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Oyegoke OO, Akoniyon OP, Maharaj L, Adewumi TS, Malgwi SA, Aderoju SA, Fatoba AJ, Adeleke MA, Maharaj R, Okpeku M. Molecular detection of sub-microscopic infections and Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein-2 and 3 gene deletions in pre-elimination settings of South Africa. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16024. [PMID: 38992085 PMCID: PMC11239831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
South Africa's efforts toward eliminating malaria have positioned the country in the pre-elimination stage. Imported and sub-microscopic cases still contribute to the persistence of malaria in regions of low transmission as identified in this study where diagnostics is built largely on the use of Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT). However, the presence of Pfhrp2/3 gene deletion is known to interfere with the accuracy of diagnosis with the use of RDT. Malaria elimination and detection of Pfhrp2/3 gene deletion in the pre-elimination setting requires accurate molecular surveillance. With the core objective of this study being the determination of the presence sub-microscopic malaria cases and deleted Pfhrp2/3 gene markers, a total of 354 samples were collected from five districts of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. These samples were prepared for molecular analysis using primers and PCR conditions specific for amplification of 18S rRNA and msp-1gene. Positive amplicons were analysed for the presence of Pfhrp2/3 and flanking genes, along with Sanger sequencing and phylogenetic studies. Out of 354 samples collected 339 were tested negative with PfHRP2 based RDTs. Of these Pfhrp2 and Pfhrp3 gene deletions were confirmed in 94.7% (18/19) and 100% (19/19) respectively. High migration rate (75%) among the study participants was noted and phylogenetic analysis of sequenced isolates showed close evolutionary relatedness with India, United Kingdom, Iran, and Myanmar and China isolates. Molecular-based test is recommended as an essential surveillance tool for malaria management programs as the target focuses on elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olukunle O Oyegoke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Olusegun P Akoniyon
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Leah Maharaj
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Taiye S Adewumi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66046, USA
| | - Samson A Malgwi
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Samuel A Aderoju
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Kwara State University, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Abiodun J Fatoba
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Centre, Memphis, TN, 38016, USA
| | - Matthew A Adeleke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajendra Maharaj
- Malaria Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Moses Okpeku
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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Amoah LE, Cheng NI, Acquah FK, Adu-Amankwah S, Bredu DG, Mensah BA, Anang SF, Abban BC, Busayomi A, Kwarpong SS, Tey PK, Cudjoe E, Asamoah A, Holden TM, Gerardin J, Nonvignon J, Ahorlu C. Diagnostic performance of an ultra-sensitive RDT and a conventional RDT in malaria mass testing, treatment and tracking interventions in southern Ghana. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:280. [PMID: 38951912 PMCID: PMC11218287 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Application of numerous malaria control interventions has led to reduction in clinical malaria cases and deaths but also the realisation that asymptomatic parasite carriers play a key role in sustaining transmission. This study assessed the effectiveness of using the Ultra-sensitive NxTek eliminate RDT (uRDT) and conventional SD Bioline HRP2 RDT (cRDT) in diagnosing asymptomatic parasitaemia while measuring the impact of mass testing, treatment and tracking (MTTT) on the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria over a 1-year period in Ghana. METHODS A total of 4000 targeted participants from two towns, Obom and Kofi Kwei, with their surrounding villages, were tested for asymptomatic malaria four times over the study period using uRDT (intervention) and the cRDT (control) respectively. Participants carrying malaria parasites were followed by home visit and phone calls for compliance to treatment, and filter paper blood blots collected from participants were used to determine true parasite carriage by PET-PCR. A mathematical model of the study site was developed and used to test the impact of test sensitivity and mass migration on the effect of MTTT. RESULTS The start and end point sensitivities of the cRDT were 48.8% and 41.7% and those for the uRDT were 52.9% and 59.9% respectively. After a year of MTTTs, asymptomatic parasite prevalence, as determined by PCR, did not differ statistically in the control site (40.6% to 40.1%, P = 0.730) but decreased at the intervention site (55.9% to 46.4%, P < 0.0001). Parasite prevalence by RDT, however, indicated statistical reduction in the control site (25.3% to 22.3%, P = 0.017) and no change in the intervention site (35.1% to 36.0%, P = 0.614). The model predicted a mild effect of both diagnostic sensitivity and human movement in diminishing the impact of MTTT in the study sites. CONCLUSIONS Asymptomatic parasite prevalence at the molecular level reduced significantly in the site where the uRDT was used but not where the cRDT was used. Overall, the uRDT exhibited higher sensitivity relative to the cRDT. Highly sensitive molecular techniques such as PET-PCR should be included in parasite prevalence estimation during MTTT exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Eva Amoah
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Ndong Ignatius Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Festus Kojo Acquah
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Susan Adu-Amankwah
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dorcas Gyama Bredu
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Benedicta A Mensah
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sherik-Fa Anang
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bernice Cubson Abban
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abena Busayomi
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sebastian Shine Kwarpong
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Prosper Kofi Tey
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Elizabeth Cudjoe
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Tobias McKenzie Holden
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jaline Gerardin
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Justice Nonvignon
- Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG13, Legon, Ghana
| | - Collins Ahorlu
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Tilahun A, Yimer M, Gelaye W, Tegegne B, Endalamaw D, Estifanos F, Abebaw A, Abere A. Comparison of malaria diagnostic methods for detection of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections among pregnant women in northwest Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:492. [PMID: 38745114 PMCID: PMC11092159 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria in pregnancy remains a major public health problem in the globe, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In malaria endemic areas, most pregnant women remain asymptomatic, but malaria could still cause complications on the mother and her offspring; as well as serve as reservoirs to transmit infection. Despite these effects, no attention is given to the diagnosis of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections (APIs) using highly sensitive and specific laboratory diagnostic tools in Ethiopia. Therefore, the goal of this study was to compare the performance of Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT), microscopy and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect APIs among pregnant women. METHODS A health facility based cross -sectional study was conducted among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Fendeka town health facilities Jawi district, northwest Ethiopia from February to March, 2019. A total of 166 participants were enrolled by using convenient sampling technique. Socio-demographic features were collected using a semi structured questionnaire. Dried blood spot (DBS) samples were collected for molecular analysis. Asymptomatic Plasmodium infection on pregnant women was diagnosed using RDT, microscopy and RT-PCR. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the prevalence of APIs. Method comparison was performed, and Cohen's kappa coefficient (k) was used to determine the degree of agreement among the diagnostic methods. Parasite densities were also calculated. RESULTS The prevalence of API was 9.6%, 11.4% and 18.7% using RDT, microscopy and RT-PCR, respectively. The overall proportion of API was 19.3%. Sensitivity of the RDT was 83.3% as compared with microscopy. Rapid Diagnostic Test and microscopy also showed sensitivity of 50% and 60%, respectively, as compared with RT-PCR. The mean parasite density was 3213 parasites/µl for P falciparum and 1140 parasites/µl of blood for P. vivax. CONCLUSION Prevalence of API in the study area was high. Both RDT and microscopy had lower sensitivity when compared with RT-PCR. Therefore, routine laboratory diagnosis of API among pregnant women should be given attention and done with better sensitive and specific laboratory diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adane Tilahun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
| | - Mulat Yimer
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Woynshet Gelaye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | - Abtie Abebaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Aberham Abere
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Sikulu-Lord MT, Edstein MD, Goh B, Lord AR, Travis JA, Dowell FE, Birrell GW, Chavchich M. Rapid and non-invasive detection of malaria parasites using near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0289232. [PMID: 38527002 PMCID: PMC10962802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel and highly sensitive point-of-care malaria diagnostic and surveillance tools that are rapid and affordable are urgently needed to support malaria control and elimination. METHODS We demonstrated the potential of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique to detect malaria parasites both, in vitro, using dilutions of infected red blood cells obtained from Plasmodium falciparum cultures and in vivo, in mice infected with P. berghei using blood spotted on slides and non-invasively, by simply scanning various body areas (e.g., feet, groin and ears). The spectra were analysed using machine learning to develop predictive models for infection. FINDINGS Using NIRS spectra of in vitro cultures and machine learning algorithms, we successfully detected low densities (<10-7 parasites/μL) of P. falciparum parasites with a sensitivity of 96% (n = 1041), a specificity of 93% (n = 130) and an accuracy of 96% (n = 1171) and differentiated ring, trophozoite and schizont stages with an accuracy of 98% (n = 820). Furthermore, when the feet of mice infected with P. berghei with parasitaemia ≥3% were scanned non-invasively, the sensitivity and specificity of NIRS were 94% (n = 66) and 86% (n = 342), respectively. INTERPRETATION These data highlights the potential of NIRS technique as rapid, non-invasive and affordable tool for surveillance of malaria cases. Further work to determine the potential of NIRS to detect malaria in symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria cases in the field is recommended including its capacity to guide current malaria elimination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggy T. Sikulu-Lord
- School of the Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael D. Edstein
- Department of Drug Evaluation, Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brendon Goh
- School of the Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anton R. Lord
- Centre for Data Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jye A. Travis
- Department of Drug Evaluation, Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Floyd E. Dowell
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey W. Birrell
- Department of Drug Evaluation, Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marina Chavchich
- Department of Drug Evaluation, Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Dembélé P, Cissoko M, Diarra AZ, Doumbia L, Koné A, Magassa MH, Mehadji M, Thera MA, Ranque S. Evaluation of the Performance of Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Malaria Diagnosis and Mapping of Different Plasmodium Species in Mali. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:228. [PMID: 38397717 PMCID: PMC10888130 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first-line diagnosis of malaria in Mali is based on the use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) that detect the Histidin Rich Protein 2 (HRP2) antigen specific to Plasmodium falciparum. Our study, based on a real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) gold standard, aimed to describe the distribution of the Plasmodium species in each administrative region of Mali and to assess the performance of RDTs. METHODS We randomly selected 150 malaria-negative and up to 30 malaria-positive RDTs in 41 sites distributed in 9 regions of Mali. DNA extracted from the RDT nitrocellulose strip was assayed with a pan-Plasmodium qPCR. Positive samples were then analyzed with P. falciparum-, P. malariae-, P. vivax-, or P. ovale-specific qPCRs. RESULTS Of the 1496 RDTs, 258 (18.6%) were positive for Plasmodium spp., of which 96.9% were P. falciparum. The P. vivax prevalence reached 21.1% in the north. RDT displayed acceptable diagnostic indices; the lower CI95% bounds of Youden indices were all ≥0.50, except in the north (Youden index 0.66 (95% CI [0.44-0.82]) and 0.63 (95% CI [0.33-0.83]. CONCLUSIONS Overall, RDT diagnostic indices are adequate for the biological diagnosis of malaria in Mali. We recommend the use of RDTs detecting P. vivax-specific antigens in the north.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Dembélé
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.D.); (A.Z.D.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Bamako BP 233, Mali; (M.C.); (M.H.M.)
| | - Mady Cissoko
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Bamako BP 233, Mali; (M.C.); (M.H.M.)
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), FMOS-FAPH, Mali-NIAID-ICER, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali;
| | - Adama Zan Diarra
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.D.); (A.Z.D.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Lassana Doumbia
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.D.); (A.Z.D.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Appliquée (LBMA), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Badalabougou, Bamako BP 423, Mali;
| | - Aïssata Koné
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Appliquée (LBMA), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Badalabougou, Bamako BP 423, Mali;
| | - Mahamadou H. Magassa
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Bamako BP 233, Mali; (M.C.); (M.H.M.)
| | - Maissane Mehadji
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.D.); (A.Z.D.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Mahamadou A. Thera
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), FMOS-FAPH, Mali-NIAID-ICER, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali;
| | - Stéphane Ranque
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.D.); (A.Z.D.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
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Xiu L, Li H, Hu Q, Zhang Y, Chen SB, Wang C, Zhou XN, Chen JH, Yin K. A versatile microfluidic platform for malaria infection screening and Plasmodium species genotyping. EBioMedicine 2023; 98:104898. [PMID: 38029461 PMCID: PMC10697993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria, a widespread parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium species, remains a significant global health concern. Rapid and accurate detection, as well as species genotyping, are critical for effective malaria control. METHODS We have developed a Flexible, Robust, Equipment-free Microfluidic (FREM) platform, which integrates recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based detection, enabling simultaneous malaria infection screening and Plasmodium species genotyping. The microfluidic chip enabled the parallel detection of multiple Plasmodium species, each amplified by universal RPA primers and genotyped by specific crRNAs. The inclusion of a sucrose solution effectively created spatial separation between the RPA and CRISPR assays within a one-pot system, effectively resolving compatibility issues. FINDINGS Clinical assessment of DNA extracts from patients with suspected malaria demonstrates the FREM platform's superior sensitivity (98.41%) and specificity (92.86%), yielding consistent results with PCR-sequencing for malaria detection, which achieved a positive predictive agreement of 98.41% and a negative predictive agreement of 92.86%. Additionally, the accuracy of species genotyping was validated through concordance rates of 90.91% between the FREM platform and PCR-sequencing. INTERPRETATION The FREM platform offers a promising solution for point-of-care malaria screening and Plasmodium species genotyping. It highlights the possibility of improving malaria control efforts and expanding its applicability to address other infectious diseases. FUNDING This work was financially supported by International Joint Laboratory on Tropical Diseases Control in Greater Mekong Subregion, National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and National Research and Development Plan of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leshan Xiu
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China; One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Huimin Li
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China; One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qinqin Hu
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China; One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuqian Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgery Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Shen-Bo Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China; One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China; Hainan Tropical Diseases Research Center (Hainan Sub-Center, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Jun-Hu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China; Hainan Tropical Diseases Research Center (Hainan Sub-Center, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Haikou, 571199, China.
