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Li S, Zhao Y, Wu P, Grierson D, Gao L. Ripening and rot: How ripening processes influence disease susceptibility in fleshy fruits. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39016673 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Fleshy fruits become more susceptible to pathogen infection when they ripen; for example, changes in cell wall properties related to softening make it easier for pathogens to infect fruits. The need for high-quality fruit has driven extensive research on improving pathogen resistance in important fruit crops such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). In this review, we summarize current progress in understanding how changes in fruit properties during ripening affect infection by pathogens. These changes affect physical barriers that limit pathogen entry, such as the fruit epidermis and its cuticle, along with other defenses that limit pathogen growth, such as preformed and induced defense compounds. The plant immune system also protects ripening fruit by recognizing pathogens and initiating defense responses involving reactive oxygen species production, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades, and jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene, and abscisic acid signaling. These phytohormones regulate an intricate web of transcription factors (TFs) that activate resistance mechanisms, including the expression of pathogenesis-related genes. In tomato, ripening regulators, such as RIPENING INHIBITOR and NON_RIPENING, not only regulate ripening but also influence fruit defenses against pathogens. Moreover, members of the ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) family play pivotal and distinct roles in ripening and defense, with different members being regulated by different phytohormones. We also discuss the interaction of ripening-related and defense-related TFs with the Mediator transcription complex. As the ripening processes in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits share many similarities, these processes have broad applications across fruiting crops. Further research on the individual contributions of ERFs and other TFs will inform efforts to diminish disease susceptibility in ripe fruit, satisfy the growing demand for high-quality fruit and decrease food waste and related economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Lei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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2
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Dilla-Ermita CJ, Goldman P, Anchieta A, Feldmann MJ, Pincot DDA, Famula RA, Vachev M, Cole GS, Knapp SJ, Klosterman SJ, Henry PM. Secreted in Xylem 6 ( SIX6) Mediates Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae Race 1 Avirulence on FW1-Resistant Strawberry Cultivars. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:530-541. [PMID: 38552146 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-24-0012-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae (Fof) race 1 is avirulent on cultivars with the dominant resistance gene FW1, while Fof race 2 is virulent on FW1-resistant cultivars. We hypothesized there was a gene-for-gene interaction between a gene at the FW1 locus and an avirulence gene (AvrFW1) in Fof race 1. To identify a candidate AvrFW1, we compared genomes of 24 Fof race 1 and three Fof race 2 isolates. We found one candidate gene that was present in race 1, was absent in race 2, was highly expressed in planta, and was homologous to a known effector, secreted in xylem 6 (SIX6). We knocked out SIX6 in two Fof race 1 isolates by homologous recombination. All SIX6 knockout transformants (ΔSIX6) gained virulence on FW1/fw1 cultivars, whereas ectopic transformants and the wildtype isolates remained avirulent. ΔSIX6 isolates were quantitatively less virulent on FW1/fw1 cultivars Fronteras and San Andreas than fw1/fw1 cultivars. Seedlings from an FW1/fw1 × fw1/fw1 population were genotyped for FW1 and tested for susceptibility to a SIX6 knockout isolate. Results suggested that additional minor-effect quantitative resistance genes could be present at the FW1 locus. This work demonstrates that SIX6 acts as an avirulence factor interacting with a resistance gene at the FW1 locus. The identification of AvrFW1 enables surveillance for Fof race 2 and provides insight into the mechanisms of FW1-mediated resistance. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Jade Dilla-Ermita
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research, USDA-ARS, 1636 E. Alisal St., Salinas, CA 93905
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616
| | - Polly Goldman
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research, USDA-ARS, 1636 E. Alisal St., Salinas, CA 93905
| | - Amy Anchieta
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research, USDA-ARS, 1636 E. Alisal St., Salinas, CA 93905
| | - Mitchell J Feldmann
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616
| | - Dominique D A Pincot
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616
| | - Randi A Famula
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616
| | - Mishi Vachev
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616
| | - Glenn S Cole
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616
| | - Steven J Knapp
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research, USDA-ARS, 1636 E. Alisal St., Salinas, CA 93905
| | - Peter M Henry
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research, USDA-ARS, 1636 E. Alisal St., Salinas, CA 93905
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3
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Dodds PN, Chen J, Outram MA. Pathogen perception and signaling in plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1465-1481. [PMID: 38262477 PMCID: PMC11062475 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Plant diseases are a constant and serious threat to agriculture and ecological biodiversity. Plants possess a sophisticated innate immunity system capable of detecting and responding to pathogen infection to prevent disease. Our understanding of this system has grown enormously over the past century. Early genetic descriptions of plant disease resistance and pathogen virulence were embodied in the gene-for-gene hypothesis, while physiological studies identified pathogen-derived elicitors that could trigger defense responses in plant cells and tissues. Molecular studies of these phenomena have now coalesced into an integrated model of plant immunity involving cell surface and intracellular detection of specific pathogen-derived molecules and proteins culminating in the induction of various cellular responses. Extracellular and intracellular receptors engage distinct signaling processes but converge on many similar outputs with substantial evidence now for integration of these pathways into interdependent networks controlling disease outcomes. Many of the molecular details of pathogen recognition and signaling processes are now known, providing opportunities for bioengineering to enhance plant protection from disease. Here we provide an overview of the current understanding of the main principles of plant immunity, with an emphasis on the key scientific milestones leading to these insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jian Chen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Megan A Outram
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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4
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Šimkovicová M, Kramer G, Rep M, Takken FLW. Tomato R-gene-mediated resistance against Fusarium wilt originates in roots and extends to shoots via xylem to limit pathogen colonization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1384431. [PMID: 38751834 PMCID: PMC11094230 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1384431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Vascular wilt disease, caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo), poses a threat to many crop species. Four different tomato resistance (R) genes (I-1, I-2, I-3, and I-7) have been identified to confer protection against Fo f.sp. lycopersici (Fol). These I genes are root-expressed and mount an immune response upon perception of the invading fungus. Despite immune activation, Fol is still able to colonize the xylem vessels of resistant tomato lines. Yet, the fungus remains localized in the vessels and does not colonize adjacent tissues or cause disease. The molecular mechanism constraining Fol in the vascular system of the stem remains unclear. We here demonstrate that an I-2-resistant rootstock protects a susceptible scion from Fusarium wilt, notwithstanding fungal colonization of the susceptible scion. Proteomic analyses revealed the presence of fungal effectors in the xylem sap of infected plants, showing that the lack of fungal pathogenicity is not due to its inability to express its virulence genes. To identify mobile root-derived proteins, potentially involved in controlling fungal proliferation, comparative xylem sap proteomics was performed. We identified distinct pathogenesis-related (PR) protein profiles in xylem sap from Fol-inoculated I-1, I-2, I-3, and I-7 resistant lines. Despite structural diversity, all four immune receptors trigger the accumulation of a common set of four PR proteins: PR-5x, PR-P2, and two glucan endo-1,3-β-D-glucosidases. This research provides insights into Fusarium resistance mechanisms and identifies a core set of proteins whose abundance correlates with defense against Fusarium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Šimkovicová
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Kramer
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank L. W. Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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5
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Singh D, Mathur S, Ranjan R. Pattern recognition receptors as potential therapeutic targets for developing immunological engineered plants. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 140:525-555. [PMID: 38762279 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to combat pathogen infestations in crop plants to ensure food security worldwide. To counter this, plants have developed innate immunity mediated by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage- associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). PRRs activate Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI), a defence mechanism involving intricate cell-surface and intracellular receptors. The diverse ligand-binding ectodomains of PRRs, including leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and lectin domains, facilitate the recognition of MAMPs and DAMPs. Pathogen resistance is mediated by a variety of PTI responses, including membrane depolarization, ROS production, and the induction of defence genes. An integral part of intracellular immunity is the Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain, Leucine-rich Repeat proteins (NLRs) which recognize and respond to effectors in a potent manner. Enhanced understanding of PRRs, their ligands, and downstream signalling pathways has contributed to the identification of potential targets for genetically modified plants. By transferring PRRs across plant species, it is possible to create broad-spectrum resistance, potentially offering innovative solutions for plant protection and global food security. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an update on PRRs involved in disease resistance, clarify the mechanisms by which PRRs recognize ligands to form active receptor complexes and present various applications of PRRs and PTI in disease resistance management for plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Singh
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra-282005, India
| | - Shivangi Mathur
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra-282005, India
| | - Rajiv Ranjan
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra-282005, India.
