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Valori CF, Possenti A, Brambilla L, Rossi D. Challenges and Opportunities of Targeting Astrocytes to Halt Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082019. [PMID: 34440788 PMCID: PMC8395029 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders whose incidence is likely to duplicate in the next 30 years along with the progressive aging of the western population. Non-cell-specific therapeutics or therapeutics designed to tackle aberrant pathways within neurons failed to slow down or halt neurodegeneration. Yet, in the last few years, our knowledge of the importance of glial cells to maintain the central nervous system homeostasis in health conditions has increased exponentially, along with our awareness of their fundamental and multifaced role in pathological conditions. Among glial cells, astrocytes emerge as promising therapeutic targets in various neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we present the latest evidence showing the astonishing level of specialization that astrocytes display to fulfill the demands of their neuronal partners as well as their plasticity upon injury. Then, we discuss the controversies that fuel the current debate on these cells. We tackle evidence of a potential beneficial effect of cell therapy, achieved by transplanting astrocytes or their precursors. Afterwards, we introduce the different strategies proposed to modulate astrocyte functions in neurodegeneration, ranging from lifestyle changes to environmental cues. Finally, we discuss the challenges and the recent advancements to develop astrocyte-specific delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara F. Valori
- Molecular Neuropathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.F.V.); (D.R.); Tel.: +49-7071-9254-122 (C.F.V.); +39-0382-592064 (D.R.)
| | - Agostino Possenti
- Laboratory for Research on Neurodegenerative Disorders, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.P.); (L.B.)
| | - Liliana Brambilla
- Laboratory for Research on Neurodegenerative Disorders, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.P.); (L.B.)
| | - Daniela Rossi
- Laboratory for Research on Neurodegenerative Disorders, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.P.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: (C.F.V.); (D.R.); Tel.: +49-7071-9254-122 (C.F.V.); +39-0382-592064 (D.R.)
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Henriques D, Moreira R, Schwamborn J, Pereira de Almeida L, Mendonça LS. Successes and Hurdles in Stem Cells Application and Production for Brain Transplantation. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1194. [PMID: 31802998 PMCID: PMC6877657 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain regenerative strategies through the transplantation of stem cells hold the potential to promote functional rescue of brain lesions caused either by trauma or neurodegenerative diseases. Most of the positive modulations fostered by stem cells are fueled by bystander effects, namely increase of neurotrophic factors levels and reduction of neuroinflammation. Nevertheless, the ultimate goal of cell therapies is to promote cell replacement. Therefore, the ability of stem cells to migrate and differentiate into neurons that later become integrated into the host neuronal network replacing the lost neurons has also been largely explored. However, as most of the preclinical studies demonstrate, there is a small functional integration of graft-derived neurons into host neuronal circuits. Thus, it is mandatory to better study the whole brain cell therapy approach in order to understand what should be better comprehended concerning graft-derived neuronal and glial cells migration and integration before we can expect these therapies to be ready as a viable solution for brain disorder treatment. Therefore, this review discusses the positive mechanisms triggered by cell transplantation into the brain, the limitations of adult brain plasticity that might interfere with the neuroregeneration process, as well as some strategies tested to overcome some of these limitations. It also considers the efforts that have been made by the regulatory authorities to lead to better standardization of preclinical and clinical studies in this field in order to reduce the heterogeneity of the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Henriques
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Moreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jens Schwamborn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana S Mendonça
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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3
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O'Neill E, Chiara Goisis R, Haverty R, Harkin A. L-alpha-aminoadipic acid restricts dopaminergic neurodegeneration and motor deficits in an inflammatory model of Parkinson's disease in male rats. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:804-816. [PMID: 30924171 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a contributory factor underlying the progressive nature of dopaminergic neuronal loss within the substantia nigra (SN) of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, albeit the role of astrocytes in this process has been relatively unexplored to date. Here, we aimed to investigate the impact of midbrain astrocytic dysfunction in the pathophysiology of intra-nigral lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced experimental Parkinsonism in male Wistar rats via simultaneous co-injection of the astrocytic toxin L-alpha-aminoadipic acid (L-AAA). Simultaneous intra-nigral injection of L-AAA attenuated the LPS-induced loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+ ) dopamine neurons in the SNpc and suppressed the affiliated degeneration of TH+ dopaminergic nerve terminals in the striatum. L-AAA also repressed LPS-induced nigrostriatal dopamine depletion and provided partial protection against ensuing motor dysfunction. L-AAA abrogated intra-nigral LPS-induced glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive (GFAP+ ) reactive astrogliosis and attenuated the LPS-mediated increases in nigral S100β expression levels in a time-dependent manner, findings which were associated with reduced ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1-positive (Iba1+ ) microgliosis, thus indicating a role for reactive astrocytes in sustaining microglial activation at the interface of dopaminergic neuronal loss in response to an immune stimulus. These results indicate that midbrain astrocytic dysfunction restricts the development of dopaminergic neuropathology and motor impairments in rats, highlighting reactive astrocytes as key contributors in inflammatory associated degeneration of the nigrostriatal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin O'Neill
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Rosa Chiara Goisis
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ruth Haverty
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Drinkut A, Tillack K, Meka DP, Schulz JB, Kügler S, Kramer ER. Ret is essential to mediate GDNF's neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effect in a Parkinson disease mouse model. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2359. [PMID: 27607574 PMCID: PMC5059866 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent survival and regeneration-promoting factor for dopaminergic neurons in cell and animal models of Parkinson disease (PD). GDNF is currently tested in clinical trials on PD patients with so far inconclusive results. The receptor tyrosine kinase Ret is the canonical GDNF receptor, but several alternative GDNF receptors have been proposed, raising the question of which signaling receptor mediates here the beneficial GDNF effects. To address this question we overexpressed GDNF in the striatum of mice deficient for Ret in dopaminergic neurons and subsequently challenged these mice with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Strikingly, in this established PD mouse model, the absence of Ret completely abolished GDNF's neuroprotective and regenerative effect on the midbrain dopaminergic system. This establishes Ret signaling as absolutely required for GDNF's effects to prevent and compensate dopaminergic system degeneration and suggests Ret activation as the primary target of GDNF therapy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Drinkut
- DFG Research Center Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karsten Tillack
- Development and Maintenance of the Nervous System, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Durga P Meka
- Development and Maintenance of the Nervous System, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jorg B Schulz
- DFG Research Center Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and JARA BRAIN Institute II, RWTH Aachen University and FZ Jülich, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kügler
- DFG Research Center Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Edgar R Kramer
- Development and Maintenance of the Nervous System, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Mazzini L, Vescovi A, Cantello R, Gelati M, Vercelli A. Stem cells therapy for ALS. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:187-99. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2016.1116516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chen C, Chan A, Wen H, Chung SH, Deng W, Jiang P. Stem and Progenitor Cell-Derived Astroglia Therapies for Neurological Diseases. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:715-729. [PMID: 26443123 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Astroglia are a major cellular constituent of the central nervous system (CNS) and play crucial roles in brain development, function, and integrity. Increasing evidence demonstrates that astroglia dysfunction occurs in a variety of neurological disorders ranging from CNS injuries to genetic diseases and chronic degenerative conditions. These new insights herald the concept that transplantation of astroglia could be of therapeutic value in treating the injured or diseased CNS. Recent technological advances in the generation of human astroglia from stem and progenitor cells have been prominent. We propose that a better understanding of the suitability of astroglial cells in transplantation as well as of their therapeutic effects in animal models may lead to the establishment of astroglia-based therapies to treat neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Albert Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Han Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Wenbin Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA.