| | - Kun Yin
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China; One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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7
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Suwannarong K, Cotter C, Ponlap T, Bubpa N, Thammasutti K, Chaiwan J, Finn TP, Kitchakarn S, Mårtensson A, Baltzell KA, Hsiang MS, Lertpiriyasuwat C, Sudathip P, Bennett A. Assessing the acceptability and feasibility of reactive drug administration for malaria elimination in a Plasmodium vivax predominant setting: a qualitative study in two provinces in Thailand. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1346. [PMID: 37438774 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15852-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive case detection (RACD) or testing and treatment of close contacts of recent malaria cases, is commonly practiced in settings approaching malaria elimination, but standard diagnostics have limited sensitivity to detect low level infections. Reactive drug administration (RDA), or presumptive treatment without testing, is an alternative approach, but better understanding regarding community acceptability and operational feasibility are needed. METHODS A qualitative study was conducted as part of a two-arm cluster randomized-controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of RDA targeting high-risk villages and forest workers for reducing Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum malaria in Thailand. Key informant interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted virtually among key public health staff, village health volunteers (VHVs), and household members that implemented or received RDA activities. Transcriptions were reviewed, coded, and managed manually using Dedoose qualitative data analysis software, then underwent qualitative content analysis to identify key themes. RESULTS RDA was well accepted by household members and public health staff that implemented it. RDA participation was driven by fear of contracting malaria, eagerness to receive protection provided by malaria medicines, and the increased access to health care. Concerns were raised about the safety of taking malaria medicines without having an illness, particularly if underlying health conditions existed. Health promotion hospital (HPH) staff implementing RDA noted its operational feasibility, but highlighted difficulty in traveling to remote areas, and requested additional travel resources and hiring more VHVs. Other challenges were highlighted including the need for additional training for VHVs on malaria activities and the inability of HPH staff to conduct RDA due to other health priorities (e.g., Covid-19). More training and practice for VHVs were noted as ways to improve implementation of RDA. CONCLUSIONS To maximize uptake of RDA, regular education and sensitization campaigns in collaboration with village leaders on the purpose and rationale of RDA will be critical. To alleviate safety concerns and increase participant safety, a rigorous pharmacovigilance program will be important. To accelerate uptake of RDA, trust between HPH staff and VHVs and the communities they serve must continue to be strengthened to ensure acceptance of the intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was approved by the Committee on Human Research at the University of California San Francisco (19-28,060) and the local Ethics Committee for Research in Human Subjects at Tak Provincial Health office (009/63) and Kanchanaburi Provincial health office (Kor Chor 0032.002/2185). Local authorities and health officers in the provinces, districts, and villages agreed upon and coordinated the implementation of the study. All methods in this study were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
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Grants
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokwan Suwannarong
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- SUPA71 Co., Ltd, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chris Cotter
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Nisachon Bubpa
- Faculty of Nursing, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand
| | | | - Jintana Chaiwan
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Timothy P Finn
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Suravadee Kitchakarn
- Department of Disease Control, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Andreas Mårtensson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kimberly A Baltzell
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michelle S Hsiang
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cheewanan Lertpiriyasuwat
- Department of Disease Control, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Prayuth Sudathip
- Department of Disease Control, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Adam Bennett
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
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8
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Zeleke MT, Gelaye KA, Hirpa AA, Teshome MB, Guma GT, Abate BT, Yenesew MA. Diagnostic performance of PfHRP2/pLDH malaria rapid diagnostic tests in elimination setting, northwest Ethiopia. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001879. [PMID: 37428720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of malaria is vital for the effectiveness of parasite clearance interventions in elimination settings. Thus, evaluating the diagnostic performance of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) used in malaria parasite clearance interventions in elimination settings is essential. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of rapid diagnostic tests recently used in detecting malaria parasites in northwest Ethiopia. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to February 2021 comparing PfHRP2/pLDH CareStart malaria RDTs with light microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Blood samples were collected from 310 febrile patients who attended the outpatient department and examined using CareStart RDTs, light microscopy, and PCR. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA/SE version 17.0. The sensitivity of PfHRP2/pLDH CareStart malaria RDTs, regardless of species, was 81.0% [95% CI, 75.3, 86.7] and 75.8% [95% CI, 69.6, 82.0] compared to light microscopy and PCR, while the specificity was 96.8% [95% CI, 93.7, 99.9] and 93.2% [95% CI, 88.6, 97.8], respectively. The false-negative rate of CareStart malaria RDTs in comparison with light microscopy and PCR was 19.0% and 24.2%, respectively. The level of agreement beyond chance between tests was substantial, RDT versus microscopy was 75.0% and RDT versus PCR was 65.1%. The diagnostic performance of PfHRP2/pLDH CareStart RDTs in detecting malaria parasites among febrile patients in the study area was below the recommended WHO standard. The limited diagnostic performance of RDTs in the malaria elimination area undoubtedly affects the impact of malaria parasite clearance interventions. Therefore, parasite clearance intervention like targeted mass drug administration with antimalarial drugs is recommended to back up the limited diagnostic performance of the RDT or replace the existing malaria RDTs with more sensitive, field-deployable, and affordable diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adugna Abera Hirpa
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Malaria, and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mahlet Belachew Teshome
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Malaria, and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Geremew Tasew Guma
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Malaria, and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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9
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Matamoros G, Escobar D, Pinto A, Serrano D, Ksandrová E, Grimaldi N, Juárez-Fontecha G, Moncada M, Valdivia HO, Fontecha G. PET-PCR reveals low parasitaemia and submicroscopic malarial infections in Honduran Moskitia. Malar J 2023; 22:110. [PMID: 36978056 PMCID: PMC10053754 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a main parasitic disease of humans. Although the largest number of cases is reported in the African region, there are still endemic foci in the Americas. Central America reported 36,000 malaria cases in 2020, which represents 5.5% of cases in the Americas and 0.015% of cases globally. Most malaria infections in Central America are reported in La Moskitia, shared by Honduras and Nicaragua. In the Honduran Moskitia, less than 800 cases were registered in 2020, considering it an area of low endemicity. In low endemicity settings, the number of submicroscopic and asymptomatic infections tends to increase, leaving many cases undetected and untreated. These reservoirs challenge national malaria elimination programmes. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of Light Microscopy (LM), a nested PCR test and a photoinduced electron transfer polymerase chain reaction (PET-PCR) in a population of febrile patients from La Moskitia. METHODS A total of 309 febrile participants were recruited using a passive surveillance approach at the Puerto Lempira hospital. Blood samples were analysed by LM, nested PCR, and PET-PCR. Diagnostic performance including sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values, kappa index, accuracy, and ROC analysis was evaluated. The parasitaemia of the positive samples was quantified by both LM and PET-PCR. RESULTS The overall prevalence of malaria was 19.1% by LM, 27.8% by nPCR, and 31.1% by PET-PCR. The sensitivity of LM was 67.4% compared to nPCR, and the sensitivity of LM and nPCR was 59.6% and 80.8%, respectively, compared to PET-PCR. LM showed a kappa index of 0.67, with a moderate level of agreement. Forty positive cases by PET-PCR were not detected by LM. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that LM is unable to detect parasitaemia at low levels and that there is a high degree of submicroscopic infections in the Honduran Moskitia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Matamoros
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Denis Escobar
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Alejandra Pinto
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Delmy Serrano
- Hospital de Puerto Lempira, Secretaría de Salud de Honduras, Gracias a Dios, Honduras
| | - Eliška Ksandrová
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Nicole Grimaldi
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Gabriel Juárez-Fontecha
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Marcela Moncada
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Hugo O Valdivia
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6 (NAMRU-6), 07006, Lima, Peru
| | - Gustavo Fontecha
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
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10
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Garcia GA, Kariyawasam TN, Lord AR, da Costa CF, Chaves LB, Lima-Junior JDC, Maciel-de-Freitas R, Sikulu-Lord MT. Malaria absorption peaks acquired through the skin of patients with infrared light can detect patients with varying parasitemia. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac272. [PMID: 36712329 PMCID: PMC9802436 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To eliminate malaria, scalable tools that are rapid, affordable, and can detect patients with low parasitemia are required. Non-invasive diagnostic tools that are rapid, reagent-free, and affordable would also provide a justifiable platform for testing malaria in asymptomatic patients. However, non-invasive surveillance techniques for malaria remain a diagnostic gap. Here, we show near-infrared Plasmodium absorption peaks acquired non-invasively through the skin using a miniaturized hand-held near-infrared spectrometer. Using spectra from the ear, these absorption peaks and machine learning techniques enabled non-invasive detection of malaria-infected human subjects with varying parasitemia levels in less than 10 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Garcia
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Tharanga N Kariyawasam
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072,, Australia
| | - Anton R Lord
- School of Computer Science, Centre for Data Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | | | - Lana Bitencourt Chaves
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Josué da Costa Lima-Junior
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
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11
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Awosolu OB, Yahaya ZS, Farah Haziqah MT, Olusi TA. Performance Evaluation of Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (Nested PCR), Light Microscopy, and Plasmodium falciparum Histidine-Rich Protein 2 Rapid Diagnostic Test (PfHRP2 RDT) in the Detection of Falciparum Malaria in a High-Transmission Setting in Southwestern Nigeria. Pathogens 2022; 11:1312. [PMID: 36365063 PMCID: PMC9694681 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major public health challenge worldwide. In order to ensure a prompt and accurate malaria diagnosis, the World Health Organization recommended the confirmatory parasitological diagnosis of malaria by microscopy and malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) prior to antimalarial administration and treatment. This study was designed to evaluate the performance of nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR), light microscopy, and Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 rapid diagnostic test (PfHRP2 RDT) in the detection of falciparum malaria in Akure, Nigeria. A cross-sectional and hospital-based study involving 601 febrile volunteer participants was conducted in Akure, Nigeria. Approximately 2-3 mL venous blood samples were obtained from each study participant for parasitological confirmation by microscopy and PfHRP2-based malaria RDT. Thick and thin films were prepared and viewed under the light microscope for parasite detection, parasite density quantification, and species identification, respectively. Dry blood spot samples were prepared on 3MM Whatman filter paper for nested PCR. The overall prevalence of microscopy, PfHRP2 RDT, and nested PCR were 64.89% (390/601), 65.7% (395/601), and 67.39% (405/601), respectively. The estimates of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, accuracy, and Youden's j index of microscopy and RDT were 96.30, 100.00, 100.00, 92.89, 97.50, 0.963, and 95.06, 94.90, 97.47, 90.29, 95.01, and 0.899, respectively. Malaria RDT recorded higher false negativity, compared microscopy (4.94% vs. 3.70%). A near perfect agreement was reported between microscopy and nested PCR, and between PfHRP2 RDT and nested PCR with Cohen's kappa (k) values of 0.94 and 0.88, respectively. This study revealed that PfHRP2 RDT and microscopy continues to remain sensitive and specific for falciparum malaria diagnosis in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Bunmi Awosolu
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- Vector Control Research Unit, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Technology, Akure 340252, Nigeria
| | - Zary Shariman Yahaya
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- Vector Control Research Unit, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | | | - Titus Adeniyi Olusi
- Vector Control Research Unit, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang 11800, Malaysia
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12
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Poespoprodjo JR, Hafiidhaturrahmah, Sariyanti N, Indrawanti R, McLean ARD, Simpson JA, Kenangalem E, Burdam FH, Noviyanti R, Trianty L, Fadhilah C, Soenarto Y, Price RN. Intermittent screening and treatment for malaria complementary to routine immunisation in the first year of life in Papua, Indonesia: a cluster randomised superiority trial. BMC Med 2022; 20:190. [PMID: 35672703 PMCID: PMC9175359 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Papua (Indonesia), infants with P. falciparum and/or P. vivax malaria are at risk of severe anaemia and death. We hypothesized that in an area of high malaria transmission, intermittent screening and treatment of infants with malaria (ISTi) will reduce morbidity compared to passive case detection (PCDi). METHODS We conducted a cluster randomised, open label, superiority trial. A total of 21 clusters of village health posts (VHP) were randomised 1:1 to either IST for infants coinciding with 4 routine immunisation visits or PCDi. Healthy term infants born to consenting mothers enrolled into a maternal malaria cluster randomised trial were included in the study and followed for 12 months. Point of care malaria rapid diagnostic tests were used to detect peripheral parasitaemia at 2, 3, 4 and 9 months old in all infants in ISTi clusters and when symptomatic in PCDi clusters. Infants with detected peripheral parasitaemia were treated with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine. The co-primary outcomes were the incidence rate of clinical malaria in the first year of life and the prevalence of parasitaemia at age 12 months. The incidence rate ratio and prevalence ratio between ISTi and PCDi were estimated using mixed-effects Poisson and log-binomial regression modelling (accounting for clustering at VHP level). RESULTS Between May 2014 and February 2017, 757 infants were enrolled into the study, 313 into 10 ISTi clusters, and 444 into 11 PCDi clusters. Overall, 132 episodes of parasitaemia were detected, of whom 17 (12.9%) were in symptomatic infants. Over 12 months, the incidence rate (IR) of clinical malaria was 24 [95% CI, 10-50] per 1000 children-years at risk in the ISTi arm and 19 [95% CI, 8,38] per 1000 children-years in the PCDi arm (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] 1.77 [95% CI, 0.62-5.01]; p = 0.280). The prevalence of parasitaemia at 12 months was 13% (33/254) in the IST clusters and 15% (57/379) in the PCD clusters (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) = 0.92 (95% CI, 0.70-1.21), p = 0.55). There was no difference in the risk of anaemia between treatment arms. CONCLUSIONS In high malaria transmission area outside of Africa, our study suggests that compared to PCDi, ISTi offers no significant benefit in reducing the risk of clinical malaria in infants born to women receiving effective protection from malaria during pregnancy. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02001428 , registered on 20 Nov 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Rini Poespoprodjo
- Centre for Child Health and Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Kesehatan no.1, Sekip, Yogyakarta, 55284, Indonesia. .,Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Jl. SP2-SP5, RSMM Area, Timika, Papua, 99910, Indonesia. .,Mimika District Hospital and District Health Authority, Jl. Yos Sudarso, Timika, Papua, 99910, Indonesia.