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Buttar ZA, Cheng M, Wei P, Zhang Z, Lv C, Zhu C, Ali NF, Kang G, Wang D, Zhang K. Update on the Basic Understanding of Fusarium graminearum Virulence Factors in Common Wheat Research. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1159. [PMID: 38674569 PMCID: PMC11053692 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Wheat is one of the most important food crops, both in China and worldwide. Wheat production is facing extreme stresses posed by different diseases, including Fusarium head blight (FHB), which has recently become an increasingly serious concerns. FHB is one of the most significant and destructive diseases affecting wheat crops all over the world. Recent advancements in genomic tools provide a new avenue for the study of virulence factors in relation to the host plants. The current review focuses on recent progress in the study of different strains of Fusarium infection. The presence of genome-wide repeat-induced point (RIP) mutations causes genomic mutations, eventually leading to host plant susceptibility against Fusarium invasion. Furthermore, effector proteins disrupt the host plant resistance mechanism. In this study, we proposed systematic modification of the host genome using modern biological tools to facilitate plant resistance against foreign invasion. We also suggested a number of scientific strategies, such as gene cloning, developing more powerful functional markers, and using haplotype marker-assisted selection, to further improve FHB resistance and associated breeding methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Ali Buttar
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Mengquan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Panqin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chunlei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chenjia Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Nida Fatima Ali
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Guozhang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Kunpu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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7
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Islam T, Haque MA, Barai HR, Istiaq A, Kim JJ. Antibiotic Resistance in Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Recent Data and Environmental Impact of Unchecked Use and the Potential of Biocontrol Agents as an Eco-Friendly Alternative. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1135. [PMID: 38674544 PMCID: PMC11054394 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The economic impact of phytopathogenic bacteria on agriculture is staggering, costing billions of US dollars globally. Pseudomonas syringae is the top most phytopathogenic bacteria, having more than 60 pathovars, which cause bacteria speck in tomatoes, halo blight in beans, and so on. Although antibiotics or a combination of antibiotics are used to manage infectious diseases in plants, they are employed far less in agriculture compared to human and animal populations. Moreover, the majority of antibiotics used in plants are immediately washed away, leading to environmental damage to ecosystems and food chains. Due to the serious risk of antibiotic resistance (AR) and the potential for environmental contamination with antibiotic residues and resistance genes, the use of unchecked antibiotics against phytopathogenic bacteria is not advisable. Despite the significant concern regarding AR in the world today, there are inadequate and outdated data on the AR of phytopathogenic bacteria. This review presents recent AR data on plant pathogenic bacteria (PPB), along with their environmental impact. In light of these findings, we suggest the use of biocontrol agents as a sustainable, eco-friendly, and effective alternative to controlling phytopathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarequl Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh;
| | - Md Azizul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hasi Rani Barai
- School of Mechanical and IT Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea;
| | - Arif Istiaq
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA
| | - Jong-Joo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea;
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8
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Rathore AS, Gupta KK, Chandrasekaran J, Chandran SA. In silico identification of a promising inhibitor of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici, Secreted in Xylem 1 protein. Mol Divers 2024; 28:711-725. [PMID: 36735168 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici (FOL) is a soilborne pathogen that infects tomato plants and inflicts severe damage, resulting in heavy yield losses worldwide, causing Fusarium wilt disease. FOL encodes several pathogenicity factors necessary for colonizing and invading the host plants. Secreted in Xylem (SIX), a pathogenicity factor, is a small cysteine-rich fungal protein found in the xylem sap of FOL-infected tomato plants, which plays a major role in determining host specificity and in contributing to pathogenicity/virulence. However, the structure of SIX1 has not been modeled yet. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the structure of SIX1 by comparative modeling using Robetta server. The best possible structures obtained were then refined, validated, and utilized for subsequent analysis. An antifungal library comprising 16,824 compounds was screened to determine small molecules that can interact with SIX1. Five antifungal compounds were identified from the library. Further analyses revealed that, of the five ligands, 4-[(2-(3-methoxyphenoxy)acetyl)amino] benzamide exhibited the capacity to stably interact with SIX1. This shows that 4-[[2-(3-methoxyphenoxy)acetyl]amino] benzamide can be used as a potential candidate in the prevention of FOL infection. In summary, small-molecule inhibitors such as 4-[[2-(3-methoxyphenoxy)acetyl]amino] benzamide could be highly effective in combating FOL infection, along with biocontrol methods and strategies that use transgenic plants overexpressing resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuranjan Singh Rathore
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishna Kant Gupta
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sam Aldrin Chandran
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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9
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Hu D, Lin D, Yi S, Gao S, Lei T, Li W, Xu T. Comparative stigmatic transcriptomics reveals self and cross pollination responses to heteromorphic incompatibility in Plumbago auriculata Lam. Front Genet 2024; 15:1372644. [PMID: 38510275 PMCID: PMC10953596 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1372644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
"Heteromorphic self-incompatibility" (HetSI) in plants is a mechanism of defense to avoid self-pollination and promote outcrossing. However, the molecular mechanism underlying HetSI remains largely unknown. In this study, RNA-seq was conducted to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying self-compatible (SC, "T × P" and "P × T") and self-incompatible (SI, "T × T" and "P × P") pollination in the two types of flowers of Plumbago auriculata Lam. which is a representative HetSI plant. By comparing "T × P" vs. "T × T", 3773 (1407 upregulated and 2366 downregulated) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, 1261 DEGs between "P × T" and "P × P" (502 upregulated and 759 downregulated). The processes in which these DEGs were significantly enriched were "MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases-plant) signaling pathway", "plant-pathogen interaction","plant hormone signal transduction", and "pentose and glucuronate interconversion" pathways. Surprisingly, we discovered that under various pollination conditions, multiple notable genes that may be involved in HetSI exhibited distinct regulation. We can infer that the HetSI strategy might be unique in P. auriculata. It was similar to "sporophytic self-incompatibility" (SSI) but the HetSI mechanisms in pin and thrum flowers are diverse. In this study, new hypotheses and inferences were proposed, which can provide a reference for crop production and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Hu
- College of Fine Art and Calligraphy, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Lin
- Sichuan Certification and Accreditation Association, Chengdu, China
| | - Shouli Yi
- College of Fine Art and Calligraphy, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Suping Gao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Lei
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenji Li
- School of Design, Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingdan Xu
- College of Fine Art and Calligraphy, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Yu DS, Outram MA, Smith A, McCombe CL, Khambalkar PB, Rima SA, Sun X, Ma L, Ericsson DJ, Jones DA, Williams SJ. The structural repertoire of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici effectors revealed by experimental and computational studies. eLife 2024; 12:RP89280. [PMID: 38411527 PMCID: PMC10942635 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens secrete proteins, known as effectors, that function in the apoplast or inside plant cells to promote virulence. Effector recognition by cell-surface or cytosolic receptors results in the activation of defence pathways and plant immunity. Despite their importance, our general understanding of fungal effector function and recognition by immunity receptors remains poor. One complication often associated with effectors is their high sequence diversity and lack of identifiable sequence motifs precluding prediction of structure or function. In recent years, several studies have demonstrated that fungal effectors can be grouped into structural classes, despite significant sequence variation and existence across taxonomic groups. Using protein X-ray crystallography, we identify a new structural class of effectors hidden within the secreted in xylem (SIX) effectors from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol). The recognised effectors Avr1 (SIX4) and Avr3 (SIX1) represent the founding members of the Fol dual-domain (FOLD) effector class, with members containing two distinct domains. Using AlphaFold2, we predicted the full SIX effector repertoire of Fol and show that SIX6 and SIX13 are also FOLD effectors, which we validated experimentally for SIX6. Based on structural prediction and comparisons, we show that FOLD effectors are present within three divisions of fungi and are expanded in pathogens and symbionts. Further structural comparisons demonstrate that Fol secretes effectors that adopt a limited number of structural folds during infection of tomato. This analysis also revealed a structural relationship between transcriptionally co-regulated effector pairs. We make use of the Avr1 structure to understand its recognition by the I receptor, which leads to disease resistance in tomato. This study represents an important advance in our understanding of Fol-tomato, and by extension plant-fungal interactions, which will assist in the development of novel control and engineering strategies to combat plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Yu
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Megan A Outram
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Ashley Smith
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Carl L McCombe
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Pravin B Khambalkar
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Sharmin A Rima
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Xizhe Sun
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Lisong Ma
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Daniel J Ericsson
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
- The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Australian SynchrotronClaytonAustralia
| | - David A Jones
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Simon J Williams
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
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11
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Cloutier S, Edwards T, Zheng C, Booker HM, Islam T, Nabetani K, Kutcher HR, Molina O, You FM. Fine-mapping of a major locus for Fusarium wilt resistance in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:27. [PMID: 38245903 PMCID: PMC10800302 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Fine-mapping of a locus on chromosome 1 of flax identified an S-lectin receptor-like kinase (SRLK) as the most likely candidate for a major Fusarium wilt resistance gene. Fusarium wilt, caused by the soil-borne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini, is a devastating disease in flax. Genetic resistance can counteract this disease and limit its spread. To map major genes for Fusarium wilt resistance, a recombinant inbred line population of more than 700 individuals derived from a cross between resistant cultivar 'Bison' and susceptible cultivar 'Novelty' was phenotyped in Fusarium wilt nurseries at two sites for two and three years, respectively. The population was genotyped with 4487 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Twenty-four QTLs were identified with IciMapping, 18 quantitative trait nucleotides with 3VmrMLM and 108 linkage disequilibrium blocks with RTM-GWAS. All models identified a major QTL on chromosome 1 that explained 20-48% of the genetic variance for Fusarium wilt resistance. The locus was estimated to span ~ 867 Kb but included a ~ 400 Kb unresolved region. Whole-genome sequencing of 'CDC Bethune', 'Bison' and 'Novelty' produced ~ 450 Kb continuous sequences of the locus. Annotation revealed 110 genes, of which six were considered candidate genes. Fine-mapping with 12 SNPs and 15 Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers narrowed down the interval to ~ 69 Kb, which comprised the candidate genes Lus10025882 and Lus10025891. The latter, a G-type S-lectin receptor-like kinase (SRLK) is the most likely resistance gene because it is the only polymorphic one. In addition, Fusarium wilt resistance genes previously isolated in tomato and Arabidopsis belonged to the SRLK class. The robust KASP markers can be used in marker-assisted breeding to select for this major Fusarium wilt resistance locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cloutier
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - T Edwards
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - C Zheng
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - H M Booker
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
- Department of Plant Agriculture, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - T Islam
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - K Nabetani
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - H R Kutcher
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - O Molina
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - F M You
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada.
