AMPK, and the phosphorylation of AMPK in cardiomyocytes were detected. Results Simvastatin significantly reduced the duration of assisted ventilation (P = 0.030) and ejection fraction was significantly higher in the statin group (P = 0.024). Simvastatin significantly reduced the levels of cTnT, CK-MB, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 (P < 0.05), reduced the expression of LC3-II/LC3-I and Beclin 1, and increased the expression of phosphorylation of AMPK. Simvastatin reduced the generation of autophagosomes and the ultrastructural injuries to myocardium. Conclusion Perioperative statin therapy reduced myocardial injury by regulating myocardial autophagy and activating the phosphorylation of AMPK. The registration number of this study is ChiCTR-TRC-14005164.
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Zhen-Han L, Rui S, Dan C, Xiao-Li Z, Qing-Chen W, Bo F. Perioperative statin administration with decreased risk of postoperative atrial fibrillation, but not acute kidney injury or myocardial infarction: A meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10091. [PMID: 28855628 PMCID: PMC5577099 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A controversy effect of perioperative statin use for preventing postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) and acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery still remains. We thus performed current systematic review and meta-analysis to comprehensively evaluate effects of statin in cardiac surgery. 22 RCTs involving 5243 patients were included. Meta-analysis of 18 randomized controlled trials with 3995 participants suggested that perioperative statin use could decrease the risk of POAF (relative risk [RR] 0.69, 95%CI 0.56 to 0.86, P = 0.001), with a moderate heterogeneity (I 2 = 65.7%, P H < 0.001). And the beneficial effect was found only in patients receiving coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), but not in patients undergoing valve surgery. However, perioperative statin use was not associated with lower risks of AKI (RR 0.98, 95%CI 0.70 to 1.35, P = 0.884, I 2 = 33.9%, P H = 0.157) or myocardial infarction (MI) (RR 0.84, 95%CI 0.58 to 1.23, P = 0.380, I 2 = 0%, P H = 0.765), and even an increased trend of AKI was observed in patients with valve surgery. Perioperative statin use could decrease the inflammation response with no impact on clinical outcomes. In conclusion, perioperative statin use is useful in preventing POAF, particularly in patients with CABG, and ameliorate inflammation, while it has no effect on AKI and MI after cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhen-Han
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Shi Rui
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chen Dan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhou Xiao-Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wu Qing-Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Feng Bo
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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Li H, Lin YL, Diao SL, Ma BX, Liu XL. Does short preoperative statin therapy prevent infectious complications in adults undergoing cardiac or non-cardiac surgery? A meta-analysis of 5 randomized placebo-controlled trials. Saudi Med J 2017; 37:492-7. [PMID: 27146610 PMCID: PMC4880647 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2016.5.13733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of preoperative statin therapy on the incidence of postoperative infection. Methods: This systematic review of the literature was carried out in August 2015. Studies were retrieved via PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library (1980 to 2015), and the reference files were limited to English-language articles. We used a standardized protocol, and a meta-analysis was performed for data abstraction. Results: Five studies comprising 1,362 patients qualified for the analysis. The incidence of postoperative infections in the statin group (1.1%) was not significantly lower than that in the placebo group (2.4%), with a risk ratio (RR) of 0.56 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.24-1.33, p=0.19). Patients of 3 studies underwent cardiac surgery. The aggregated results of these studies failed to show significant differences in postoperative infection when a fixed effects model was used (RR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.08-1.97, p=0.26]. Conclusions: We failed to find sufficient evidence to support the association between statin use and postoperative infectious complications. The absence of any evidence for a beneficial effect in available randomized trials reduces the likelihood of a causal effect as reported in observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, Shandong Province, China. E-mail.