| | - Hafiidhaturrahmah
- Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Jl. SP2-SP5, RSMM Area, Timika, Papua, 99910, Indonesia
| | - Novita Sariyanti
- Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Jl. SP2-SP5, RSMM Area, Timika, Papua, 99910, Indonesia
| | - Ratni Indrawanti
- Centre for Child Health and Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Kesehatan no.1, Sekip, Yogyakarta, 55284, Indonesia
| | - Alistair R D McLean
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, VIC, 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julie A Simpson
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, VIC, 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Enny Kenangalem
- Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Jl. SP2-SP5, RSMM Area, Timika, Papua, 99910, Indonesia
| | - Faustina Helena Burdam
- Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Jl. SP2-SP5, RSMM Area, Timika, Papua, 99910, Indonesia.,Mimika District Hospital and District Health Authority, Jl. Yos Sudarso, Timika, Papua, 99910, Indonesia
| | - Rintis Noviyanti
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro No.69, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Leily Trianty
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro No.69, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Chairunisa Fadhilah
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro No.69, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Yati Soenarto
- Centre for Child Health and Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Kesehatan no.1, Sekip, Yogyakarta, 55284, Indonesia
| | - Ric N Price
- Global Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, Darwin, NT, 0811, Australia.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX37LJ, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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13
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Field Evaluation of a Hemozoin-Based Malaria Diagnostic Device in Puerto Lempira, Honduras. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12051206. [PMID: 35626361 PMCID: PMC9140950 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12051206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of malaria in Honduras is based mainly on microscopic observation of the parasite in thick smears or the detection of parasite antigens through rapid diagnostic tests when microscopy is not available. The specific treatment of the disease depends exclusively on the positive result of one of these tests. Given the low sensitivity of conventional methods, new diagnostic approaches are needed. This study evaluates the in-field performance of a device (Gazelle™) based on the detection of hemozoin. This was a double-blind study evaluating symptomatic individuals with suspected malaria in the department of Gracias a Dios, Honduras, using blood samples collected from 2021 to 2022. The diagnostic performance of Gazelle™ was compared with microscopy and nested 18ssr PCR as references. The sensitivity and specificity of Gazelle™ were 59.7% and 98.6%, respectively, while microscopy had a sensitivity of 64.9% and a specificity of 100%. The kappa index between microscopy and Gazelle™ was 0.9216 using microscopy as a reference. Both methods show similar effectiveness and predictive values. No statistical differences were observed between the results of the Gazelle™ compared to light microscopy (p = 0.6831). The turnaround time was shorter for Gazelle™ than for microscopy, but the cost per sample was slightly higher for Gazelle™. Gazelle™ showed more false-negative cases when infections were caused by Plasmodium falciparum compared to P. vivax. Conclusions: The sensitivity and specificity of Gazelle™ are comparable to microscopy. The simplicity and ease of use of the Gazelle™, the ability to run on batteries, and the immediacy of its results make it a valuable tool for malaria detection in the field. However, further development is required to differentiate Plasmodium species, especially in those regions requiring differentiated treatment.
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14
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Oyegoke OO, Maharaj L, Akoniyon OP, Kwoji I, Roux AT, Adewumi TS, Maharaj R, Oyebola BT, Adeleke MA, Okpeku M. Malaria diagnostic methods with the elimination goal in view. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1867-1885. [PMID: 35460369 PMCID: PMC9033523 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Malaria control measures have been in use for years but have not completely curbed the spread of infection. Ultimately, global elimination is the goal. A major playmaker in the various approaches to reaching the goal is the issue of proper diagnosis. Various diagnostic techniques were adopted in different regions and geographical locations over the decades, and these have invariably produced diverse outcomes. In this review, we looked at the various approaches used in malaria diagnostics with a focus on methods favorably used during pre-elimination and elimination phases as well as in endemic regions. Microscopy, rapid diagnostic testing (RDT), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are common methods applied depending on prevailing factors, each with its strengths and limitations. As the drive toward the elimination goal intensifies, the search for ideal, simple, fast, and reliable point-of-care diagnostic tools is needed more than ever before to be used in conjunction with a functional surveillance system supported by the ideal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olukunle O Oyegoke
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Leah Maharaj
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Oluwasegun P Akoniyon
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Illiya Kwoji
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alexandra T Roux
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Taiye S Adewumi
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajendra Maharaj
- Office of Malaria Research, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Matthew A Adeleke
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Moses Okpeku
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa.
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15
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Rahi M, Sharma R, Saroha P, Chaturvedi R, Bharti PK, Sharma A. Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Malaria Diagnosis Can Be Increasingly Adopted during Current Phase of Malaria Elimination in India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:1005-1012. [PMID: 35130488 PMCID: PMC8991334 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite commendable progress in control of malaria in India and other countries, there are hidden reservoirs of parasites in human hosts that continually feed malaria transmission. Submicroscopic infections are a significant proportion in low-endemic settings like India, and these infections possess transmission potential. Hence, these reservoirs of infection add to the existing roadblocks for malaria elimination. It is crucial that this submerged burden of malaria is detected and treated to curtail further transmission. The currently used diagnostic tools, including the so-called "gold standard" microscopy, are incapable of detecting these submicroscopic infections and thus are suboptimal. It is an opportune time to usher in more sensitive molecular tools like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for routine diagnosis at all levels of healthcare as an additional diagnostic tool in routine settings. PCR assays have been developed into user-friendly formats for field diagnostics and are near-point-of-collection. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic in India, these are being used rampantly across the country. The facilities created for COVID-19 diagnosis can easily be co-opted and harnessed for malaria diagnosis to augment surveillance by the inclusion of molecular techniques like PCR in the routine national malaria control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Rahi
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
- AcSIR, New Delhi, India
| | - Rishu Sharma
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- AcSIR, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Saroha
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Rini Chaturvedi
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Praveen K. Bharti
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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16
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Mpina M, Stabler TC, Schindler T, Raso J, Deal A, Acuche Pupu L, Nyakarungu E, Del Carmen Ovono Davis M, Urbano V, Mtoro A, Hamad A, Lopez MSA, Pasialo B, Eyang MAO, Rivas MR, Falla CC, García GA, Momo JC, Chuquiyauri R, Saverino E, Preston Church LW, Kim Lee Sim B, Manguire B, Tanner M, Maas C, Abdulla S, Billingsley PF, Hoffman SL, Jongo S, Richie TL, Daubenberger CA. Diagnostic performance and comparison of ultrasensitive and conventional rapid diagnostic test, thick blood smear and quantitative PCR for detection of low-density Plasmodium falciparum infections during a controlled human malaria infection study in Equatorial Guinea. Malar J 2022; 21:99. [PMID: 35331251 PMCID: PMC8943516 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Progress towards malaria elimination has stagnated, partly because infections persisting at low parasite densities comprise a large reservoir contributing to ongoing malaria transmission and are difficult to detect. This study compared the performance of an ultrasensitive rapid diagnostic test (uRDT) designed to detect low density infections to a conventional RDT (cRDT), expert microscopy using Giemsa-stained thick blood smears (TBS), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) during a controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) study conducted in malaria exposed adults (NCT03590340). Methods Blood samples were collected from healthy Equatoguineans aged 18–35 years beginning on day 8 after CHMI with 3.2 × 103 cryopreserved, infectious Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites (PfSPZ Challenge, strain NF54) administered by direct venous inoculation. qPCR (18s ribosomal DNA), uRDT (Alere™ Malaria Ag P.f.), cRDT [Carestart Malaria Pf/PAN (PfHRP2/pLDH)], and TBS were performed daily until the volunteer became TBS positive and treatment was administered. qPCR was the reference for the presence of Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Results 279 samples were collected from 24 participants; 123 were positive by qPCR. TBS detected 24/123 (19.5% sensitivity [95% CI 13.1–27.8%]), uRDT 21/123 (17.1% sensitivity [95% CI 11.1–25.1%]), cRDT 10/123 (8.1% sensitivity [95% CI 4.2–14.8%]); all were 100% specific and did not detect any positive samples not detected by qPCR. TBS and uRDT were more sensitive than cRDT (TBS vs. cRDT p = 0.015; uRDT vs. cRDT p = 0.053), detecting parasitaemias as low as 3.7 parasites/µL (p/µL) (TBS and uRDT) compared to 5.6 p/µL (cRDT) based on TBS density measurements. TBS, uRDT and cRDT did not detect any of the 70/123 samples positive by qPCR below 5.86 p/µL, the qPCR density corresponding to 3.7 p/µL by TBS. The median prepatent periods in days (ranges) were 14.5 (10–20), 18.0 (15–28), 18.0 (15–20) and 18.0 (16–24) for qPCR, TBS, uRDT and cRDT, respectively; qPCR detected parasitaemia significantly earlier (3.5 days) than the other tests. Conclusions TBS and uRDT had similar sensitivities, both were more sensitive than cRDT, and neither matched qPCR for detecting low density parasitaemia. uRDT could be considered an alternative to TBS in selected applications, such as CHMI or field diagnosis, where qualitative, dichotomous results for malaria infection might be sufficient. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04103-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxmillian Mpina
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.
| | - Thomas C Stabler
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Schindler
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jose Raso
- Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea.,Equatorial Guinea Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Anna Deal
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Elizabeth Nyakarungu
- Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | | | - Vicente Urbano
- Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea.,Equatorial Guinea Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Ali Mtoro
- Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Ali Hamad
- Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Maria Silvia A Lopez
- Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea.,Equatorial Guinea Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Beltran Pasialo
- Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea.,Equatorial Guinea Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Marta Alene Owono Eyang
- Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea.,Equatorial Guinea Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Matilde Riloha Rivas
- Equatorial Guinea Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | | | | | - Juan Carlos Momo
- Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea.,Equatorial Guinea Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Raul Chuquiyauri
- Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea.,Sanaria Inc., 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | | | | | - B Kim Lee Sim
- Sanaria Inc., 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | | | - Marcel Tanner
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carl Maas
- Marathon EG production Ltd., Houston, USA
| | | | | | | | - Said Jongo
- Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Thomas L Richie
- Sanaria Inc., 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Claudia A Daubenberger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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17
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Leonard CM, Assefa A, McCaffery JN, Herman C, Plucinski M, Sime H, Mohammed H, Kebede A, Solomon H, Haile M, Murphy M, Hwang J, Rogier E. Investigation of Plasmodium falciparum pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions and performance of a rapid diagnostic test for identifying asymptomatic malaria infection in northern Ethiopia, 2015. Malar J 2022; 21:70. [PMID: 35246151 PMCID: PMC8895513 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are widely used for malaria diagnosis of both symptomatic and asymptomatic infections. Although RDTs are a reliable and practical diagnostic tool, the sensitivity of histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2)-based RDTs can be reduced if pfhrp2 or pfhrp3 (pfhrp2/3) gene deletions exist in the Plasmodium falciparum parasite population. This study evaluated dried blood spot (DBS) samples collected from a national household survey to investigate the presence of pfhrp2/3 deletions and the performance of the RDT used in the cross-sectional survey in a low transmission setting. METHODS The 2015 Ethiopia Malaria Indicator Survey tested household members by RDT and collected DBS samples. DBS (n = 2648) from three regions in northern Ethiopia were tested by multiplex bead-based antigen detection assay after completion of the survey. The multiplex assay detected pan-Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), pAldolase, and HRP2 antigens in samples. Samples suspected for pfhrp2/3 gene deletions (pLDH and/or pAldolase positive but low or absent HRP2) were further investigated by molecular assays for gene deletions. Antigen results were also compared to each individual's RDT results. Dose-response logistic regression models were fit to estimate RDT level of detection (LOD) antigen concentrations at which 50, 75, 90, and 95% of the RDTs returned a positive result during this survey. RESULTS Out of 2,648 samples assayed, 29 were positive for pLDH or pAldolase antigens but low or absent for HRP2 signal, and 15 of these samples (51.7%) were successfully genotyped for pfhrp2/3. Of these 15 P. falciparum infections, eight showed single deletions in pfhrp3, one showed a single pfhrp2 deletion, and six were pfhrp2/3 double-deletions. Six pfhrp2 deletions were observed in Tigray and one in Amhara. Twenty-five were positive for HRP2 by the survey RDT while the more sensitive bead assay detected 30 HRP2-positive samples. A lower concentration of HRP2 antigen generated a positive test result by RDT compared to pLDH (95% LOD: 16.9 ng/mL vs. 319.2 ng/mL, respectively). CONCLUSIONS There is evidence of dual pfhrp2/3 gene deletions in the Tigray and Amhara regions of Ethiopia in 2015. As the prevalence of malaria was very low (< 2%), it is difficult to make strong conclusions on RDT performance, but these results challenge the utility of biomarkers in household surveys in very low transmission settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Leonard
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Ashenafi Assefa
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Infectious Disease Ecology and Epidemiology Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Jessica N McCaffery
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Camelia Herman
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Mateusz Plucinski
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Heven Sime
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Amha Kebede
- African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hiwot Solomon
- Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Matt Murphy
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Jimee Hwang
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Eric Rogier
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
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18
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Pasaribu AP, Nasution IS, Sembiring K, Fahmi F, Pasaribu S. Comparison of the performance of the CareStart Malaria Pf/Pan Combo test and field microscopy in the diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax malaria in North Sumatera, Indonesia. Malar J 2022; 21:27. [PMID: 35093067 PMCID: PMC8800299 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In areas where malaria is endemic and where trained microscopists are not available, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are needed not only to allow prompt treatment without delay but also to prevent overdiagnosis and overtreatment based on clinical judgements that may lead to drug resistance. This study aimed to compare the performances of the CareStart Pf/Pan Combo test to field microscopy, which is considered to be the gold standard for malaria diagnosis. Methods Any person with a fever or a history of fever within 48 h who came to the health centre was recruited for the study and tested both by the CareStart Pf/Pan test and by field microscopy. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were analysed with both methods. Results Two-hundred study participants were enrolled: 96 (48%) were found to be positive through microscopy, while 100 (50%) participants were found to be positive through RDT. The RDT produced four false-positive results. High sensitivity and specificity were observed for the CareStart Pf/Pan test (100 and 96.15%, respectively). The CareStart Pf/Pan test also showed excellent agreement with the field microscopy results. Conclusion The Carestart Pf/Pan could be used as an alternative diagnostic test in malaria-endemic areas where facility for performing microscopy is not available.