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Foxworthy WA, Medina AE. Overexpression of Serum Response Factor in Neurons Restores Ocular Dominance Plasticity in a Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1951-6. [PMID: 26342644 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in neuronal plasticity underlie many neurobehavioral and cognitive problems presented in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Our laboratory has developed a ferret model showing that early alcohol exposure leads to a persistent disruption in ocular dominance plasticity (ODP). For instance, a few days of monocular deprivation results in a robust reduction of visual cortex neurons' responsiveness to stimulation of the deprived eye in normal animals, but not in ferrets with early alcohol exposure. Previously our laboratory demonstrated that overexpression of serum response factor (SRF) exclusively in astrocytes can improve neuronal plasticity in FASD. Here, we test whether neuronal overexpression of SRF can achieve similar effects. METHODS Ferrets received 3.5 g/kg alcohol intraperitoneally (25% in saline) or saline as control every other day between postnatal day 10 to 30, which is roughly equivalent to the third trimester of human gestation. Animals were given intracortical injections of a Herpes Simplex Virus-based vector to express either green fluorescent protein or a constitutively active form of SRF in infected neurons. They were then monocularly deprived by eyelid suture for 4 to 5 days after which single-unit recordings were conducted to determine whether changes in ocular dominance had occurred. RESULTS Overexpression of a constitutively active form of SRF by neurons restored ODP in alcohol-treated animals. This effect was observed only in areas near the site of viral infection. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of SRF in neurons can restore plasticity in the ferret model of FASD, but only in areas near the site of infection. This contrasts with SRF overexpression in astrocytes which restored plasticity throughout the visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Alex Foxworthy
- Department of Pediatrics (WAF, AEM), University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexandre E Medina
- Department of Pediatrics (WAF, AEM), University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
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Nicaise C, Mitrecic D, Falnikar A, Lepore AC. Transplantation of stem cell-derived astrocytes for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal cord injury. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:380-398. [PMID: 25815122 PMCID: PMC4369494 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neglected for years, astrocytes are now recognized to fulfill and support many, if not all, homeostatic functions of the healthy central nervous system (CNS). During neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal cord injury (SCI), astrocytes in the vicinity of degenerating areas undergo both morphological and functional changes that might compromise their intrinsic properties. Evidence from human and animal studies show that deficient astrocyte functions or loss-of-astrocytes largely contribute to increased susceptibility to cell death for neurons, oligodendrocytes and axons during ALS and SCI disease progression. Despite exciting advances in experimental CNS repair, most of current approaches that are translated into clinical trials focus on the replacement or support of spinal neurons through stem cell transplantation, while none focus on the specific replacement of astroglial populations. Knowing the important functions carried out by astrocytes in the CNS, astrocyte replacement-based therapies might be a promising approach to alleviate overall astrocyte dysfunction, deliver neurotrophic support to degenerating spinal tissue and stimulate endogenous CNS repair abilities. Enclosed in this review, we gathered experimental evidence that argue in favor of astrocyte transplantation during ALS and SCI. Based on their intrinsic properties and according to the cell type transplanted, astrocyte precursors or stem cell-derived astrocytes promote axonal growth, support mechanisms and cells involved in myelination, are able to modulate the host immune response, deliver neurotrophic factors and provide protective molecules against oxidative or excitotoxic insults, amongst many possible benefits. Embryonic or adult stem cells can even be genetically engineered in order to deliver missing gene products and therefore maximize the chance of neuroprotection and functional recovery. However, before broad clinical translation, further preclinical data on safety, reliability and therapeutic efficiency should be collected. Although several technical challenges need to be overcome, we discuss the major hurdles that have already been met or solved by targeting the astrocyte population in experimental ALS and SCI models and we discuss avenues for future directions based on latest molecular findings regarding astrocyte biology.
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Kang W, Marasco WA, Tong HI, Byron MM, Wu C, Shi Y, Sun S, Sun Y, Lu Y. Anti-tat Hutat2:Fc mediated protection against tat-induced neurotoxicity and HIV-1 replication in human monocyte-derived macrophages. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:195. [PMID: 25416164 PMCID: PMC4256057 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 Tat is essential for HIV replication and is also a well-known neurotoxic factor causing HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Currently, combined antiretroviral therapy targeting HIV reverse transcriptase or protease cannot prevent the production of early viral proteins, especially Tat, once HIV infection has been established. HIV-infected macrophages and glial cells in the brain still release Tat into the extracellular space where it can exert direct and indirect neurotoxicity. Therefore, stable production of anti-Tat antibodies in the brain would neutralize HIV-1 Tat and thus provide an effective approach to protect neurons. METHODS We constructed a humanized anti-Tat Hutat2:Fc fusion protein with the goal of antagonizing HIV-1 Tat and delivered the gene into cell lines and primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDM) by an HIV-based lentiviral vector. The function of the anti-Tat Hutat2:Fc fusion protein and the potential side effects of lentiviral vector-mediated gene transfer were evaluated in vitro. RESULTS Our study demonstrated that HIV-1-based lentiviral vector-mediated gene transduction resulted in a high-level, stable expression of anti-HIV-1 Tat Hutat2:Fc in human neuronal and monocytic cell lines, as well as in primary hMDM. Hutat2:Fc was detectable in both cells and supernatants and continued to accumulate to high levels within the supernatant. Hutat2:Fc protected mouse cortical neurons against HIV-1 Tat86-induced neurotoxicity. In addition, both secreted Hutat2:Fc and transduced hMDM led to reducing HIV-1BaL viral replication in human macrophages. Moreover, lentiviral vector-based gene introduction did not result in any significant changes in cytomorphology and cell viability. Although the expression of IL8, STAT1, and IDO1 genes was up-regulated in transduced hMDM, such alternation in gene expression did not affect the neuroprotective effect of Hutat2:Fc. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that lentivirus-mediated gene transfer could efficiently deliver the Hutat2:Fc gene into primary hMDM and does not lead to any significant changes in hMDM immune-activation. The neuroprotective and HIV-1 suppressive effects produced by Hutat2:Fc were comparable to that of a full-length anti-Tat antibody. This study provides the foundation and insights for future research on the potential use of Hutat2:Fc as a novel gene therapy approach for HAND through utilizing monocytes/macrophages, which naturally cross the blood-brain barrier, for gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Kang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, China. .,Department of Public Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1960 East-west Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Wayne A Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 50 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Hsin-I Tong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1960 East-west Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Mary Margaret Byron
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St., BSB, Suite 231, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
| | - Chengxiang Wu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1960 East-west Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Yingli Shi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1960 East-west Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Si Sun
- Department of Public Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1960 East-west Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Yongtao Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, China.
