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Feng L, Chen X, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zheng S, Xie N. Immunometabolism changes in fibrosis: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1243675. [PMID: 37576819 PMCID: PMC10412938 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1243675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cells are essential for initiating and developing the fibrotic process by releasing cytokines and growth factors that activate fibroblasts and promote extracellular matrix deposition. Immunometabolism describes how metabolic alterations affect the function of immune cells and how inflammation and immune responses regulate systemic metabolism. The disturbed immune cell function and their interactions with other cells in the tissue microenvironment lead to the origin and advancement of fibrosis. Understanding the dysregulated metabolic alterations and interactions between fibroblasts and the immune cells is critical for providing new therapeutic targets for fibrosis. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the pathophysiology of fibrosis from the immunometabolism aspect, highlighting the altered metabolic pathways in critical immune cell populations and the impact of inflammation on fibroblast metabolism during the development of fibrosis. We also discuss how this knowledge could be leveraged to develop novel therapeutic strategies for treating fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Feng
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujing Huang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaodian Zhang
- Hainan Cancer Clinical Medical Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research of Hainan Province and Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Shaojiang Zheng
- Hainan Cancer Clinical Medical Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research of Hainan Province and Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Department of Pathology, Hainan Women and Children Medical Center, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Na Xie
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
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2
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Sotodosos-Alonso L, Pulgarín-Alfaro M, Del Pozo MA. Caveolae Mechanotransduction at the Interface between Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060942. [PMID: 36980283 PMCID: PMC10047380 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM) is subjected to multiple mechanical forces, and it must adapt and respond to them. PM invaginations named caveolae, with a specific protein and lipid composition, play a crucial role in this mechanosensing and mechanotransduction process. They respond to PM tension changes by flattening, contributing to the buffering of high-range increases in mechanical tension, while novel structures termed dolines, sharing Caveolin1 as the main component, gradually respond to low and medium forces. Caveolae are associated with different types of cytoskeletal filaments, which regulate membrane tension and also initiate multiple mechanotransduction pathways. Caveolar components sense the mechanical properties of the substrate and orchestrate responses that modify the extracellular matrix (ECM) according to these stimuli. They perform this function through both physical remodeling of ECM, where the actin cytoskeleton is a central player, and via the chemical alteration of the ECM composition by exosome deposition. Here, we review mechanotransduction regulation mediated by caveolae and caveolar components, focusing on how mechanical cues are transmitted through the cellular cytoskeleton and how caveolae respond and remodel the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sotodosos-Alonso
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology Laboratory, Novel Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Pulgarín-Alfaro
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology Laboratory, Novel Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Del Pozo
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology Laboratory, Novel Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Feng J, Wu Y. Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition: Potential Target of Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2023; 23:231-246. [PMID: 36841924 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-023-00573-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of chemotherapeutic agents is becoming more frequent as the proportion of new oncology patients increases worldwide, with prolonged survival after treatment. As one of the most popular chemotherapy drugs, doxorubicin plays a substantial role in the treatment of tumors. Unfortunately, the use of doxorubicin is associated with several adverse effects, particularly severe cardiotoxicity that can be life-threatening, which greatly limits its clinical use. For decades, scientists have tried to explore many cardioprotective agents and therapeutic approaches, but their efficacy remains controversial, and some drugs have even brought about significant adverse effects. The concrete molecular mechanism of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity is still to be unraveled, yet endothelial damage is gradually being identified as an important mechanism triggering the development and progression of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), a fundamental process regulating morphogenesis in multicellular organisms, is recognized to be associated with endothelial damage repair and acts as an important factor in the progression of cardiovascular diseases, tumors, and rheumatic immune diseases. Mounting evidence suggests that endothelial-mesenchymal transition may play a non-negligible role in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. In this paper, we reviewed the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of EndMT and outlined the molecular mechanisms of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and the current therapeutic advances. Furthermore, we summarized the basic principles of doxorubicin-induced endothelial-mesenchymal transition that lead to endothelial dysfunction and cardiotoxicity, aiming to provide suggestions or new ideas for the prevention and treatment of doxorubicin-induced endothelial and cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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4
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Shi C, Sun B, Wu H, Zhang R, Wu L, Guo L, Li C, Xi Y, Yuan W, Zhang Y, Xu G. Dysfunction of Caveolae-Mediated Endocytic TβRI Degradation Results in Hypersensitivity of TGF-β/Smad Signaling in Osteogenesis Imperfecta. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:103-118. [PMID: 36321807 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations of type I collagen-related genes, and excessive transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling is a common mechanism. TGF-β/Smad signaling has inhibitory effects on osteoblast differentiation and maturation and is mainly transduced and regulated by the internalization of a tetrameric receptor complex comprising types I and II TGF-β receptors (TβRI and TβRII). During internalization, clathrin-mediated endocytosis enhances TGF-β/Smad signaling via Smad2/3 phosphorylation and receptors recycling, while caveolae-mediated endocytosis turns off TGF-β/Smad signaling by promoting receptor ubiquitination and degradation. In this study, using an animal model of OI (Colla2oim , osteogenesis imperfecta murine [oim]/oim mouse), we found that osteoblastic cells of oim/oim mice were more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of TGF-β on osteoblast differentiation and maturation and had much higher cell membrane protein levels of TGF-β receptors than those of wild-type (wt)/wt mice. Further results showed that clathrin-mediated endocytosis of TβRI was enhanced, whereas caveolae-mediated TβRI endocytic degradation was reduced in oim/oim mice, combined with reduced caveolin-1 (Cav-1) phosphorylation. In addition, type I collagen downregulated TβRI via focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src activation-dependent Cav-1 phosphorylation. To further examine this mechanism, 4-week-old oim/oim and wt/wt mice were treated with either TβRI kinase inhibitor (SD-208) or vehicle for 8 weeks. SD-208 treatment significantly reduced the fracture incidence in oim/oim mice. Micro-computed tomography and biomechanical testing showed that femoral bone mass and strength were significantly improved with SD-208 treatment in both genotypes. Additionally, SD-208 significantly promoted osteoblast differentiation and bone formation and inhibited bone resorption. In conclusion, dysfunction of caveolae-mediated endocytic TβRI degradation is a possible mechanism for the enhanced TGF-β/Smad signaling in OI. Targeting this mechanism using a TβRI kinase inhibitor effectively reduced fractures and improved bone mass and strength in OI model and, thus, may offer a new strategy for the treatment of OI. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Changgui Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiqiao Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongcheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lecheng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changwei Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhai Xi
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Fyn-kinase and caveolin-1 in the alveolar epithelial junctional adherence complex contribute to the early stages of pulmonary fibrosis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 175:106236. [PMID: 35710078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Current pathophysiological findings indicate that damage to the alveolar epithelium plays a decisive role in the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The available pharmacological interventions (i.e., oral pirfenidone and nintedanib) only slow down progression of the disease, but do not offer a cure. In order to develop new drug candidates, the pathophysiology of IPF needs to be better understood on a molecular level. It has previously been reported that a loss of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) contributes to profibrotic processes by causing reduced alveolar barrier function and fibrosis-like alterations of the lung-parenchyma. Conversely, overexpression of caveolin-1 appears to counteract the development of fibrosis by inhibiting the inflammasome NLRP3 and the associated expression of interleukin-1β. In this study, the interaction between Fyn-kinase and caveolin-1 in the alveolar epithelium of various bleomycin (BLM)/TGF-β damage models using precision-cut lung slices (PCLS), wildtype (WT) and caveolin-1 knockout (KO) mice as well as the human NCI-H441 cell line, were investigated. In WT mouse lung tissues, strong signals for Fyn-kinase were detected in alveolar epithelial type I cells, whereas in caveolin-1 KO animals, expression shifted to alveolar epithelial type II cells. Caveolin-1 and Fyn-kinase were found to be co-localized in isolated lipid rafts of NCI-H441 cell membrane fractions. These findings were corroborated by co-immunoprecipitation studies in which a co-localization of Cav-1 and Fyn-kinase was detected in the cell membrane of the alveolar epithelium. After TGF-β and BLM-induced damage to the alveolar epithelium both in PCLS and cell culture experiments, a decrease in caveolin-1 and Fyn-kinase was found. Furthermore, TEER (transepithelial electrical resistance) measurements indicated that TGF-β and BLM have a damaging effect on cell-cell contacts and thus impair the barrier function in NCI-H441 cell monolayers. This effect was attenuated after co-incubation with the Fyn-kinase inhibitor, PP-2. Our data suggest an involvement of Fyn-kinase and caveolin-1 in TGF-β/bleomycin-induced impairment of alveolar barrier function and thus a possible role in the early stages of pulmonary fibrosis. Fyn-kinase and/or its complex with caveolin-1 might, therefore, be novel therapeutic targets in IPF.