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12
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Yang X, Zhao J, Xiong X, Hu Z, Sun J, Su H, Liu Y, Xiang L, Zhu Y, Li J, Bhutto SH, Li G, Zhou S, Li C, Pu M, Wang H, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Huang Y, Fan J, Wang W, Li Y. Broad-spectrum resistance gene RPW8.1 balances immunity and growth via feedback regulation of WRKYs. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:116-130. [PMID: 37752622 PMCID: PMC10754005 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW 8.1 (RPW8.1) is an important tool for engineering broad-spectrum disease resistance against multiple pathogens. Ectopic expression of RPW8.1 leads to enhanced disease resistance with cell death at leaves and compromised plant growth, implying a regulatory mechanism balancing RPW8.1-mediated resistance and growth. Here, we show that RPW8.1 constitutively enhances the expression of transcription factor WRKY51 and activates salicylic acid and ethylene signalling pathways; WRKY51 in turn suppresses RPW8.1 expression, forming a feedback regulation loop. RPW8.1 and WRKY51 are both induced by pathogen infection and pathogen-/microbe-associated molecular patterns. In ectopic expression of RPW8.1 background (R1Y4), overexpression of WRKY51 not only rescues the growth suppression and cell death caused by RPW8.1, but also suppresses RPW8.1-mediated broad-spectrum disease resistance and pattern-triggered immunity. Mechanistically, WRKY51 directly binds to and represses RPW8.1 promoter, thus limiting the expression amplitude of RPW8.1. Moreover, WRKY6, WRKY28 and WRKY41 play a role redundant to WRKY51 in the suppression of RPW8.1 expression and are constitutively upregulated in R1Y4 plants with WRKY51 being knocked out (wrky51 R1Y4) plants. Notably, WRKY51 has no significant effects on disease resistance or plant growth in wild type without RPW8.1, indicating a specific role in RPW8.1-mediated disease resistance. Altogether, our results reveal a regulatory circuit controlling the accumulation of RPW8.1 to an appropriate level to precisely balance growth and disease resistance during pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue‐Mei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jing‐Hao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiao‐Yu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhang‐Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ji‐Fen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Hao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yan‐Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ling Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jin‐Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Sadam Hussain Bhutto
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Guo‐Bang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shi‐Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Mei Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhi‐Xue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ji‐Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yan‐Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Wen‐Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
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13
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Sakane K, Kunimoto M, Furumoto K, Shigyo M, Sasaki K, Ito SI. The SIX5 Protein in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae Acts as an Avirulence Effector toward Shallot ( Allium cepa L. Aggregatum Group). Microorganisms 2023; 11:2861. [PMID: 38138005 PMCID: PMC10745378 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae (Foc) causes basal rot disease in Allium species, including onions (Allium cepa L.) and shallots (A. cepa L. Aggregatum group). Among Allium species, shallots can be crossbred with onions and are relatively more resistant to Foc than onions. Thus, shallots are considered a potential disease-resistant resource for onions. However, the mechanisms underlying the molecular interactions between shallots and Foc remain unclear. This study demonstrated that SIX5, an effector derived from Foc (FocSIX5), acts as an avirulence effector in shallots. We achieved this by generating a FocSIX5 gene knockout mutant in Foc, for which experiments which revealed that it caused more severe wilt symptoms in Foc-resistant shallots than the wild-type Foc and FocSIX5 gene complementation mutants. Moreover, we demonstrated that a single amino acid substitution (R67K) in FocSIX5 was insufficient to overcome shallot resistance to Foc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Sakane
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan;
| | - Masaaki Kunimoto
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; (M.K.); (K.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Kazuki Furumoto
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; (M.K.); (K.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Masayoshi Shigyo
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; (M.K.); (K.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Kazunori Sasaki
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; (M.K.); (K.F.); (M.S.)
- Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources (RCTMR), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Ito
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; (M.K.); (K.F.); (M.S.)
- Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources (RCTMR), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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14
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Oh Y, Ingram T, Shekasteband R, Adhikari T, Louws FJ, Dean RA. Tissues and mechanisms associated with Verticillium wilt resistance in tomato using bi-grafted near-isogenic lines. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4685-4706. [PMID: 37184211 PMCID: PMC10433936 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Host resistance is the primary means to control Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne pathogen causing major losses on a broad range of plants, including tomato. The tissues and mechanisms responsible for resistance remain obscure. In the field, resistant tomato used as rootstocks does not confer resistance. Here, we created bi-grafted plants with near-isogenic lines (NILs) exhibiting (Ve1) or lacking (ve1) resistance to V. dahliae race 1. Ten days after inoculation, scion and rootstock tissues were subjected to differential gene expression and co-expression network analyses. Symptoms only developed in susceptible scions regardless of the rootstock. Infection caused more dramatic alteration of tomato gene expression in susceptible compared with resistant tissues, including pathogen receptor, signaling pathway, pathogenesis-related protein, and cell wall modification genes. Differences were observed between scions and rootstocks, primarily related to physiological processes in these tissues. Gene expression in scions was influenced by the rootstock genotype. A few genes were associated with the Ve1 genotype, which was independent of infection or tissue type. Several were physically clustered, some near the Ve1 locus on chromosome 9. Transcripts mapped to V. dahliae were dominated by secreted candidate effector proteins. These findings advance knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying the tomato-V. dahliae interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonyee Oh
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Thomas Ingram
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Reza Shekasteband
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Tika Adhikari
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Frank J Louws
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ralph A Dean
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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15
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McCombe CL, Catanzariti AM, Greenwood JR, Desai AM, Outram MA, Yu DS, Ericsson DJ, Brenner SE, Dodds PN, Kobe B, Jones DA, Williams SJ. A rust-fungus Nudix hydrolase effector decaps mRNA in vitro and interferes with plant immune pathways. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:222-239. [PMID: 36631975 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To infect plants, pathogenic fungi secrete small proteins called effectors. Here, we describe the catalytic activity and potential virulence function of the Nudix hydrolase effector AvrM14 from the flax rust fungus (Melampsora lini). We completed extensive in vitro assays to characterise the enzymatic activity of the AvrM14 effector. Additionally, we used in planta transient expression of wild-type and catalytically dead AvrM14 versions followed by biochemical assays, phenotypic analysis and RNA sequencing to unravel how the catalytic activity of AvrM14 impacts plant immunity. AvrM14 is an extremely selective enzyme capable of removing the protective 5' cap from mRNA transcripts in vitro. Homodimerisation of AvrM14 promoted biologically relevant mRNA cap cleavage in vitro and this activity was conserved in related effectors from other Melampsora spp. In planta expression of wild-type AvrM14, but not the catalytically dead version, suppressed immune-related reactive oxygen species production, altered the abundance of some circadian-rhythm-associated mRNA transcripts and reduced the hypersensitive cell-death response triggered by the flax disease resistance protein M1. To date, the decapping of host mRNA as a virulence strategy has not been described beyond viruses. Our results indicate that some fungal pathogens produce Nudix hydrolase effectors with in vitro mRNA-decapping activity capable of interfering with plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl L McCombe
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ann-Maree Catanzariti
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Julian R Greenwood
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Anna M Desai
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Megan A Outram
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Daniel S Yu
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Daniel J Ericsson
- Australian Synchrotron, Macromolecular Crystallography, Clayton, Vic., 3168, Australia
| | - Steven E Brenner
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter N Dodds
- Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - David A Jones
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Simon J Williams
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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16
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Vegetable biology and breeding in the genomics era. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:226-250. [PMID: 36508122 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vegetable crops provide a rich source of essential nutrients for humanity and represent critical economic values to global rural societies. However, genetic studies of vegetable crops have lagged behind major food crops, such as rice, wheat and maize, thereby limiting the application of molecular breeding. In the past decades, genome sequencing technologies have been increasingly applied in genetic studies and breeding of vegetables. In this review, we recapitulate recent progress on reference genome construction, population genomics and the exploitation of multi-omics datasets in vegetable crops. These advances have enabled an in-depth understanding of their domestication and evolution, and facilitated the genetic dissection of numerous agronomic traits, which jointly expedites the exploitation of state-of-the-art biotechnologies in vegetable breeding. We further provide perspectives of further directions for vegetable genomics and indicate how the ever-increasing omics data could accelerate genetic, biological studies and breeding in vegetable crops.
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17
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Ma M, Taylor PWJ, Chen D, Vaghefi N, He JZ. Major Soilborne Pathogens of Field Processing Tomatoes and Management Strategies. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020263. [PMID: 36838227 PMCID: PMC9958975 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, tomato is the second most cultivated vegetable crop next to potato, preferentially grown in temperate climates. Processing tomatoes are generally produced in field conditions, in which soilborne pathogens have serious impacts on tomato yield and quality by causing diseases of the tomato root system. Major processing tomato-producing countries have documented soilborne diseases caused by a variety of pathogens including bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and oomycetes, which are of economic importance and may threaten food security. Recent field surveys in the Australian processing tomato industry showed that plant growth and yield were significantly affected by soilborne pathogens, especially Fusarium oxysporum and Pythium species. Globally, different management methods have been used to control diseases such as the use of resistant tomato cultivars, the application of fungicides, and biological control. Among these methods, biocontrol has received increasing attention due to its high efficiency, target-specificity, sustainability and public acceptance. The application of biocontrol is a mix of different strategies, such as applying antagonistic microorganisms to the field, and using the beneficial metabolites synthesized by these microorganisms. This review provides a broad review of the major soilborne fungal/oomycete pathogens of the field processing tomato industry affecting major global producers, the traditional and biological management practices for the control of the pathogens, and the various strategies of the biological control for tomato soilborne diseases. The advantages and disadvantages of the management strategies are discussed, and highlighted is the importance of biological control in managing the diseases in field processing tomatoes under the pressure of global climate change.