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19
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Omar M, Marchionni L, Häcker G, Badr MT. Host Blood Gene Signatures Can Detect the Progression to Severe and Cerebral Malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:743616. [PMID: 34746025 PMCID: PMC8569259 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.743616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a major international public health problem that affects millions of patients worldwide especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Although many tests have been developed to diagnose malaria infections, we still lack reliable diagnostic biomarkers for the identification of disease severity, especially in endemic areas where the diagnosis of cerebral malaria is very difficult and requires the exclusion of all other possible causes. Previous host and pathogen transcriptomic studies have not yielded homogenous results that can be harnessed into a reliable diagnostic tool. Here we utilized a multi-cohort analysis approach using machine-learning algorithms to identify blood gene signatures that can distinguish severe and cerebral malaria from moderate and non-cerebral cases. Using a Regularized Random Forest model, we identified 28-gene and 32-gene signatures that can reliably distinguish severe and cerebral malaria, respectively. We tested the specificity of both signatures against other common infectious diseases to ensure the signatures reliability and suitability as diagnostic markers. The severe and cerebral malaria gene-signatures were further integrated through k-top scoring pairs classifiers into ten and nine gene pairs that could distinguish severe and cerebral malaria, respectively. These signatures have various implications that can be utilized as blood diagnostic tools for malaria severity in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Omar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Luigi Marchionni
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Georg Häcker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mohamed Tarek Badr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.,IMM-PACT-Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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20
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Boonstra MB, Koelewijn R, Brienen EAT, Silvis W, Stelma FF, Mank TG, Mulder B, van Lieshout L, van Hellemond JJ. Malaria diagnosis in a malaria non-endemic high-resource country: high variation of diagnostic strategy in clinical laboratories in the Netherlands. Malar J 2021; 20:411. [PMID: 34666766 PMCID: PMC8524939 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03889-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microscopic examination of thick and thin blood films is the gold standard in current guidelines for the diagnosis of malaria, but guidelines do not uniformly agree on which combination of other methods should be used and when. Methods Three questionnaires were sent between March 2018 and September 2019 to laboratories subscribing to the external quality assessment scheme for the diagnosis of blood and intestinal parasites of the Dutch Foundation for Quality Assessment in Medical Laboratories in order to investigate how much variation in the laboratory diagnosis of malaria between different clinical laboratories is present in the Netherlands. Results The questionnaires were partially or fully completed by 67 of 77 (87%) laboratories. Only 9 laboratories reported 10 or more malaria positive patients per year. Most laboratories use a different diagnostic strategy, within office versus outside office hours depending on the screening assay result. Within office hours, 62.5% (35/56) of the responding laboratories perform an immunochromatographic test (ICT) in combination with microscopic examination of thick and thin blood films without additional examinations, such as Quantitative Buffy Coat and/or rtPCR analysis. Outside office hours 85.7% (48/56) of laboratories use an ICT as single screening assay and positive results are immediately confirmed by thick and thin blood films without additional examinations (89.6%, 43/48). In case of a negative ICT result outside office hours, 70.8% (34/48) of the laboratories perform microscopic examination of the thick film the next morning and 22.9% (11/48) confirm the negative ICT result immediately. Furthermore, substantial differences were found in the microscopic examinations of thick and thin blood films; the staining, theoretical sensitivity of the thick film and determination of parasitaemia. Conclusions This study demonstrated a remarkably high variation between laboratories in both their diagnostic strategy as well as their methods for microscopic examination for the diagnosis of malaria in a clinical setting, despite existing national and international guidelines. While the impact of these variations on the accuracy of the diagnosis of malaria is yet unknown, these findings should stimulate clinical laboratories to critically review their own diagnostic strategy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03889-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marrit B Boonstra
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Koelewijn
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric A T Brienen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Welmoed Silvis
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Public Health (LabMicTA), Hengelo, The Netherlands
| | - Foekje F Stelma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo G Mank
- Regional Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Public Health, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Mulder
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette van Lieshout
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap J van Hellemond
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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21
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Epidemiological, Physiological and Diagnostic Comparison of Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11101900. [PMID: 34679597 PMCID: PMC8534334 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11101900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, Plasmodium ovale is divided into two non-recombinant sympatric species: Plasmodium ovale wallikeri and Plasmodium ovale curtisi. In this mini review, we summarize the available knowledge on the clinical/biological aspects of P. ovale spp. malaria and current techniques for the diagnosis/characterisation of P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri. P. ovale wallikeri infections are characterized by a deeper thrombocytopenia and shorter latency compared to P. ovale curtisi infections, indicating that P. ovale wallikeri is more pathogenic than P. ovale curtisi. Rapid diagnosis for effective management is difficult for P. ovale spp., since specific rapid diagnostic tests are not available and microscopic diagnosis, which is recognized as the gold standard, requires expert microscopists to differentiate P. ovale spp. from other Plasmodium species. Neglect in addressing these issues in the prevalence of P. ovale spp. represents the existing gap in the fight against malaria.
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22
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Leonard CM, Assefa A, Sime H, Mohammed H, Kebede A, Solomon H, Drakeley C, Murphy M, Hwang J, Rogier E. Spatial distribution of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in northern Ethiopia by microscopy, rapid diagnostic test, laboratory antibody and antigen data. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:881-890. [PMID: 34628501 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining malaria transmission within regions of low, heterogenous prevalence is difficult. A variety of malaria tests exist and range from identification of diagnostic infection to testing for prior exposure. This study describes concordance of multiple malaria tests using data from a 2015 household survey conducted in Ethiopia. METHODS Blood samples (n= 2,279) from three regions in northern Ethiopia were assessed for Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax by microscopy, rapid diagnostic test (RDT), multiplex antigen assay, and multiplex assay for IgG antibodies. Geospatial analysis was conducted with spatial scan statistics and kernel density estimation to identify hotspots of malaria by different test results. RESULTS Prevalence of malaria infection was low (1.4% by RDT, 1.0% by microscopy, and 1.8% by laboratory antigen assay). For P. falciparum, overlapping spatial clusters for all tests and an additional five unique IgG clusters were identified. For P. vivax, clusters identified for bead antigen assay, microscopy, and IgG with partial overlap. CONCLUSIONS Assessing the spatial distribution of malaria exposure using multiple metrics can improve the understanding of malaria transmission dynamics in a region. The relative abundance of antibody clusters indicates that in areas of low-transmission, IgG antibodies are a more useful marker to assess malaria exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Leonard
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ashenafi Assefa
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Infectious Disease ecology and epidemiology lab, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Heven Sime
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Amha Kebede
- African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hiwot Solomon
- Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Murphy
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jimee Hwang
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric Rogier
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Evaluation of the combination of rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy for imported malaria surveillance in Anhui Province, China. Acta Trop 2021; 222:106042. [PMID: 34252385 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Anhui Province, China, efforts to interrupt the local malaria transmission were successful, with no endemic cases reported since 2014. Contrastingly, imported malaria cases are still being reported, indicating a disease reintroduction risk after years of elimination. A good surveillance system is key for avoiding the risk, detecting imported cases and possible cases associated with local transmission early. Therefore, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) were combined with microscopy to strengthen malaria surveillance in the province. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of this surveillance strategy. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study using malaria surveillance data from January 2016 to June 2020. Epidemiological characteristics and diagnostic information were analysed using descriptive and comparative statistics. The diagnostic performance of the combined toolbox (Wondfo RDTs plus microscopy) was evaluated based on its sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and Cohen's kappa coefficient, using real-time polymerase chain reaction as the gold standard. RESULTS The combined toolbox displayed a higher overall sensitivity for malaria cases than that of microscopy alone (93.74% vs 89.37%; padj <0.05), which could detect 94.65%, 88.16%, 95.00%, and 100.00% of Plasmodium falciparum, P. ovale, P. vivax, and P. malariae infections, respectively. In clinical practice, Wondfo RDTs ability to detect P. falciparum infections was better than that of microscopy (97.55% vs 89.67%, padj < 0.05). In contrast, microscopy displayed a higher specificity than that of Wondfo RDTs (81.82% vs 63.28%, p adj <0.05). Moreover, the consistency between microscopy and the gold standard results was also better than that of RDTs (Kappa value:0.669 vs 0.596). CONCLUSIONS The combination of microscopy and RDTs is an effective strategy for malaria surveillance because it possibly detected more P. falciparum infections due to the introduction of RDTs. In contrast, microscopy is complementary to some limitations related to the use of RDTs in field practice. Thus, monitoring malaria cases in non-endemic areas may require employing more than one diagnostic tool in surveillance strategies. Moreover, further understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of different detection methods is necessary for applying optimum combinations in field settings.
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24
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Mwenda MC, Fola AA, Ciubotariu II, Mulube C, Mambwe B, Kasaro R, Hawela MB, Hamainza B, Miller JM, Carpi G, Bridges DJ. Performance evaluation of RDT, light microscopy, and PET-PCR for detecting Plasmodium falciparum malaria infections in the 2018 Zambia National Malaria Indicator Survey. Malar J 2021; 20:386. [PMID: 34583692 PMCID: PMC8477358 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03917-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zambia continues to advance on the path to elimination with significant reductions in malaria morbidity and mortality. Crucial components that have contributed to progress thus far and are necessary for achieving the national malaria elimination goals include properly identifying and treating all malaria cases through accurate diagnosis. This study sought to compare and assess the diagnostic performance of Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDT) and Light Microscopy (LM) with photo-induced electron transfer polymerase chain reaction (PET-PCR) as the gold standard using 2018 Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS) data across Zambia to better understand diagnostic accuracy metrics and how these vary across a transmission gradient. Methods Cross-sectional samples collected in a nationally representative survey from 7 provinces in Zambia were tested for the presence of malaria parasites by light microscopy (LM), rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and the gold standard PET-PCR. Diagnostic performance was assessed including sensitivity, specificity, negative- and positive-predictive values across a wide malaria transmission spectrum. Diagnostic accuracy metrics were measured, and statistically significant differences were calculated between test methods for different outcome variables. Results From the individuals included in the MIS, the overall prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria was 32.9% by RDT, 19.4% by LM, and 23.2% by PET-PCR. Herein, RDT and LM diagnostic performance was compared against gold standard PET-PCR with LM displaying a higher diagnostic accuracy than RDTs (91.3% vs. 84.6% respectively) across the transmission spectrum in Zambia. However, the performance of both diagnostics was significantly reduced in low parasitaemia samples. Consistent with previous studies, RDT diagnostic accuracy was predominantly affected by a high rate of false positives. Conclusions RDTs and LM both perform well across a range of transmission intensities within their respective target applications, i.e., in the community, for the former, where ease of use and speed of result is critical, and at the health facility, for the latter, where accuracy is prioritized. However, the performance of both diagnostic methods is adversely affected by low parasitaemia infections. As Zambia moves towards elimination more sensitive tools may be required to identify the last cases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03917-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulenga C Mwenda
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), National Malaria Elimination Centre, Ministry of Health, Chainama Grounds, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Abebe A Fola
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ilinca I Ciubotariu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Conceptor Mulube
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), National Malaria Elimination Centre, Ministry of Health, Chainama Grounds, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Brenda Mambwe
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), National Malaria Elimination Centre, Ministry of Health, Chainama Grounds, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Rachael Kasaro
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), National Malaria Elimination Centre, Ministry of Health, Chainama Grounds, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Moonga B Hawela
- National Malaria Elimination Centre, Ministry of Health, Chainama Hospital and College Grounds, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Busiku Hamainza
- National Malaria Elimination Centre, Ministry of Health, Chainama Hospital and College Grounds, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John M Miller
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), National Malaria Elimination Centre, Ministry of Health, Chainama Grounds, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Giovanna Carpi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Indiana, USA
| | - Daniel J Bridges
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), National Malaria Elimination Centre, Ministry of Health, Chainama Grounds, Lusaka, Zambia.