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6
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De Belly H, Paluch EK, Chalut KJ. Interplay between mechanics and signalling in regulating cell fate. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:465-480. [PMID: 35365816 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00472-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical signalling affects multiple biological processes during development and in adult organisms, including cell fate transitions, cell migration, morphogenesis and immune responses. Here, we review recent insights into the mechanisms and functions of two main routes of mechanical signalling: outside-in mechanical signalling, such as mechanosensing of substrate properties or shear stresses; and mechanical signalling regulated by the physical properties of the cell surface itself. We discuss examples of how these two classes of mechanical signalling regulate stem cell function, as well as developmental processes in vivo. We also discuss how cell surface mechanics affects intracellular signalling and, in turn, how intracellular signalling controls cell surface mechanics, generating feedback into the regulation of mechanosensing. The cooperation between mechanosensing, intracellular signalling and cell surface mechanics has a profound impact on biological processes. We discuss here our understanding of how these three elements interact to regulate stem cell fate and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry De Belly
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ewa K Paluch
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Kevin J Chalut
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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7
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Molecular characterization and expression profiling of caveolin-1 from Amphiprion clarkii and elucidation of its involvement in antiviral response and redox homeostasis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 262:110775. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Mendoza FA, Jimenez SA. Serine-Threonine Kinase inhibition as antifibrotic therapy: TGF-β and ROCK inhibitors. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:1354-1365. [PMID: 34664623 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine-threonine kinases mediate the phosphorylation of intracellular protein targets, transferring a phosphorus group from an ATP molecule to the specific amino acid residues within the target proteins. Serine-threonine kinases regulate multiple key cellular functions. From this large group of kinases, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) through the serine-threonine activity of its receptors and Rho kinase (ROCK) play an important role in the development and maintenance of fibrosis in various human diseases, including systemic sclerosis. In recent years, multiple drugs targeting and inhibiting these kinases, have been developed, opening the possibility of becoming potential antifibrotic agents of clinical value for treating fibrotic diseases. This review analyzes the contribution of TGF- β and ROCK-mediated serine-threonine kinase molecular pathways to the development and maintenance of pathological fibrosis and the potential clinical use of their inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A Mendoza
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine. Thomas Jefferson University. Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107.,Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and Scleroderma Center. Thomas Jefferson University. Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107
| | - Sergio A Jimenez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and Scleroderma Center. Thomas Jefferson University. Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107
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9
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Patra S, Elahi N, Armorer A, Arunachalam S, Omala J, Hamid I, Ashton AW, Joyce D, Jiao X, Pestell RG. Mechanisms Governing Metabolic Heterogeneity in Breast Cancer and Other Tumors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:700629. [PMID: 34631530 PMCID: PMC8495201 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.700629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of metabolic priorities promotes tumor progression. Our understanding of the Warburg effect, based on studies of cultured cancer cells, has evolved to a more complex understanding of tumor metabolism within an ecosystem that provides and catabolizes diverse nutrients provided by the local tumor microenvironment. Recent studies have illustrated that heterogeneous metabolic changes occur at the level of tumor type, tumor subtype, within the tumor itself, and within the tumor microenvironment. Thus, altered metabolism occurs in cancer cells and in the tumor microenvironment (fibroblasts, immune cells and fat cells). Herein we describe how these growth advantages are obtained through either “convergent” genetic changes, in which common metabolic properties are induced as a final common pathway induced by diverse oncogene factors, or “divergent” genetic changes, in which distinct factors lead to subtype-selective phenotypes and thereby tumor heterogeneity. Metabolic heterogeneity allows subtyping of cancers and further metabolic heterogeneity occurs within the same tumor mass thought of as “microenvironmental metabolic nesting”. Furthermore, recent findings show that mutations of metabolic genes arise in the majority of tumors providing an opportunity for the development of more robust metabolic models of an individual patient’s tumor. The focus of this review is on the mechanisms governing this metabolic heterogeneity in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayani Patra
- Pensylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, United States.,Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Naveed Elahi
- Pensylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, United States.,Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Aaron Armorer
- Pensylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, United States.,Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Swathi Arunachalam
- Pensylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, United States.,Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Joshua Omala
- Pensylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, United States.,Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Iman Hamid
- Pensylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, United States.,Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Anthony W Ashton
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba.,Program in Cardiovascular Medicine, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States
| | - David Joyce
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Xuanmao Jiao
- Pensylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, United States.,Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Richard G Pestell
- Pensylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, United States.,Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba.,Cancer Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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10
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Li M, Zhang YJ, Liu DX, Liu Z, Fu M, Yang QR, Sun HS. Expression of caveolin family proteins in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2021; 30:1819-1828. [PMID: 34569384 DOI: 10.1177/09612033211035508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Caveolin family proteins, including caveolin-1 (Cav-1), caveolin-2 (Cav-2), and caveolin-3 (Cav-3), are identified as the principal protein components of caveolae in mammalian cells. Circulating form of caveolin family proteins can be used as a good potential biomarker for predicting disease. METHODS To investigate the clinical significance of the serological levels of caveolin family proteins in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we evaluated the soluble serum levels of caveolin family proteins in patients with SLE by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and assessed their associations with various known clinical variables. RESULTS The major findings of our study are as follows: Cav-2 was not detected in serum of SLE patients and normal controls (NCs). Serum Cav-1 and Cav-3 levels were higher in SLE patients compared with NCs. There were no significant correlations between serum Cav-1 and Cav-3 levels and SLE disease activity. Further analysis showed that serum Cav-3 may be more valuable as a marker than serum Cav-1 in SLE patients. CONCLUSION Serum levels of Cav-1 and Cav-3 might have a diagnostic role in patients with SLE. However, their predictive and prognostic value was not determined. Further studies are necessary to determine the potential clinical significance of these assays in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, 34708Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Provincial Hospital), Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Jing Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, 34708Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Provincial Hospital), Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Xia Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, 34708Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Provincial Hospital), Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, 34708Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Provincial Hospital), Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Min Fu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, 34708Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Provincial Hospital), Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Rui Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, 34708Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Provincial Hospital), Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Sheng Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, 34708Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Provincial Hospital), Jinan, P.R. China
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11
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Romano E, Rosa I, Fioretto BS, Matucci-Cerinic M, Manetti M. New Insights into Profibrotic Myofibroblast Formation in Systemic Sclerosis: When the Vascular Wall Becomes the Enemy. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:610. [PMID: 34202703 PMCID: PMC8307837 DOI: 10.3390/life11070610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In systemic sclerosis (SSc), abnormalities in microvessel morphology occur early and evolve into a distinctive vasculopathy that relentlessly advances in parallel with the development of tissue fibrosis orchestrated by myofibroblasts in nearly all affected organs. Our knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying such a unique relationship between SSc-related vasculopathy and fibrosis has profoundly changed over the last few years. Indeed, increasing evidence has suggested that endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), a process in which profibrotic myofibroblasts originate from endothelial cells, may take center stage in SSc pathogenesis. While in arterioles and small arteries EndoMT may lead to the accumulation of myofibroblasts within the vessel wall and development of fibroproliferative vascular lesions, in capillary vessels it may instead result in vascular destruction and formation of myofibroblasts that migrate into the perivascular space with consequent tissue fibrosis and microvessel rarefaction, which are hallmarks of SSc. Besides endothelial cells, other vascular wall-resident cells, such as pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells, may acquire a myofibroblast-like synthetic phenotype contributing to both SSc-related vascular dysfunction and fibrosis. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the differentiation of myofibroblasts inside the vessel wall provides the rationale for novel targeted therapeutic strategies for the treatment of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Romano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (E.R.); (B.S.F.); (M.M.-C.)
| | - Irene Rosa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Bianca Saveria Fioretto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (E.R.); (B.S.F.); (M.M.-C.)
| | - Marco Matucci-Cerinic
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (E.R.); (B.S.F.); (M.M.-C.)
| | - Mirko Manetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
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12
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Lee S, Lim GE, Kim YN, Koo HS, Shim J. AP2M1 Supports TGF-β Signals to Promote Collagen Expression by Inhibiting Caveolin Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041639. [PMID: 33561975 PMCID: PMC7915421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is important for normal development and disease states, including inflammation and fibrosis. To understand the complex regulation of ECM, we performed a suppressor screening using Caenorhabditis elegans expressing the mutant ROL-6 collagen protein. One cuticle mutant has a mutation in dpy-23 that encodes the μ2 adaptin (AP2M1) of clathrin-associated protein complex II (AP-2). The subsequent suppressor screening for dpy-23 revealed the lon-2 mutation. LON-2 functions to regulate body size through negative regulation of the tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway responsible for ECM production. RNA-seq analysis showed a dominant change in the expression of collagen genes and cuticle components. We noted an increase in the cav-1 gene encoding caveolin-1, which functions in clathrin-independent endocytosis. By knockdown of cav-1, the reduced TGF-β signal was significantly restored in the dpy-23 mutant. In conclusion, the dpy-23 mutation upregulated cav-1 expression in the hypodermis, and increased CAV-1 resulted in a decrease of TβRI. Finally, the reduction of collagen expression including rol-6 by the reduced TGF-β signal influenced the cuticle formation of the dpy-23 mutant. These findings could help us to understand the complex process of ECM regulation in organism development and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saerom Lee
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Goyang-si 10408, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (S.L.); (G.-E.L.); (Y.-N.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ga-Eun Lim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Goyang-si 10408, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (S.L.); (G.-E.L.); (Y.-N.K.)
| | - Yong-Nyun Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Goyang-si 10408, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (S.L.); (G.-E.L.); (Y.-N.K.)
| | - Hyeon-Sook Koo
- Department of Biochemistry, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-S.K.); (J.S.); Tel.: +82-2-2123-2695 (H.-S.K.); +82-31-920-2262 (J.S.)
| | - Jaegal Shim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Goyang-si 10408, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (S.L.); (G.-E.L.); (Y.-N.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.-S.K.); (J.S.); Tel.: +82-2-2123-2695 (H.-S.K.); +82-31-920-2262 (J.S.)