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18
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Ijaz S, Haq IU, Razzaq HA. Mutation introduced in DDTFR10/A gene of ethylene response element-binding protein (EREBP) family through CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing confers increased Fusarium wilt tolerance in tomato. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1-10. [PMID: 36733839 PMCID: PMC9886765 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of the DDTFR10/A gene of the ethylene response element-binding protein (EREBP) family through the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing approach. The associated role of this gene in tomato fruit ripening was known. The involvement of ripening-regulatory proteins in plant defense has been documented; therefore, to find the involvement of the DDTFR10/A gene in host susceptibility, we introduced the mutation in DDTFR10/A gene through CRISPR/cas9 in the genome of the tomato plant. The 50% biallelic and 50% homozygous mutations were observed in the T0 generation. The CRISPR/Cas9 edited plants showed 40% reduced symptoms of Fusarium wilt compared to control plants (non-edited). The DDTFR10/A gene expression in tomato plants was evaluated against biotic (Fusarium wilt) and abiotic (salinity) stresses, and the upregulated expression of this gene was found under both challenges. However, a comparative increase in DDTFR10/A gene expression was observed in tomato plants upon inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. The phenotypic assay performed on edited tomato plants demonstrated the role of the DDTFR10/A gene in contributing toward susceptibility against Fusarium wilt. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01273-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddra Ijaz
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, University Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Imran Ul Haq
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, University Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafiza Arooj Razzaq
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, University Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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19
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Srivastava AK, Srivastava R, Yadav J, Singh AK, Tiwari PK, Srivastava AK, Sahu PK, Singh SM, Kashyap PL. Virulence and pathogenicity determinants in whole genome sequence of Fusarium udum causing wilt of pigeon pea. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1066096. [PMID: 36876067 PMCID: PMC9981795 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1066096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study deals with whole genome analysis of Fusarium udum, a wilt causing pathogen of pigeon pea. The de novo assembly identified a total of 16,179 protein-coding genes, of which 11,892 genes (73.50%) were annotated using BlastP and 8,928 genes (55.18%) from KOG annotation. In addition, 5,134 unique InterPro domains were detected in the annotated genes. Apart from this, we also analyzed genome sequence for key pathogenic genes involved in virulence, and identified 1,060 genes (6.55%) as virulence genes as per the PHI-BASE database. The secretome profiling of these virulence genes indicated the presence of 1,439 secretory proteins. Of those, an annotation of 506 predicted secretory proteins through CAZyme database indicated maximum abundance of Glycosyl hydrolase (GH, 45%) family proteins followed by auxiliary activity (AA) family proteins. Interestingly, the presence of effectors for cell wall degradation, pectin degradation, and host cell death was found. The genome comprised approximately 895,132 bp of repetitive elements, which includes 128 long terminal repeats (LTRs), and 4,921 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) of 80,875 bp length. The comparative mining of effector genes among different Fusarium species revealed five common and two specific effectors in F. udum that are related to host cell death. Furthermore, wet lab experiment validated the presence of effector genes like SIX (for Secreted in Xylem). We conclude that deciphering the whole genome of F. udum would be instrumental in understanding evolution, virulence determinants, host-pathogen interaction, possible control strategies, ecological behavior, and many other complexities of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok K Srivastava
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Maunath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Srivastava
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Maunath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jagriti Yadav
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Maunath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alok K Singh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Maunath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Praveen K Tiwari
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Maunath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anchal K Srivastava
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Maunath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pramod K Sahu
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Maunath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shiv M Singh
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prem Lal Kashyap
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana, India
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20
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De Coninck T, Van Damme EJ. Plant lectins: Handymen at the cell surface. Cell Surf 2022; 8:100091. [PMID: 36465479 PMCID: PMC9713479 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2022.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins and are involved in a multitude of biological functions. Lectins at the surface of plant cells often occur as lectin receptor-like kinases (LecRLK) anchored to the plasma membrane. These LecRLKs are part of the plant's pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) system enabling the plant to perceive threats and respond adequately. Furthermore, plant lectins also occur as secreted proteins, which are associated with stress signalling and defence. The aim of this short review is to provide a general perspective on plant lectins and their role at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibo De Coninck
- Laboratory for Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J.M. Van Damme
- Laboratory for Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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21
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Han P, Li R, Yue Q, Li F, Nie J, Yin Z, Xu M, Guan Q, Huang L. The Apple Receptor-Like Kinase MdSRLK3 Positively Regulates Resistance Against Pathogenic Fungus Valsa mali by Affecting the Ca 2+ Signaling Pathway. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:2187-2197. [PMID: 35509209 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-21-0471-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Valsa mali is the main pathogenic fungus that causes the apple Valsa canker, a destructive disease severely threatening apple production in the world. However, the underlying key components involved in resistance against V. mali in apple trees remain largely unexplored. Here, we isolated and functionally characterized a G-type lectin S-receptor-like protein kinase MdSRLK3 from the cultivar Royal Gala derivative line GL-3. qRT-PCR showed that the relative expression of MdSRLK3 in apple branches reached its highest level at 24 h post V. mali inoculation, which was 13.42 times higher than without inoculation. Transient overexpression of MdSRLK3 enhanced apple resistance against V. mali, while transient silencing of MdSRLK3 reduced its resistance against the pathogen. More importantly, stable silencing of MdSRLK3 resulted in reduced resistance against this fungus. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MdSRLK3 positively regulated apple resistance by affecting the Ca2+ signaling pathway, and the regulation was also related to the H2O2 and callose signaling pathways. Overall, our data reveal that MdSRLK3 is a positive regulator of apple immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengliang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qianyu Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fudong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiajun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qingmei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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22
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Solanum lycopersicum, a Model Plant for the Studies in Developmental Biology, Stress Biology and Food Science. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162402. [PMID: 36010400 PMCID: PMC9407197 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruits, vegetables and other plant-derived foods contribute important ingredients for human diets, and are thus favored by consumers worldwide. Among these horticultural crops, tomato belongs to the Solanaceae family, ranks only secondary to potato (S. tuberosum L.) in yields and is widely cultivated for fresh fruit and processed foods owing to its abundant nutritional constituents (including vitamins, dietary fibers, antioxidants and pigments). Aside from its important economic and nutritional values, tomato is also well received as a model species for the studies on many fundamental biological events, including regulations on flowering, shoot apical meristem maintenance, fruit ripening, as well as responses to abiotic and biotic stresses (such as light, salinity, temperature and various pathogens). Moreover, tomato also provides abundant health-promoting secondary metabolites (flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, etc.), making it an excellent source and experimental system for investigating nutrient biosynthesis and availability in food science. Here, we summarize some latest results on these aspects, which may provide some references for further investigations on developmental biology, stress signaling and food science.
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23
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Gonda I, Milavski R, Adler C, Abu-Abied M, Tal O, Faigenboim A, Chaimovitsh D, Dudai N. Genome-based high-resolution mapping of fusarium wilt resistance in sweet basil. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 321:111316. [PMID: 35696916 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of basil is a disease of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. basilici (FOB). Although resistant cultivars were released > 20 years ago, the underlying mechanism and the genes controlling the resistance remain unknown. We used genetic mapping to elucidate FOB resistance in an F2 population derived from a cross between resistant and susceptible cultivars. We performed genotyping by sequencing of 173 offspring and aligning the data to the sweet basil reference genome. In total, 23,411 polymorphic sites were detected, and a single quantitative trait locus (QTL) for FOB resistance was found. The confidence interval was < 600 kbp, harboring only 60 genes, including a cluster of putative disease-resistance genes. Based on homology to a fusarium resistance protein from wild tomato, we also investigated a candidate resistance gene that encodes a transmembrane leucine-rich repeat - receptor-like kinase - ubiquitin-like protease (LRR-RLK-ULP). Sequence analysis of that gene in the susceptible parent vs. the resistant parent revealed multiple indels, including an insertion of 20 amino acids next to the transmembrane domain, which might alter its functionality. Our findings suggest that this LRR-RLK-ULP might be responsible for FOB resistance in sweet basil and demonstrate the usefulness of the recently sequenced basil genome for QTL mapping and gene mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Gonda
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | - Renana Milavski
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel; Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Chen Adler
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | - Mohamad Abu-Abied
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | - Ofir Tal
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | - David Chaimovitsh
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | - Nativ Dudai
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel; Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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24
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Wang Y, Deng C, Elmer WH, Dimkpa CO, Sharma S, Navarro G, Wang Z, LaReau J, Steven BT, Wang Z, Zhao L, Li C, Dhankher OP, Gardea-Torresdey JL, Xing B, White JC. Therapeutic Delivery of Nanoscale Sulfur to Suppress Disease in Tomatoes: In Vitro Imaging and Orthogonal Mechanistic Investigation. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11204-11217. [PMID: 35792576 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale sulfur can be a multifunctional agricultural amendment to enhance crop nutrition and suppress disease. Pristine (nS) and stearic acid coated (cS) sulfur nanoparticles were added to soil planted with tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) at 200 mg/L soil and infested with Fusarium oxysporum. Bulk sulfur, ionic sulfate, and healthy controls were included. Orthogonal end points were measured in two greenhouse experiments, including agronomic and photosynthetic parameters, disease severity/suppression, mechanistic biochemical and molecular end points including the time-dependent expression of 13 genes related to two S bioassimilation and pathogenesis-response, and metabolomic profiles. Disease reduced the plant biomass by up to 87%, but nS and cS amendment significantly reduced disease as determined by area-under-the-disease-progress curve by 54 and 56%, respectively. An increase in planta S accumulation was evident, with size-specific translocation ratios suggesting different uptake mechanisms. In vivo two-photon microscopy and time-dependent gene expression revealed a nanoscale-specific elemental S bioassimilation pathway within the plant that is separate from traditional sulfate accumulation. These findings correlate well with time-dependent metabolomic profiling, which exhibited increased disease resistance and plant immunity related metabolites only with nanoscale treatment. The linked gene expression and metabolomics data demonstrate a time-sensitive physiological window where nanoscale stimulation of plant immunity will be effective. These findings provide mechanistic understandings of nonmetal nanomaterial-based suppression of plant disease and significantly advance sustainable nanoenabled agricultural strategies to increase food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Chaoyi Deng
- Environmental Science and Engineering Ph.D. Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Wade H Elmer
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Christian O Dimkpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Sudhir Sharma
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Gilberto Navarro
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Zhengyang Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Jacquelyn LaReau
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Blaire T Steven
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chunqiang Li
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Om Parkash Dhankher
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jorge L Gardea-Torresdey
- Environmental Science and Engineering Ph.D. Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jason C White
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
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25
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Sun X, Fang X, Wang D, Jones DA, Ma L. Transcriptome Analysis of Fusarium–Tomato Interaction Based on an Updated Genome Annotation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Identifies Novel Effector Candidates That Suppress or Induce Cell Death in Nicotiana benthamiana. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070672. [PMID: 35887429 PMCID: PMC9316272 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) causes vascular wilt disease in tomato. Upon colonization of the host, Fol secretes many small effector proteins into the xylem sap to facilitate infection. Besides known SIX (secreted in xylem) proteins, the identity of additional effectors that contribute to Fol pathogenicity remains largely unexplored. We performed a deep RNA-sequencing analysis of Fol race 2-infected tomato, used the sequence data to annotate a published genome assembly generated via PacBio SMRT sequencing of the Fol race 2 reference strain Fol4287, and analysed the resulting transcriptome to identify Fol effector candidates among the newly annotated genes. We examined the Fol-infection expression profiles of all 13 SIX genes present in Fol race 2 and identified 27 new candidate effector genes that were likewise significantly upregulated upon Fol infection. Using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, we tested the ability of 22 of the new candidate effector genes to suppress or induce cell death in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. One effector candidate designated Fol-EC19, encoding a secreted guanyl-specific ribonuclease, was found to trigger cell death and two effector candidates designated Fol-EC14 and Fol-EC20, encoding a glucanase and a secreted trypsin, respectively, were identified that can suppress Bax-mediated cell death. Remarkably, Fol-EC14 and Fol-EC20 were also found to suppress I-2/Avr2- and I/Avr1-mediated cell death. Using the yeast secretion trap screening system, we showed that these three biologically-active effector candidates each contain a functional signal peptide for protein secretion. Our findings provide a basis for further understanding the virulence functions of Fol effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhe Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (X.S.); (D.W.)