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Putzu A, Gallo M, Martino EA, Ferrari E, Pedrazzini G, Moccetti T, Cassina T. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents for left main coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Int J Cardiol 2017; 241:142-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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An J, Shi F, Liu S, Ma J, Ma Q. Preoperative statins as modifiers of cardiac and inflammatory outcomes following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a meta-analysis. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2017; 25:958-965. [DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivx172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Wang S, Yao H, Yu H, Chen C, Zhou R, Wang R, Yu H, Liu B. Effect of perioperative statin therapy on renal outcome in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6883. [PMID: 28489791 PMCID: PMC5428625 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute renal injury (AKI) is a common renal complication after cardiac surgery. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of perioperative statin therapy (PST) on postoperative renal outcome in patients undergoing cardiac procedures. METHODS We searched for the reports that evaluating the effect of PST on renal outcomes after cardiac surgery between March 1983 and June 2016 in the electronic database Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE/PubMed, and EMBASE/OVID. RESULTS Nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) enrolling 2832 patients, with 1419 in the PST group and 1413 in the control group, were included in this meta-analysis. Our results suggested that PST increased the incidence of postoperative renal complication (relative risk [RR] 1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.36, P = .03) with low heterogeneity (I = 30%, P = .18). Six studies with 3116 patients detected no significant difference in severe renal complication between PST and control groups (RR 1.23, 95%CI 0.84-1.79, P = .28). Postoperative serum creatinine (sCr) at 48 hours was shown to be higher in the PST group (mean difference [MD] 0.03, 95% CI 0.03-0.03; P < .01). The length of hospital stay was decreased slightly by 0.59 day in the PST group (95% CI -0.85 to -0.33; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Perioperative statin therapy seems to jeopardize short-term renal outcome in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, but the occurrence of severe renal complication was not affected.
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Lack of Association between Preoperative Statin Use and Respiratory and Neurologic Complications after Cardiac Surgery. Anesthesiology 2017; 126:799-809. [DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Statins may reduce the risk of pulmonary and neurologic complications after cardiac surgery.
Methods
The authors acquired data for adults who had coronary artery bypass graft, valve surgery, or combined procedures. The authors matched patients who took statins preoperatively to patients who did not. First, the authors assessed the association between preoperative statin use and the primary outcomes of prolonged ventilation (more than 24 h), pneumonia (positive cultures of sputum, transtracheal fluid, bronchial washings, and/or clinical findings consistent with the diagnosis of pneumonia), and in-hospital all-cause mortality, using logistic regressions. Second, the authors analyzed the collapsed composite of neurologic complications using logistic regression. Intensive care unit and hospital length of stay were evaluated with Cox proportional hazard models.
Results
Among 14,129 eligible patients, 6,642 patients were successfully matched. There was no significant association between preoperative statin use and prolonged ventilation (statin: 408/3,321 [12.3%] vs. nonstatin: 389/3,321 [11.7%]), pneumonia (44/3,321 [1.3%] vs. 54/3,321 [1.6%]), and in-hospital mortality (52/3,321 [1.6%] vs. 43/3,321 [1.3%]). The estimated odds ratio was 1.06 (98.3% CI, 0.88 to 1.27) for prolonged ventilation, 0.81 (0.50 to 1.32) for pneumonia, and 1.21 (0.74 to 1.99) for in-hospital mortality. Neurologic outcomes were not associated with preoperative statin use (53/3,321 [1.6%] vs. 56/3,321 [1.7%]), with an odds ratio of 0.95 (0.60 to 1.50). The length of intensive care unit and hospital stay was also not associated with preoperative statin use, with a hazard ratio of 1.04 (0.98 to 1.10) for length of hospital stay and 1.00 (0.94 to 1.06) for length of intensive care unit stay.
Conclusions
Preoperative statin use did not reduce pulmonary or neurologic complications after cardiac surgery.