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13
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Lolo FN, Jiménez-Jiménez V, Sánchez-Álvarez M, Del Pozo MÁ. Tumor-stroma biomechanical crosstalk: a perspective on the role of caveolin-1 in tumor progression. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 39:485-503. [PMID: 32514892 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09900-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor stiffening is a hallmark of malignancy that actively drives tumor progression and aggressiveness. Recent research has shed light onto several molecular underpinnings of this biomechanical process, which has a reciprocal crosstalk between tumor cells, stromal fibroblasts, and extracellular matrix remodeling at its core. This dynamic communication shapes the tumor microenvironment; significantly determines disease features including therapeutic resistance, relapse, or metastasis; and potentially holds the key for novel antitumor strategies. Caveolae and their components emerge as integrators of different aspects of cell function, mechanotransduction, and ECM-cell interaction. Here, we review our current knowledge on the several pivotal roles of the essential caveolar component caveolin-1 in this multidirectional biomechanical crosstalk and highlight standing questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidel Nicolás Lolo
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology Lab, Cell and Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Jiménez-Jiménez
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology Lab, Cell and Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Álvarez
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology Lab, Cell and Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Del Pozo
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology Lab, Cell and Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Puddu A, Maggi D. Emerging Role of Caveolin-1 in GLP-1 Action. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:668012. [PMID: 33935978 PMCID: PMC8079975 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.668012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a gut hormone mainly produced in the intestinal epithelial endocrine L cells, involved in maintaining glucose homeostasis. The use of GLP-1 analogous and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors is well-established in Type 2 Diabetes. The efficacy of these therapies is related to the activation of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), which is widely expressed in several tissues. Therefore, GLP-1 is of great clinical interest not only for its actions at the level of the beta cells, but also for the extra-pancreatic effects. Activation of GLP-1R results in intracellular signaling that is regulated by availability of downstream molecules and receptor internalization. It has been shown that GLP-1R co-localizes with caveolin-1, the main component of caveolae, small invagination of the plasma membrane, which are involved in controlling receptor activity by assembling signaling complexes and regulating receptor trafficking. The aim of this review is to outline the important role of caveolin-1 in mediating biological effects of GLP-1 and its analogous.
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15
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Sobierajska K, Ciszewski WM, Sacewicz-Hofman I, Niewiarowska J. Endothelial Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1234:71-86. [PMID: 32040856 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-37184-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a critical process required for tumor progression. Newly formed blood vessels provide nutrition and oxygen to the tumor contributing to its growth and development. However, endothelium also plays other functions that promote tumor metastasis. It is involved in intravasation, which allows invasive cancer cells to translocate into the blood vessel lumen. This phenomenon is an important stage for cancer metastasis. Besides direct association with cancer development, endothelial cells are one of the main sources of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). The heterogeneous group of CAFs is the main inductor of migration and invasion abilities of cancer cells. Therefore, the endothelium is also indirectly responsible for metastasis. Considering the above, the endothelium is one of the important targets of anticancer therapy. In the chapter, we will present mechanisms regulating endothelial function, dependent on cancer and cancer niche cells. We will focus on possibilities of suppressing pro-metastatic endothelial functions, applied in anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jolanta Niewiarowska
- Department of Molecular Cell Mechanisms, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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16
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Sun J, Lu Y, Yu C, Xu T, Nie G, Miao B, Zhang X. Involvement of the TGF-β1 pathway in caveolin-1-associated regulation of head and neck tumor cell metastasis. Oncol Lett 2019; 19:1298-1304. [PMID: 31966060 PMCID: PMC6956420 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most frequent malignancy with a 5-year survival rate of 54%. Therefore, disease management improvement is required. The present study aimed to assess the role of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in the metastasis of head and neck tumor cells. Short hairpin RNA was used to silence Cav-1 expression in Tu686 cells. Proliferation, migration, invasion, morphology and the levels of effector proteins were assessed in cells. Upon Cav-1 silencing, E-cadherin levels were decreased, while vimentin levels were significantly increased. Cell migration, quantified by wound healing and Transwell assays, was significantly increased. Meanwhile, Cav-1 and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) receptor were identified to be co-localized. In addition, Cav-1-knockdown resulted in increased phosphorylation of SMAD family member 2 (P<0.05), a downstream effector of TGF-β signaling. In addition, there was a mutual regulation, with increasing TGF-β1 levels leading to a dose-dependent decrease of Cav-1 expression levels (P<0.05). These findings indicate that Cav-1 inhibits cell metastasis in HNSCC, suggesting the involvement of the TGF-β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yongtian Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Changyun Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Guohui Nie
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Beiping Miao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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17
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Sun X, Nkennor B, Mastikhina O, Soon K, Nunes SS. Endothelium-mediated contributions to fibrosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 101:78-86. [PMID: 31791693 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis, characterized by abnormal and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, results in compromised tissue and organ structure. This can lead to reduced organ function and eventual failure. Although activated fibroblasts, called myofibroblasts, are considered the central players in fibrosis, the contribution of endothelial cells to the inception and progression of fibrosis has become increasingly recognized. Endothelial cells can contribute to fibrosis by acting as a source of myofibroblasts via endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), or by becoming senescent, by secretion of profibrotic mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and exosomes, promoting the recruitment of immune cells, and by participating in vascular rarefaction and decreased angiogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the different aspects of fibrosis in which endothelial cells have been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetao Sun
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, 101 College St., Canada
| | - Blessing Nkennor
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, 101 College St., Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Canada
| | - Olya Mastikhina
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, 101 College St., Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Kayla Soon
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, 101 College St., Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Sara S Nunes
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, 101 College St., Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada; Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada.
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18
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Chae DK, Park J, Cho M, Ban E, Jang M, Yoo YS, Kim EE, Baik JH, Song EJ. MiR-195 and miR-497 suppress tumorigenesis in lung cancer by inhibiting SMURF2-induced TGF-β receptor I ubiquitination. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:2663-2678. [PMID: 31581360 PMCID: PMC6887584 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SMURF2 is a member of the HECT family of E3 ubiquitin ligases that have important roles as a negative regulator of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signaling through ubiquitin‐mediated degradation of TGF‐β receptor I. However, the regulatory mechanism of SMURF2 is largely unknown. In this study, we identified that micro(mi)R‐195 and miR‐497 putatively target SMURF2 using several target prediction databases. Both miR‐195 and miR‐497 bind to the 3′‐UTR of the SMURF2 mRNA and inhibit SMURF2 expression. Furthermore, miR‐195 and miR‐497 regulate SMURF2‐dependent TβRI ubiquitination and cause the activation of the TGF‐β signaling pathway in lung cancer cells. Upregulation of miR‐195 and miR‐497 significantly reduced cell viability and colony formation through the activation of TGF‐β signaling. Interestingly, miR‐195 and miR‐497 also reduced the invasion ability of lung cancer cells when cells were treated with TGF‐β1. Subsequent in vivo studies in xenograft nude mice model revealed that miR‐195 and miR‐497 repress tumor growth. These findings demonstrate that miR‐195 and miR‐497 act as a tumor suppressor by suppressing ubiquitination‐mediated degradation of TGF‐β receptors through SMURF2, and suggest that miR‐195 and miR‐497 are potential therapeutic targets for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kyu Chae
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea.,School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Park
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moonsoo Cho
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunmi Ban
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mihue Jang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Sook Yoo
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunice EunKyeong Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Baik
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Joo Song
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Caveolin-1 as a critical component in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis of different etiology: Evidences and mechanisms. Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 111:104315. [PMID: 31629729 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Caveolin is a structural protein of flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane termed as caveolae and is widely expressed on the endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts in the different parts of the body including the lung tissues. The expression of caveolin-1 in the lung tissues is important to prevent the fibrogenic actions of TGF-β1 in lung fibrosis of different etiology including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease and allergen-induced airway remodeling. Caveolin-1-mediated internalization and degradation of TGF-β1 receptors may possibly account for the decreased actions of TGF-β1. Studies have shown that the deficiency of caveolin-1 is very important in inducing lung fibrosis and its upregulation is reported to prevent lung fibrosis. The biological actions of caveolin-1 involve signaling pathways including JNK signaling, IL-4, STAT-3, miR199a-5p, CXCR4+ and CXCL12. The present review discusses the key role of caveolin and associated signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis of different etiology.