| | - Yuanan Lu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1960 East-west Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
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Cuevas C, Huenchuguala S, Muñoz P, Villa M, Paris I, Mannervik B, Segura-Aguilar J. Glutathione transferase-M2-2 secreted from glioblastoma cell protects SH-SY5Y cells from aminochrome neurotoxicity. Neurotox Res 2014; 27:217-28. [PMID: 25403520 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
U373MG cells are able to take up aminochrome that induces glutathione transferase M2-2 (GSTM2) expression in a concentration-dependent manner where 100 µM aminochrome increases GSTM2 expression by 2.1-fold (P < 0.001) at 3 h. The uptake of (3)H-aminochrome into U373MG cells was significantly reduced in the presence of 2 µM nomifensine (P < 0.001) 100 µM imipramine (P < 0.001) and 50 mM dopamine (P < 0.001). Interestingly, U373MG cells excrete GSTM2 into the conditioned medium and the excretion was significantly increased (2.7-fold; P < 0.001) when the cells were pretreated with 50 µM aminochrome for 3 h. The U373MG-conditioned medium containing GSTM2 protects SH-SY5Y cells incubated with 10 µM aminochrome. The significant protection provided by U373MG-conditioned medium in SH-SY5Y cells incubated with aminochrome was dependent on GSTM2 internalization into SH-SY5Y cells as evidenced by (i) uptake of (14)C-GSTM2 released from U373MG cells into SH-SY5Y cells, a process inhibited by anti-GSTM2 antiserum; (ii) lack of protection of U373MG-conditioned medium in the presence of anti-GSTM2 antiserum on SH-SY5Y cells treated with aminochrome; and (iii) lack of protection of conditioned medium from U373MGsiGST6 that expresses an siRNA directed against GSTM2 on SH-SY5Y cells treated with aminochrome. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that U373MG cells protect SH-SY5Y cells against aminochrome neurotoxicity by releasing GSTM2 into the conditioned medium and subsequent internalization of GSTM2 into SH-SY5Y cells. These results suggest a new mechanism of protection of dopaminergic neurons mediated by astrocytes by releasing GSTM2 into the intersynaptic space and subsequent internalization into dopaminergic neuron in order to protect these cells against aminochrome neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cuevas
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Intrastriatal GDNF gene transfer by inducible lentivirus vectors protects dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of parkinsonism. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Proschel C, Stripay JL, Shih CH, Munger JC, Noble MD. Delayed transplantation of precursor cell-derived astrocytes provides multiple benefits in a rat model of Parkinsons. EMBO Mol Med 2014; 6:504-18. [PMID: 24477866 PMCID: PMC3992077 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201302878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to dopaminergic neuron loss, it is clear that Parkinson disease includes other pathological changes, including loss of additional neuronal populations. As a means of addressing multiple pathological changes with a single therapeutically-relevant approach, we employed delayed transplantation of a unique class of astrocytes, GDAs(BMP), that are generated in vitro by directed differentiation of glial precursors. GDAs(BMP) produce multiple agents of interest as treatments for PD and other neurodegenerative disorders, including BDNF, GDNF, neurturin and IGF1. GDAs(BMP) also exhibit increased levels of antioxidant pathway components, including levels of NADPH and glutathione. Delayed GDA(BMP) transplantation into the 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rat striatum restored tyrosine hydroxylase expression and promoted behavioral recovery. GDA(BMP) transplantation also rescued pathological changes not prevented in other studies, such as the rescue of parvalbumin(+) GABAergic interneurons. Consistent with expression of the synaptic modulatory proteins thrombospondin-1 and 2 by GDAs(BMP), increased expression of the synaptic protein synaptophysin was also observed. Thus, GDAs(BMP) offer a multimodal support cell therapy that provides multiple benefits without requiring prior genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Proschel
- Department for Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Huenchuguala S, Muñoz P, Zavala P, Villa M, Cuevas C, Ahumada U, Graumann R, Nore BF, Couve E, Mannervik B, Paris I, Segura-Aguilar J. Glutathione transferase mu 2 protects glioblastoma cells against aminochrome toxicity by preventing autophagy and lysosome dysfunction. Autophagy 2014; 10:618-30. [PMID: 24434817 DOI: 10.4161/auto.27720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
U373MG cells constitutively express glutathione S-transferase mu 2 (GSTM2) and exhibit (3)H-dopamine uptake, which is inhibited by 2 µM of nomifensine and 15 µM of estradiol. We generated a stable cell line (U373MGsiGST6) expressing an siRNA against GSTM2 that resulted in low GSTM2 expression (26% of wild-type U373MG cells). A significant increase in cell death was observed when U373MGsiGST6 cells were incubated with 50 µM purified aminochrome (18-fold increase) compared with wild-type cells. The incubation of U373MGsiGST6 cells with 75 µM aminochrome resulted in the formation of autophagic vacuoles containing undigested cellular components, as determined using transmission electron microscopy. A significant increase in autophagosomes was determined by measuring endogenous LC3-II, a significant decrease in cell death was observed in the presence of bafilomycin A 1, and a significant increase in cell death was observed in the presence of trehalose. A significant increase in LAMP2 immunostaining was observed, a significant decrease in bright red fluorescence of lysosomes with acridine orange was observed, and bafilomycin A 1 pretreatment reduced the loss of lysosome acidity. A significant increase in cell death was observed in the presence of lysosomal protease inhibitors. Aggregation of TUBA/α-tubulin (tubulin, α) and SQSTM1 protein accumulation were also observed. Moreover, a significant increase in the number of lipids droplets was observed compared with U373MG cells with normal expression of GSTM2. These results support the notion that GSTM2 is a protective enzyme against aminochrome toxicity in astrocytes and that aminochrome cell death in U373MGsiGST6 cells involves autophagic-lysosomal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Huenchuguala
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; ICBM-Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; ICBM-Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Zavala
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; ICBM-Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Villa
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; ICBM-Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Cuevas
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; ICBM-Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulises Ahumada
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; ICBM-Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | - Rebecca Graumann
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; ICBM-Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | - Beston F Nore
- Laboratory of Medicine; Clinical Research Center-Novum; Karolinska Institutet; Sweden; Department of Medical Biochemistry; School of Medicine; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Sulaimani; Ministry of Higher Education and Research; Kurdistan Regional Government; Iraq
| | - Eduardo Couve
- Department of Biology and Environmental sciences; University of Valparaiso; Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Neurochemistry; Stockholm University; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irmgard Paris
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; ICBM-Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago, Chile; Department of Basic Sciences; Santo Tomas University; Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; ICBM-Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago, Chile
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Mazzini L, Vercelli A, Ferrero I, Boido M, Cantello R, Fagioli F. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells in ALS. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2013. [PMID: 23186722 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59544-7.00016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating incurable, neurodegenerative disease that targets motor neurons (MNs) in the primary motor cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord, leading to muscle atrophy, paralysis, and death due to respiratory failure within 2-5 years. Currently, there is no cure for ALS. The development of a therapy that can support or restore MN function and attenuate toxicity in the spinal cord provides the most comprehensive approach for treating ALS. Mesenchymal stem cells might be suitable for cell therapy in ALS because of their immunomodulatory and protective properties. In this review, the authors discuss the major challenges to the translation of in vitro and animal studies of MSCs therapy in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Mazzini
- ALS Centre, Department of Neurology, Eastern Piedmont University, "Maggiore della Carità" Hospital, Novara, Italy.
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15
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Abstract
LINGO-1 is a leucine-rich repeat and Ig domain-containing, Nogo receptor interacting protein, selectively expressed in the CNS on both oligodendrocytes and neurons. Its expression is developmentally regulated, and is upregulated in CNS diseases and injury. In animal models, LINGO-1 expression is upregulated in rat spinal cord injury, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxic lesions and glaucoma models. In humans, LINGO-1 expression is increased in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells from demyelinated white matter of multiple sclerosis post-mortem samples, and in dopaminergic neurons from Parkinson's disease brains. LINGO-1 negatively regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination, neuronal survival and axonal regeneration by activating ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) and inhibiting protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation signalling pathways. Across diverse animal CNS disease models, targeted LINGO-1 inhibition promotes neuron and oligodendrocyte survival, axon regeneration, oligodendrocyte differentiation, remyelination and functional recovery. The targeted inhibition of LINGO-1 function presents a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of CNS diseases.
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Regulated expression of lentivirus-mediated GDNF in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and its neuroprotection on dopaminergic cells in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64389. [PMID: 23717608 PMCID: PMC3661514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene regulation remains one of the major challenges for gene therapy in clinical trials. In the present study, we first generated a binary tetracycline-on (Tet-On) system based on two lentivirus vectors, one expressing both human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (hGDNF) and humanized recombinant green fluorescent protein (hrGFP) genes under second-generation tetracycline response element (TRE), and the other expressing the advanced reverse tetracycline-controlled transactivator--rtTA2S-M2 under a human minimal cytomegalovirus immediate early (CMV-IE) promoter. This system allows simultaneous expression of hGDNF and hrGFP genes in the presence of doxycycline (Dox). Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were transduced with the binary Tet-On lentivirus vectors and characterized in vitro in the presence (On) or absence (Off) of Dox. The expression of hGDNF and hrGFP transgenes in transduced hMSCs was tightly regulated as determined by flow cytometry (FCM), GDNF enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). There was a dose-dependent regulation for hrGFP transgene expression. The levels of hGDNF protein in culture medium were correlated with the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) units of hrGFP. The levels of transgene background expression were very low in the absence of Dox. The treatment of the conditioned medium from cultures of transduced hMSCs in the presence of Dox protected SH-SY5Y cells against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) toxicity as determined by cell viability using 3, [4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The treatment of the conditioned medium was also found to improve the survival of dopaminergic (DA) neurons of ventral mesencephalic (VM) tissue in serum-free culture conditions as assessed by cell body area, the number of neurites and dendrite branching points, and proportion of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive (IR) cells. Our inducible lentivirus-mediated hGDNF gene delivery system may provide useful tools for basic research on gene therapy for chronic neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD).