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Chee YR, Watson RWG, McCarthy J, Chughtai JZ, Nölke L, Healy DG. High dose statin prophylaxis in cardiopulmonary bypass related surgery: clinical utility. J Cardiothorac Surg 2017; 12:20. [PMID: 28359339 PMCID: PMC5374690 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-017-0582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies from our group demonstrated the anti-inflammatory properties of statins on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), through inhibition of neutrophil transendothelial migration. We sought to determine the utility of preoperative statin on patients undergoing cardiac surgery, to investigate any moderating effects on the systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) with CPB, and to evaluate any clinical impact on our patients. Methods This is a prospective, randomised controlled trial with national regulatory body approval. Eligible patients were already on oral statin therapy. They were then randomly assigned to either investigation arm (n = 15, atorvastatin 80 mg for 2 weeks before surgery) or control arm (n = 15, no change to current statin therapy). Blood and urine samples were collected at 3 timepoints. Postoperative clinical measures were documented. Results Patients in the investigation arm have significantly lower troponin level (p = 0.016), and lower level of urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL; p = 0.002); thus demonstrating a lesser degree of cardiac and renal injury in these patients. Higher level of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) at baseline (p = 0.036) and 4 h post cross-clamp removal (p = 0.035) in the investiation arm. A similar trend is also observed in Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9; p > 0.05). There were however no differences in clinical outcomes. Conclusions Maximizing the dose of statin in patients waiting for cardiac surgery has measurable biological effects. There is evidence of less cardiac and renal damage. The use of preoperative statins and in particular, high dose preoperative statin therapy, may prove a useful new tool for optimal preparation of patients for cardiac surgery. Trial registration EudraCT no. 2012-003396-20. Registered 05 November 2012
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Affiliation(s)
- Yie Roei Chee
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland. .,Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - R William G Watson
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - James McCarthy
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Jehan Zeb Chughtai
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Lars Nölke
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - David G Healy
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
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Preoperative Statin Treatment for the Prevention of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Heart Lung Circ 2017; 26:1200-1207. [PMID: 28242291 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of preoperative statin treatment (PST) on the risk of postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery remains controversial. We performed a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) to investigate whether PST could improve the renal outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search on PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Randomised controlled trials which reported incidence of AKI and renal replacement treatment (RRT), mean change of serum creatine (SCr) and C-reactive protein (CRP), length of stay in intensive care unit (LOS-ICU) and hospital (LOS-HOS) were included. RESULTS A total of nine RCTs, covering 3,201 patients were included. Based on the results of our meta-analysis, PST could not reduce the incidence of AKI (risk ratio (RR) 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97 to 1.29, p=0.37), and RRT (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.45 to 2.85, p=0.80). Furthermore, SCr was not likely to be improved by PST (weighted mean difference (WMD) 0.03, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.06, p=0.055). However, the level of CRP (WMD -5.93, 95% CI 11.71 to 0.15, p=0.044) in patients treated with PST was significantly lower than that of patients administered with placebo. In addition, no significant difference was observed in LOS-ICU and LOS-HOS between PST and control groups. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis suggests that PST cannot provide any benefit for improving renal complications and clinical outcomes, but may slightly reduce postoperative inflammation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. In the future, more powerful RCTs will be needed to confirm these findings.
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Putzu A, Capelli B, Belletti A, Cassina T, Ferrari E, Gallo M, Casso G, Landoni G. Perioperative statin therapy in cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care 2016; 20:395. [PMID: 27919293 PMCID: PMC5139027 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies suggest beneficial effects of perioperative statin therapy on postoperative outcome after cardiac surgery. However, recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) show potential detrimental effects. The objective of this systematic review is to examine the association between perioperative statin therapy and clinical outcomes in cardiac surgery patients. METHODS Electronic databases were searched up to 1 November 2016 for RCTs of preoperative statin therapy versus placebo or no treatment in adult cardiac surgery. Postoperative outcomes were acute kidney injury, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, stroke, infections, and mortality. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using fixed-effects meta-analyses. Primary analysis was restricted to trials with low risk of bias according to Cochrane methodology, and sensitivity analyses examined whether the risk of bias of included studies was associated with different results. We performed trial sequential analysis (TSA) to test the strength of the results. RESULTS We included data from 23 RCTs involving 5102 patients. Meta-analysis of trials with low risk of bias showed that statin therapy was associated with an increase in acute kidney injury (314 of 1318 (23.82%) with statins versus 262 of 1319 (19.86%) with placebo; OR 1.26 (95%CI 1.05 to 1.52); p = 0.01); these results were supported by TSA. No difference in postoperative atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, stroke, infections, or mortality was present. On sensitivity analysis, statin therapy was associated with a slight increase in hospital mortality. Meta-analysis including also trials with high or unclear risk of bias showed no beneficial effects of statin therapy on any postoperative outcomes. CONCLUSIONS There is no evidence that statin therapy in the days prior to cardiac surgery is beneficial for patients' outcomes. Particularly, statins are not protective against postoperative atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, stroke, or infections. Statins are associated with a possible increased risk of acute kidney injury and a detrimental effect on hospital survival could not be excluded. Future RCTs should further evaluate the safety profile of this therapy in relation to patients' outcomes and assess the more appropriate time point for discontinuation of statins before cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Putzu
- Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Cardiocentro Ticino, Via Tesserete 48, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Capelli
- Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Cardiocentro Ticino, Via Tesserete 48, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Belletti
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milano, Italy
| | - Tiziano Cassina
- Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Cardiocentro Ticino, Via Tesserete 48, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Ferrari
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiocentro Ticino, Via Tesserete 48, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Michele Gallo
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiocentro Ticino, Via Tesserete 48, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Casso
- Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Cardiocentro Ticino, Via Tesserete 48, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Landoni
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, Italy
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Defining the role of perioperative statin treatment in patients after cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis and systematic review of 20 randomized controlled trials. Int J Cardiol 2016; 228:958-966. [PMID: 27914358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although statin use has been indicated to prevent atrial fibrillation in previous observational and experimental trials, the issue remains inadequately and insufficiently explored. We therefore performed this meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of perioperative statin therapy on complications and short-term prognosis following cardiac surgery. METHODS A search of the PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane database of controlled trials was performed from inception to June 2016 to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The primary endpoints included postoperative atrial fibrillation, acute kidney injury and all-cause mortality. RESULTS Twenty studies involving 4338 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Among the patients who underwent cardiac surgery, perioperative statin therapy was significantly associated with a decreased risk of postoperative atrial fibrillation (OR: 0.50; P=0.0004), particularly in the subgroup of patients who used atorvastatin and those who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. Moreover, perioperative statin use significantly decreased the length of hospital stay (weighted mean difference (WMD): -0.43; P=0.002). However, no reductions were observed in acute kidney injury, myocardial infarction, postoperative serum creatinine concentration or the length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay. CONCLUSIONS Perioperative statin therapy might be promising for the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery, especially for patients undergoing isolated CABG surgery or atorvastatin administration. Additionally, statin use can decrease the length of the hospital stay.
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Li M, Zou H, Xu G. The prevention of statins against AKI and mortality following cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2016; 222:260-266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Das S, Nanda SK, Bisoi AK, Wadhawan AN. Effect of preoperative statin therapy on early postoperative memory impairment after off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Card Anaesth 2016; 19:38-44. [PMID: 26750672 PMCID: PMC4900397 DOI: 10.4103/0971-9784.173018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Frequent incidence of early postoperative memory impairment (POMI) after cardiac surgery remains a concern because of associated morbidity, impaired quality of life, and increased health care cost. Aim: To assess the effect of preoperative statin therapy on POMI in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery. Setting and Design: Prospective observational study in a tertiary level hospital.