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20
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Sobierajska K, Wawro ME, Ciszewski WM, Niewiarowska J. Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor Internalization via Caveolae Is Regulated by Tubulin-β2 and Tubulin-β3 during Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:2531-2546. [PMID: 31539520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fibrotic disorders, which are caused by long-term inflammation, are observed in numerous organs. These disorders are regulated mainly through transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family proteins by a fundamental cellular mechanism, known as the endothelial-mesenchymal transition. Therefore, there is a pressing need to identify the mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets that enable the inhibition of endothelial transdifferentiation. This study is the first to demonstrate that glycosylation of tubulin-β2 and tubulin-β3 in microtubules enhances sensitivity to TGF-β1 stimulation in human microvascular endothelial cells. We observed that the microtubules enriched in glycosylated tubulin-β2 and tubulin-β3 were necessary for caveolae-dependent TGF-β receptor internalization. Post-translational modulation is critical for the generation of myofibroblasts through endothelial-mesenchymal transition during fibrosis development. We suggest that microtubule glycosylation may become the target of new effective therapies for patients with recognized fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta E Wawro
- Department of Molecular Cell Mechanisms, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech M Ciszewski
- Department of Molecular Cell Mechanisms, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jolanta Niewiarowska
- Department of Molecular Cell Mechanisms, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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21
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Pharmacological and Genetic Inhibition of Caveolin-1 Promotes Epithelialization and Wound Closure. Mol Ther 2019; 27:1992-2004. [PMID: 31409528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds-including diabetic foot ulcers, venous leg ulcers, and pressure ulcers-represent a major health problem that demands an urgent solution and new therapies. Despite major burden to patients, health care professionals, and health care systems worldwide, there are no efficacious therapies approved for treatment of chronic wounds. One of the major obstacles in achieving wound closure in patients is the lack of epithelial migration. Here, we used multiple pre-clinical wound models to show that Caveolin-1 (Cav1) impedes healing and that targeting Cav1 accelerates wound closure. We found that Cav1 expression is significantly upregulated in wound edge biopsies of patients with non-healing wounds, confirming its healing-inhibitory role. Conversely, Cav1 was absent from the migrating epithelium and is downregulated in acutely healing wounds. Specifically, Cav1 interacted with membranous glucocorticoid receptor (mbGR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in a glucocorticoid-dependent manner to inhibit cutaneous healing. However, pharmacological disruption of caveolae by MβCD or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Cav1 knockdown resulted in disruption of Cav1-mbGR and Cav1-EGFR complexes and promoted epithelialization and wound healing. Our data reveal a novel mechanism of inhibition of epithelialization and wound closure, providing a rationale for pharmacological targeting of Cav1 as potential therapy for patients with non-healing chronic wounds.
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22
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Piera-Velazquez S, Jimenez SA. Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition: Role in Physiology and in the Pathogenesis of Human Diseases. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1281-1324. [PMID: 30864875 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that endothelial cells are capable of undergoing endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), a newly recognized type of cellular transdifferentiation. EndMT is a complex biological process in which endothelial cells adopt a mesenchymal phenotype displaying typical mesenchymal cell morphology and functions, including the acquisition of cellular motility and contractile properties. Endothelial cells undergoing EndMT lose the expression of endothelial cell-specific proteins such as CD31/platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule, von Willebrand factor, and vascular-endothelial cadherin and initiate the expression of mesenchymal cell-specific genes and the production of their encoded proteins including α-smooth muscle actin, extra domain A fibronectin, N-cadherin, vimentin, fibroblast specific protein-1, also known as S100A4 protein, and fibrillar type I and type III collagens. Transforming growth factor-β1 is considered the main EndMT inducer. However, EndMT involves numerous molecular and signaling pathways that are triggered and modulated by multiple and often redundant mechanisms depending on the specific cellular context and on the physiological or pathological status of the cells. EndMT participates in highly important embryonic development processes, as well as in the pathogenesis of numerous genetically determined and acquired human diseases including malignant, vascular, inflammatory, and fibrotic disorders. Despite intensive investigation, many aspects of EndMT remain to be elucidated. The identification of molecules and regulatory pathways involved in EndMT and the discovery of specific EndMT inhibitors should provide novel therapeutic approaches for various human disorders mediated by EndMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonsoles Piera-Velazquez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sergio A Jimenez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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23
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Tielemans B, Delcroix M, Belge C, Quarck R. TGFβ and BMPRII signalling pathways in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:703-716. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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24
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Role of the Endocytosis of Caveolae in Intracellular Signaling and Metabolism. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 57:203-234. [PMID: 30097777 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96704-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Caveolae are 60-80 nm invaginated plasma membrane (PM) nanodomains, with a specific lipid and protein composition, which assist and regulate multiple processes in the plasma membrane-ranging from the organization of signalling complexes to the mechanical adaptation to changes in PM tension. However, since their initial descriptions, these structures have additionally been found tightly linked to internalization processes, mechanoadaptation, to the regulation of signalling events and of endosomal trafficking. Here, we review caveolae biology from this perspective, and its implications for cell physiology and disease.
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25
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Sago CD, Lokugamage MP, Lando GN, Djeddar N, Shah NN, Syed C, Bryksin AV, Dahlman JE. Modifying a Commonly Expressed Endocytic Receptor Retargets Nanoparticles in Vivo. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:7590-7600. [PMID: 30216729 PMCID: PMC6426696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are often targeted to receptors expressed on specific cells, but few receptors are (i) highly expressed on one cell type and (ii) involved in endocytosis. One unexplored alternative is manipulating an endocytic gene expressed on multiple cell types; an ideal gene would inhibit delivery to cell type A more than cell type B, promoting delivery to cell type B. This would require a commonly expressed endocytic gene to alter nanoparticle delivery in a cell type-dependent manner in vivo; whether this can occur is unknown. Based on its microenvironmental regulation, we hypothesized Caveolin 1 (Cav1) would exert cell type-specific effects on nanoparticle delivery. Fluorescence was not sensitive enough to investigate this question, and as a result, we designed a platform named QUANT to study nanoparticle biodistribution. QUANT is 108× more sensitive than fluorescence and can be multiplexed. By measuring how 226 lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) delivered nucleic acids to multiple cell types in vivo in wild-type and Cav1 knockout mice, we found Cav1 altered delivery in a cell-type specific manner. Cav1 knockout did not alter LNP delivery to lung and kidney macrophages but substantially reduced LNP delivery to Kupffer cells, which are liver-resident macrophages. These data suggest caveolin-mediated endocytosis of nanomedicines by macrophages varies with tissue type. These results suggest manipulating receptors expressed on multiple cell types can tune drug delivery.
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26
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Lee J, Ahn E, Kim SY, Shin Y, Ahn S, Sung J, Kim H, Cho E, Jung S, Park S. Inclusion complexes of cysteinyl β-cyclodextrin with baicalein restore collagen synthesis in fibroblast cells following ultraviolet exposure. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:4032-4043. [PMID: 30269381 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Baicalein, a bioactive flavonoid, has poor water solubility, thereby limiting its use in a wide range of biological applications. In the present study, we used inclusion complexes of cysteinyl β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with baicalein to enhance the stability and solubility of baicalein in aqueous solution. We examined the effects of inclusion complexes of cysteinyl β-CD on collagen synthesis following ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, as well as the mechanisms underlying its effects. Our findings demonstrated that baicalein significantly restored collagen synthesis in the UV-exposed human fibroblast Hs68 cells. In addition, synthetic cysteine functionalized β-CDs were found to promote baicalein-induced collagen synthesis. Inclusion complexes of cysteinyl β-CDs with baicalein significantly upregulated the protein expression of type I collagen and activated the transcription of type I, II, and III collagen. Inclusion complexes of cysteinyl β-CDs with baicalein also downregulated matrix metalloproteinase -1 and -3, and α-smooth muscle actin expression. In addition, inclusion complexes of cysteinyl β-CDs with baicalein attenuated the expression of caveolin-1, but this treatment enhanced the UV-induced phosphorylation of Smad in the transforming growth factor-β pathway. These results suggested that the newly synthesized derivative of CD can be used as a complexing agent to enhance the bioavailability of flavonoids such as baicalein, especially in restoring collagen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joomin Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Eunsook Ahn
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon-Y Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yujeong Shin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seunghyun Ahn
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiha Sung
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwanhee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Microbial Carbohydrate Resource Bank (MCRB), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunae Cho
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology Research in UBITA (CBRU), Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications (UBITA), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seunho Jung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Microbial Carbohydrate Resource Bank (MCRB), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Systems Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology Research in UBITA (CBRU), Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications (UBITA), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seyeon Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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27
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Thuan DTB, Zayed H, Eid AH, Abou-Saleh H, Nasrallah GK, Mangoni AA, Pintus G. A Potential Link Between Oxidative Stress and Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Systemic Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1985. [PMID: 30283435 PMCID: PMC6156139 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc), an autoimmune disease that is associated with a number of genetic and environmental risk factors, is characterized by progressive fibrosis and microvasculature damage in the skin, lungs, heart, digestive system, kidneys, muscles, joints, and nervous system. These abnormalities are associated with altered secretion of growth factor and profibrotic cytokines, such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), interleukin-4 (IL-4), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and connective-tissue growth factor (CTGF). Among the cellular responses to this proinflammatory environment, the endothelial cells phenotypic conversion into activated myofibroblasts, a process known as endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), has been postulated. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) might play a key role in SSs-associated fibrosis and vascular damage by mediating and/or activating TGF-β-induced EndMT, a phenomenon that has been observed in other disease models. In this review, we identified and critically appraised published studies investigating associations ROS and EndMT and the presence of EndMT in SSc, highlighting a potential link between oxidative stress and EndMT in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong Thi Bich Thuan