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17
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Overexpression of serum response factor in astrocytes improves neuronal plasticity in a model of early alcohol exposure. Neuroscience 2012; 221:193-202. [PMID: 22742904 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal plasticity deficits underlie many of the cognitive problems seen in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). We have developed a ferret model showing that early alcohol exposure leads to a persistent disruption in ocular dominance (OD) plasticity. Recently, we showed that this deficit could be reversed by overexpression of serum response factor (SRF) in the primary visual cortex during the period of monocular deprivation (MD). Surprisingly, this restoration was observed throughout the extent of visual cortex and most of the cells transfected by the virus were positive for the astrocytic marker GFAP rather than the neuronal marker NeuN. Here we test whether overexpression of SRF exclusively in astrocytes is sufficient to restore OD plasticity in alcohol-exposed ferrets. To accomplish that, first we exposed cultured astrocytes to Sindbis viruses carrying either a constitutively active form of SRF (SRF+), a dominant negative (SRF-) or control Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). After 24h, these astrocytes were implanted in the visual cortex of alcohol-exposed animals or saline controls one day before MD. Optical imaging of intrinsic signals showed that alcohol-exposed animals that were implanted with astrocytes expressing SRF, but not SRF- or GFP, showed robust restoration of OD plasticity in all visual cortex. These findings suggest that overexpression of SRF exclusively in astrocytes can improve neuronal plasticity in FASD.
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18
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Du Y, Zhang X, Tao Q, Chen S, Le W. Adeno-associated virus type 2 vector-mediated glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor gene transfer induces neuroprotection and neuroregeneration in a ubiquitin-proteasome system impairment animal model of Parkinson's disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2012; 11:113-28. [PMID: 22626907 DOI: 10.1159/000334527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a cellular mechanism underlying the neurodegenerative process in Parkinson's disease (PD). A mouse model induced by the selective proteasome inhibitor lactacystin targeting on substantia nigra has been demonstrated to be valuable in investigating etiopathogenesis and neuroprotection for PD. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we used adeno-associated virus type 2 vector (AAV2) encoding glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) injected into the striatum of this animal model to test the effectiveness and possible mechanisms of GDNF gene therapy. RESULTS Our results showed that AAV2-mediated GDNF gene therapy significantly attenuated lactacystin-induced loss of nigral dopamine (DA) neurons and striatal DA levels. Furthermore, we found that GDNF protein is mostly expressed in astrocytes in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gyrus (DG). AAV2-mediated GDNF therapy can induce neurogenesis in the SVZ and DG, and increase the number of nigral newborn DA neurons. CONCLUSION These data indicate that AAV2-mediated GDNF gene therapy can protect the nigral DA neurons from the UPS impairment-induced degeneration, which may partly result from the nigral DA neuron regeneration in the brain, and such experimental results may have implications for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlan Du
- Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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19
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Zanin M, Pettingill L, Harvey A, Emerich D, Thanos C, Shepherd R. The development of encapsulated cell technologies as therapies for neurological and sensory diseases. J Control Release 2012; 160:3-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Ruozi B, Belletti D, Bondioli L, De Vita A, Forni F, Vandelli MA, Tosi G. Neurotrophic factors and neurodegenerative diseases: a delivery issue. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2012; 102:207-47. [PMID: 22748832 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386986-9.00009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) represent one of the most stimulating challenge in neurodegenerative diseases, due to their potential in neurorestoring and neuroprotection. Despite the large number of proofs-of-concept and evidences of their activity, most of the clinical trials, mainly regarding Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, demonstrated several failures of the therapeutic intervention. A large number of researches were conducted on this hot topic of neuroscience, clearly evidencing the advantages of NTF approach, but evidencing the major limitations in its application. The inability in crossing the blood-brain barrier and the lack of selectivity actually represent some of the most highlighted limits of NTFs-based therapy. In this review, beside an overview of NTF activity versus the main neuropathological disorders, a summary of the most relevant approaches, from invasive to noninvasive strategies, applied for improving NTF delivery to the central nervous systems is critically considered and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ruozi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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21
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Safi R, Gardaneh M, Panahi Y, Maghsoudi N, Zaefizadeh M, Gharib E. Optimized quantities of GDNF overexpressed by engineered astrocytes are critical for protection of neuroblastoma cells against 6-OHDA toxicity. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 46:654-65. [PMID: 21969113 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Optimized levels of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are critical for protection of dopaminergic neurons against parkinsonian cell death. Recombinant lentiviruses harboring GDNF coding sequence were constructed and used to infect astrocytoma cell line 1321N1. The infected astrocytes overexpressed GDNF mRNA and secreted an average of 2.2 ng/mL recombinant protein as tested in both 2 and 16 weeks post-infection. Serial dilutions of GDNF-enriched conditioned medium from infected astrocytes added to growing neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC resulted in commensurate resistance against 6-OHDA toxicity. SK-N-MC cell survival rate rose from 51% in control group to 84% in the cells grown with astro-CM containing 453 pg secreted GDNF, an increase that was highly significant (P < 0.0001). However, larger volumes of the GDNF-enriched conditioned medium failed to improve cell survival and addition of volumes that contained 1,600 pg or more GDNF further reduced survival rate to below 70%. Changes in cell survival paralleled to changes in the percent of apoptotic cell morphologies. These data demonstrate the feasibility of using astrocytes as minipumps to stably oversecrete neurotrophic factors and further indicate that GDNF can be applied to neuroprotection studies in PD pending the optimization of its concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Safi
- Molecular Genetics Group, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Pajoohesh Blvd, Tehran-Karaj HWY, Kilometer 15, PO Box 14965/161, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Enciu AM, Nicolescu MI, Manole CG, Mureşanu DF, Popescu LM, Popescu BO. Neuroregeneration in neurodegenerative disorders. BMC Neurol 2011; 11:75. [PMID: 21699711 PMCID: PMC3146817 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-11-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroregeneration is a relatively recent concept that includes neurogenesis, neuroplasticity, and neurorestoration - implantation of viable cells as a therapeutical approach. Discussion Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity are impaired in brains of patients suffering from Alzheimer's Disease or Parkinson's Disease and correlate with low endogenous protection, as a result of a diminished growth factors expression. However, we hypothesize that the brain possesses, at least in early and medium stages of disease, a "neuroregenerative reserve", that could be exploited by growth factors or stem cells-neurorestoration therapies. Summary In this paper we review the current data regarding all three aspects of neuroregeneration in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Enciu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
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23
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Manfredsson FP, Mandel RJ. The development of flexible lentiviral vectors for gene transfer in the CNS. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:201-6. [PMID: 21459087 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of recombinant lentiviral vectors (rLV) is emerging as a viable candidate for clinical gene therapy of the central nervous system. New generation vectors are being produced while addressing viral safety concerns as well as production capabilities. Furthermore, the ability to combine envelope proteins targeting specific cell types with specific promoters guiding the expression of the genetic payload will allow researchers and clinicians to precisely guide transgene expression to anatomically and phenotypically distinct populations of cells. In a recent issue of Experimental Neurology, Cannon and colleagues demonstrate the ability to transduce specific populations of cells in the rat midbrain by using differently pseudotyped lentiviral vectors which results in significant differences in transgene spread throughout the nigrostriatal tract. These results highlight the potential utility of rLV in clinical applications as well as in research involving neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredric P Manfredsson
- Division of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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24
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Glavaski-Joksimovic A, Virag T, Mangatu TA, McGrogan M, Wang XS, Bohn MC. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-secreting genetically modified human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote recovery in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Res 2011; 88:2669-81. [PMID: 20544825 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) neurons. The therapeutic potential of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), the most potent neurotrophic factor for DA neurons, has been demonstrated in many experimental models of PD. However, chronic delivery of GDNF to DA neurons in the brain remains an unmet challenge. Here, we report the effects of GDNF-releasing Notch-induced human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) grafted into striatum of the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) progressively lesioned rat model of PD. Human MSC, obtained from bone marrow aspirates of young, healthy adult volunteers, were transiently transfected with the intracellular domain of the Notch1 gene (NICD) to generate SB623 cells. SB623 cells expressing GDNF and/or humanized Renilla green fluorescent protein (hrGFP) following lentiviral transduction or nontransduced cells were stereotaxically placed into rat striatum 1 week after a unilateral partial 6-OHDA striatal lesion. At 4 weeks, rats that had received GDNF-transduced SB623 cells had significantly decreased amphetamine-induced rotation compared with control rats, although this effect was not observed in rats that received GFP-transduced or nontransduced SB623 cells. At 5 weeks, rejuvenated tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) fibers that appeared to be host DA axons were observed in and around grafts. This effect was more prominent in rats that received GDNF-secreting cells and was not observed in controls. These observations suggest that human bone-marrow derived MSC, genetically modified to secrete GDNF, hold potential as an allogeneic or autologous stem cell therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Glavaski-Joksimovic
- Department of Pediatrics, Neurobiology Program, Children's Memorial Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA
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25
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Pickard MR, Jenkins SI, Koller CJ, Furness DN, Chari DM. Magnetic Nanoparticle Labeling of Astrocytes Derived for Neural Transplantation. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:89-99. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Pickard