Methods: Sixty patients aged 45–65 years undergoing OPCAB surgery were allocated into two groups of 30 each. Group A patients were receiving statin and Group B patients were not receiving statins. All patients underwent memory function assessment preoperatively after admission to hospital and on the 6th postoperative day using postgraduate institute memory scale. Statistical Analysis: Appropriate tests were applied with SPSS 20 to compare both groups. The value P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Multiple regression analysis was performed with confounding factors to determine the effect on memory impairment. Results: Patients in Group A showed significant postoperative deterioration in 6 of the 10 functions and in Group B showed deterioration in 9 of 10 functions tested compared to preoperative scores. Intergroup comparison detected less POMI in Group A compared to Group B and was statistically significant in 8 memory functions. Multiple regression analysis detected statin as an independent factor in preventing memory impairment. Conclusions: Preoperative statin therapy attenuates the early POMI in patients undergoing OPCAB. Future long-term studies will define the efficacy of statin on POMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambhunath Das
- Department of Cardiac Anaesthesia, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Vallabhajosyula S, Kanmanthareddy A, Erwin PJ, Esterbrooks DJ, Morrow LE. Role of statins in delirium prevention in critical ill and cardiac surgery patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crit Care 2016; 37:189-196. [PMID: 27776336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The data evaluating the role of statins in delirium prevention in the intensive care unit are conflicting and limited. METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of literature from 1975 to 2015. All English-language adult studies evaluating delirium incidence in statin and statin nonusers were included and studies without a control group were excluded. Mantel-Haenszel model was used to calculate pooled risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical significance was defined as CI not including unity and P value less than .05. RESULTS Of a total 57 identified studies, 6 were included. The studies showed high heterogeneity (I2 = 73%) for all and moderate for cardiac surgery studies (I2 = 55%). Of 289 773 patients, statins were used in 22 292 (7.7%). Cardiac surgery was performed in 4382 (1.5%) patients and 2321 (53.0%) used statins. Delirium was noted in 710 (3.2%) and 3478 (1.3%) of the patients in the statin and nonstatin groups, respectively, with no difference between groups in the total cohort (RR, 1.05 [95% CI, 0.85-1.29]; P = .56) or in cardiac surgery patients (RR, 1.03 [95% CI, 0.68-1.56]; P = .89). CONCLUSIONS In critically ill and cardiac surgery patients, this meta-analysis did not show a benefit with statin therapy in the prevention of delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraschandra Vallabhajosyula
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Multidisciplinary Epidemiology and Translational Research in Intensive Care (METRIC) Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| | - Arun Kanmanthareddy
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE
| | - Patricia J Erwin
- Mayo Clinic Libraries, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Evidence-Based Practice Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Dennis J Esterbrooks
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE
| | - Lee E Morrow
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE
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Ngu JMC, Boodhwani M. Ameliorating acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery: do high dose perioperative statins play a role? J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:1883-5. [PMID: 27618995 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.06.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet M C Ngu
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Munir Boodhwani
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Kuhn EW, Slottosch I, Wahlers T, Liakopoulos OJ. WITHDRAWN: Preoperative statin therapy for patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2016:CD008493. [PMID: 27219528 PMCID: PMC6483147 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008493.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This review has been withdrawn as authors are unable to complete the updating process. The editorial group responsible for this previously published document have withdrawn it from publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmar W Kuhn
- Heart Center, University of CologneDepartment of Cardiothoracic SurgeryKerpener Strasse 62CologneGermany50924
| | - Ingo Slottosch
- Heart Center, University of CologneDepartment of Cardiothoracic SurgeryKerpener Strasse 62CologneGermany50924
| | - Thorsten Wahlers
- Heart Center, University of CologneDepartment of Cardiothoracic SurgeryKerpener Strasse 62CologneGermany50924
| | - Oliver J Liakopoulos
- Heart Center, University of CologneDepartment of Cardiothoracic SurgeryKerpener Strasse 62CologneGermany50924