- Department of Biochemistry, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Hue, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Haissam Abou-Saleh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Arduino A Mangoni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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28
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Man S, Sanchez Duffhues G, Ten Dijke P, Baker D. The therapeutic potential of targeting the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Angiogenesis 2018; 22:3-13. [PMID: 30076548 PMCID: PMC6510911 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-018-9639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) have been found to be capable of acquiring a mesenchymal phenotype through a process known as endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). First seen in the developing embryo, EndMT can be triggered postnatally under certain pathological conditions. During this process, ECs dedifferentiate into mesenchymal stem-like cells (MSCs) and subsequently give rise to cell types belonging to the mesoderm lineage. As EndMT contributes to a multitude of diseases, pharmacological modulation of the signaling pathways underlying EndMT may prove to be effective as a therapeutic treatment. Additionally, EndMT in ECs could also be exploited to acquire multipotent MSCs, which can be readily re-differentiated into various distinct cell types. In this review, we will consider current models of EndMT, how manipulation of this process might improve treatment of clinically important pathologies and how it could be harnessed to advance regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Man
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gonzalo Sanchez Duffhues
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - David Baker
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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29
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Zanotti S, Gibertini S, Blasevich F, Bragato C, Ruggieri A, Saredi S, Fabbri M, Bernasconi P, Maggi L, Mantegazza R, Mora M. Exosomes and exosomal miRNAs from muscle-derived fibroblasts promote skeletal muscle fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 74:77-100. [PMID: 29981373 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, natural carriers of mRNAs, non-coding RNAs and proteins between donor and recipient cells, actively contribute to cell-cell communication. We investigated the potential pro-fibrotic role of exosomes released by muscle-derived fibroblasts of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients, and of miRNAs carried by exosomes. By fibrosis focused array analysis we found that exosomes from DMD fibroblasts, had significantly higher levels of miR-199a-5p, a miRNA up-regulated in fibrotic conditions, compared to control exosomes, while levels in myoblast-derived exosomes were not increased. In control fibroblasts, exposure to DMD fibroblast-derived exosomes induced a myofibroblastic phenotype with increase in α-smooth actin, collagen and fibronectin transcript and protein expression, soluble collagen production and deposition, cell proliferation, and activation of Akt and ERK signaling, while exposure to control exosomes did not. Transfecting control fibroblasts or loading control exosomes with miR-199a-5p mimic or inhibitor induced opposing effects on fibrosis-related mRNAs and proteins, on collagen production and Akt and ERK pathways. Finally, injection of DMD fibroblast-derived exosomes into mouse tibialis anterior muscle after cardiotoxin-induced necrosis, produced greater fibrosis than control exosomes. Our findings indicate that exosomes produced by local fibroblasts in the DMD muscle are able to induce phenotypic conversion of normal fibroblasts to myofibroblasts thereby increasing the fibrotic response. This conversion is related to transfer of high levels of miR-199a-5p and to reduction of its target caveolin-1; both, therefore, are potential therapeutic targets in muscle fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Zanotti
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Gibertini
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Flavia Blasevich
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Bragato
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy; PhD Program in Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ruggieri
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Simona Saredi
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Fabbri
- Unit of Haematopathology, European Institute of Oncology, IEO, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Pia Bernasconi
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Maggi
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Renato Mantegazza
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Mora
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy.
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30
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Słuczanowska-Głąbowska S, Malinowski D, Safranow K, Domański L, Czerewaty M, Ustianowski P, Laszczyńska M, Pawlik A. Caveolin-1 rs4730751 gene polymorphism in kidney allograft recipients. J Appl Biomed 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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31
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Pagnozzi LA, Butcher JT. Mechanotransduction Mechanisms in Mitral Valve Physiology and Disease Pathogenesis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:83. [PMID: 29312958 PMCID: PMC5744129 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitral valve exists in a mechanically demanding environment, with the stress of each cardiac cycle deforming and shearing the native fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Cells and their extracellular matrix exhibit a dynamic reciprocity in the growth and formation of tissue through mechanotransduction and continuously adapt to physical cues in their environment through gene, protein, and cytokine expression. Valve disease is the most common congenital heart defect with watchful waiting and valve replacement surgery the only treatment option. Mitral valve disease (MVD) has been linked to a variety of mechano-active genes ranging from extracellular components, mechanotransductive elements, and cytoplasmic and nuclear transcription factors. Specialized cell receptors, such as adherens junctions, cadherins, integrins, primary cilia, ion channels, caveolae, and the glycocalyx, convert mechanical cues into biochemical responses via a complex of mechanoresponsive elements, shared signaling modalities, and integrated frameworks. Understanding mechanosensing and transduction in mitral valve-specific cells may allow us to discover unique signal transduction pathways between cells and their environment, leading to cell or tissue specific mechanically targeted therapeutics for MVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A. Pagnozzi
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan T. Butcher
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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32
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Liakouli V, Elies J, El-Sherbiny YM, Scarcia M, Grant G, Abignano G, Derrett-Smith EC, Esteves F, Cipriani P, Emery P, Denton CP, Giacomelli R, Mavria G, Del Galdo F. Scleroderma fibroblasts suppress angiogenesis via TGF-β/caveolin-1 dependent secretion of pigment epithelium-derived factor. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 77:431-440. [PMID: 29259049 PMCID: PMC5867407 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterised by tissue fibrosis and vasculopathy with defective angiogenesis. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) plays a major role in tissue fibrosis, including downregulation of caveolin-1 (Cav-1); however, its role in defective angiogenesis is less clear. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a major antiangiogenic factor, is abundantly secreted by SSc fibroblasts. Here, we investigated the effect of TGF-β and Cav-1 on PEDF expression and the role of PEDF in the ability of SSc fibroblasts to modulate angiogenesis. Methods PEDF and Cav-1 expression in fibroblasts and endothelial cells were evaluated by means of immunohistochemistry on human and mouse skin biopsies. PEDF and Cav-1 were silenced in cultured SSc and control fibroblasts using lentiviral short-hairpin RNAs. Organotypic fibroblast–endothelial cell co-cultures and matrigel assays were employed to assess angiogenesis. Results PEDF is highly expressed in myofibroblasts and reticular fibroblasts with low Cav-1 expression in SSc skin biopsies, and it is induced by TGF-β in vitro. SSc fibroblasts suppress angiogenesis in an organotypic model. This model is reproduced by silencing Cav-1 in normal dermal fibroblasts. Conversely, silencing PEDF in SSc fibroblasts rescues their antiangiogenic phenotype. Consistently, transgenic mice with TGF-β receptor hyperactivation show lower Cav-1 and higher PEDF expression levels in skin biopsies accompanied by reduced blood vessel density. Conclusions Our data reveal a new pathway by which TGF-β suppresses angiogenesis in SSc, through decreased fibroblast Cav-1 expression and subsequent PEDF secretion. This pathway may present a promising target for new therapeutic interventions in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Liakouli
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Jacobo Elies
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Yasser Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Margherita Scarcia
- Signal Transduction and Tumour Microenvironment Group, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gary Grant
- Signal Transduction and Tumour Microenvironment Group, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Giuseppina Abignano
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Rheumatology Department of Lucania, Rheumatology Institute of Lucania (IReL), San Carlo Hospital of Potenza and Madonna delle Grazie Hospital of Matera, Potenza, Italy.,Rheumatology Institute of Lucania (IReL), San Carlo Hospital of Potenza, Potenza, Italy
| | - Emma C Derrett-Smith
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue, UCL Medical School Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Filomena Esteves
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Paola Cipriani
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Paul Emery
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Christopher P Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue, UCL Medical School Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Roberto Giacomelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Georgia Mavria
- Signal Transduction and Tumour Microenvironment Group, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Francesco Del Galdo
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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33
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Hou X, Zhang J, Wang Y, Xiong W, Mi J. TGFBR-IDH1-Cav1 axis promotes TGF-β signalling in cancer-associated fibroblast. Oncotarget 2017; 8:83962-83974. [PMID: 29137396 PMCID: PMC5663568 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β signalling plays an important role in fibroblasts activation and tumour progression. Here, we report that the TGFBR-IDH1-Cav1 axis promotes TGF- β signalling in fibroblasts. Our data demonstrated that IDH1 was downregulated by TGF-β signalling in fibroblasts, and downregulation of IDH1 increased cellular concentration of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) by accelerating glutamine metabolization. Interestingly, α-KG suppressed Cav1 expression through reducing the trimethylation of histone H3K4. Furthermore, Cav1 downregulation inhibited TGFBR protein degradation. In turn, the activated TGFBR promoted TGF-β signalling. These findings demonstrated that metabolic enzyme IDH1 regulates TGF-β signalling by feedback mechanism through α-KG and TGFBR-IDH1-Cav1 axis is important for TGF-β signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Center of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Jieying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongbin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wujun Xiong
- Shanghai East Hospital, Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Mi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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34
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O'Callaghan J, Cassidy PS, Humphries P. Open-angle glaucoma: therapeutically targeting the extracellular matrix of the conventional outflow pathway. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:1037-1050. [PMID: 28952395 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1386174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ocular hypertension in open-angle glaucoma is caused by a reduced rate of removal of aqueous humour (AH) from the eye, with the majority of AH draining from the anterior chamber through the conventional outflow pathway, comprising the trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's Canal. Resistance to outflow is generated, in part, by the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the outflow tissues. Current pressure-lowering topical medications largely suppress AH production, or enhance its clearance through the unconventional pathway. However, therapies targeting the ECM of the conventional pathway in order to decrease intraocular pressure have become a recent focus of attention. Areas covered: We discuss the role of ECM of the TM in outflow homeostasis and its relevance as a target for glaucoma therapy, including progress in development of topical eye formulations, together with gene therapy approaches based on inducible, virally-mediated expression of matrix metalloproteinases to enhance aqueous outflow. Expert opinion: There remains a need for improved glaucoma medications that more specifically act upon sites causative to glaucoma pathogenesis. Emerging strategies targeting the ECM of the conventional outflow pathway, or associated components of the cytoskeleton of TM cells, involving new pharmacological formulations or genetically-based therapies, are promising avenues of future glaucoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey O'Callaghan