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xiangling Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China;
| | - Dongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (X.S.); (D.W.)
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - David A. Jones
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
- Correspondence: (D.A.J.); (L.M.)
| | - Lisong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (X.S.); (D.W.)
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Correspondence: (D.A.J.); (L.M.)
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26
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Pincot DDA, Feldmann MJ, Hardigan MA, Vachev MV, Henry PM, Gordon TR, Bjornson M, Rodriguez A, Cobo N, Famula RA, Cole GS, Coaker GL, Knapp SJ. Novel Fusarium wilt resistance genes uncovered in natural and cultivated strawberry populations are found on three non-homoeologous chromosomes. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:2121-2145. [PMID: 35583656 PMCID: PMC9205853 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Several Fusarium wilt resistance genes were discovered, genetically and physically mapped, and rapidly deployed via marker-assisted selection to develop cultivars resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, a devastating soil-borne pathogen of strawberry. Fusarium wilt, a soilborne disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, poses a significant threat to strawberry (Fragaria [Formula: see text] ananassa) production in many parts of the world. This pathogen causes wilting, collapse, and death in susceptible genotypes. We previously identified a dominant gene (FW1) on chromosome 2B that confers resistance to race 1 of the pathogen, and hypothesized that gene-for-gene resistance to Fusarium wilt was widespread in strawberry. To explore this, a genetically diverse collection of heirloom and modern cultivars and octoploid ecotypes were screened for resistance to Fusarium wilt races 1 and 2. Here, we show that resistance to both races is widespread in natural and domesticated populations and that resistance to race 1 is conferred by partially to completely dominant alleles among loci (FW1, FW2, FW3, FW4, and FW5) found on three non-homoeologous chromosomes (1A, 2B, and 6B). The underlying genes have not yet been cloned and functionally characterized; however, plausible candidates were identified that encode pattern recognition receptors or other proteins known to confer gene-for-gene resistance in plants. High-throughput genotyping assays for SNPs in linkage disequilibrium with FW1-FW5 were developed to facilitate marker-assisted selection and accelerate the development of race 1 resistant cultivars. This study laid the foundation for identifying the genes encoded by FW1-FW5, in addition to exploring the genetics of resistance to race 2 and other races of the pathogen, as a precaution to averting a Fusarium wilt pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique D. A. Pincot
- Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Mitchell J. Feldmann
- Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Michael A. Hardigan
- Horticultural Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Mishi V. Vachev
- Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Peter M. Henry
- United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, 1636 East Alisal Street, Salinas, CA 93905 USA
| | - Thomas R. Gordon
- Department of Plant Pathology, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Marta Bjornson
- Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Alan Rodriguez
- Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Nicolas Cobo
- Departamento de Producción, Agropecuaria Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Randi A. Famula
- Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Glenn S. Cole
- Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Gitta L. Coaker
- Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Steven J. Knapp
- Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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27
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Molecular plant immunity against biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, and necrotrophic fungi. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:581-593. [PMID: 35587147 PMCID: PMC9528087 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi use diverse infection strategies to obtain nutrients from plants. Biotrophic fungi feed only on living plant tissue, whereas necrotrophic fungi kill host cells to extract nutrients. To prevent disease, plants need to distinguish between pathogens with different life cycles, as a successful defense against a biotroph, which often involves programmed cell-death around the site of infection, is not an appropriate response to some necrotrophs. Plants utilize a vast collection of extracellular and intracellular receptors to detect the signatures of pathogen attack. In turn, pathogens are under strong selection to mask or avoid certain receptor responses while enhancing or manipulating other receptor responses to promote virulence. In this review, we focus on the plant receptors involved in resistance responses to fungal pathogens and highlight, with examples, how the infection strategy of fungal pathogens can determine if recognition responses are effective at preventing disease.
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28
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Ngou BPM, Ding P, Jones JDG. Thirty years of resistance: Zig-zag through the plant immune system. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1447-1478. [PMID: 35167697 PMCID: PMC9048904 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the plant immune system is crucial for using genetics to protect crops from diseases. Plants resist pathogens via a two-tiered innate immune detection-and-response system. The first plant Resistance (R) gene was cloned in 1992 . Since then, many cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have been identified, and R genes that encode intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) have been cloned. Here, we provide a list of characterized PRRs and NLRs. In addition to immune receptors, many components of immune signaling networks were discovered over the last 30 years. We review the signaling pathways, physiological responses, and molecular regulation of both PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity. Recent studies have reinforced the importance of interactions between the two immune systems. We provide an overview of interactions between PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity, highlighting challenges and perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pingtao Ding
- Author for correspondence: (B.P.M.N.); (P.D.); (J.J.)
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29
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Genome-Wide Analysis of the LRR-RLP Gene Family in a Wild Banana (Musa acuminata ssp. malaccensis) Uncovers Multiple Fusarium Wilt Resistance Gene Candidates. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040638. [PMID: 35456444 PMCID: PMC9025879 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Banana is the most popular fruit in the world, with a relevant role in food security for more than 400 million people. However, fungal diseases cause substantial losses every year. A better understanding of the banana immune system should facilitate the development of new disease-resistant cultivars. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein (LRR-RLP) disease resistance gene family in a wild banana. We identified 78 LRR-RLP genes in the banana genome. Remarkably, seven MaLRR-RLPs formed a gene cluster in the distal part of chromosome 10, where resistance to Fusarium wilt caused by Foc race 1 has been previously mapped. Hence, we proposed these seven MaLRR-RLPs as resistance gene candidates (RGCs) for Fusarium wilt. We also identified seven other banana RGCs based on their close phylogenetic relationships with known LRR-RLP proteins. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of the banana, rice, and Arabidopsis LRR-RLP families revealed five major phylogenetic clades shared by these plant species. Finally, transcriptomic analysis of the MaLRR-RLP gene family in plants treated with Foc race 1 or Foc TR4 showed the expression of several members of this family, and some of them were upregulated in response to these Foc races. Our study provides novel insights into the structure, distribution, evolution, and expression of the LRR-RLP gene family in bananas as well as valuable RGCs that will facilitate the identification of disease resistance genes for the genetic improvement of this crop.
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30
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RNAi-mediated down-regulation of fasciclin-like protein (FoFLP) in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici results in reduced pathogenicity and virulence. Microbiol Res 2022; 260:127033. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Nag P, Paul S, Shriti S, Das S. Defence response in plants and animals against a common fungal pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100135. [PMID: 35909626 PMCID: PMC9325751 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) is considered one of the most devastating plant pathogen. FOSC is an emerging pathogen of immunocompromised individuals. Mycotoxins produced by FOSC predisposes the host to other pathogens. Comparative immune reactions in plant and invertebrate show that several antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and secondary metabolites maybe used as control against Fusarium infection.
Plant pathogens emerging as threat to human and animal health has been a matter of concern within the scientific community. Fusarium oxysporum, predominantly a phytopathogen, can infect both plants and animals. As a plant pathogen, F. oxysporum is one of the most economically damaging pathogen. In humans, F. oxysporum can infect immunocompromised individuals and is increasingly being considered as a problematic pathogen. Mycotoxins produced by F. oxysporum supress the innate immune pathways in both plants and animals. Hence, F. oxysporum is the perfect example for studying similarities and differences between defence strategies adopted by plants and animals. In this review we will discuss the innate immune response of plant and animal hosts for protecting against F. oxysporum infection. Such studies will be helpful for identifying genes, protein and metabolites with antifungal properties suitable for protecting humans.