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Nishimura J, Dharap P, Raimbault S. The utility of basic blood counts, WBC histogram and C-reactive protein in detecting malaria. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1006. [PMID: 34565334 PMCID: PMC8474782 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06704-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hematology analyzers display abnormal parameters during malaria infection providing insightful information for suspecting and assessing malaria infection. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the potential of a three-part differential hematology analyzer to assess malaria, provide information about the parasitemia, and discuss the importance of combining C-reactive protein (CRP) with hematology parameters to obtain further information about the malaria infection. Methods The present study shows the results of a case–control study during the monsoon season of years 2018 and 2019 in Mumbai, India. The study considers 1008 non-malaria febrile cases, 209 P. vivax and 31 P. falciparum positive malaria samples, five cases of mixed P. vivax and P. falciparum infection, and three co-infection cases of P. vivax and dengue. Raw data from the three-part analyzer LC-667G CRP (HORIBA) and the corresponding microscopic findings (golden standard for diagnosis of malaria) were obtained for each sample. Results The medians of platelet counts (PLT) were 102.5, 109.0, and 223.0 × 103/µL, while CRP medians were 67.4, 81.4 and 10.4 mg/L in P. vivax, P. falciparum and control groups respectively (p < 0.001 in Mann–Whitney U tests between malaria and control groups). Compared with negative samples, platelets counting less than 161.5 × 103/µL were observed on malaria patients (OR 19.12, 95% CI 11.89–30.75). Especially in P. vivax cases, an abnormal peak was frequently observed in the white blood cells (WBC) histogram around the 37fL channel. The events counted around that channel showed a linear correlation with the counting of red blood cells infected predominantly with larger parasitic forms. Parameters like CRP (rs = 0.325, p < 0.001), WBC (rs = 0.285, p < 0.001) and PLT (rs = − 0.303, p < 0.001) were correlated with the parasitemia of P. vivax samples. Between the malaria and dengue groups, the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was observed on CRP (0.867, CRP ≥ 26.85 mg/L). Conclusions A three-part differential hematology analyzer has the potential to not only trigger malaria diagnosis confirmation but also assess the severity of the infection when CRP is considered. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06704-5.
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Sevestre J, Bernardi C, Gillet M, Delaunay P, Fanjat Y, Toni G, Marty P, Alunni V, Pomares C. Post-mortem diagnosis of imported malaria in France: a case report. Malar J 2021; 20:271. [PMID: 34126991 PMCID: PMC8201817 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03806-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is a potentially lethal parasitic disease due to infection by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted by Anopheles mosquito vectors. Various preventative measures may be recommended for travellers who visit endemic areas. The diagnosis is generally evoked in the context of a febrile patient returning from an endemic zone. Nevertheless, symptoms and clinical signs may be difficult to interpret, and fatal cases may only be diagnosed retrospectively with laboratory techniques, specific pathological features and patient history. The present work reports a case of fatal cerebral malaria diagnosed post-mortem, along with the techniques that allowed identification of the causative agent. Case presentation A 29 year-old male was found dead in his rental home during a vacation in Southern France. In the absence of explainable cause, an autopsy was performed, which did not retrieve major lesions. In the context of frequent business-related travels in tropical Africa, several samples were adressed for parasitological examination. Microscopy techniques, along with immunochromatographic and molecular biology assays, led to post-mortem diagnosis of fatal cerebral malaria. It was discovered in retrospect that the patient had not used preventative measures against malaria when travelling in endemic zones, and had not been provided with proper travel medicine counseling prior to his travel. Conclusion A vast proportion of imported malaria cases reported in France concerns patients who did not use preventive measures, such as bed nets, repellents or chemoprophylaxis. Given the wide availability of prevention tools in developed countries, and the important number of declared imported malaria cases, there is no doubt traveller awareness still needs to be raised. Moreover, healthcare professionals should always question travel history in febrile patients. The authors advocate for recurrent information campaigns for travellers, and physician training for a better prevention and diagnosis of malaria cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Sevestre
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital L'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, UCA, 151 route de Saint Antoine de Giestière, 06000, Nice, France.
| | - Caroline Bernardi
- Laboratoire de Médecine Légale Et Anthropologie Médico-Légale, Hôpital Cimiez, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Morgane Gillet
- Laboratoire de Médecine Légale Et Anthropologie Médico-Légale, Hôpital Cimiez, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Pascal Delaunay
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital L'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, UCA, 151 route de Saint Antoine de Giestière, 06000, Nice, France
| | - Youta Fanjat
- Laboratoire Central D'Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital Pasteur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Giorgio Toni
- Laboratoire Central D'Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital Pasteur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Pierre Marty
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital L'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, UCA, 151 route de Saint Antoine de Giestière, 06000, Nice, France
| | - Véronique Alunni
- Laboratoire de Médecine Légale Et Anthropologie Médico-Légale, Hôpital Cimiez, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Christelle Pomares
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital L'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, UCA, 151 route de Saint Antoine de Giestière, 06000, Nice, France.,Equipe 6 Virulence Microbienne Et Signalisation Inflammatoire, C3M, INSERM 1065, Nice, France
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Shankar H, Singh MP, Phookan S, Singh K, Mishra N. Diagnostic performance of rapid diagnostic test, light microscopy and polymerase chain reaction during mass survey conducted in low and high malaria-endemic areas from two North-Eastern states of India. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2251-2261. [PMID: 33772349 PMCID: PMC7997798 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07125-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An early and accurate diagnosis followed by prompt treatment is pre-requisite for the management of any disease. Malaria diagnosis is routinely performed by microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) in the field settings; however, their performance may vary across regions, age and asymptomatic status. Owing to this, we assessed the diagnostic performance of conventional and advanced molecular tools for malaria detection in low and high malaria-endemic settings. We performed mass blood surveys in low and high endemic regions of two North-Eastern districts from the states of Assam and Meghalaya. A total of 3322 individuals were screened for malaria using RDT, microscopy and PCR and measures of diagnostic accuracy were estimated. Out of 3322 individuals, 649 (19.5%) were detected with malaria parasite. Asymptomatic were 86.4% (2872/3322), of which 19.4% (557/2872) had Plasmodium infection. The sensitivity and specificity of microscopy were 42.7% and 99.3%, and RDT showed 49.9% and 90.4%, respectively, considering PCR as standard. RDT (AUC: 0.65 vs 0.74; p = 0.001) and microscopy (AUC: 0.64 vs 0.76; p < 0.0001) performances were significantly lower in low compared to high endemic areas. True positive rate was lower in asymptomatics but true negative rate was found similar to symptomatic individuals. The conventional diagnostic tools (RDT and microscopy) had detected malaria in children with nearly twofold greater sensitivity than in the adults (p < 0.05). To conclude, asymptomatics, adults and low malaria-endemic regions require major attention due to mediocre performance of conventional diagnostic tools in malaria detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shankar
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Mrigendra Pal Singh
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Sobhan Phookan
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Neelima Mishra
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India.
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Heat-enhancing aggregation of gold nanoparticles combined with loop-mediated isothermal amplification (HAG-LAMP) for Plasmodium falciparum detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 203:114178. [PMID: 34082143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Malaria infection represents a major public health and economic issue that leads to morbidity and mortality globally. A highly effective and uncomplicated detection tool is required for malaria control in geographical hotspots of transmission. We developed a simple and more sensitive novel approach for the detection of the 18S rRNA gene of Plasmodium falciparum based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and visualization using colorimetric, streptavidin-functionalized gold nanoparticles (SA-GNPs). Two loop primers of LAMP were biotinylated to produce biotin-containing products during amplification. After the addition of SA-GNPs, clusters of avidin-biotin complexes were established in the LAMP structure. While the positive reactions remained wine red, the negative reactions became colorless with partial aggregations induced by hydrochloric acid (HCl) under heat enhancement (60 °C). All steps of the assay were completed within 50 min, its detection limit was 1 parasite/μL, and it was highly specific for P. falciparum. This effortless detection system with high sensitivity and specificity could provide an alternative choice for malaria diagnostics in resource-limited regions.
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Comparison of conventional and non-invasive diagnostic tools for detecting Plasmodium falciparum infection in southwestern Cameroon: a cross-sectional study. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:75. [PMID: 34022958 PMCID: PMC8140564 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00859-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a significant health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, with early diagnosis critical to reducing its morbidity and mortality. Despite the increasing Plasmodium spp. diagnostic capabilities, access to testing is limited in some cases by the almost absolute requirement for blood from potentially infected subjects as the only sample source for all conventional methods. A rapid test on non-invasive specimen with comparable performance to microscopy for the screening or diagnosis of all participants is invaluable. This study sought to compare conventional and non-invasive diagnostic tools for detecting Plasmodium falciparum. Methods This was a cross-sectional study, carried out between March and August 2019 to evaluate and compare the diagnostic performance of a PfHRP2/pLDH-based malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT) on patients’ blood, saliva and urine relative to conventional light microscopy and nested PCR at outpatient clinics in the Buea and Tiko health districts of Southwestern Cameroon. The significance of differences in proportions was explored using the Pearson’s χ2 test whereas differences in group means were assessed using analyses of variance. Results A total of 359 individuals of both sexes, aged 1–92 years, were enrolled into the study. Of the 301 individuals tested by light microscopy and mRDTs on blood, saliva and urine, 84 (27.9%), 81 (26.9%), 87 (28.9%) and 107 (35.5%) respectively were positive. However, only 34.3%, 90.5%, 91.4%, 83.9% and 65.4% febrile, light microscopy and mRDT positives on blood, saliva and urine respectively had P. falciparum infection as confirmed by PCR. The sensitivity and specificity of presumptive diagnosis, light microscopy and mRDT on blood, saliva and urine were 86.9% and 19.7%, 77.8% and 96.1%, 75.8% and 96.6%, 74.5% and 93.1%, and 70.7% and 81.8%, respectively. The agreement between mRDT on saliva (k = 0.696) and microscopy (k = 0.766) compared to PCR was good. Conclusion The study highlighted the low performance of presumptive diagnosis, reinforcing the need for parasitological tests prior to antimalarial therapy. The higher PfHRP2/pLDH mRDT parasite detection rates and sensitivity in saliva compared to urine suggests that the former is a practical adjunct to or alternative worth optimising for the routine diagnosis of malaria. Graphic Abstract Flow chart for diagnosis of P. falciparum infection by light microscopy, rapid diagnostic tests and nested PCR.![]()
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Viswanath VK, Gore ST, Valiyaparambil A, Mukherjee S, Lakshminarasimhan A. Plasmodium chitinases: revisiting a target of transmission-blockade against malaria. Protein Sci 2021; 30:1493-1501. [PMID: 33934433 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by one of the five species of Plasmodium, among which Plasmodium falciparum cause the deadliest form of the disease. Plasmodium species are dependent on a vertebrate host and a blood-sucking insect vector to complete their life cycle. Plasmodium chitinases belonging to the GH18 family are secreted inside the mosquito midgut, during the ookinete stage of the parasite. Chitinases mediate the penetration of parasite through the peritrophic membrane, facilitating access to the gut epithelial layer. In this review, we describe Plasmodium chitinases with special emphasis on chitinases from P. falciparum and P. vivax, the representative examples of the short and long forms of this protein. In addition to the chitinase domain, chitinases belonging to the long form contain a pro-domain and chitin-binding domain. Amino acid sequence alignment of long and short form chitinase domains reveals multiple positions containing variant residues. A subset of these positions was found to be conserved or invariant within long or short forms, indicating the role of these positions in attributing form-specific activity. The reported differences in affinities to allosamidin for P. vivax and P. falciparum were predicted to be due to different residues at two amino acid positions, resulting in altered interactions with the inhibitor. Understanding the role of these amino acids in Plasmodium chitinases will help us elucidate the mechanism of catalysis and the mode of inhibition, which will be the key for identification of potent inhibitors or antibodies demonstrating transmission-blocking activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vysakh K Viswanath
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Center at inStem, Bengaluru, India
| | - Suraj T Gore
- Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd, Bengaluru, India
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Goh B, Ching K, Soares Magalhães RJ, Ciocchetta S, Edstein MD, Maciel-de-Freitas R, Sikulu-Lord MT. The application of spectroscopy techniques for diagnosis of malaria parasites and arboviruses and surveillance of mosquito vectors: A systematic review and critical appraisal of evidence. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009218. [PMID: 33886567 PMCID: PMC8061870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The potential of RS as a surveillance tool for malaria and arbovirus vectors and MIRS for the diagnosis and surveillance of arboviruses is yet to be assessed. NIRS capacity as a surveillance tool for malaria and arbovirus vectors should be validated under field conditions, and its potential as a diagnostic tool for malaria and arboviruses needs to be evaluated. It is recommended that all 3 techniques evaluated simultaneously using multiple machine learning techniques in multiple epidemiological settings to determine the most accurate technique for each application. Prior to their field application, a standardised protocol for spectra collection and data analysis should be developed. This will harmonise their application in multiple field settings allowing easy and faster integration into existing disease control platforms. Ultimately, development of rapid and cost-effective point-of-care diagnostic tools for malaria and arboviruses based on spectroscopy techniques may help combat current and future outbreaks of these infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon Goh
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Koek Ching
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Children's Health Research Centre, Children's Health and Environment Program, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Silvia Ciocchetta
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael D Edstein
- Australian Defence Force, Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Maggy T Sikulu-Lord
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Magneto-optical diagnosis of symptomatic malaria in Papua New Guinea. Nat Commun 2021; 12:969. [PMID: 33579923 PMCID: PMC7881035 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21110-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved methods for malaria diagnosis are urgently needed. Here, we evaluate a novel method named rotating-crystal magneto-optical detection (RMOD) in 956 suspected malaria patients in Papua New Guinea. RMOD tests can be conducted within minutes and at low cost. We systematically evaluate the capability of RMOD to detect infections by directly comparing it with expert light microscopy, rapid diagnostic tests and polymerase chain reaction on capillary blood samples. We show that compared to light microscopy, RMOD exhibits 82% sensitivity and 84% specificity to detect any malaria infection and 87% sensitivity and 88% specificity to detect Plasmodium vivax. This indicates that RMOD could be useful in P. vivax dominated elimination settings. Parasite density correlates well with the quantitative magneto-optical signal. Importantly, residual hemozoin present in malaria-negative patients is also detectable by RMOD, indicating its ability to detect previous infections. This could be exploited to reveal transmission hotspots in low-transmission settings. Here Arndt et al. establish rotating-crystal magneto-optical detection (RMOD) as a near-point-of-care diagnostic tool for malaria detection and report a sensitivity and specificity of 82% and 84%, respectively, as validated by analyzing a clinical population in a high transmission setting in Papua New Guinea.