- Cellular and Neural Engineering Group, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart I. Jenkins
- Cellular and Neural Engineering Group, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J. Koller
- MR Suite, Main X-ray Department, City General Hospital, University Hospital of North Staffordshire NHS Trust, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - David N. Furness
- Cellular and Neural Engineering Group, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Divya M. Chari
- Cellular and Neural Engineering Group, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
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26
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El-Sadik AO. Potential sources of stem cells as a regenerative therapy for Parkinson's disease. Stem Cells Cloning 2010; 3:183-91. [PMID: 24198524 PMCID: PMC3781753 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s14626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are believed to hold enormous promise as potential replacement therapy in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Stem cells were investigated to be the alternative therapeutic source capable of differentiating into dopamine (DA) neurons. Multiple important signaling factors were recorded for the induction of DA neuronal traits from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) such as fibroblast growth factor 8, sonic hedgehog, and Wnt 1. Recent protocols were described for the differentiation of human ESCs into DA neurons, achieving high efficiency of DA neuronal derivation. Despite that, the use of human ESCs is still ethically controversial. The transcription factors necessary for DA neuron development from adult neural stem cells (NSCs), such as Pitx3, Nurr1, En-1, En-2, Lmx1a, Lmx1b, Msx1, and Ngn2, were investigated. In addition to replacement of lost DA neurons, adult NSCs were recorded to provide neuroprotective and neurogenic factors for the mesencephalon. In addition, induced pluripotent stem cells and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells represent reliable stem cell sources of DA neurons. Future studies are recommended to provide further insight into the regenerative capacity of stem cells needed for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Oueida El-Sadik
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Scientific Research Unit, Female Health Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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27
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Pickard M, Chari D. Enhancement of magnetic nanoparticle-mediated gene transfer to astrocytes by 'magnetofection': effects of static and oscillating fields. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 5:217-32. [PMID: 20148634 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.09.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To assess the feasibility of using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to transfect astrocytes derived for transplantation and determine if transfection efficacy can be enhanced by static and oscillating magnetic fields. METHODS Astrocytes were transfected using MNPs functionalized with a plasmid encoding a reporter protein. Transfection efficacies were compared following application of static fields and a novel, oscillating array system at a range of frequencies. The transplantation potential of transfected cells was tested in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. RESULTS Rat astrocytes can be efficiently transfected using MNPs with applied static/oscillating fields; the latter effect is frequency dependent. Transfected astrocytes could survive and differentiate following introduction into 3D neural tissue arrays. CONCLUSION MNP vectors can safely and effectively transfect rodent astrocytes and could form the basis of a 'multifunctional nanoplatform' for neural cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Pickard
- Cellular & Neural Engineering Group, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
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28
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Giralt A, Friedman HC, Caneda-Ferrón B, Urbán N, Moreno E, Rubio N, Blanco J, Peterson A, Canals JM, Alberch J. BDNF regulation under GFAP promoter provides engineered astrocytes as a new approach for long-term protection in Huntington's disease. Gene Ther 2010; 17:1294-308. [PMID: 20463759 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is the main candidate for neuroprotective therapeutic strategies for Huntington's disease. However, the administration system and the control over the dosage are still important problems to be solved. Here we generated transgenic mice overexpressing BDNF under the promoter of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (pGFAP-BDNF mice). These mice are viable and have a normal phenotype. However, intrastriatal administration of quinolinate increased the number of reactive astrocytes and enhanced the release of BDNF in pGFAP-BDNF mice compared with wild-type mice. Coincidentally, pGFAP-BDNF mice are more resistant to quinolinate than wild-type mice, suggesting a protective effect of astrocyte-derived BDNF. To verify this, we next cultured astrocytes from pGFAP-BDNF and wild-type mice for grafting. Wild-type and pGFAP-BDNF-derived astrocytes behave similarly in nonlesioned mice. However, pGFAP-BDNF-derived astrocytes showed higher levels of BDNF and larger neuroprotective effects than the wild-type ones when quinolinate was injected 30 days after grafting. Interestingly, mice grafted with pGFAP-BDNF astrocytes showed important and sustained behavioral improvements over time after quinolinate administration as compared with mice grafted with wild-type astrocytes. These findings show that astrocytes engineered to release BDNF can constitute a therapeutic approach for Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giralt
- Facultat de Medicina, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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O’Sullivan DB, Harrison PT, Sullivan AM. Effects of GDF5 overexpression on embryonic rat dopaminergic neurones in vitro and in vivo. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:559-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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30
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Overexpression of serum response factor restores ocular dominance plasticity in a model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. J Neurosci 2010; 30:2513-20. [PMID: 20164336 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5840-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal plasticity deficits underlie many of the neurobehavioral problems seen in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Recently, we showed that third trimester alcohol exposure leads to a persistent disruption in ocular dominance (OD) plasticity. For instance, a few days of monocular deprivation results in a robust reduction of cortical regions responsive to the deprived eye in normal animals, but not in ferrets exposed early to alcohol. This plasticity deficit can be reversed if alcohol-exposed animals are treated with a phosphodiesterase type 1 (PDE1) inhibitor during the period of monocular deprivation. PDE1 inhibition can increase cAMP and cGMP levels, activating transcription factors such as the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and the serum response factor (SRF). SRF is important for many plasticity processes such as LTP, LTD, spine motility, and axonal pathfinding. Here we attempt to rescue OD plasticity in alcohol-treated ferrets using a Sindbis viral vector to express a constitutively active form of SRF during the period of monocular deprivation. Using optical imaging of intrinsic signals and single-unit recordings, we observed that overexpression of a constitutively active form of SRF, but neither its dominant-negative nor GFP, restored OD plasticity in alcohol-treated animals. Surprisingly, this restoration was observed throughout the extent of the primary visual cortex and most cells infected by the virus were positive for GFAP rather than NeuN. This finding suggests that overexpression of SRF in astrocytes may reduce the deficits in neuronal plasticity seen in models of FASD.
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31
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Cui YF, Hargus G, Xu JC, Schmid JS, Shen YQ, Glatzel M, Schachner M, Bernreuther C. Embryonic stem cell-derived L1 overexpressing neural aggregates enhance recovery in Parkinsonian mice. Brain 2010; 133:189-204. [PMID: 19995872 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, after Alzheimer's disease, and the most common movement disorder. Drug treatment and deep brain stimulation can ameliorate symptoms, but the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra eventually leads to severe motor dysfunction. The transplantation of stem cells has emerged as a promising approach to replace lost neurons in order to restore dopamine levels in the striatum and reactivate functional circuits. We have generated substrate-adherent embryonic stem cell-derived neural aggregates overexpressing the neural cell adhesion molecule L1, because it has shown beneficial functions after central nervous system injury. L1 enhances neurite outgrowth and neuronal migration, differentiation and survival as well as myelination. In a previous study, L1 was shown to enhance functional recovery in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. In another study, a new differentiation protocol for murine embryonic stem cells was established allowing the transplantation of stem cell-derived neural aggregates consisting of differentiated neurons and radial glial cells into the lesioned brain. In the present study, this embryonic stem cell line was engineered to overexpress L1 constitutively at all stages of differentiation and used to generate stem cell-derived neural aggregates. These were monitored in their effects on stem cell survival and differentiation, rescue of endogenous dopaminergic neurons and ability to influence functional recovery after transplantation in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Female C57BL/6J mice (2 months old) were treated with the mitochondrial toxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine intraperitoneally to deplete dopaminergic neurons selectively, followed by unilateral transplantation of stem cell-derived neural aggregates into the striatum. Mice grafted with L1 overexpressing stem cell-derived neural aggregates showed better functional recovery when compared to mice transplanted with wild-type stem cell-derived neural aggregates and vehicle-injected mice. Morphological analysis revealed increased numbers and migration of surviving transplanted cells, as well as increased numbers of dopaminergic neurons, leading to enhanced levels of dopamine in the striatum ipsilateral to the grafted side in L1 overexpressing stem cell-derived neural aggregates, when compared to wild-type stem cell-derived neural aggregates. The striatal levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid were not affected by L1 overexpressing stem cell-derived neural aggregates. Furthermore, L1 overexpressing, but not wild-type stem cell-derived neural aggregates, enhanced survival of endogenous host dopaminergic neurons after transplantation adjacent to the substantia nigra pars compacta. Thus, L1 overexpressing stem cell-derived neural aggregates enhance survival and migration of transplanted cells, differentiation into dopaminergic neurons, survival of endogenous dopaminergic neurons, and functional recovery after syngeneic transplantation in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fang Cui
- Centre for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou 515041, P.R. China
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder for which there is currently no effective therapy. Over the past several decades, there has been a considerable interest in neuroprotective therapies using trophic factors to alleviate the symptoms of PD. Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are a class of molecules that influence a number of neuronal functions, including cell survival and axonal growth. Experimental studies in animal models suggest that members of neurotrophin family and GDNF family of ligands (GFLs) have the potent ability to protect degenerating dopamine neurons as well as promote regeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system. In clinical trials, although no serious adverse events related to the NTF therapy has been reported in patients, they remain inconclusive. In this chapter, we attempt to give a brief overview on several different growth factors that have been explored for use in animal models of PD and those already used in PD patients.