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32
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De Coninck T, Van Damme EJM. Review: The multiple roles of plant lectins. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111096. [PMID: 34763880 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For decades, the biological roles of plant lectins remained obscure and subject to speculation. With the advent of technological and scientific progress, researchers have compiled a vast amount of information regarding the structure, biological activities and functionality of hundreds of plant lectins. Data mining of genomes and transcriptome sequencing and high-throughput analyses have resulted in new insights. This review aims to provide an overview of what is presently known about plant lectins, highlighting their versatility and the importance of plant lectins for a multitude of biological processes, such as plant development, immunity, stress signaling and regulation of gene expression. Though lectins primarily act as readers of the glycocode, the multiple roles of plant lectins suggest that their functionality goes beyond carbohydrate-recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibo De Coninck
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Shaw RK, Shaik M, Prasad MSL, Prasad RD, Mohanrao MD, Senthilvel S. Genomic regions associated with resistance to Fusarium wilt in castor identified through linkage and association mapping approaches. Genome 2021; 65:123-136. [PMID: 34818083 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2020-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ricini, is the most destructive disease in castor. Host plant resistance is the best strategy for the management of wilt. Identification of molecular markers linked to wilt resistance will enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of breeding for wilt resistance. In the present study, genomic regions linked to wilt resistance were mapped using a bi-parental population of 185 F6-RILs and a genetically diverse panel of 300 germplasm accessions. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis performed using a linkage map consisting of 1090 SNP markers identified a major QTL on chromosome 7 with an LOD score of 18.7, which explained 44% of the phenotypic variance. The association mapping performed using genotypic data from 3465 SNP loci revealed 69 significant associations (p < 1 × 10-4) for wilt resistance. The phenotypic variance explained by the individual SNPs ranged from 0.063 to 0.210. The QTL detected in the bi-parental mapping population was not identified in the association analysis. Thus, the results of this study indicate the possibility of vast gene diversity for Fusarium wilt resistance in castor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan K Shaw
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500030, India.,Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad - 500007, India
| | - Mobeen Shaik
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500030, India
| | | | - R D Prasad
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500030, India
| | - Manmode Darpan Mohanrao
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500030, India.,Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad - 500030, India
| | - S Senthilvel
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500030, India
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El Kasmi F. How activated NLRs induce anti-microbial defenses in plants. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2177-2188. [PMID: 34623378 PMCID: PMC8589443 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plants utilize cell-surface localized and intracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) immune receptors to detect pathogens and to activate defense responses, including transcriptional reprogramming and the initiation of a form of programmed cell death of infected cells. Cell death initiation is mainly associated with the activation of nucleotide-binding LRR receptors (NLRs). NLRs recognize the presence or cellular activity of pathogen-derived virulence proteins, so-called effectors. Effector-dependent NLR activation leads to the formation of higher order oligomeric complexes, termed resistosomes. Resistosomes can either form potential calcium-permeable cation channels at cellular membranes and initiate calcium influxes resulting in activation of immunity and cell death or function as NADases whose activity is needed for the activation of downstream immune signaling components, depending on the N-terminal domain of the NLR protein. In this mini-review, the current knowledge on the mechanisms of NLR-mediated cell death and resistance pathways during plant immunity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid El Kasmi
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen Germany
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Breeding for Resistance to Fusarium Wilt of Tomato: A Review. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111673. [PMID: 34828278 PMCID: PMC8624629 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
For over a century, breeders have worked to develop tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivars with resistance to Fusarium wilt (Fol) caused by the soilborne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Host resistance is the most effective strategy for the management of this disease. For each of the three Fol races, resistance has been introgressed from wild tomato species, predominately in the form of R genes. The I, I-2, I-3, and I-7 R genes have each been identified, as well as the corresponding Avr effectors in the fungus with the exception of Avr7. The mechanisms by which the R gene protein products recognize these effectors, however, has not been elucidated. Extensive genetic mapping, gene cloning, and genome sequencing efforts support the development of tightly-linked molecular markers, which greatly expedite tomato breeding and the development of elite, Fol resistant cultivars. These resources also provide important tools for pyramiding resistance genes and should support the durability of host resistance.
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López WR, Garcia-Jaramillo DJ, Ceballos-Aguirre N, Castaño-Zapata J, Acuña-Zornosa R, Jovel J. Transcriptional responses to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) Snyder & Hansen infection in three Colombian tomato cultivars. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:412. [PMID: 34496757 PMCID: PMC8425103 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) is a compendium of pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungal strains. Pathogenic strains may cause vascular wilt disease and produce considerable losses in commercial tomato plots. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms mediating resistance to Fol in tomato, the aim of our study was to characterize the transcriptional response of three cultivars (CT1, CT2 and IAC391) to a pathogenic (Fol-pt) and a non-pathogenic (Fo-npt) strain of Fo. RESULTS All cultivars exhibited differentially expressed genes in response to each strain of the fungus at 36 h post-inoculation. For the pathogenic strain, CT1 deployed an apparent active defense response that included upregulation of WRKY transcription factors, an extracellular chitinase, and terpenoid-related genes, among others. In IAC391, differentially expressed genes included upregulated but mostly downregulated genes. Upregulated genes mapped to ethylene regulation, pathogenesis regulation and transcription regulation, while downregulated genes potentially impacted defense responses, lipid transport and metal ion binding. Finally, CT2 exhibited mostly downregulated genes upon Fol-pt infection. This included genes involved in transcription regulation, defense responses, and metal ion binding. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that CT1 mounts a defense response against Fol-pt. IAC391 exhibits an intermediate phenotype whereby some defense response genes are activated, and others are suppressed. Finally, the transcriptional profile in the CT2 hints towards lower levels of resistance. Fo-npt also induced transcriptional changes in all cultivars, but to a lesser extent. Results of this study will support genetic breeding programs currently underway in the zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Ricardo López
- Departamento de Física y Química. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Manizales, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Dora Janeth Garcia-Jaramillo
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
- Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas. Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Nelson Ceballos-Aguirre
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia.
- Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas. Manizales, Caldas, Colombia.
| | - Jairo Castaño-Zapata
- Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas. Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Ricardo Acuña-Zornosa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Juan Jovel
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia.
- Research Office. Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Campos MD, Félix MDR, Patanita M, Materatski P, Varanda C. High throughput sequencing unravels tomato-pathogen interactions towards a sustainable plant breeding. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:171. [PMID: 34333540 PMCID: PMC8325677 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00607-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most economically important vegetables throughout the world. It is one of the best studied cultivated dicotyledonous plants, often used as a model system for plant research into classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and molecular biology. Tomato plants are affected by different pathogens such as viruses, viroids, fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, and nematodes, that reduce yield and affect product quality. The study of tomato as a plant-pathogen system helps to accelerate the discovery and understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying disease resistance and offers the opportunity of improving the yield and quality of their edible products. The use of functional genomics has contributed to this purpose through both traditional and recently developed techniques, that allow the identification of plant key functional genes in susceptible and resistant responses, and the understanding of the molecular basis of compatible interactions during pathogen attack. Next-generation sequencing technologies (NGS), which produce massive quantities of sequencing data, have greatly accelerated research in biological sciences and offer great opportunities to better understand the molecular networks of plant-pathogen interactions. In this review, we summarize important research that used high-throughput RNA-seq technology to obtain transcriptome changes in tomato plants in response to a wide range of pathogens such as viruses, fungi, bacteria, oomycetes, and nematodes. These findings will facilitate genetic engineering efforts to incorporate new sources of resistance in tomato for protection against pathogens and are of major importance for sustainable plant-disease management, namely the ones relying on the plant's innate immune mechanisms in view of plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Doroteia Campos
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal.
| | - Maria do Rosário Félix
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & Departamento de Fitotecnia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
| | - Mariana Patanita
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
| | - Patrick Materatski
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
| | - Carla Varanda
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
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Chitwood-Brown J, Vallad GE, Lee TG, Hutton SF. Characterization and elimination of linkage-drag associated with Fusarium wilt race 3 resistance genes. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:2129-2140. [PMID: 33786652 PMCID: PMC8263443 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03810-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the size of the I-3 introgression resulted in eliminating linkage-drag contributing to increased sensitivity to bacterial spot and reduced fruit size. The I-7 gene was determined to have no effect on bacterial spot or fruit size, and germplasm is now available with both the reduced I-3 introgression and I-7. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production is increasingly threatened by Fusarium wilt race 3 (Fol3) caused by the soilborne fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Although host resistance based on the I-3 gene is the most effective management strategy, I-3 is associated with detrimental traits including reduced fruit size and increased bacterial spot sensitivity. Previous research demonstrated the association with bacterial spot is not due to the I-3 gene, itself, and we hypothesize that reducing the size of the I-3 introgression will remedy this association. Cultivars with I-7, an additional Fol3 resistance gene, are available but are not widely used commercially, and it is unclear whether I-7 also has negative horticultural associations. To characterize the effect of I-3 on fruit size, segregating populations were developed and evaluated, revealing that the large I-3 introgression decreased fruit size by approximately 21%. We reduced the I-3 introgression from 5 to 140 kb through successive recombinant screening and crossing efforts. The reduced I-3 introgression and I-7 were then separately backcrossed into elite Florida breeding lines and evaluated for effects on bacterial spot sensitivity and fruit size across multiple seasons. The reduced I-3 introgression resulted in significantly less bacterial spot and larger fruit size than the large introgression, and it had no effect on these horticultural characteristics compared with Fol3 susceptibility. I-7 was also found to have no effect on these traits compared to Fol3 susceptibility. Together, these efforts support the development of superior Fol3-resistant cultivars and more durable resistance against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Chitwood-Brown
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 14625 CR 672, Wimauma, FL, 33598-6101, USA
| | - Gary E Vallad
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 14625 CR 672, Wimauma, FL, 33598-6101, USA
| | - Tong Geon Lee
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 14625 CR 672, Wimauma, FL, 33598-6101, USA
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Samuel F Hutton
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 14625 CR 672, Wimauma, FL, 33598-6101, USA.
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Li Y, Wang Y, Wu X, Wang J, Wu X, Wang B, Lu Z, Li G. Novel Genomic Regions of Fusarium Wilt Resistance in Bottle Gourd [ Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.] Discovered in Genome-Wide Association Study. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:650157. [PMID: 34025697 PMCID: PMC8137845 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.650157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt (FW) is a typical soil-borne disease that seriously affects the yield and fruit quality of bottle gourd. Thus, to improve resistance to FW in bottle gourd, the genetic mechanism underlying FW resistance needs to be explored. In this study, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on 5,330 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 89 bottle gourd accessions. The GWAS results revealed a total of 10 SNPs (P ≤ 0.01, -log10 P ≥ 2.0) significantly associated with FW resistance that were detected in at least two environments (2019DI, 2020DI, and the average across the 2 years); these SNPs were located on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 9. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) block structure analysis predicted three potential candidate genes for FW resistance. Genes HG_GLEAN_10001030 and HG_GLEAN_10001042 were within the range of the mean LD block of the marker BGReSe_14202; gene HG_GLEAN_10011803 was 280 kb upstream of the marker BGReSe_00818. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that HG_GLEAN_10011803 was significantly up-regulated in FW-infected plants of YD-4, Yin-10, and Hanbi; HG_GLEAN_10001030 and HG_GLEAN_10001042 were specifically up-regulated in FW-infected plants of YD-4. Therefore, gene HG_GLEAN_10011803 is likely the major effect candidate gene for resistance against FW in bottle gourd. This work provides scientific evidence for the exploration of candidate gene and development of functional markers in FW-resistant bottle gourd breeding programs.