- a Ocular Genetics Unit, Smurfit Institute of Genetics , University of Dublin, Trinity College , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Paul S Cassidy
- a Ocular Genetics Unit, Smurfit Institute of Genetics , University of Dublin, Trinity College , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Pete Humphries
- a Ocular Genetics Unit, Smurfit Institute of Genetics , University of Dublin, Trinity College , Dublin , Ireland
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35
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Shihata WA, Putra MRA, Chin-Dusting JPF. Is There a Potential Therapeutic Role for Caveolin-1 in Fibrosis? Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:567. [PMID: 28970796 PMCID: PMC5609631 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a process of dysfunctional wound repair, described by a failure of tissue regeneration and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, resulting in tissue scarring and subsequent organ deterioration. There are a broad range of stimuli that may trigger, and exacerbate the process of fibrosis, which can contribute to the growing rates of morbidity and mortality. Whilst the process of fibrosis is widely described and understood, there are no current standard treatments that can reduce or reverse the process effectively, likely due to the continuing knowledge gaps surrounding the cellular mechanisms involved. Several cellular targets have been implicated in the regulation of the fibrotic process including membrane domains, ion channels and more recently mechanosensors, specifically caveolae, particularly since these latter contain various signaling components, such as members of the TGFβ and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways, all of which are key players in the process of fibrosis. This review explores the anti-fibrotic influences of the caveola, and in particular the key underpinning protein, caveolin-1, and its potential as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waled A Shihata
- Vascular Pharmacology Laboratory, Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammad R A Putra
- Vascular Pharmacology Laboratory, Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jaye P F Chin-Dusting
- Vascular Pharmacology Laboratory, Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourne, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
All causes of renal allograft injury, when severe and/or sustained, can result in chronic histological damage of which interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy are dominant features. Unless a specific disease process can be identified, what drives interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy progression in individual patients is often unclear. In general, clinicopathological factors known to predict and drive allograft fibrosis include graft quality, inflammation (whether "nonspecific" or related to a specific diagnosis), infections, such as polyomavirus-associated nephropathy, calcineurin inhibitors (CNI), and genetic factors. The incidence and severity of chronic histological damage have decreased substantially over the last 3 decades, but it is difficult to disentangle what effects individual innovations (eg, better matching and preservation techniques, lower CNI dosing, BK viremia screening) may have had. There is little evidence that CNI-sparing/minimization strategies, steroid minimization or renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade result in better preservation of intermediate-term histology. Treatment of subclinical rejections has only proven beneficial to histological and functional outcome in studies in which the rate of subclinical rejection in the first 3 months was greater than 10% to 15%. Potential novel antifibrotic strategies include antagonists of transforming growth factor-β, connective tissue growth factor, several tyrosine kinase ligands (epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor), endothelin and inhibitors of chemotaxis. Although many of these drugs are mainly being developed and marketed for oncological indications and diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a number may hold promise in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy, which could eventually lead to applications in renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vanhove
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. 2 Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. 3 Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Myxomatous Degeneration of the Canine Mitral Valve: From Gross Changes to Molecular Events. J Comp Pathol 2017; 156:371-383. [PMID: 28408040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the single most common acquired heart disease of the dog, but is also of emerging importance in human medicine, with some features of the disease shared between both species. There has been increased understanding of this disease in recent years, with most research aiming to elucidate the cellular and molecular events of disease pathogenesis. For gross and histological changes, much of our understanding is based on historical studies and there has been no comprehensive reappraisal of the pathology of MMVD. This paper reviews the gross, histological, ultrastructural, cellular and molecular changes in canine MMVD.
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38
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Rosenbloom J, Macarak E, Piera-Velazquez S, Jimenez SA. Human Fibrotic Diseases: Current Challenges in Fibrosis Research. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1627:1-23. [PMID: 28836191 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7113-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human fibrotic diseases constitute a major health problem worldwide owing to the large number of affected individuals, the incomplete knowledge of the fibrotic process pathogenesis, the marked heterogeneity in their etiology and clinical manifestations, the absence of appropriate and fully validated biomarkers, and, most importantly, the current void of effective disease-modifying therapeutic agents. The fibrotic disorders encompass a wide spectrum of clinical entities including systemic fibrotic diseases such as systemic sclerosis (SSc), sclerodermatous graft vs. host disease, and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, as well as numerous organ-specific disorders including radiation-induced fibrosis and cardiac, pulmonary, liver, and kidney fibrosis. Although their causative mechanisms are quite diverse and in several instances have remained elusive, these diseases share the common feature of an uncontrolled and progressive accumulation of fibrotic tissue in affected organs causing their dysfunction and ultimate failure. Despite the remarkable heterogeneity in the etiologic mechanisms responsible for the development of fibrotic diseases and in their clinical manifestations, numerous studies have identified activated myofibroblasts as the common cellular element ultimately responsible for the replacement of normal tissues with nonfunctional fibrotic tissue. Critical signaling cascades, initiated primarily by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), but also involving numerous cytokines and signaling molecules which stimulate profibrotic reactions in myofibroblasts, offer potential therapeutic targets. Here, we briefly review the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of tissue fibrosis and point out some of the most important challenges to research in the fibrotic diseases and to the development of effective therapeutic approaches for this often fatal group of disorders. Efforts to further clarify the complex pathogenetic mechanisms of the fibrotic process should be encouraged to attain the elusive goal of developing effective therapies for these serious, untreatable, and often fatal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Rosenbloom
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases and The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward Macarak
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases and The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sonsoles Piera-Velazquez
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases and The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sergio A Jimenez
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases and The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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39
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Nithiananthan S, Crawford A, Knock JC, Lambert DW, Whawell SA. Physiological Fluid Flow Moderates Fibroblast Responses to TGF-β1. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:878-890. [PMID: 27748539 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are the major cellular component of connective tissue and experience mechanical perturbations due to matrix remodelling and interstitial fluid movement. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) can promote differentiation of fibroblasts in vitro to a contractile myofibroblastic phenotype characterised by the presence of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) rich stress fibres. To study the role of mechanical stimulation in this process, we examined the response of primary human fibroblasts to physiological levels of fluid movement and its influence on fibroblast differentiation and responses to TGF-β1. We reported that in both oral and dermal fibroblasts, physiological levels of fluid flow induced widespread changes in gene expression compared to static cultures, including up-regulation of genes associated with TGFβ signalling and endocytosis. TGF-β1, activin A and markers of myofibroblast differentiation including α-SMA and collagen IA1 were also increased by flow but surprisingly the combination of flow and exogenous TGF-β1 resulted in reduced differentiation. Our findings suggest this may result from enhanced internalisation of caveolin and TGF-β receptor II. These findings suggest that a) low levels of fluid flow induce myofibroblast differentiation and b) fluid flow antagonises the fibroblast response to pro-differentiation signals such as TGF-β1. We propose that this may be a novel mechanism by which mechanical forces buffer responses to chemical signals in vivo, maintaining a context-specific fibroblast phenotype. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 878-890, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhvi Nithiananthan
- Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Aileen Crawford
- Academic Unit of Restorative Dentistry, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Johnathan Cooper Knock
- Department of Neuroscience, Academic Neurology Unit, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Daniel W Lambert
- Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon A Whawell
- Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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40
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Bai Y, Wu J, Li D, Morgan EE, Liu J, Zhao X, Walsh A, Saikumar J, Tinkel J, Joe B, Gupta R, Liu L. Differential roles of caveolin-1 in ouabain-induced Na+/K+-ATPase cardiac signaling and contractility. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:739-748. [PMID: 27519543 PMCID: PMC5243228 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00042.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of ouabain to cardiac Na+/K+-ATPase initiates cell signaling and causes contractility in cardiomyocytes. It is widely accepted that caveolins, structural proteins of caveolae, have been implicated in signal transduction. It is known that caveolae play a role in Na+/K+-ATPase functions. Regulation of caveolin-1 in ouabain-mediated cardiac signaling and contractility has never been reported. The aim of this study is to compare ouabain-induced cardiac signaling and contractility in wild-type (WT) and caveolin-1 knockout (cav-1 KO) mice. In contrast with WT cardiomyocytes, ouabain-induced signaling e.g., activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-α/Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2, and hypertrophic growth were significantly reduced in cav-1 KO cardiomyocytes. Interactions of the Na+/K+-ATPase α1-subunit with caveolin-3 and the Na+/K+-ATPase α1-subunit with PI3K-α were also decreased in cav-1 KO cardiomyocytes. The results from cav-1 KO mouse embryonic fibroblasts also proved that cav-1 significantly attenuated ouabain-induced ERK1/2 activation without alteration in protein and cholesterol distribution in caveolae/lipid rafts. Intriguingly, the effect of ouabain induced positive inotropy in vivo (via transient infusion of ouabain, 0.48 nmol/g body wt) was not attenuated in cav-1 KO mice. Furthermore, ouabain (1-100 μM) induced dose-dependent contractility in isolated working hearts from WT and cav-1 KO mice. The effects of ouabain on contractility between WT and cav-1 KO mice were not significantly different. These results demonstrated differential roles of cav-1 in the regulation of ouabain signaling and contractility. Signaling by ouabain, in contrast to contractility, may be a redundant property of Na+/K+-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio; Pediatrics Department of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, HuBei, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Daxiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio; State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China; and