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Bamou R, Nematchoua-Weyou Z, Lontsi-Demano M, Ningahi LG, Tchoumbou MA, Defo-Talom BA, Mayi MPA, Tchuinkam T. Performance assessment of a widely used rapid diagnostic test CareStart™ compared to microscopy for the detection of Plasmodium in asymptomatic patients in the Western region of Cameroon. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06271. [PMID: 33665437 PMCID: PMC7897993 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
While malaria remains a serious public health concern, its rapid or prompt diagnosis in remote areas is important in the fight against the disease. The study aimed to evaluate the performance of widely used Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) kits for routinely detection of Plasmodium asymptomatic patients. A total of 400 asymptomatic participants of both sexes aged between 1-89 years from Menoua Division (Santchou and Dschang) were tested for malaria infection using both microscopy and CareStart™ RDT. The prevalence of malaria was higher when using the standard gold tool (Microscopy) (26.0%) compared to RDT (21.8%) with a significant difference (P < 0.05). However, a strong agreement was observed between both tests (kappa = 0.883; P < 0.0001). RDT CareStart™ sensitivity and specificity were 83.65% and 100% respectively while the positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 100% and 95.57% respectively. RDT sensitivity increased with parasite density while false negative (40.4%; n = 17) were observed only when parasite density was low (<500 parasites per microliter of blood). RDT kits appear to be good tools in areas where malaria diagnosis through microscopy is not feasible. However, the low sensibility observed when parasite density is low could be a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Bamou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P.288 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Zidedine Nematchoua-Weyou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Michel Lontsi-Demano
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Laura Gilberine Ningahi
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Melanie Adèle Tchoumbou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Blaise Armand Defo-Talom
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O Box: 2008, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Marie Paul Audrey Mayi
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
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The use of dried tube specimens of Plasmodium falciparum in an external quality assessment programme to evaluate health worker performance for malaria rapid diagnostic testing in healthcare centres in Togo. Malar J 2021; 20:50. [PMID: 33472640 PMCID: PMC7819240 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03569-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) to diagnose malaria is common in sub-Saharan African laboratories, remote primary health facilities and in the community. Currently, there is a lack of reliable methods to ascertain health worker competency to accurately use RDTs in the testing and diagnosis of malaria. Dried tube specimens (DTS) have been shown to be a consistent and useful method for quality control of malaria RDTs; however, its application in National Quality Management programmes has been limited. METHODS A Plasmodium falciparum strain was grown in culture and harvested to create DTS of varying parasite density (0, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 parasites/µL). Using the dried tube specimens as quality control material, a proficiency testing (PT) programme was carried out in 80 representative health centres in Togo. Health worker competency for performing malaria RDTs was assessed using five blinded DTS samples, and the DTS were tested in the same manner as a patient sample would be tested by multiple testers per health centre. RESULTS All the DTS with 100 parasites/µl and 50% of DTS with 200 parasites/µl were classified as non-reactive during the pre-PT quality control step. Therefore, data from these parasite densities were not analysed as part of the PT dataset. PT scores across all 80 facilities and 235 testers was 100% for 0 parasites/µl, 63% for 500 parasites/µl and 93% for 1000 parasites/µl. Overall, 59% of the 80 healthcare centres that participated in the PT programme received a score of 80% or higher on a set of 0, 500 and 1000 parasites/ µl DTS samples. Sixty percent of health workers at these centres recorded correct test results for all three samples. CONCLUSIONS The use of DTS for a malaria PT programme was the first of its kind ever conducted in Togo. The ease of use and stability of the DTS illustrates that this type of samples can be considered for the assessment of staff competency. The implementation of quality management systems, refresher training and expanded PT at remote testing facilities are essential elements to improve the quality of malaria diagnosis.
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Bosco AB, Nankabirwa JI, Yeka A, Nsobya S, Gresty K, Anderson K, Mbaka P, Prosser C, Smith D, Opigo J, Namubiru R, Arinaitwe E, Kissa J, Gonahasa S, Won S, Lee B, Lim CS, Karamagi C, Cheng Q, Nakayaga JK, Kamya MR. Limitations of rapid diagnostic tests in malaria surveys in areas with varied transmission intensity in Uganda 2017-2019: Implications for selection and use of HRP2 RDTs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244457. [PMID: 33382787 PMCID: PMC7774953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2)-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are exclusively recommended for malaria diagnosis in Uganda; however, their functionality can be affected by parasite-related factors that have not been investigated in field settings. METHODS Using a cross-sectional design, we analysed 219 RDT-/microscopy+ and 140 RDT+/microscopy+ dried blood spots obtained from symptomatic children aged 2-10 years from 48 districts in Uganda between 2017 and 2019. We aimed to investigate parasite-related factors contributing to false RDT results by molecular characterization of parasite isolates. ArcGIS software was used to map the geographical distribution of parasites. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, with P ≤ 0.05 indicating significance. Odds ratios (ORs) were used to assess associations, while logistic regression was performed to explore possible factors associated with false RDT results. RESULTS The presence of parasite DNA was confirmed in 92.5% (332/359) of the blood samples. The levels of agreement between the HRP2 RDT and PCR assay results in the (RDT+/microscopy+) and (RDT-/microscopy+) sample subsets were 97.8% (137/140) and 10.9% (24/219), respectively. Factors associated with false-negative RDT results in the (RDT-/microscopy+) samples were parasite density (<1,000/μl), pfhrp2/3 gene deletion and non-P. falciparum species (aOR 2.65, 95% CI: 1.62-4.38, P = 0.001; aOR 4.4, 95% CI 1.72-13.66, P = 0.004; and aOR 18.65, 95% CI: 5.3-38.7, P = 0.001, respectively). Overall, gene deletion and non-P. falciparum species contributed to 12.3% (24/195) and 19.0% (37/195) of false-negative RDT results, respectively. Of the false-negative RDTs results, 80.0% (156/195) were from subjects with low-density infections (< 25 parasites per 200 WBCs or <1,000/μl). CONCLUSION This is the first evaluation and report of the contributions of pfhrp2/3 gene deletion, non-P. falciparum species, and low-density infections to false-negative RDT results under field conditions in Uganda. In view of these findings, the use of HRP2 RDTs should be reconsidered; possibly, switching to combination RDTs that target alternative antigens, particularly in affected areas, may be beneficial. Future evaluations should consider larger and more representative surveys covering other regions of Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agaba B. Bosco
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- National Malaria Control Division, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joaniter I. Nankabirwa
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Adoke Yeka
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sam Nsobya
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Karryn Gresty
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Queensland, Australia
- The Army Malaria Institute Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Karen Anderson
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Queensland, Australia
- The Army Malaria Institute Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paul Mbaka
- World Health Organization Country Office, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christiane Prosser
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Smith
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Queensland, Australia
- The Army Malaria Institute Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jimmy Opigo
- National Malaria Control Division, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rhoda Namubiru
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - John Kissa
- National Health Information Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Sungho Won
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, S. Korea
| | - Bora Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, S. Korea
| | - Chae Seung Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, S. Korea
| | - Charles Karamagi
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Qin Cheng
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Queensland, Australia
- The Army Malaria Institute Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joan K. Nakayaga
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses R. Kamya
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
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Miller JM, Eisele TP, Fraser MS, Lewis MT, Slutsker L, Chizema Kawesha E. Moving from Malaria Burden Reduction toward Elimination: An Evaluation of Mass Drug Administration in Southern Province, Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:3-6. [PMID: 32618265 PMCID: PMC7416971 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
From December 2014 to February 2016, a cluster randomized controlled trial was carried out in 60 health facility catchment areas along Lake Kariba in Zambia's Southern Province. The trial sought to evaluate the impact of four rounds of a mass drug administration (MDA) intervention with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHAP) or focal MDA with DHAP at the household level compared with a control population that received the standard of care. This study was the first randomized controlled trial with DHAP for MDA in sub-Saharan Africa and was conducted through a collaboration between the National Malaria Elimination Programme in the Zambian Ministry of Health, the PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa, and the Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation at Tulane University. This article serves as an introduction to a collection of articles designed to explore different aspects of the intervention. By describing the recent history of malaria control in Zambia leading up to the trial-from the scale-up of point-of-care diagnosis and treatment, vector control, and indoor residual spraying early in the twenty-first century, to the efforts made to sustain the gains achieved with that approach-it provides a rationale for the implementation of a trial that has informed a new national strategic plan and solidified malaria elimination as Zambia's national goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Miller
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Thomas P Eisele
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Girma S, Cheaveau J, Mohon AN, Marasinghe D, Legese R, Balasingam N, Abera A, Feleke SM, Golassa L, Pillai DR. Prevalence and Epidemiological Characteristics of Asymptomatic Malaria Based on Ultrasensitive Diagnostics: A Cross-sectional Study. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 69:1003-1010. [PMID: 30475992 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the global public-health objectives for malaria evolve from malaria control towards malaria elimination, there is increasing interest in the significance of asymptomatic infections and the optimal diagnostic test to identify them. METHOD We conducted a cross-sectional study of asymptomatic individuals (N = 562) to determine the epidemiological characteristics associated with asymptomatic malaria. Participants were tested by rapid diagnostic tests (CareStart, Standard Diagnostics [SD] Bioline, and Alere ultrasensitive RDT [uRDT]), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to determine malaria positivity. Hemoglobin values were recorded, and anemia was defined as a binary variable, according to World Health Organization guidelines. RESULTS Compared to reference qRT-PCR, LAMP had the highest sensitivity (92.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 86.4-96.5), followed by uRDT Alere Malaria (33.9%, 95% CI 25.5-43.1), CareStart Malaria (14.1%, 95% CI 8.4-21.5), microscopy (5.0%, 95% CI 1.8-10.5), and SD Bioline (5.0%, 95% CI 1.8-10.5). For Plasmodium falciparum specimens only, the sensitivity for uRDT Alere Malaria was 50.0% (95% CI 38.8-61.3) and SD Bioline was 7.3% (95% CI 2.7-15.3). Based on multivariate regression analysis with qRT-PCR as the gold standard, for every 3.2% increase in the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria, hemoglobin decreased by 1 gram per deciliter (prevalence ratio 0.968, 95% CI 0.940-0.997; P = .032). Deletions (4.8%) in hrp2 were noted. CONCLUSIONS While uRDT Alere Malaria has superior sensitivity to rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy in detecting asymptomatic malaria, LAMP is superior still. Ultrasensitive diagnostics provide the accurate prevalence estimates of asymptomatic malaria required for elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seble Girma
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.,Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - James Cheaveau