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Koch P, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O, Brüstle O. Emerging concepts in neural stem cell research: autologous repair and cell-based disease modelling. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8:819-29. [PMID: 19679274 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(09)70202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The increasing availability of human pluripotent stem cells provides new prospects for neural-replacement strategies and disease-related basic research. With almost unlimited potential for self-renewal, the use of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) bypasses the restricted supply and expandability of primary cells that has been a major bottleneck in previous neural transplantation approaches. Translation of developmental patterning and cell-type specification techniques to human ESC cultures enables in vitro generation of various neuronal and glial cell types. The derivation of stably proliferating neural stem cells from human ESCs further facilitates standardisation and circumvents the problem of batch-to-batch variations commonly encountered in "run-through" protocols, which promote terminal differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into somatic cell types without defined intermediate precursor stages. The advent of cell reprogramming offers an opportunity to translate these advances to induced pluripotent stem cells, thereby enabling the generation of neurons and glia from individual patients. Eventually, reprogramming could provide a supply of autologous neural cells for transplantation, and could lead to the establishment of cellular model systems of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Koch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Bonn, Germany
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Madhavan L, Daley BF, Paumier KL, Collier TJ. Transplantation of subventricular zone neural precursors induces an endogenous precursor cell response in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Comp Neurol 2009; 515:102-15. [PMID: 19399899 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Realistically, future stem cell therapies for neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease (PD) will most probably entail combination treatment strategies, involving both the stimulation of endogenous cells and transplantation. Therefore, this study investigates these two modes of neural precursor cell (NPC) therapy in concert in order to determine their interrelationships in a rat PD model. Human placental alkaline phosphatase (hPAP)-labeled NPCs were transplanted unilaterally into host rats which were subsequently infused ipsilaterally with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). The reaction of host NPCs to the transplantation and 6-OHDA was tracked by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling. Two weeks after transplantation, in animals transplanted with NPCs we found evidence of elevated host subventricular zone NPC proliferation, neurogenesis, and migration to the graft site. In these animals, we also observed a significant preservation of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and substantia nigra TH cell number. We have seen no evidence that neuroprotection is a product of dopamine neuron replacement by NPC-derived cells. Rather, the NPCs expressed glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), sonic hedgehog (Shh), and stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha (SDF1alpha), providing a molecular basis for the observed neuroprotection and endogenous NPC response to transplantation. In summary, our data suggests plausible synergy between exogenous and endogenous NPC actions, and that NPC implantation before the 6-OHDA insult can create a host microenvironment conducive to stimulation of endogenous NPCs and protection of mature nigral neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Madhavan
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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35
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Cesaro P, Fenelon G, Remy P. [Biotherapies and Parkinson's disease]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2009; 165:857-62. [PMID: 19487002 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the last years, several experimental biotherapies have been developed to treat Parkinson's disease. Initially, fetal dopaminergic transplants were proposed. Although a proof of concept and encouraging results have been provided, limitations of this treatment emerged over the years and the failure of controlled trials have conducted to a pause in the development of strategies based on fetal cells. Alternative approaches such as the use of retinal pigmented cells recently provided disappointing results in patients and much hope has now been reported on other sources of dopaminergic neurons such as those originating from stem cells. This strategy is however not yet ready for clinical trials in patients. Eventually, gene therapy is a new original experimental technique which has elicited several trials in the last few years some of them being promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cesaro
- Clinique neurologique, département de neurosciences cliniques, CHU Henri-Mondor, 51, avenue du Maréchal-De-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94000 Créteil, France.
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36
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Chiocco MJ, Harvey BK, Wang Y, Hoffer BJ. Neurotrophic factors for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 13 Suppl 3:S321-8. [PMID: 18267258 DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(08)70024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slowly progressive disorder with no known etiology. Pathologically, there is a loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra that project to the striatum. Current available therapies for PD are targeted to the restoration of striatal dopamine. These approaches may alleviate symptoms transiently, but fail to slow the progression of disease. One emergent therapeutic approach is the use of neurotrophic factors to halt or reverse the loss of dopaminergic neurons. There have been intensive research efforts both preclinically and clinically testing the efficacy and safety of neurotrophic factors for the treatment of PD. In this review, we discuss the neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties of various trophic factors, both old and recent, and their status as therapeutic molecules for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Chiocco
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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37
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Astrocyte-secreted GDNF and glutathione antioxidant system protect neurons against 6OHDA cytotoxicity. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 33:405-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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38
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Morphophysiology of the Zuckerkandl's paraganglion: effects of dexamethasone and aging. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 31:2115-27. [PMID: 19167134 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The extra-adrenal Zuckerkandl's paraganglion is used as a source of chromaffin cells for transplantation in parkinsonian animals. Aging can affect its viability, and this tissue needs further characterization for improving grafting procedures. The objectives were: (i) to compare the main morpho-functional characteristics of prepubertal and old Zuckerkandl's paraganglion (ZP), and (ii) to discern phenotypic changes after sub-chronic dexamethasone treatment in extra-adrenal tissue of prepubertal rats. For these purposes, immunostaining methods, stereology, voltammetry, cell culture, Western blotting, and ELISA were employed. The findings revealed that all paraganglia were composed of mesenchymal tissue and chromaffin cells. In prepubertal rats, chromaffin cells are arranged as large or small clusters. Large clusters (also known as "cell nests") contain densely packed chromaffin cells, and they are seen as fascicles in longitudinal sections. In old paraganglia, cell nests disappear, and chromaffin cells are found to be arranged as small cell clusters or dispersed throughout the mesenchyma. Paraganglionic chromaffin cells possess a rounded morphology with diameter ranging from 12 to 15 μm, with intracytoplasmic granules (100-500 nm in diameter) containing catecholamines. Prepubertal and old ZP chromaffin cells are mostly noradrenergics, and a few of them are dopaminergics. Aging reduces the amount of chromaffin tissue (28% in adult rats vs. 11% in old animals, both in relation to total volume of the paraganglion), and induces the presence of adrenergic cells and adrenaline. Both prepubertal and old cells express the neurotrophic factors GDNF and TGF-β₁, aging leading to reduced levels of both growth factors. Dexamethasone (50 μg/kg daily, 5 days) leads to the expression of phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase in prepubertal paraganglia, and to a higher content and release of adrenaline.