| | - Eric E Morgan
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, JCE School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Xiaochen Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Aaron Walsh
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Jagannath Saikumar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Jodi Tinkel
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Bina Joe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio; Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Rajesh Gupta
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Lijun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio; Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio;
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Piera-Velazquez S, Mendoza FA, Jimenez SA. Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EndoMT) in the Pathogenesis of Human Fibrotic Diseases. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5040045. [PMID: 27077889 PMCID: PMC4850468 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic diseases encompass a wide spectrum of clinical entities including systemic fibrotic diseases such as systemic sclerosis, sclerodermatous graft versus host disease, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, and IgG₄-associated sclerosing disease, as well as numerous organ-specific disorders including radiation-induced fibrosis, and cardiac, pulmonary, liver, and kidney fibrosis. Although their causative mechanisms are quite diverse, these diseases share the common feature of an uncontrolled and progressive accumulation of fibrous tissue macromolecules in affected organs leading to their dysfunction and ultimate failure. The pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases is complex and despite extensive investigation has remained elusive. Numerous studies have identified myofibroblasts as the cells responsible for the establishment and progression of the fibrotic process. Tissue myofibroblasts in fibrotic diseases originate from several sources including quiescent tissue fibroblasts, circulating CD34+ fibrocytes, and the phenotypic conversion of various cell types including epithelial and endothelial cells into activated myofibroblasts. However, the role of the phenotypic transition of endothelial cells into mesenchymal cells (Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition or EndoMT) in the pathogenesis of fibrotic disorders has not been fully elucidated. Here, we review the evidence supporting EndoMT's contribution to human fibrotic disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonsoles Piera-Velazquez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th Street, Suite 509 BLSB, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Fabian A Mendoza
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th Street, Suite 509 BLSB, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Sergio A Jimenez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th Street, Suite 509 BLSB, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Singh S, Liu S, Rockey DC. Caveolin-1 is upregulated in hepatic stellate cells but not sinusoidal endothelial cells after liver injury. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:126-32. [PMID: 26847875 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC) and hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are closely associated specialized vascular cells residing in the hepatic sinusoid. These cells have been shown to play important roles in many different pathophysiologic processes, in particular in liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Caveolin-1 functions as a scaffolding protein, and has a variety of functions including in many disease states, such as liver cirrhosis. Although previous studies have shown that in the injured rat liver, caveolin-1 is upregulated, the precise cells in which remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the cell type (or types) in which caveolin-1 is expressed in normal and injured rat liver. We have utilized both detailed immunohistochemical labeling with cell specific markers as well as cell isolation techniques (isolating sinusoidal endothelial cells, HSCs, and hepatocytes) in normal and injured (bile duct ligation) rat liver. We show here that in the normal liver caveolin-1 is expressed predominantly in HSCs and SECs but after liver injury there is upregulation of caveolin-1 in HSCs, but not in SECs. These data have functional implications for the cells in which caveolin-1 is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Medicine, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Songling Liu
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Medicine, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Don C Rockey
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Medicine, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
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Lee JA, Choi DI, Choi JY, Kim SO, Cho KA, Lee JB, Yun SJ, Lee SC. Methyl-β-cyclodextrin up-regulates collagen I expression in chronologically-aged skin via its anti-caveolin-1 activity. Oncotarget 2015; 6:1942-53. [PMID: 25575822 PMCID: PMC4385827 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is one of the key molecules to modulate collagen metabolism in the skin. This study aimed to unravel the relationship between Cav-1 and collagen levels in the aged skin, and also to evaluate a new role of anti-Cav-1 agent as a collagen-modulating agent. A negative correlation between Cav-1 and collagen I (COL I) was detected in chronologically aged skin of humans and mice, which was further confirmed by Cav-1 knock-down or knock-out experiments. Next, we tested whether methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) as a chemical Cav-1 inhibitor could be developed as a collagen-modulating agent in the skin. Testing different conditions of MβCD injection via the intra-dermal route revealed that 2.5% MβCD administered twice per week for two months showed a potent COL I-up-regulating activity, leading to the increase of skin thickness (P < 0.05) without adverse reactions such as skin fibrosis. In human dermal fibroblasts, MβCD treatment induced up-regulated COL I and down-regulated Cav-1, supporting the results of mouse experiments. Collectively, MβCD has a COL I-enhancing activity in chronologically-aged skin, where Cav-1 acts as a brake in COL I expression, suggesting its potential role for an anti-aging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ae Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Da-In Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jee-Young Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sun-Ok Kim
- Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyung-A Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jee-Bum Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sook-Jung Yun
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seung-Chul Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Mendoza FA, Mansoor M, Jimenez SA. Treatment of Rapidly Progressive Systemic Sclerosis: Current and Futures Perspectives. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015; 4:31-47. [PMID: 27812432 PMCID: PMC5087809 DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2016.1114454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by severe and often progressive cutaneous, pulmonary, cardiac and gastrointestinal tract fibrosis, cellular and humoral immunologic alterations, and pronounced fibroproliferative vasculopathy. There is no effective SSc disease modifying therapy. Patients with rapidly progressive SSc have poor prognosis with frequent disability and very high mortality. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews currently available therapeutic approaches for rapidly progressive SSc and discuss novel drugs under study for SSc disease modification. EXPERT OPINION The extent, severity, and rate of progression of SSc skin and internal organ involvement determines the optimal therapeutic interventions for SSc. Cyclophosphamide for progressive SSc-associated interstitial lung disease and mycophenolate for rapidly progressive cutaneous involvement have shown effectiveness. Methotrexate has been used for less severe skin progression and for patients unable to tolerate mycophenolate. Rituximab was shown to induce improvement in SSc-cutaneous and lung involvement. Autologous bone marrow transplantation is reserved for selected cases in whom poor survival risk outweighs the high mortality rate of the procedure. Novel agents capable of modulating fibrotic and inflammatory pathways involved in SSc pathogenesis, including tocilizumab, pirfenidone, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, lipid lysophosphatidic acid 1, and NOX4 inhibitors are currently under development for the treatment of rapidly progressive SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A. Mendoza
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Maryah Mansoor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Sergio A. Jimenez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Chand S, Edwards NC, Chue CD, Jesky M, Stringer S, Simmonds MJ, Duff CE, Cockwell P, Harper L, Steeds RP, Townend JN, Ferro CJ, Borrows R. Caveolin-1 single-nucleotide polymorphism and arterial stiffness in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 31:1140-4. [PMID: 26433014 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arteriosclerosis is an independent predictor of increased cardiovascular mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Histologically it is characterized by hypertrophy and fibrosis of the arterial media wall leading to increased arterial stiffness and end-organ damage. Caveolin-1 acts as an intracellular signalling pathway chaperone in human fibrotic and vascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between caveolin-1 (CAV1) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4730751 and arterial stiffness as measured by arterial pulse wave velocity (PWV) in an early-stage CKD cohort and in a cohort with more severe CKD. METHODS Two prospectively maintained patient cohorts with non-dialysis CKD were studied: 144 patients in the Chronic Renal Impairment in Birmingham (CRIB) cohort and 147 patients in the Renal Impairment in Secondary Care (RIISC) cohort, with matched exclusion criteria and DNA sampling availability. At entry to each cohort database, each patient's initial arterial PWV was measured, as well as their anthropomorphic and biochemical data. CAV1 rs4730751 SNP genotyping was performed using Taqman technology. RESULTS The CAV1 rs4730751 SNP CC genotype was associated with lower arterial PWV in both CRIB early stage CKD patients [8.1 versus 8.6 m/s; coefficient -0.780 (-1.412, -0.149); P = 0.016] and RIISC more advanced stage CKD patients [8.7 versus 9.4 m/s; coefficient -0.695 (-1.288, -0.102); P = 0.022]; these relationships held following adjustment for other important confounders. CONCLUSIONS This replicated study suggests potential utility of the studied CAV1 SNP as a genetic biomarker in CKD and a role for CAV1 in the development of arteriosclerosis in this setting. Further studies are warranted to further explore the basic science driving these clinical observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Chand
- Department of Renal Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nicola C Edwards
- Department of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Colin D Chue
- Department of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark Jesky
- Department of Renal Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephanie Stringer
- Department of Renal Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Matthew J Simmonds
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire E Duff
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Cockwell
- Department of Renal Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lorraine Harper
- Department of Renal Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard P Steeds
- Department of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonathan N Townend
- Department of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Charles J Ferro
- Department of Renal Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard Borrows
- Department of Renal Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Fluorofenidone attenuates TGF-β1-induced lung fibroblast activation via restoring the expression of caveolin-1. Shock 2015; 43:201-7. [PMID: 25394239 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Caveolin-1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. We previously showed that fluorofenidone (FD), a novel pyridine agent, can attenuate bleomycin-induced experimental pulmonary fibrosis and restore the production of caveolin-1. In this study, we explore mainly whether caveolin-1 plays a critical role in the anti-pulmonary fibrosis effects of FD in vitro. The normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLFs) were cultured with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and then were treated with FD. Subsequently, NHLFs transfected with cav-1-siRNA were treated with TGF-β1 and/or FD. The expressions of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin, collagen I, caveolin-1, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), and phosphorylated P38 were measured by Western blot and/or real-time polymerase chain reaction. Fluorofenidone attenuated TGF-β1-induced expressions of α-SMA, fibronectin, and collagen I; inhibited phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and P38; and restored caveolin-1 protein expression but cannot increase caveolin-1 mRNA level in vitro. After caveolin-1 was silenced, FD could not downregulate TGF-β1-induced expressions of α-SMA, fibronectin, and collagen I or phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and P38. These studies demonstrate that FD, a potential antifibrotic agent, may attenuate TGF-β1-induced activation of NHLFs by restoring the expression of caveolin-1.