- Clinical Section of Microbiology, Calgary Laboratory Services, Alberta.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta
| | - Abu Naser Mohon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta
| | - Dewdunee Marasinghe
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Ruth Legese
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta
| | - Nirujah Balasingam
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta
| | - Adugna Abera
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Sindew M Feleke
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Dylan R Pillai
- Clinical Section of Microbiology, Calgary Laboratory Services, Alberta.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Jones S, Subramaniam G, Plucinski MM, Patel D, Padilla J, Aidoo M, Talundzic E. One-step PCR: A novel protocol for determination of pfhrp2 deletion status in Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236369. [PMID: 32702040 PMCID: PMC7377462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) detecting rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have played an important role in enabling prompt malaria diagnosis in remote locations. However, emergence of pfhrp2 deleted parasites is threatening the efficacy of RDTs, and the World Health Organization (WHO) has highlighted surveillance of these deletions as a priority. Nested PCR is used to confirm pfhrp2 deletion but is costly and laborious. Due to spurious amplification of paralogue pfhrp3, the identity of nested exon 1 PCR product must be confirmed by sequencing. Here we describe a new one-step PCR method for detection of pfhrp2. To determine sensitivity and specificity, all PCRs were performed in triplicate. Using photo-induced electron transfer (PET) PCR detecting 18srRNA as true positive, one-step had comparable sensitivity of 95.0% (88.7–98.4%) to nested exon 1, 99.0% (94.6–99.9%) and nested exon 2, 98.0% (93.0–99.8%), and comparable specificity 93.8% (69.8–99.8%) to nested exon 1 100.0% (79.4–100.0%) and nested exon 2, 100.0% (74.4–100.0%). Sequencing revealed that one step PCR does not amplify pfhrp3. Logistic regression models applied to measure the 95% level of detection of the one-step PCR in clinical isolates provided estimates of 133p/μL (95% confidence interval (CI): 3-793p/μL) for whole blood (WB) samples and 385p/μL (95% CI: 31–2133 p/μL) for dried blood spots (DBSs). When considering protocol attributes, the one-step PCR is less expensive, faster and more suitable for high throughput. In summary, we have developed a more accurate PCR method that may be ideal for the application of the WHO protocol for investigating pfhrp2 deletions in symptomatic individuals presenting to health care facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Jones
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Williams Consulting, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gireesh Subramaniam
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mateusz M. Plucinski
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- President’s Malaria Initiative, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dhruviben Patel
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Williams Consulting, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jasmine Padilla
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Biotechnology Core Facilities Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael Aidoo
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eldin Talundzic
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Desai MR, Samuels AM, Odongo W, Williamson J, Odero NA, Otieno K, Shi YP, Kachur SP, Hamel MJ, Kariuki S, Lindblade KA. Impact of Intermittent Mass Testing and Treatment on Incidence of Malaria Infection in a High Transmission Area of Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:369-377. [PMID: 32342846 PMCID: PMC7356446 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress with malaria control in western Kenya has stagnated since 2007. Additional interventions to reduce the high burden of malaria in this region are urgently needed. We conducted a two-arm, community-based, cluster-randomized, controlled trial of active case detection and treatment of malaria infections in all residents mass testing and treatment (MTaT) of 10 village clusters (intervention clusters) for two consecutive years to measure differences in the incidence of clinical malaria disease and malaria infections compared with 20 control clusters where MTaT was not implemented. All residents of intervention clusters, irrespective of history of fever or other malaria-related symptoms, were tested three times per year before the peak malaria season using malaria rapid diagnostic tests. All positive cases were treated with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine. The incidence of clinical malaria was measured through passive surveillance, whereas the cumulative incidence of malaria infection was measured using active surveillance in a cohort comprising randomly selected residents. The incidence of clinical malaria was 0.19 cases/person-year (p-y, 95% CI: 0.13-0.28) in the intervention arm and 0.24 cases/p-y (95% CI: 0.15-0.39) in the control arm (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.79, 95% CI: 0.61-1.02). The cumulative incidence of malaria infections was similar between the intervention (2.08 infections/p-y, 95% CI: 1.93-2.26) and control arms (2.19 infections/p-y, 95% CI: 2.02-2.37) with a crude IRR of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.87-1.04). Six rounds of MTaT over 2 years did not have a significant impact on the incidence of clinical malaria or the cumulative incidence of malaria infection in this area of high malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna R. Desai
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aaron M. Samuels
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Wycliffe Odongo
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - John Williamson
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nobert Awino Odero
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Kephas Otieno
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ya Ping Shi
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen Patrick Kachur
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mary J. Hamel
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Simon Kariuki
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Kim A. Lindblade
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Submicroscopic malaria infection is not associated with fever in cross-sectional studies in Malawi. Malar J 2020; 19:233. [PMID: 32600362 PMCID: PMC7322713 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections are widespread in many areas. However, the contribution of these infections to symptomatic malaria is not well understood. This study evaluated whether participants with submicroscopic P. falciparum infections have higher prevalence of fever than uninfected participants in southern Malawi. Methods A total of 16,650 children and adults were enrolled in the course of six cross-sectional surveys during the dry season (October–November) and after the rainy season (April–May) between 2012 and 2014 in three districts in southern Malawi. Demographic and socioeconomic data were collected in conjunction with data on clinical histories, use of malaria preventive measures, and anti-malarial medication taken within 2 weeks of the survey. Axillary temperatures were measured, and blood samples were collected for P. falciparum detection by microscopy and PCR. Participants without malaria parasites detected on microscopy but with a positive PCR for P. falciparum were defined as having submicroscopic infection. Fever was defined as having any one of: reported fever in the past 2 weeks, reported fever in the past 48 h, or a temperature of ≥ 37.5 °C measured at the time of interview. Results Submicroscopic P. falciparum infections and fever were both detected in 9% of the study population. In the final analysis adjusted for clustering within household and enumeration area, having submicroscopic P. falciparum infection was associated with reduced odds of fever in the dry season (odds ratio = 0.52; 95% CI 0.33–0.82); the association in the rainy season did not achieve statistical significance (odds ratio = 1.20; 95% CI 0.91–1.59). The association between submicroscopic infection and fever was consistent across all age groups. When the definition of fever was limited to temperature of ≥ 37.5 °C measured at the time of interview, the association was not statistically significant in either the rainy or dry season. Conclusions In this series of cross-sectional studies in southern Malawi, submicroscopic P. falciparum infection was not associated with increased risk of fever. Submicroscopic detection of the malaria parasite is important in efforts to decrease transmission but is not essential for the clinical recognition of malaria disease.
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Severity and mortality of severe Plasmodium ovale infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235014. [PMID: 32559238 PMCID: PMC7304606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium ovale can infect humans, causing malaria disease. We aimed to investigate the severity and mortality of severe P. ovale infection to increase the awareness of physicians regarding the prognosis of this severe disease and outcome-related deaths in countries in which this disease is endemic. Articles that were published in the PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases prior to January 5, 2020 and reported the prevalence of severe P. ovale infection were systematically searched and reviewed. Studies that mainly reported severe P. ovale infection according to the 2014 WHO criteria for the treatment of malaria were included. Two reviewers selected, identified, assessed, and extracted data from studies independently. The pooled prevalence of severe P. ovale mono-infections was estimated using the command “metaprop case population, random/fixed”, which yielded the pooled estimate, 95% confidence interval (CI) and the I2 value, indicating the level of heterogeneity. Meta-analyses of the proportions were performed using a random-effects model to explore the different proportions of severity between patients with P. ovale and those with other Plasmodium species infections. Among the eight studies that were included and had a total of 1,365 ovale malaria cases, the pooled prevalence of severe P. ovale was 0.03 (95% CI = 0.03–0.05%, I2 = 54.4%). Jaundice (1.1%), severe anemia (0.88%), and pulmonary impairments (0.59%) were the most common severe complications found in patients infected with P. ovale. The meta-analysis demonstrated that a smaller proportion of patients with P. ovale than of patients with P. falciparum had severe infections (P-value = 0.01, OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.16–0.81, I2 = 72%). The mortality rate of severe P. ovale infections was 0.15% (2/1,365 cases). Although severe complications of P. ovale infections in patients are rare, it is very important to increase the awareness of physicians regarding the prognosis of severe P. ovale infections in patients, especially in a high-risk population.
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Palmer T, Aiyenigba AO, Bates I, Okyere DD, Tagbor H, Ampofo GD. Improving the effectiveness of point of care tests for malaria and anaemia: a qualitative study across three Ghanaian antenatal clinics. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20:444. [PMID: 32429903 PMCID: PMC7238731 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-05274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anaemia and malaria are both major contributors to maternal and child mortality, and morbidity, with some of the worst outcomes occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. Point of care tests (POCT), if used appropriately, provide a simple, inexpensive form of diagnostic testing, as a reliable alternative when laboratory tests are not readily available. In such resource limited settings, clinical staff tend to rely on symptom-based diagnosis and presumptive treatment. This study uses qualitative methods to identify the current practice of POCT use for malaria and anaemia, to explore the enablers and barriers to effective implementation of these POCT, and to determine how relationships between each of the stakeholder groups may impact on POCT use. Methods Staff (clinical and laboratory) and patients (pregnant women) at three antenatal care facilities within the Ashanti Region of Ghana participated in interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs). An initial coding framework was developed based on the pre-defined objectives of the study. Thematic analysis was used to identify subthemes and categories within each of the key themes. Results At the time data were collected all three facilities used malaria POCT either as an adjunct to microscopy, or as their only form of malaria testing. Although all three facilities were familiar with haemoglobin colour scale (HCS), none of the facilities used them routinely. Clinical staff perceived symptom-based diagnosis was a quick way to diagnosis because access to POCT during consultations was unreliable, but recognized disadvantages associated with symptom-based diagnosis. Perceived advantages of malaria and anaemia POCT were user-friendliness, improved diagnosis and opportunity for patient engagement, as well as lower cost implication for patients. Perceived disadvantages included likelihood of missed diagnosis of mild anaemia, as well as likelihood of human error leading to in accurate diagnosis which could impact on patient trust. Poor communication and lack of trust between staff groups was also identified as a barrier to effective uptake of POCT. Conclusions Consistent supply of POCT as well as staff training and staff and patient engagement, are fundamental to successful uptake of POCT for effective malaria and anaemia management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanith Palmer
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembrooke Place, Liverpool, L3 5AQ, UK.