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Zaman V, Boger HA, Granholm AC, Rohrer B, Moore A, Buhusi M, Gerhardt GA, Hoffer BJ, Middaugh LD. The nigrostriatal dopamine system of aging GFRalpha-1 heterozygous mice: neurochemistry, morphology and behavior. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 28:1557-68. [PMID: 18973577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Given the established importance of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in maintaining dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems, the nigrostriatal system and associated behaviors of mice with genetic reduction of its high-affinity receptor, GDNF receptor (GFR)alpha-1 (GFRalpha-1(+/-)), were compared with wild-type controls. Motor activity and the stimulatory effects of a dopamine (DA) D1 receptor agonist (SKF 82958) were assessed longitudinally at 8 and 18 months of age. Monoamine concentrations and dopaminergic nerve terminals in the striatum and the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) were assessed. The results support the importance of GFRalpha-1 in maintaining normal function of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, with deficits being observed for GFRalpha-1(+/-) mice at both ages. Motor activity was lower and the stimulatory effects of the DA agonist were enhanced for the older GFRalpha-1(+/-) mice. DA in the striatum was reduced in the GFRalpha-1(+/-) mice at both ages, and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cell numbers in the SN were reduced most substantially in the older GFRalpha-1(+/-) mice. The combined behavioral, pharmacological probe, neurochemical and morphological measures provide evidence of abnormalities in GFRalpha-1(+/-) mice that are indicative of an exacerbated aging-related decline in dopaminergic system function. The noted deficiencies, in turn, suggest that GFRalpha-1 is necessary for GDNF to maintain normal function of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Although the precise mechanism(s) for the aging-related changes in the dopaminergic system remain to be established, the present study clearly establishes that genetic reductions in GFRalpha-1 can contribute to the degenerative changes observed in this system during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Zaman
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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40
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Yang D, Peng C, Li X, Fan X, Li L, Ming M, Chen S, Le W. Pitx3-transfected astrocytes secrete brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and protect dopamine neurons in mesencephalon cultures. J Neurosci Res 2009; 86:3393-400. [PMID: 18646205 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Pitx3 is crucial for the development and differentiation of dopamine (DA) neurons. Our previous work has shown the Pitx3 can up-regulate the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. Primary astrocytes are the major nonneuronal cells and can be easily modified genetically to deliver therapeutic molecules into the brain, so we investigated whether Pitx3 can increase the expression and secretion of BDNF and GDNF in primary astrocytes. We first transfected Pitx3 plasmid in purified rat astrocytes and collected the conditioned medium (CM) from the Pitx3-transfected cultures, and then we measured the BDNF and GDNF levels from the CM and tested the protective effect of the CM against rotenone-induced DA neuron injury in ventral mesencephalon (VM) cultures. We found that the BDNF and GDNF levels were 1.4-fold and 1.5-fold higher in the CM from Pitx3-transfected astrocytes than empty vectors-transfected controls. Incubation with the CM from Pitx3-transfected astrocytes significantly attenuated the rotenone-induced DA neuron injury, and such protection can be significantly blocked by preincubation with antibodies against either BDNF or GDNF, whereas preincubation with purified BDNF or GDNF replicated the neuroprotection against rotenone-induced injury in VM cultures. These results demonstrate that Pitx3-transfection in astrocytes can up-regulate BDNF and GDNF expression and produce protective benefit to DA neurons, which might be a potential therapeutic alternative for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Yang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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41
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Pertusa M, García-Matas S, Mammeri H, Adell A, Rodrigo T, Mallet J, Cristòfol R, Sarkis C, Sanfeliu C. Expression of GDNF transgene in astrocytes improves cognitive deficits in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 29:1366-79. [PMID: 17399854 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was assayed for its neurotrophic effects against the neuronal atrophy that causes cognitive deficits in old age. Aged Fisher 344 rats with impairment in the Morris water maze received intrahippocampal injections at the dorsal CA1 area of either a lentiviral vector encoding human GDNF or the same vector encoding human green fluorescent protein as a control. Recombinant lentiviral vectors constructed with human cytomegalovirus promotor and pseudotyped with lyssavirus Mokola glycoprotein specifically transduced the astrocytes in vivo. Astrocyte-secreted GDNF enhanced neuron function as shown by local increases in synthesis of the neurotransmitters acetylcholine, dopamine and serotonin. This neurotrophic effect led to cognitive improvement of the rats as early as 2 weeks after gene transduction. Spatial learning and memory testing showed a significant gain in cognitive abilities due to GDNF exposure, whereas control-transduced rats kept their performance at the chance level. These results confirm the broad spectrum of the neurotrophic action of GDNF and open new gene therapy possibilities for reducing age-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pertusa
- Departament de Farmacologia i Toxicologia, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC-IDIBAPS, Rosselló 161, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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42
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Emerging restorative treatments for Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 85:407-32. [PMID: 18586376 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Several exciting approaches for restorative therapy in Parkinson's disease have emerged over the past two decades. This review initially describes experimental and clinical data regarding growth factor administration. We focus on glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), particularly its role in neuroprotection and in regeneration in Parkinson's disease. Thereafter, we discuss the challenges currently facing cell transplantation in Parkinson's disease and briefly consider the possibility to continue testing intrastriatal transplantation of fetal dopaminergic progenitors clinically. We also give a more detailed overview of the developmental biology of dopaminergic neurons and the potential of certain stem cells, i.e. neural and embryonic stem cells, to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons. Finally, we discuss adult neurogenesis as a potential tool for restoring lost dopamine neurons in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease.
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43
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Abstract
After nearly 20 years of preclinical experimentation with various gene delivery approaches in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD), clinical trials are finally underway. The risk/benefit ratio for these procedures is now generally considered acceptable under approved protocols. The current vehicle for gene delivery to the human brain is recombinant adeno-associated viral vector, which is nonpathogenic and non-self-amplifying. Candidate genes tested in PD patients encode 1) glutamic acid decarboxylase, which is injected into the subthalamic nucleus to catalyze biosynthesis of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid and so essentially mimic deep brain stimulation of this nucleus; 2) aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase, which converts l-dopa to dopamine; and 3) neurturin, a member of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family. Unraveling the genetic underpinnings of PD could allow gene therapy to go beyond modulating neurotransmission or providing trophic effects to dopaminergic neurons by delivering a specific missing or defective gene. For example, the parkin gene (PARK2) is linked to recessively inherited PD due to loss of function mutations; it prevents alpha-synuclein-induced degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons in rats and nonhuman primates. On the other hand, for dominantly inherited Huntington's disease (HD), in which an expanded polyglutamine tract imparts to the protein huntingtin a toxic gain of function, repressing expression of the mutant allele in the striatum using RNA interference technology mitigates pathology and delays the phenotype in a mouse model. Here we review the current state of preclinical and clinical gene therapy studies conducted in PD and HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Mochizuki
- grid.258269.20000000417622738Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, 113-8421 Tokyo, Japan
- grid.258269.20000000417622738Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, 113-8421 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Yasuda
- grid.258269.20000000417622738Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, 113-8421 Tokyo, Japan
| | - M. Maral Mouradian
- grid.430387.b0000000419368796Center for Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmunologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 08854 Piscataway, New Jersey
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44
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Mi S, Sandrock A, Miller RH. LINGO-1 and its role in CNS repair. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:1971-8. [PMID: 18468478 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
LINGO-1 is selectively expressed in the CNS on both oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and neurons. Its expression is developmentally regulated in the normal CNS, as well as up-regulated in human or rat models of neuropathologies. LINGO-1 functions as a negative regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination, neuronal survival and axonal regeneration. Across diverse animal CNS disease models, targeted LINGO-1 inhibition was found to promote neuron and oligodendrocyte survival, axon regeneration, oligodendrocyte differentiation, remyelination and improved functional recovery. The targeted inhibition of LINGO-1 therefore presents a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Mi
- Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States.