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Zheng Z, Jayaram R, Jiang L, Emberson J, Zhao Y, Li Q, Du J, Guarguagli S, Hill M, Chen Z, Collins R, Casadei B. Perioperative Rosuvastatin in Cardiac Surgery. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:1744-53. [PMID: 27144849 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1507750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complications after cardiac surgery are common and lead to substantial increases in morbidity and mortality. Meta-analyses of small randomized trials have suggested that perioperative statin therapy can prevent some of these complications. METHODS We randomly assigned 1922 patients in sinus rhythm who were scheduled for elective cardiac surgery to receive perioperative rosuvastatin (at a dose of 20 mg daily) or placebo. The primary outcomes were postoperative atrial fibrillation within 5 days after surgery, as assessed by Holter electrocardiographic monitoring, and myocardial injury within 120 hours after surgery, as assessed by serial measurements of the cardiac troponin I concentration. Secondary outcomes included major in-hospital adverse events, duration of stay in the hospital and intensive care unit, left ventricular and renal function, and blood biomarkers. RESULTS The concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and C-reactive protein after surgery were lower in patients assigned to rosuvastatin than in those assigned to placebo (P<0.001). However, the rate of postoperative atrial fibrillation did not differ significantly between the rosuvastatin group and the placebo group (21.1% and 20.5%, respectively; odds ratio 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84 to 1.30; P=0.72), nor did the area under the troponin I-release curve (102 ng×hour per milliliter and 100 ng×hour per milliliter, respectively; between-group difference, 1%; 95% CI, -9 to 13; P=0.80). Subgroup analyses did not indicate benefit in any category of patient. Rosuvastatin therapy did not result in beneficial effects on any of the secondary outcomes but was associated with a significant absolute (±SE) excess of 5.4±1.9 percentage points in the rate of postoperative acute kidney injury (P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS In this trial, perioperative statin therapy did not prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation or perioperative myocardial damage in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Acute kidney injury was more common with rosuvastatin. (Funded by the British Heart Foundation and others; STICS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01573143.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zheng
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (Z.Z., L.J., Y.Z., Q.L., J.D., Z.C.); and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (R.J., S.G., B.C.), and the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (J.E., M.H., Z.C., R.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Raja Jayaram
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (Z.Z., L.J., Y.Z., Q.L., J.D., Z.C.); and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (R.J., S.G., B.C.), and the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (J.E., M.H., Z.C., R.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lixin Jiang
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (Z.Z., L.J., Y.Z., Q.L., J.D., Z.C.); and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (R.J., S.G., B.C.), and the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (J.E., M.H., Z.C., R.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Emberson
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (Z.Z., L.J., Y.Z., Q.L., J.D., Z.C.); and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (R.J., S.G., B.C.), and the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (J.E., M.H., Z.C., R.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Zhao
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (Z.Z., L.J., Y.Z., Q.L., J.D., Z.C.); and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (R.J., S.G., B.C.), and the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (J.E., M.H., Z.C., R.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Qi Li
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (Z.Z., L.J., Y.Z., Q.L., J.D., Z.C.); and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (R.J., S.G., B.C.), and the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (J.E., M.H., Z.C., R.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Du
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (Z.Z., L.J., Y.Z., Q.L., J.D., Z.C.); and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (R.J., S.G., B.C.), and the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (J.E., M.H., Z.C., R.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Guarguagli
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (Z.Z., L.J., Y.Z., Q.L., J.D., Z.C.); and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (R.J., S.G., B.C.), and the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (J.E., M.H., Z.C., R.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hill
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (Z.Z., L.J., Y.Z., Q.L., J.D., Z.C.); and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (R.J., S.G., B.C.), and the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (J.E., M.H., Z.C., R.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zhengming Chen
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (Z.Z., L.J., Y.Z., Q.L., J.D., Z.C.); and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (R.J., S.G., B.C.), and the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (J.E., M.H., Z.C., R.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rory Collins
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (Z.Z., L.J., Y.Z., Q.L., J.D., Z.C.); and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (R.J., S.G., B.C.), and the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (J.E., M.H., Z.C., R.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Casadei