| | - Abiola O Aiyenigba
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembrooke Place, Liverpool, L3 5AQ, UK
| | - Imelda Bates
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembrooke Place, Liverpool, L3 5AQ, UK
| | - Doris Dokua Okyere
- School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Harry Tagbor
- School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Gifty Dufie Ampofo
- School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
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Azizi H, Davtalab-Esmaeili E, Farahbakhsh M, Zeinolabedini M, Mirzaei Y, Mirzapour M. Malaria situation in a clear area of Iran: an approach for the better understanding of the health service providers' readiness and challenges for malaria elimination in clear areas. Malar J 2020; 19:114. [PMID: 32188469 PMCID: PMC7079540 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria mortality and morbidity have decreased in recent years. Malaria elimination (ME) and effective efforts to achieve ME is one of the most important priorities for health systems in countries in the elimination phase. In very low transmission areas, the ME programme is faced with serious challenges. This study aimed to assess the trend while getting a better understanding of Health Service Providers’ (HSPs) readiness and challenges for ME in a clear area of Iran. Methods This study was performed in two phases. At first, the malaria trend in East Azerbaijan Province, was surveyed from 2001 to 2018; afterward, it was compared with the national situation for a better understanding of the second phase of the study. Data were collected from the Ministry of Health’s protocol and the health centre of the province. In the second phase, malaria control programme experts, health system researchers, and health managers’ opinions were collected via in-depth interviews. They were asked regarding HSPs readiness and appropriate Malaria Case Management (MCM) in a clear area and possible challenges. Results A total of 135 and 154,560 cases were reported in the last 18 years in East Azerbaijan Province and Iran, respectively. The incidence rate decreased in East Azerbaijan Province from 0.4/10,000 in 2001 to zero in 2018. Furthermore, no indigenous transmission was reported for 14 years. Also, for the first time, there was no indigenous transmission in Iran in 2018. The main elicited themes of HSPs readiness through in-depth interviews were: appropriate MCM, holistic and role-playing studies for assessment of HSPs performance, system mobilization, improving identification and diagnosis of suspected cases in the first line. Similarly, the main possible challenges were found to be decreasing health system sensitivity, malaria re-introduction, and withdrawing febrile suspected cases from the surveillance chain. Conclusion Health systems in eliminating phase should be aware that the absence of malaria cases reported does not necessarily mean that malaria is eliminated; in order to obtain valid data and to determine whether it is eliminated, holistic and role-playing studies are required. Increasing system sensitivity and mobilization are deemed important to achieve ME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Azizi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Elham Davtalab-Esmaeili
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Farahbakhsh
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Zeinolabedini
- Basic Sciences Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yagoub Mirzaei
- Province Heath Center for Disease Control, Department of Communicable Diseases, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mirzapour
- Health Network Manager, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Cheaveau J, Mogollon DC, Mohon MAN, Golassa L, Yewhalaw D, Pillai DR. Asymptomatic malaria in the clinical and public health context. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:997-1010. [PMID: 31718324 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1693259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Historically, the global community has focused on the control of symptomatic malaria. However, interest in asymptomatic malaria has been growing, particularly in the context of malaria elimination.Areas covered: We undertook a comprehensive PubMed literature review on asymptomatic malaria as it relates to detection and elimination with emphasis between 2014 and 2019. Diagnostic tools with a low limit of detection (LOD) have allowed us to develop a more detailed understanding of asymptomatic malaria and its impact. These highly sensitive diagnostics have demonstrated that the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria is greater than previously thought. In addition, it is now possible to detect the malaria reservoir in the community, something that was previously not feasible. Asymptomatic malaria has previously not been treated, but research has begun to examine whether treating individuals with asymptomatic malaria may lead to health benefits. Finally, we have begun to understand the importance of asymptomatic malaria in ongoing transmission.Expert opinion: Therefore, with malaria elimination back on the agenda, asymptomatic malaria can no longer be ignored, especially in light of new ultra-sensitive diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Cheaveau
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Canada, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel Castaneda Mogollon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Canada, AB, Canada
| | - Md Abu Naser Mohon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Canada, AB, Canada
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Dylan R Pillai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Canada, AB, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Bwire GM, Ngasala B, Kilonzi M, Mikomangwa WP, Felician FF, Kamuhabwa AAR. Diagnostic performance of CareStart™ malaria HRP2/pLDH test in comparison with standard microscopy for detection of uncomplicated malaria infection among symptomatic patients, Eastern Coast of Tanzania. Malar J 2019; 18:354. [PMID: 31690321 PMCID: PMC6833145 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CareStart™ malaria HRP2/pLDH (Pf/pan) combo test is one of the several rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) approved for diagnosis of malaria at the point of care in Tanzania. However, there are limited studies on the diagnostic performance of RDT after wide scale use in primary health care facilities in Tanzania. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the diagnostic performance of RDT when compared with blood smear (BS) microscopy as a reference standard. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and August 2019 at Kibiti Health Centre, Pwani region, Tanzania. Blood samples for malaria tests were collected from patients with malaria symptoms. Diagnostic performance parameters of RDT, i.e. sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+/−), diagnostic accuracy and predictive values were determined using contingency table. An agreement between RDT and microscopy was statistically determined by Cohen’s kappa test. Results Of 980 patients screened, 567 (57.9%) were found to be malaria positive by RDT, whereas 510 patients (52%) were positive by microscopy. Of the 510 microscopy-positive patients, 487 (95.5%) were infected with Plasmodium falciparum. The geometric mean parasite density was 2921parasites/µl, whereas majority (68.6%) of patients had parasite density greater than 10,000/µl. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of CareStart™ were 99.8%, 87.6%, 89.8%, and 99.8%, respectively. The LR+ and LR− were 8.0 and 0.002, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy was 0.5. There was a strong agreement between the results obtained using CareStart™ and BS microscopy (kappa = 0.863, P < 0.0001). Conclusion CareStart™ malaria HRP2/pLDH (Pf/pan) had high sensitivity and strong agreement with microscopy results. However, moderate specificity of RDT resulted in a substantial number of patients with false positive malaria test. Wherever available, microscopy should be used to confirm RDT test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Bwire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Billy Ngasala
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Manase Kilonzi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Wigilya P Mikomangwa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Fatuma F Felician
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Appolinary A R Kamuhabwa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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46
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Mohon AN, Getie S, Jahan N, Alam MS, Pillai DR. Ultrasensitive loop mediated isothermal amplification (US-LAMP) to detect malaria for elimination. Malar J 2019; 18:350. [PMID: 31619258 PMCID: PMC6796404 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2979-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria elimination requires diagnostic methods able to detect parasite levels well below what is currently possible with microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests. This is particularly true in surveillance of malaria at the population level that includes so-called “asymptomatic” individuals. Methods The development of the first ultrasensitive loop mediated amplification method capable of detecting malaria from both whole blood and dried blood spots (DBS) is described. The 18S rRNA and corresponding genes that remain stable on DBS for up to 5 months are targeted. Results In the case of Plasmodium falciparum, lower limits of detection of 25 parasite/mL and 50–100 parasite/mL from whole blood and DBS were obtained, respectively. A sensitivity of 97.0% (95% CI 82.5–99.8) and specificity of 99.1% (95% CI 97.6–99.7) was obtained for the detection of all species in asymptomatic individuals from Africa and Asia (n = 494). Conclusion This tool is ideally suited for low middle-income countries where malaria is endemic and ultrasensitive surveillance of malaria is highly desirable for elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Naser Mohon
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 9-3535 Research Road NW, 1 W-416, Calgary, AB, T2L2K8, Canada
| | - Sisay Getie
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Nusrat Jahan
- Emerging Infections and Parasitology Laboratory, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- Emerging Infections and Parasitology Laboratory, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Dylan R Pillai
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 9-3535 Research Road NW, 1 W-416, Calgary, AB, T2L2K8, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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47
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Mweu MM, Wambua J, Njuga F, Bejon P, Mwanga D. Bayesian evaluation of the performance of three diagnostic tests for Plasmodium falciparum infection in a low-transmission setting in Kilifi County, Kenya. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:67. [PMID: 31595228 PMCID: PMC6777009 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15204.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Central to the successful elimination of Plasmodium falciparum malaria, are tests with superior capability of diagnosing low-density parasitaemias. Empirical evidence on the performance of the commonly available diagnostics (light microscopy (LM), rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)) is needed to better inform case management and surveillance activities within primary health care settings where elimination of falciparum malaria is targeted. The objective of this study was to estimate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) and predictive values of LM, RDT and PCR tests for P. falciparum infection in children, while evaluating the effect of specific covariates on the accuracy of the tests. Methods: The study enrolled 1,563 children presenting with fever (axillary temperature ≥ 37.5 0C) to the Ngerenya dispensary, Kilifi County between March and December 2014. A Bayesian latent class model (BLCM) was fitted to the participants' diagnostic data obtained from blood samples that were screened for the presence of P. falciparum using the three tests. Results: The PCR assay registered a higher Se (97.6% [92.0; 99.7]) than LM (84.0% [74.8; 91.0]) but similar to RDT (92.2% [84.4; 97.0]). However, the assay showed a similar Sp (98.9% [98.2; 99.4]) to both RDT (99.4% [98.9; 99.7]) and LM (99.5% [99.0; 99.8]). Regarding predictive values, the tests yielded statistically similar estimates of positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV). A serial interpretation of the results of RDT and LM raised the PPVs and NPVs to >98%. Conclusions: LM and RDT afford high Se and Sp in symptomatic care-seeking children in this low P. falciparum prevalence setting. A serial combination of the tests assures high PPV and NPV estimates. These elements, coupled with the wide deployment and affordability of the tests, lend the tests useful for guiding clinical care and surveillance activities for P. falciparum within elimination settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshal M. Mweu
- School of Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Fixtan Njuga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Mwanga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
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48
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Reuken PA, Baier M, Hagel S, Eisermann P, Stallmach A, Rödel J. Diagnosis of malaria in a traveler 9 months after returning from West Africa by illumigene® LAMP assay: A case report. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2019; 66:301-306. [PMID: 31137943 DOI: 10.1556/030.66.2019.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a rapid molecular technique that has been introduced into malaria diagnosis. The test is easy to perform and offers high sensitivity. We report a 53-year-old male patient who was hospitalized with fever attacks, chills, and headache caused 9 months after returning from Africa. During his stay in Africa, he used malaria chemoprophylaxis. Microscopy of thin and thick blood films and rapid diagnostic antigen testing remained negative for three times. The EDTA blood samples were tested using the Meridian illumigene® malaria LAMP assay that gave a positive result for Plasmodium spp. Diagnosis of malaria was subsequently specified as P. ovale infection by real-time PCR. Ovale malaria often manifests with delay and low parasitemia. The patient was treated with atovaquone-proguanil, followed by primaquine for prophylaxis of relapse. This case illustrates the usefulness of the illumigene® malaria LAMP assay for initial screening of malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A. Reuken
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Baier
- 2 Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Hagel
- 3 Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Philip Eisermann
- 4 National Reference Center for Tropical Pathogens, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rödel
- 2 Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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49
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Mweu MM, Wambua J, Njuga F, Bejon P, Mwanga D. Bayesian evaluation of the performance of three diagnostic tests for Plasmodium falciparum infection in a low-transmission setting in Kilifi County, Kenya. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:67. [PMID: 31595228 PMCID: PMC6777009 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15204.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Central to the successful elimination of Plasmodium falciparum malaria, are tests with superior capability of diagnosing low-density parasitaemias. Empirical evidence on the performance of the commonly available diagnostics (light microscopy (LM), rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)) is needed to better inform case management and surveillance activities within primary health care settings where elimination of falciparum malaria is targeted. The objective of this study was to estimate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) and predictive values of LM, RDT and PCR tests for P. falciparum infection in children, while evaluating the effect of specific covariates on the accuracy of the tests. Methods: The study enrolled 1,563 children presenting with fever (axillary temperature ≥ 37.50C) to the Ngerenya dispensary, Kilifi County between March and December 2014. A Bayesian latent class model (BLCM) was fitted to the participants' diagnostic data obtained from blood samples that were screened for the presence of P. falciparum using the three tests. Results: The PCR assay registered a higher Se (97.6% [92.0; 99.7]) than LM (84.0% [74.8; 91.0]) but similar to RDT (92.2% [84.4; 97.0]). However, the assay showed a similar Sp (98.9% [98.2; 99.4]) to both RDT (99.4% [98.9; 99.7]) and LM (99.5% [99.0; 99.8]). Regarding predictive values, the tests yielded statistically similar estimates of positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV). A serial interpretation of the results of RDT and LM raised the PPVs and NPVs to >98%. Conclusions: LM and RDT afford high Se and Sp in a low P. falciparum prevalence setting. A serial combination of the tests assures high PPV and NPV estimates. These elements, coupled with the wide deployment and affordability of the tests, lend the tests useful for guiding clinical care and surveillance activities for P. falciparum within elimination settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshal M. Mweu
- School of Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Fixtan Njuga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Mwanga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
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50
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Post A, Kaboré B, Reuling IJ, Bognini J, van der Heijden W, Diallo S, Lompo P, Kam B, Herssens N, Lanke K, Bousema T, Sauerwein RW, Tinto H, Jacobs J, de Mast Q, van der Ven AJ. The XN-30 hematology analyzer for rapid sensitive detection of malaria: a diagnostic accuracy study. BMC Med 2019; 17:103. [PMID: 31146732 PMCID: PMC6543632 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate and timely diagnosis of malaria is essential for disease management and surveillance. Thin and thick blood smear microscopy and malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are standard malaria diagnostics, but both methods have limitations. The novel automated hematology analyzer XN-30 provides standard complete blood counts (CBC) as well as quantification of malaria parasitemia at the price of a CBC. This study assessed the accuracy of XN-30 for malaria detection in a controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) study and a phase 3 diagnostic accuracy study in Burkina Faso. METHODS Sixteen healthy, malaria-naive CHMI participants were challenged with five Plasmodium falciparum-infected mosquitoes. Blood was sampled daily for XN-30, blood smear microscopy, and malaria qPCR. The accuracy study included patients aged > 3 months presenting with acute febrile illness. XN-30, microscopy, and rapid diagnostic tests (HRP-2/pLDH) were performed on site; qPCR was done in retrospect. The malaria reference standard was microscopy, and results were corrected for sub-microscopic cases. RESULTS All CHMI participants became parasitemic by qPCR and XN-30 with a strong correlation for parasite density (R2 = 0.91; p < .0001). The XN-30 accurately monitored treatment and allowed detection of recrudescence. Out of 908 patients in the accuracy study, 241 had microscopic malaria (density 24-491,802 parasites/μL). The sensitivity and specificity of XN-30 compared to microscopy were 98.7% and 99.4% (PPV = 98.7%, NPV = 99.4%). Results were corrected for qPCR-confirmed sub-microscopic cases. Three microscopy-confirmed cases were not detected by XN-30. However, XN-30 detected 19/134 (14.2%) qPCR-confirmed cases missed by microscopy. Among qPCR-confirmed cases, XN-30 had a higher sensitivity (70.9% versus 66.4%; p = .0009) and similar specificity (99.6% versus 100%; p = .5) as microscopy. The accuracy of XN-30 for microscopic malaria was equal to or higher than HRP-2 and pLDH RDTs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The XN-30 is a novel, automated hematology analyzer that combines standard hemocytometry with rapid, objective, and robust malaria detection and quantification, ensuring prompt treatment of malaria and malaria anemia and follow-up of treatment response. TRIAL REGISTRATION Both trials were registered on clinicaltrials.gov with respective identifiers NCT02836002 (CHMI trial) and NCT02669823 (diagnostic accuracy study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Post
- Nijmegen Institute of International Health, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Berenger Kaboré
- Nijmegen Institute of International Health, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,IRSS/Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Isaie J Reuling
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joel Bognini
- IRSS/Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Wouter van der Heijden
- Nijmegen Institute of International Health, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Salou Diallo
- IRSS/Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Basile Kam
- IRSS/Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Natacha Herssens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kjerstin Lanke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert W Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Halidou Tinto
- IRSS/Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso.,Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé, Université Nazi Boni de Bobo-Dioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Quirijn de Mast
- Nijmegen Institute of International Health, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Andre J van der Ven
- Nijmegen Institute of International Health, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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