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45
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Visanji NP, Orsi A, Johnston TH, Howson PA, Dixon K, Callizot N, Brotchie JM, Rees DD. PYM50028, a novel, orally active, nonpeptide neurotrophic factor inducer, prevents and reverses neuronal damage induced by MPP+ in mesencephalic neurons and by MPTP in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. FASEB J 2008; 22:2488-97. [PMID: 18364399 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-095398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many experimental data support the enhancement of neurotrophic factors as a means to modify neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. However, the translation of this to the clinic has proven problematic. This is likely due to the complex nature of the surgical gene delivery and cell-based approaches adopted to deliver proteinaceous neurotrophic factors to targets within the central nervous system. We investigated the ability of a novel, orally active, nonpeptide neurotrophic factor inducer, PYM50028 (Cogane), to restore dopaminergic function after 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) -induced damage to mesencephalic neurons in vitro and in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) -lesioned mice. In rat mesencephalic neurons, administration of PYM50028, either before or after MPP(+), significantly prevented and reversed both MPP(+)-induced neuronal atrophy and cell loss. These effects were potent and of a magnitude equivalent to those achieved by a combination of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Oral administration of PYM50028 (10 mg/kg/day for 60 days) to MPTP-lesioned mice, commencing after a striatal impairment was evident, resulted in a significant elevation of striatal GDNF (297%) and BDNF (511%), and attenuated the loss of striatal dopaminergic transporter levels and dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. PYM50028 did not inhibit monoamine oxidase B in vitro, nor did it alter brain levels of MPP(+) in vivo. PYM50028 has neuroprotective and neurorestorative potential and is in clinical development for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi P Visanji
- Toronto Western Research Institute, MCL 11-419, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada
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46
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Galan-Rodriguez B, del-Marco A, Flores J, Ramiro-Fuentes S, Gonzalez-Aparicio R, Tunez I, Tasset I, Fernandez-Espejo E. Grafts of extra-adrenal chromaffin cells as aggregates show better survival rate and regenerative effects on parkinsonian rats than dispersed cell grafts. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 29:529-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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47
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Maguire-Zeiss KA, Mhyre TR, Federoff HJ. Gazing into the future: Parkinson's disease gene therapeutics to modify natural history. Exp Neurol 2007; 209:101-13. [PMID: 18035353 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PD gene therapy clinical trials have primarily focused on increasing the production of dopamine (DA) through supplemental amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) expression, neurotrophic support for surviving dopaminergic neurons (DAN) or altering brain circuitry to compensate for DA neuron loss. The future of PD gene therapy will depend upon resolving a number of important issues that are discussed in this special issue. Of particular importance is the identification of novel targets that are amenable to early intervention prior to the substantial loss of DAN. However, for the most part the etiopathogenesis of PD is unknown making early intervention a challenge and the development of early biomarker diagnostics imperative.
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Inoue H, Lin L, Lee X, Shao Z, Mendes S, Snodgrass-Belt P, Sweigard H, Engber T, Pepinsky B, Yang L, Beal MF, Mi S, Isacson O. Inhibition of the leucine-rich repeat protein LINGO-1 enhances survival, structure, and function of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:14430-5. [PMID: 17726113 PMCID: PMC1955463 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700901104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system-specific leucine-rich repeat Ig-containing protein LINGO-1 is associated with the Nogo-66 receptor complex and is endowed with a canonical EGF receptor (EGFR)-like tyrosine phosphorylation site. Our studies indicate that LINGO-1 expression is elevated in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients compared with age-matched controls and in animal models of PD after neurotoxic lesions. LINGO-1 expression is present in midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the human and rodent brain. Therefore, the role of LINGO-1 in cell damage responses of DA neurons was examined in vitro and in experimental models of PD induced by either oxidative (6-hydroxydopamine) or mitochondrial (N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) toxicity. In LINGO-1 knockout mice, DA neuron survival was increased and behavioral abnormalities were reduced compared with WT. This neuroprotection was accompanied by increased Akt phosphorylation (p-Akt). Similar neuroprotective in vivo effects on midbrain DA neurons were obtained in WT mice by blocking LINGO-1 activity using LINGO-1-Fc protein. Neuroprotection and enhanced neurite growth were also demonstrated for midbrain DA neurons in vitro. LINGO-1 antagonists (LINGO-1-Fc, dominant negative LINGO-1, and anti-LINGO-1 antibody) improved DA neuron survival in response to MPP+ in part by mechanisms that involve activation of the EGFR/Akt signaling pathway through a direct inhibition of LINGO-1's binding to EGFR. These results show that inhibitory agents of LINGO-1 activity can protect DA neurons against degeneration and indicate a role for the leucine-rich repeat protein LINGO-1 and related classes of proteins in the pathophysiological responses of midbrain DA neurons in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Inoue
- *Neuroregeneration Laboratories, Udall Parkinson's Disease Center of Excellence, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Ling Lin
- *Neuroregeneration Laboratories, Udall Parkinson's Disease Center of Excellence, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Xinhua Lee
- Department of Discovery Biology, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142; and
| | - Zhaohui Shao
- Department of Discovery Biology, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142; and
| | - Shannon Mendes
- *Neuroregeneration Laboratories, Udall Parkinson's Disease Center of Excellence, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Pamela Snodgrass-Belt
- Department of Discovery Biology, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142; and
| | - Harry Sweigard
- Department of Discovery Biology, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142; and
| | - Tom Engber
- Department of Discovery Biology, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142; and
| | - Blake Pepinsky
- Department of Discovery Biology, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142; and
| | - Lichuan Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 525 East Sixty-Eighth Street, New York, NY 10021
| | - M. Flint Beal
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 525 East Sixty-Eighth Street, New York, NY 10021
| | - Sha Mi
- Department of Discovery Biology, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Ole Isacson
- *Neuroregeneration Laboratories, Udall Parkinson's Disease Center of Excellence, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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Katoh-Semba R, Tsuzuki M, Miyazaki N, Yoshida A, Nakajima H, Nakagawa C, Kitajima S, Matsuda M. Distribution and immunohistochemical localization of GDNF protein in selected neural and non-neural tissues of rats during development and changes in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. Neurosci Res 2007; 59:277-87. [PMID: 17765347 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The tissue distribution of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) during development and changes in GDNF levels by unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions were investigated in rats using a newly established enzyme immunoassay system and by immunohistochemistry. The detection limit of the assay was 0.3 pg/0.2 ml and the system recognized glycosylated mature GDNF. Concentrations of GDNF were relatively high in the kidney and testis during the embryonic and neonatal periods, respectively, and decreased with age. In the striatum, hippocampus and brain stem, GDNF reached a maximal level at around postnatal day 14. However, brain levels were generally lower than those in non-neural tissues. In the CNS, GDNF immunoreactivity was observed in striatal neurons, pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus and the Vth layer of the cortex, large neurons in the diagonal band and brain stem, and spinal motor neurons. It was also evident in several non-neural, tissue-specific cells, such as cells in the renal collecting ducts and distal tubules, and testicular Sertoli cells. Destruction of nigral dopaminergic neurons by 6-hydroxydopamine enhanced the levels of striatal GDNF protein, with apparent involvement of astrocytes. These results suggest that GDNF is normally synthesized in neurons, but may also be produced by astroglial cells in damaged brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Katoh-Semba
- Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan.
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50
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Slevin JT, Gash DM, Smith CD, Gerhardt GA, Kryscio R, Chebrolu H, Walton A, Wagner R, Young AB. Unilateral intraputamenal glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with Parkinson disease: response to 1 year of treatment and 1 year of withdrawal. J Neurosurg 2007; 106:614-20. [PMID: 17432712 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2007.106.4.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) infused unilaterally into the putamen for 6 months has been previously shown to improve significantly motor functions and quality of life measures in 10 patients with Parkinson disease (PD) in a Phase I trial. In the present study the authors report the safety and efficacy of continuous treatment for a minimum of 1 year. After the trial was halted by the drug sponsor, the patients were monitored for an additional 1 year during which the effects of drug withdrawal were evaluated. METHODS During the extended study period, patients received a 30-microg/day unilateral intraputamenal infusion of GDNF at a basal infusion rate supplemented with pulsed boluses every 6 hours at a convection-enhanced delivery rate to increase tissue penetration of the protein. When the study was stopped, the delivery system was reprogrammed to deliver sterile saline at the basal infusion rate of 2 microl/hour. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) total scores after 1 year of therapy were improved by 42 and 38% in the off- and on-medication states; the motor UPDRS scores were also improved 45 and 39%, respectively. Benefits from treatment were lost by 9 to 12 months after the cessation of GDNF infusion. The UPDRS scores returned to their baseline and the patients required higher levels of conventional antiparkinsonian drugs to treat symptoms. After 11 months of treatment, the delivery system had to be removed in one patient because of risk of infection. Seven patients developed antibodies to GDNF but without evident clinical sequelae. There was no evidence for GDNF-induced cerebellar toxicity, as evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging and clinical testing. CONCLUSIONS The unilateral administration of GDNF results in significant, sustained bilateral benefits in patients with PD. These improvements are lost within 9 months of drug withdrawal. Safety concerns with GDNF therapy can be closely monitored and managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Slevin
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0284, USA.
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