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (Z.Z., L.J., Y.Z., Q.L., J.D., Z.C.); and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (R.J., S.G., B.C.), and the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (J.E., M.H., Z.C., R.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Singh PP, Lemanu DP, Soop M, Bissett IP, Harrison J, Hill AG. Perioperative Simvastatin Therapy in Major Colorectal Surgery: A Prospective, Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Coll Surg 2016; 223:308-320.e1. [PMID: 27086089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins have numerous potential benefits relevant to abdominal surgery, and their use has been associated with a reduction in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome, wound infection, and anastomotic leak after colorectal surgery. However, this clinical evidence is limited to retrospective studies. The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate whether perioperative statin therapy can decrease the incidence of complications after major colorectal surgery. STUDY DESIGN A prospective, double-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial was conducted at 3 tertiary hospitals in New Zealand, between October 2011 and August 2013. Adult patients undergoing elective colorectal resection for any indication or reversal of Hartmann's procedure were randomized with a 1:1 patient allocation ratio to receive either 40 mg oral simvastatin or placebo once daily for 3 to 7 days preoperatively until 14 days postoperatively. The primary outcome was the overall incidence of complications for 30 days postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included the systemic and peritoneal cytokine response (interleukin [IL]-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]α) on postoperative day 1. RESULTS There were 132 patients included in the study (65 simvastatin, 67 placebo). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups at baseline with regard to patient, operation, and disease characteristics. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in the incidence, grade, and type of postoperative complications (simvastatin: 44 [68%] vs placebo: 50 [75%], odds ratio 0.71 [95% CI 0.33 to 1.52], p = 0.444). Plasma concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα, and peritoneal concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8, were significantly lower in the simvastatin group postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS Perioperative simvastatin therapy in major colorectal surgery attenuates the early proinflammatory response to surgery, but there were no differences in postoperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Primal P Singh
- Department of Surgery, South Auckland Clinical School, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Daniel P Lemanu
- Department of Surgery, South Auckland Clinical School, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mattias Soop
- Department of Surgery, North Shore Hospital, Waitemata District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian P Bissett
- Department of Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jeff Harrison
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew G Hill
- Department of Surgery, South Auckland Clinical School, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
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Carrascal Y, Arnold RJ, De la Fuente L, Revilla A, Sevilla T, Arce N, Laguna G, Pareja P, Blanco M. Efficacy of atorvastatin in prevention of atrial fibrillation after heart valve surgery in the PROFACE trial (PROphylaxis of postoperative atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac surgEry). J Arrhythm 2016; 32:191-7. [PMID: 27354864 PMCID: PMC4913150 DOI: 10.1016/j.joa.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the efficacy of perioperative atorvastatin administration for prophylaxis of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after heart valve surgery. Methods Our study included 90 patients with heart valve disease who were scheduled to undergo elective cardiac surgery. Cases with previous AF or preoperative beta-blocker therapy were excluded. Patients were randomized into the atorvastatin group, which included 47 patients who received 40 mg/day of atorvastatin 7 days before and after the surgery and the control group, which included 43 patients. Primary endpoint was the occurrence of POAF. Secondary endpoints included modifications in the preoperative and postoperative levels of the markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP]), myocardial injury (ultrasensitive troponin T and creatinine phosphokinase MB [CPK-MB]), and cardiac dysfunction (pro-brain natriuretic peptide [proBNP]) related to POAF and changes in the echocardiographic parameters, such as atrial electromechanical interval, A wave, E/A ratio, and Doppler imaging systolic velocity wave amplitude, related to POAF. Results No relationship between atorvastatin administration and reduction in the incidence of POAF was observed (42.6% in the atorvastatin vs. 30.2% in the control group) (p=0.226). No difference in the levels of CPK-MB, ultrasensitive troponin T, CRP, or proBNP and in the analyzed echocardiographic parameter was detected between both groups. Conclusions Atorvastatin in the described dose, was not adequate for the prophylaxis of POAF after heart valve surgery. It was ineffective in controlling the inflammatory phenomena, myocardial injury, and echocardiographic predictors of POAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Carrascal
- Cardiac Surgery Department, University Hospital, Avda. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 347005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Roman J Arnold
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital, Avda. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 347005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Luis De la Fuente
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital, Avda. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 347005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ana Revilla
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital, Avda. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 347005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Teresa Sevilla
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital, Avda. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 347005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Nuria Arce
- Cardiac Surgery Department, University Hospital, Avda. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 347005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Gregorio Laguna
- Cardiac Surgery Department, University Hospital, Avda. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 347005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pilar Pareja
- Cardiac Surgery Department, University Hospital, Avda. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 347005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Miriam Blanco