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Jangir P, Mehra N, Sharma K, Singh N, Rani M, Kapoor R. Secreted in Xylem Genes: Drivers of Host Adaptation in Fusarium oxysporum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:628611. [PMID: 33968096 PMCID: PMC8101498 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.628611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) is a notorious pathogen that significantly contributes to yield losses in crops of high economic status. It is responsible for vascular wilt characterized by the browning of conductive tissue, wilting, and plant death. Individual strains of Fo are host specific (formae speciales), and approximately, 150 forms have been documented so far. The pathogen secretes small effector proteins in the xylem, termed as Secreted in Xylem (Six), that contribute to its virulence. Most of these proteins contain cysteine residues in even numbers. These proteins are encoded by SIX genes that reside on mobile pathogenicity chromosomes. So far, 14 proteins have been reported. However, formae speciales vary in SIX protein profile and their respective gene sequence. Thus, SIX genes have been employed as ideal markers for pathogen identification. Acquisition of SIX-encoding mobile pathogenicity chromosomes by non-pathogenic lines, through horizontal transfer, results in the evolution of new virulent lines. Recently, some SIX genes present on these pathogenicity chromosomes have been shown to be involved in defining variation in host specificity among formae speciales. Along these lines, the review entails the variability (formae speciales, races, and vegetative compatibility groups) and evolutionary relationships among members of F. oxysporum species complex (FOSC). It provides updated information on the diversity, structure, regulation, and (a)virulence functions of SIX genes. The improved understanding of roles of SIX in variability and virulence of Fo has significant implication in establishment of molecular framework and techniques for disease management. Finally, the review identifies the gaps in current knowledge and provides insights into potential research landscapes that can be explored to strengthen the understanding of functions of SIX genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rupam Kapoor
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Liu S, Zhang X, Xiao S, Ma J, Shi W, Qin T, Xi H, Nie X, You C, Xu Z, Wang T, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Li J, Kong J, Aierxi A, Yu Y, Lindsey K, Klosterman SJ, Zhang X, Zhu L. A Single-Nucleotide Mutation in a GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE Gene Confers Resistance to Fusarium Wilt in Gossypium hirsutum. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002723. [PMID: 33854882 PMCID: PMC8025038 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt (FW) disease of cotton, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov), causes severe losses in cotton production worldwide. Though significant advancements have been made in development of FW-resistant Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in resistance screening programs, the precise resistance genes and the corresponding molecular mechanisms for resistance to Fov remain unclear. Herein it is reported that Fov7, a gene unlike canonical plant disease-resistance (R) genes, putatively encoding a GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE (GLR) protein, confers resistance to Fov race 7 in Upland cotton. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (C/A) in GhGLR4.8, resulting in an amino acid change (L/I), is associated with Fov resistance. A PCR-based DNA marker (GhGLR4.8SNP(A/C) ) is developed and shown to cosegregate with the Fov resistance. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Fov7 results in cotton lines extremely susceptible to Fov race 7 with a loss of the ability to induce calcium influx in response to total secreted proteins (SEPs) of Fov. Furthermore, coinfiltration of SEPs with GhGLR4.8A results in a hypersensitive response. This first report of a GLR-encoding gene that functions as an R gene provides a new insight into plant-pathogen interactions and a new handle to develop cotton cultivars with resistance to Fov race 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Shenghua Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Jun Ma
- Economic Crop Research InstituteXinjiang Academy of Agricultural ScienceÜrümqiXinjiang830091China
| | - Weijun Shi
- Economic Crop Research InstituteXinjiang Academy of Agricultural ScienceÜrümqiXinjiang830091China
| | - Tao Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Hui Xi
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agricultural of Xinjiang BingtuanAgricultural CollegeShihezi UniversityShiheziXinjiang832000China
| | - Xinhui Nie
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agricultural of Xinjiang BingtuanAgricultural CollegeShihezi UniversityShiheziXinjiang832000China
| | - Chunyuan You
- Cotton Research InstituteShihezi Academy of Agriculture ScienceShiheziXinjiang832000China
| | - Zheng Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Yujing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Zhennan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Jianying Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Jie Kong
- Economic Crop Research InstituteXinjiang Academy of Agricultural ScienceÜrümqiXinjiang830091China
| | - Alifu Aierxi
- Economic Crop Research InstituteXinjiang Academy of Agricultural ScienceÜrümqiXinjiang830091China
| | - Yu Yu
- Cotton Research InstituteXinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation ScienceShiheziXinjiang832000China
| | - Keith Lindsey
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversityDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | | | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Longfu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
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Simbaqueba J, Rodríguez EA, Burbano-David D, González C, Caro-Quintero A. Putative Novel Effector Genes Revealed by the Genomic Analysis of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali ( Foph) That Infects Cape Gooseberry Plants. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:593915. [PMID: 33537009 PMCID: PMC7847934 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.593915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular wilt disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali (Foph) is one of the most limiting factors for the production and export of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) in Colombia. A transcriptomic analysis of a highly virulent strain of F. oxysporum in cape gooseberry plants, revealed the presence of secreted in the xylem (SIX) effector genes, known to be involved in the pathogenicity of other formae speciales (ff. spp.) of F. oxysporum. This pathogenic strain was classified as a new f. sp. named Foph, due to its specificity for cape gooseberry hosts. Here, we sequenced and assembled the genome of five strains of F. oxysporum from a fungal collection associated to the cape gooseberry crop (including Foph), focusing on the validation of the presence of SIX homologous and on the identification of putative effectors unique to Foph. By comparative and phylogenomic analyses based on single-copy orthologous, we found that Foph is closely related to F. oxysporum ff. spp., associated with solanaceous hosts. We confirmed the presence of highly identical homologous genomic regions between Foph and Fol that contain effector genes and identified six new putative effector genes, specific to Foph pathogenic strains. We also conducted a molecular characterization using this set of putative novel effectors in a panel of 36 additional stains of F. oxysporum including two of the four sequenced strains, from the fungal collection mentioned above. These results suggest the polyphyletic origin of Foph and the putative independent acquisition of new candidate effectors in different clades of related strains. The novel effector candidates identified in this genomic analysis, represent new sources involved in the interaction between Foph and cape gooseberry, that could be implemented to develop appropriate management strategies of the wilt disease caused by Foph in the cape gooseberry crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Simbaqueba
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Edwin A Rodríguez
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Diana Burbano-David
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Carolina González
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Mosquera, Colombia
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Kashyap A, Planas-Marquès M, Capellades M, Valls M, Coll NS. Blocking intruders: inducible physico-chemical barriers against plant vascular wilt pathogens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:184-198. [PMID: 32976552 PMCID: PMC7853604 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Xylem vascular wilt pathogens cause devastating diseases in plants. Proliferation of these pathogens in the xylem causes massive disruption of water and mineral transport, resulting in severe wilting and death of the infected plants. Upon reaching the xylem vascular tissue, these pathogens multiply profusely, spreading vertically within the xylem sap, and horizontally between vessels and to the surrounding tissues. Plant resistance to these pathogens is very complex. One of the most effective defense responses in resistant plants is the formation of physico-chemical barriers in the xylem tissue. Vertical spread within the vessel lumen is restricted by structural barriers, namely, tyloses and gels. Horizontal spread to the apoplast and surrounding healthy vessels and tissues is prevented by vascular coating of the colonized vessels with lignin and suberin. Both vertical and horizontal barriers compartmentalize the pathogen at the infection site and contribute to their elimination. Induction of these defenses are tightly coordinated, both temporally and spatially, to avoid detrimental consequences such as cavitation and embolism. We discuss current knowledge on mechanisms underlying plant-inducible structural barriers against major xylem-colonizing pathogens. This knowledge may be applied to engineer metabolic pathways of vascular coating compounds in specific cells, to produce plants resistant towards xylem colonizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Kashyap
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marc Planas-Marquès
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Marc Valls
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Genetics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
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Batson AM, Fokkens L, Rep M, du Toit LJ. Putative Effector Genes Distinguish Two Pathogenicity Groups of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:141-156. [PMID: 33103963 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-20-0145-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of spinach, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, is an important disease during warm conditions in production regions with acid soils, yet little is known about what confers pathogenicity to spinach in F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae genetically. To identify candidate fungal genes that contribute to spinach Fusarium wilt, each of 69 geographically diverse F. oxysporum isolates was tested for pathogenicity on each of three spinach inbreds. Thirty-nine isolates identified as F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae caused quantitative differences in disease severity among the inbreds that revealed two distinct pathogenicity groups of F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae. Putative effector gene profiles, predicted from whole-genome sequences generated for nine F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae isolates and five nonpathogenic, spinach-associated F. oxysporum (NPS) isolates, distinguished the F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae isolates from the NPS isolates, and separated the F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae isolates into two groups. Five of the putative effector genes appeared to be unique to F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, as they were not found in 222 other publicly available genome assemblies of F. oxysporum, implicating potential involvement of these genes in pathogenicity to spinach. In addition, two combinations of the 14 known Secreted in Xylem (SIX) genes that have been affiliated with host pathogenicity in other formae speciales of F. oxysporum were identified in genome assemblies of the nine F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae isolates, either SIX8 and SIX9 or SIX4, SIX8, and SIX14. Characterization of these putative effector genes should aid in understanding mechanisms of pathogenicity in F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, developing molecular tools for rapid detection and quantification of F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, and breeding for resistance to Fusarium wilt in spinach.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Batson
- Washington State University Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center Mount Vernon, Mount Vernon, WA 98273, U.S.A
| | - Like Fokkens
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lindsey J du Toit
- Washington State University Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center Mount Vernon, Mount Vernon, WA 98273, U.S.A