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Nickel NP, Spiekerkoetter E, Gu M, Li CG, Li H, Kaschwich M, Diebold I, Hennigs JK, Kim KY, Miyagawa K, Wang L, Cao A, Sa S, Jiang X, Stockstill RW, Nicolls MR, Zamanian RT, Bland RD, Rabinovitch M. Elafin Reverses Pulmonary Hypertension via Caveolin-1-Dependent Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:1273-86. [PMID: 25853696 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201412-2291oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary arterial hypertension is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, impaired bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) signaling, and increased elastase activity. Synthetic elastase inhibitors reverse experimental pulmonary hypertension but cause hepatotoxicity in clinical studies. The endogenous elastase inhibitor elafin attenuates hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in mice, but its potential to improve endothelial function and BMPR2 signaling, and to reverse severe experimental pulmonary hypertension or vascular pathology in the human disease was unknown. OBJECTIVES To assess elafin-mediated regression of pulmonary vascular pathology in rats and in lung explants from patients with pulmonary hypertension. To determine if elafin amplifies BMPR2 signaling in pulmonary artery endothelial cells and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. METHODS Rats with pulmonary hypertension induced by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor blockade and hypoxia (Sugen/hypoxia) as well as lung organ cultures from patients with pulmonary hypertension were used to assess elafin-mediated reversibility of pulmonary vascular disease. Pulmonary arterial endothelial cells from patients and control subjects were used to determine the efficacy and mechanism of elafin-mediated BMPR2 signaling. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In Sugen/hypoxia rats, elafin reduced elastase activity and reversed pulmonary hypertension, judged by regression of right ventricular systolic pressure and hypertrophy and pulmonary artery occlusive changes. Elafin improved endothelial function by increasing apelin, a BMPR2 target. Elafin induced apoptosis in human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells and decreased neointimal lesions in lung organ culture. In normal and patient pulmonary artery endothelial cells, elafin promoted angiogenesis by increasing pSMAD-dependent and -independent BMPR2 signaling. This was linked mechanistically to augmented interaction of BMPR2 with caveolin-1 via elafin-mediated stabilization of endothelial surface caveolin-1. CONCLUSIONS Elafin reverses obliterative changes in pulmonary arteries via elastase inhibition and caveolin-1-dependent amplification of BMPR2 signaling.
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Piera-Velazquez S, Jimenez SA. Role of cellular senescence and NOX4-mediated oxidative stress in systemic sclerosis pathogenesis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2015; 17:473. [PMID: 25475596 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-014-0473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by progressive fibrosis of skin and numerous internal organs and a severe fibroproliferative vasculopathy resulting frequently in severe disability and high mortality. Although the etiology of SSc is unknown and the detailed mechanisms responsible for the fibrotic process have not been fully elucidated, one important observation from a large US population study was the demonstration of a late onset of SSc with a peak incidence between 45 and 54 years of age in African-American females and between 65 and 74 years of age in white females. Although it is not appropriate to consider SSc as a disease of aging, the possibility that senescence changes in the cellular elements involved in its pathogenesis may play a role has not been thoroughly examined. The process of cellular senescence is extremely complex, and the mechanisms, molecular events, and signaling pathways involved have not been fully elucidated; however, there is strong evidence to support the concept that oxidative stress caused by the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species may be one important mechanism involved. On the other hand, numerous studies have implicated oxidative stress in SSc pathogenesis, thus, suggesting a plausible mechanism in which excessive oxidative stress induces cellular senescence and that the molecular events associated with this complex process play an important role in the fibrotic and fibroproliferative vasculopathy characteristic of SSc. Here, recent studies examining the role of cellular senescence and of oxidative stress in SSc pathogenesis will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonsoles Piera-Velazquez
- Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, Suite 509 BLSB, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
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Enhanced chemokine-receptor expression, function, and signaling in healthy African American and scleroderma-patient monocytes are regulated by caveolin-1. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2015; 8:11. [PMID: 26322128 PMCID: PMC4551709 DOI: 10.1186/s13069-015-0028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background A major health disparity suffered by African Americans (AA) is a predisposition toward fibrotic diseases of the skin, lung, and other organs. We previously showed that healthy AA and scleroderma (systemic sclerosis (SSc)) patient monocytes share biochemical and functional differences from control Caucasian (C) monocytes that may predispose AA to SSc. The central difference is a decrease in caveolin-1. Low caveolin-1 levels promote monocyte migration, their differentiation into fibrocytes, and fibrocyte recruitment into fibrotic tissues. Here we have greatly expanded our studies on the mechanism of action in fibrosis of caveolin-1 in AA and SSc monocytes. Results Expression of chemokine receptors (CCR1, CCR2, CCR3) is enhanced in healthy AA monocytes compared to healthy C monocytes and further increased in SSc monocytes. A parallel increase in function occurs assessed by migration toward chemokines MCP-1 and MCP-3. Chemokine-receptor expression and function are inhibited by the caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide (CSD) via its action as a surrogate for caveolin-1. Cells bearing chemokine receptors accumulate to high levels in fibrotic lung and skin tissue from SSc patients and from mice treated with bleomycin. This accumulation is almost completely blocked in mice treated with CSD. In signaling studies, Src activation is enhanced in AA monocytes compared to C monocytes and further increased in SSc monocytes. Lyn is also highly activated in SSc monocytes. Src and Lyn activation are inhibited by CSD. Src and Lyn’s roles in monocyte migration were demonstrated using specific inhibitors. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that the expression and function of CCR1, CCR2, and CCR3 are upregulated in monocytes from healthy AA and from SSc patients via molecular mechanisms involving caveolin-1, Src/Lyn, and MEK/ERK. The results suggest that the migration/recruitment of monocytes and fibrocytes into fibrotic tissues, mediated at least in part by CCR1, CCR2, and CCR3, plays a major role in the progression of lung and skin fibrosis and in the predisposition of AA to fibrotic diseases. Our findings further suggest that chemokine receptors and signaling molecules, particularly caveolin-1, that control their expression/function are promising targets for treating fibrotic diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13069-015-0028-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Pattanaik D, Brown M, Postlethwaite BC, Postlethwaite AE. Pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:272. [PMID: 26106387 PMCID: PMC4459100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic scleroderma (SSc) is one of the most complex systemic autoimmune diseases. It targets the vasculature, connective tissue-producing cells (namely fibroblasts/myofibroblasts), and components of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Clinical and pathologic manifestations of SSc are the result of: (1) innate/adaptive immune system abnormalities leading to production of autoantibodies and cell-mediated autoimmunity, (2) microvascular endothelial cell/small vessel fibroproliferative vasculopathy, and (3) fibroblast dysfunction generating excessive accumulation of collagen and other matrix components in skin and internal organs. All three of these processes interact and affect each other. The disease is heterogeneous in its clinical presentation that likely reflects different genetic or triggering factor (i.e., infection or environmental toxin) influences on the immune system, vasculature, and connective tissue cells. The roles played by other ubiquitous molecular entities (such as lysophospholipids, endocannabinoids, and their diverse receptors and vitamin D) in influencing the immune system, vasculature, and connective tissue cells are just beginning to be realized and studied and may provide insights into new therapeutic approaches to treat SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debendra Pattanaik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA ; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Monica Brown
- Section of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Bradley C Postlethwaite
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Arnold E Postlethwaite
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA ; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Memphis, TN , USA
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