- Cardiac Surgery Department, University Hospital, Avda. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 347005 Valladolid, Spain
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Billings FT, Hendricks PA, Schildcrout JS, Shi Y, Petracek MR, Byrne JG, Brown NJ. High-Dose Perioperative Atorvastatin and Acute Kidney Injury Following Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2016; 315:877-88. [PMID: 26906014 PMCID: PMC4843765 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Statins affect several mechanisms underlying acute kidney injury (AKI). OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that short-term high-dose perioperative atorvastatin would reduce AKI following cardiac surgery. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of adult cardiac surgery patients conducted from November 2009 to October 2014 at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. INTERVENTIONS Patients naive to statin treatment (n = 199) were randomly assigned 80 mg of atorvastatin the day before surgery, 40 mg of atorvastatin the morning of surgery, and 40 mg of atorvastatin daily following surgery (n = 102) or matching placebo (n = 97). Patients already taking a statin prior to study enrollment (n = 416) continued taking the preenrollment statin until the day of surgery, were randomly assigned 80 mg of atorvastatin the morning of surgery and 40 mg of atorvastatin the morning after (n = 206) or matching placebo (n = 210), and resumed taking the previously prescribed statin on postoperative day 2. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Acute kidney injury defined as an increase of 0.3 mg/dL in serum creatinine concentration within 48 hours of surgery (Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria). RESULTS The data and safety monitoring board recommended stopping the group naive to statin treatment due to increased AKI among these participants with chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) receiving atorvastatin. The board later recommended stopping for futility after 615 participants (median age, 67 years; 188 [30.6%] were women; 202 [32.8%] had diabetes) completed the study. Among all participants (n = 615), AKI occurred in 64 of 308 (20.8%) in the atorvastatin group vs 60 of 307 (19.5%) in the placebo group (relative risk [RR], 1.06 [95% CI, 0.78 to 1.46]; P = .75). Among patients naive to statin treatment (n = 199), AKI occurred in 22 of 102 (21.6%) in the atorvastatin group vs 13 of 97 (13.4%) in the placebo group (RR, 1.61 [0.86 to 3.01]; P = .15) and serum creatinine concentration increased by a median of 0.11 mg/dL (10th-90th percentile, -0.11 to 0.56 mg/dL) in the atorvastatin group vs by a median of 0.05 mg/dL (10th-90th percentile, -0.12 to 0.33 mg/dL) in the placebo group (mean difference, 0.08 mg/dL [95% CI, 0.01 to 0.15 mg/dL]; P = .007). Among patients already taking a statin (n = 416), AKI occurred in 42 of 206 (20.4%) in the atorvastatin group vs 47 of 210 (22.4%) in the placebo group (RR, 0.91 [0.63 to 1.32]; P = .63). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among patients undergoing cardiac surgery, high-dose perioperative atorvastatin treatment compared with placebo did not reduce the risk of AKI overall, among patients naive to treatment with statins, or in patients already taking a statin. These results do not support the initiation of statin therapy to prevent AKI following cardiac surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00791648.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic T Billings
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee2Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Patricia A Hendricks
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jonathan S Schildcrout
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yaping Shi
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Michael R Petracek
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - John G Byrne
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nancy J Brown
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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Roxburgh CSD, McMillan DC. Therapeutics targeting innate immune/inflammatory responses through the interleukin-6/JAK/STAT signal transduction pathway in patients with cancer. Transl Res 2016; 167:61-6. [PMID: 26432924 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 15 years, there has been an evolution in the thinking of how tumors grow and disseminate: from the earlier work where it was considered that the intrinsic characteristics of the tumor largely determined the process to more recent work where local and systemic inflammatory responses play a key role in disease progression and survival in patients with cancer. Although the immune/inflammatory responses to cancer are complex, it is clear that targeting the host immune/inflammatory responses (in particular, innate/humoral responses) has considerable potential to improve outcomes in patients with a variety of common solid tumors. There are a wide variety of agents from the nonselective glucocorticoids to the selective Janus Activated Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) inhibitors that has considerable therapeutic potential. They may be considered to act through a main signal transduction mechanism, the interleukin-6/JAK/STAT pathway. This work heralds a new era in which it will be important not only to treat the tumor but also to treat the host, so called oncoimmunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Campbell S D Roxburgh
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Donald C McMillan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Lomivorotov VV, Efremov SM, Pokushalov EA, Karaskov AM. New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery: Pathophysiology, Prophylaxis, and Treatment. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2016; 30:200-16. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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