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de Lamo FJ, Šimkovicová M, Fresno DH, de Groot T, Tintor N, Rep M, Takken FLW. Pattern-triggered immunity restricts host colonization by endophytic fusaria, but does not affect endophyte-mediated resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:204-215. [PMID: 33205901 PMCID: PMC7814963 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) is best known as a host-specific vascular pathogen causing major crop losses. Most Fo strains, however, are root endophytes potentially conferring endophyte-mediated resistance (EMR). EMR is a mechanistically poorly understood root-specific induced resistance response induced by endophytic or nonhost pathogenic Fo strains. Like other types of induced immunity, such as systemic acquired resistance or induced systemic resistance, EMR has been proposed to rely on the activation of the pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) system of the plant. PTI is activated upon recognition of conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) of invading microbes. Here, we investigated the role of PTI in controlling host colonization by Fo endophytes and their ability to induce EMR to the tomato pathogen Fo f. sp. lycopersici (Fol). Transgenic tomato and Arabidopsis plants expressing the Fo effector gene Avr2 are hypersusceptible to bacterial and fungal infection. Here we show that these plants are PTI-compromised and are nonresponsive to bacterial- (flg22) and fungal- (chitosan) MAMPs. We challenged the PTI-compromised tomato mutants with the EMR-conferring Fo endophyte Fo47, the nonhost pathogen Fom (a melon pathogen), and with Fol. Compared to wild-type plants, Avr2-tomato plants became hypercolonized by Fo47 and Fom. Surprisingly, however, EMR towards Fol, induced by either Fo47 or Fom, was unaffected in these plants. These data show that EMR-based disease resistance is independent from the conventional defence pathways triggered by PTI, but that PTI is involved in restricting host colonization by nonpathogenic Fo isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. de Lamo
- Molecular Plant PathologyFaculty of ScienceSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Margarita Šimkovicová
- Molecular Plant PathologyFaculty of ScienceSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - David H. Fresno
- Molecular Plant PathologyFaculty of ScienceSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Tamara de Groot
- Molecular Plant PathologyFaculty of ScienceSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Nico Tintor
- Molecular Plant PathologyFaculty of ScienceSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant PathologyFaculty of ScienceSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Frank L. W. Takken
- Molecular Plant PathologyFaculty of ScienceSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
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Gonçalves AM, Cabral CS, Reis A, Fonseca MEN, Costa H, Ribeiro FHS, Boiteux LS. A three-decade survey of Brazilian Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici races assessed by pathogenicity tests on differential tomato accessions and by molecular markers. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:873-884. [PMID: 33306250 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM Physiological race determination of 143 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) isolates collected along 30 years in major tomato-producing regions of Brazil. MATERIALS AND RESULTS Physiological races were determined via root-dipping inoculation of differential tomato accessions and by the PCR-based marker system of Hirano and Arie (2006). According to pathogenicity/virulence assays, five race 1, 23 race 2 and 115 race 3 isolates were identified. FOL race 1 and 2 isolates prevailed up to early 2000s. Afterwards, the large majority of the isolates was classified as the invasive race 3. Novel reports of race 3 were done in five states, thus expanding its geographical distribution. Using this PCR-based marker system, a precise discrimination was observed for all race 3 isolates. However, all race 1 and 2 isolates displayed only the cosmopolitan race 1-specific amplicon pattern. CONCLUSION The development and/or validation of novel race-specific marker systems are necessary to allow a precise discrimination of the potentially endemic Brazilian FOL race 2. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The present characterization of isolates indicates that distinct evolutionary mechanisms are acting to select new FOL races and/or genetic variants across agroecosystems around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gonçalves
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - C S Cabral
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - A Reis
- National Center for Vegetable Crops Research (CNPH), Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - M E N Fonseca
- National Center for Vegetable Crops Research (CNPH), Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - H Costa
- Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (INCAPER), Venda Nova do Imigrante-ES, Brazil
| | - F H S Ribeiro
- National Center for Vegetable Crops Research (CNPH), Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - L S Boiteux
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília-DF, Brazil.,National Center for Vegetable Crops Research (CNPH), Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília-DF, Brazil
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Moghaieb RE, Ahmed DS, Gaber A, Abdelhadi AA. Overexpression of bacterial katE gene improves the resistance of modified tomato plant against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. GM CROPS & FOOD 2021; 12:315-327. [PMID: 33783318 PMCID: PMC8018384 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2021.1903374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) yield is severely affected by Fusarium fungal disease. To improve the resistance of tomato against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), Escherichia coli katE gene was transformed into two tomato cultivars, namely Castle Rock and Super strain B, via Agrobacterium tumefaciens; the transformation efficiency was 5.6% and 3.5%, respectively. The integration of the katE gene into T0, T1, and T2 transgenic tomato lines was confirmed using PCR. In addition, DNA dot blot technique confirmed the integration of the katE gene into T2 transgenic tomato lines. The RT-PCR analysis confirmed that the katE gene could be expressed normally in the T2 modified lines. Under artificial infection with FOL, the non-modified plants exhibited more severe fungal disease symptoms than those observed in katE overexpression (OE) lines. Our analysis showed that the levels of three defense enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), were increased during transgenic T2 generation pre-treated with FOL. The bioassay of modified lines revealed that an average of 52.56% of the modified Castle Rock cultivar and 50.28% of the modified Super Strain B cultivar showed resistance under Fusarium infection. These results clearly indicate that the modified tomato plants, in which the katE gene was overexpressed, became more resistant to the infection by FOL than the wild-type plants. Our study has proven that the overexpression of the E. coli katE gene in the OE lines could be utilized to develop and improve the resistance against fungal diseases in the modified crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reda E.A. Moghaieb
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dalia S. Ahmed
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Gaber
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
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Chang Y, Sun F, Sun S, Wang L, Wu J, Zhu Z. Transcriptome Analysis of Resistance to Fusarium Wilt in Mung Bean ( Vigna radiata L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:679629. [PMID: 34220899 PMCID: PMC8249807 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.679629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt is a destructive soil-borne disease that threatens the production of mung bean. Mung bean lines Zheng8-4 and Zheng8-20 show high resistance and high susceptibility to Fusarium wilt, respectively. Transcriptome analysis was carried out to identify candidate genes involved in Fusarium wilt resistance using Zheng8-4 and Zheng8-20 at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 days post inoculation (dpi). Differential expression analysis showed that 3,254 genes responded to pathogen infection and were differentially expressed in the resistant and susceptible lines. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was also performed to identify five modules highly correlated with Fusarium wilt resistance, in which 453 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were considered likely to be involved in Fusarium wilt resistance. Among these DEGs, we found 24 genes encoding resistance (R) proteins, 22 encoding protein kinases, 20 belonging to transcription factor families, 34 encoding proteins with oxidoreductase activity, 17 involved in stimulation/stress responses, and 54 annotated to pathogen resistance-related pathways. Finally, 27 annotated genes were further selected as candidate genes of Fusarium wilt resistance in mung bean. This study identifies novel potential resistance-related genes against Fusarium wilt and provides a theoretical basis for further investigation of Fusarium wilt resistance in mung bean breeding.
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Shcherbakova L, Odintsova T, Pasechnik T, Arslanova L, Smetanina T, Kartashov M, Slezina M, Dzhavakhiya V. Fragments of a Wheat Hevein-Like Antimicrobial Peptide Augment the Inhibitory Effect of a Triazole Fungicide on Spore Germination of Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria solani. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E870. [PMID: 33291849 PMCID: PMC7762046 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There are increasing environmental risks associated with extensive use of fungicides for crop protection. Hence, the use of new approaches using natural plant defense mechanisms, including application of plant antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), is of great interest. Recently, we studied the structural-function relationships between antifungal activity and five hevein-like AMPs from the WAMP (wheat AMP) family of Triticum kiharae Dorof. et Migush. We first discovered that short peptides derived from the central, N-, and C-terminal regions of one of the WAMPs (WAMP-2) were able to augment the inhibitory effect of Folicur® EC 250, a triazole fungicide, on spore germination of the wheat pathogenic fungi, including Fusarium spp. and Alternaria alternata. In this research, we explored the ability of chemically synthesized WAMP-2-derived peptides for enhancing the sensitivity of two other Fusarium and Alternaria species, F. oxysporum and A. solani, causing wilt and early blight of tomato, respectively, to Folicur®. The synthesized WAMP-2-derived peptides synergistically interacted with the fungicide and significantly increased its efficacy, inhibiting conidial germination at much lower Folicur® concentrations than required for the same efficiency using the fungicide alone. The experiments on co-applications of some of WAMP-2-fragments and the fungicide on tomato leaves and seedlings, which confirmed the results obtained in vitro, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Shcherbakova
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow reg., Russia; (T.P.); (L.A.); (T.S.); (M.K.); (V.D.)
| | - Tatyana Odintsova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics RAS, Gubkina Str. 3, 119333 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Tatyana Pasechnik
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow reg., Russia; (T.P.); (L.A.); (T.S.); (M.K.); (V.D.)
| | - Lenara Arslanova
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow reg., Russia; (T.P.); (L.A.); (T.S.); (M.K.); (V.D.)
| | - Tatyana Smetanina
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow reg., Russia; (T.P.); (L.A.); (T.S.); (M.K.); (V.D.)
| | - Maxim Kartashov
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow reg., Russia; (T.P.); (L.A.); (T.S.); (M.K.); (V.D.)
| | - Marina Slezina
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics RAS, Gubkina Str. 3, 119333 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vitaly Dzhavakhiya
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow reg., Russia; (T.P.); (L.A.); (T.S.); (M.K.); (V.D.)
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Pradhan A, Ghosh S, Sahoo D, Jha G. Fungal effectors, the double edge sword of phytopathogens. Curr Genet 2020; 67:27-40. [PMID: 33146780 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-020-01118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phyto-pathogenic fungi can cause huge damage to crop production. During millions of years of coexistence, fungi have evolved diverse life-style to obtain nutrients from the host and to colonize upon them. They deploy various proteinaceous as well as non-proteinaceous secreted molecules commonly referred as effectors to sabotage host machinery during the infection process. The effectors are important virulence determinants of pathogenic fungi and play important role in successful pathogenesis, predominantly by avoiding host-surveillance system. However, besides being important for pathogenesis, the fungal effectors end-up being recognized by the resistant cultivars of the host, which mount a strong immune response to ward-off pathogens. Various recent studies involving different pathosystem have revealed the virulence/avirulence functions of fungal effectors and their involvement in governing the outcome of host-pathogen interactions. However, the effectors and their cognate resistance gene in the host remain elusive for several economically important fungal pathogens. In this review, using examples from some of the biotrophic, hemi-biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens, we elaborate the double-edged functions of fungal effectors. We emphasize that knowledge of effector functions can be helpful in effective management of fungal diseases in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Pradhan
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Srayan Ghosh
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Gopaljee Jha
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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