1
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Radler P, Loose M. A dynamic duo: Understanding the roles of FtsZ and FtsA for Escherichia coli cell division through in vitro approaches. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151380. [PMID: 38218128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteria divide by binary fission. The protein machine responsible for this process is the divisome, a transient assembly of more than 30 proteins in and on the surface of the cytoplasmic membrane. Together, they constrict the cell envelope and remodel the peptidoglycan layer to eventually split the cell into two. For Escherichia coli, most molecular players involved in this process have probably been identified, but obtaining the quantitative information needed for a mechanistic understanding can often not be achieved from experiments in vivo alone. Since the discovery of the Z-ring more than 30 years ago, in vitro reconstitution experiments have been crucial to shed light on molecular processes normally hidden in the complex environment of the living cell. In this review, we summarize how rebuilding the divisome from purified components - or at least parts of it - have been instrumental to obtain the detailed mechanistic understanding of the bacterial cell division machinery that we have today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Radler
- Institute for Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Wien, Austria.
| | - Martin Loose
- Institute for Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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2
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Liu H, Xu S, Yong T, Wei Z, Bie N, Zhang X, Li X, Li J, Li S, Wang S, Zhao Y, Yang X, Gan L. Hydrophobicity-Adaptive Polymers Trigger Fission of Tumor-Cell-Derived Microparticles for Enhanced Anticancer Drug Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211980. [PMID: 37755231 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-cell-derived microparticles (MPs) can function as anticancer drug-delivery carriers. However, short blood circulation time, large-size-induced insufficient tumor accumulation and penetration into tumor parenchyma, as well as limited cellular internalization by tumor cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs), and difficult intracellular drug release restrict the anticancer activity of tumor-cell-derived MP-based drug-delivery systems. In this work, hydrophobicity-adaptive polymers based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) are anchored to tumor-cell-derived MPs for enhanced delivery of the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). The polymers are hydrophilic in blood to prolong the circulation time of DOX-loaded MPs (DOX@MPs), while rapidly switching to hydrophobic at the tumor acidic microenvironment. The hydrophobicity of polymers drives the fission of tumor-cell-derived MPs to form small vesicles, facilitating tumor accumulation, deep tumor penetration, and efficient internalization of DOX@MPs into tumor cells and CSCs. Subsequently, the hydrophobicity of polymers in acidic lysosomes further promotes DOX release to nuclei for strong cytotoxicity against tumor cells and CSCs. The work provides a facile and simple strategy for improved anticancer drug delivery of tumor-cell-derived MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shiyi Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tuying Yong
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhaohan Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Nana Bie
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xin Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jianye Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shiyu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yanbing Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lu Gan
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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3
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Fujita J, Amesaka H, Yoshizawa T, Hibino K, Kamimura N, Kuroda N, Konishi T, Kato Y, Hara M, Inoue T, Namba K, Tanaka SI, Matsumura H. Structures of a FtsZ single protofilament and a double-helical tube in complex with a monobody. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4073. [PMID: 37429870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39807-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
FtsZ polymerizes into protofilaments to form the Z-ring that acts as a scaffold for accessory proteins during cell division. Structures of FtsZ have been previously solved, but detailed mechanistic insights are lacking. Here, we determine the cryoEM structure of a single protofilament of FtsZ from Klebsiella pneumoniae (KpFtsZ) in a polymerization-preferred conformation. We also develop a monobody (Mb) that binds to KpFtsZ and FtsZ from Escherichia coli without affecting their GTPase activity. Crystal structures of the FtsZ-Mb complexes reveal the Mb binding mode, while addition of Mb in vivo inhibits cell division. A cryoEM structure of a double-helical tube of KpFtsZ-Mb at 2.7 Å resolution shows two parallel protofilaments. Our present study highlights the physiological roles of the conformational changes of FtsZ in treadmilling that regulate cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junso Fujita
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- JEOL YOKOGUSHI Research Alliance Laboratories, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Amesaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoshizawa
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kota Hibino
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Natsuki Kamimura
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kuroda
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takamoto Konishi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yuki Kato
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Mizuho Hara
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- dotAqua Inc., 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Namba
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- JEOL YOKOGUSHI Research Alliance Laboratories, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research and SPring-8 Center, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Tanaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan.
| | - Hiroyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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4
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Smrt ST, Escobar CA, Dey S, Cross TA, Zhou HX. An Arg/Ala-rich helix in the N-terminal region of M. tuberculosis FtsQ is a potential membrane anchor of the Z-ring. Commun Biol 2023; 6:311. [PMID: 36959324 PMCID: PMC10036325 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mtb infects a quarter of the worldwide population. Most drugs for treating tuberculosis target cell growth and division. With rising drug resistance, it becomes ever more urgent to better understand Mtb cell division. This process begins with the formation of the Z-ring via polymerization of FtsZ and anchoring of the Z-ring to the inner membrane. Here we show that the transmembrane protein FtsQ is a potential membrane anchor of the Mtb Z-ring. In the otherwise disordered cytoplasmic region of FtsQ, a 29-residue, Arg/Ala-rich α-helix is formed that interacts with upstream acidic residues in solution and with acidic lipids at the membrane surface. This helix also binds to the GTPase domain of FtsZ, with implications for drug binding and Z-ring formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T Smrt
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Cristian A Escobar
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Souvik Dey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Timothy A Cross
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
| | - Huan-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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5
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A secreted effector with a dual role as a toxin and as a transcriptional factor. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7779. [PMID: 36522324 PMCID: PMC9755527 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have evolved multiple secretion systems for delivering effector proteins into the cytosol of neighboring cells, but the roles of many of these effectors remain unknown. Here, we show that Yersinia pseudotuberculosis secretes an effector, CccR, that can act both as a toxin and as a transcriptional factor. The effector is secreted by a type VI secretion system (T6SS) and can enter nearby cells of the same species and other species (such as Escherichia coli) via cell-cell contact and in a contact-independent manner. CccR contains an N-terminal FIC domain and a C-terminal DNA-binding domain. In Y. pseudotuberculosis cells, CccR inhibits its own expression by binding through its DNA-binding domain to the cccR promoter, and affects the expression of other genes through unclear mechanisms. In E. coli cells, the FIC domain of CccR AMPylates the cell division protein FtsZ, inducing cell filamentation and growth arrest. Thus, our results indicate that CccR has a dual role, modulating gene expression in neighboring cells of the same species, and inhibiting the growth of competitors.
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6
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Halogenation of tyrosine perturbs large-scale protein self-organization. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4843. [PMID: 35977922 PMCID: PMC9385671 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32535-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein halogenation is a common non-enzymatic post-translational modification contributing to aging, oxidative stress-related diseases and cancer. Here, we report a genetically encodable halogenation of tyrosine residues in a reconstituted prokaryotic filamentous cell-division protein (FtsZ) as a platform to elucidate the implications of halogenation that can be extrapolated to living systems of much higher complexity. We show how single halogenations can fine-tune protein structures and dynamics of FtsZ with subtle perturbations collectively amplified by the process of FtsZ self-organization. Based on experiments and theories, we have gained valuable insights into the mechanism of halogen influence. The bending of FtsZ structures occurs by affecting surface charges and internal domain distances and is reflected in the decline of GTPase activities by reducing GTP binding energy during polymerization. Our results point to a better understanding of the physiological and pathological effects of protein halogenation and may contribute to the development of potential diagnostic tools.
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7
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Knapp BD, Ward MD, Bowman GR, Shi H, Huang KC. Multiple conserved states characterize the twist landscape of the bacterial actin homolog MreB. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:5838-5846. [PMID: 36382191 PMCID: PMC9627593 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Filament formation by cytoskeletal proteins is critical to their involvement in myriad cellular processes. The bacterial actin homolog MreB, which is essential for cell-shape determination in many rod-shaped bacteria, has served as a model system for studying the mechanics of cytoskeletal filaments. Previous molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed that the twist of MreB double protofilaments is dependent on the bound nucleotide, as well as binding to the membrane or the accessory protein RodZ, and MreB mutations that modulate twist also affect MreB spatial organization and cell shape. Here, we show that MreB double protofilaments can adopt multiple twist states during microsecond-scale MD simulations. A deep learning algorithm trained only on high- and low-twist states robustly identified all twist conformations across most perturbations of ATP-bound MreB, suggesting the existence of a conserved set of states whose occupancy is affected by each perturbation to MreB. Simulations replacing ATP with ADP indicated that twist states were generally stable after hydrolysis. These findings suggest a rich twist landscape that could provide the capacity to tune MreB activity and therefore its effects on cell shape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Center for the Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Gregory R. Bowman
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Center for the Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Handuo Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Corresponding authors at: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Corresponding authors at: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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8
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Yang L, Wang Y, He X, Xiao Q, Han S, Jia Z, Li S, Ding W. Discovery of a novel plant-derived agent against Ralstonia solanacearum by targeting the bacterial division protein FtsZ. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 177:104892. [PMID: 34301354 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum (R. solanacearum) is one of the most devastating bacterial pathogens and leads to serious economic losses in crops worldwide. In this study, the antibacterial activities of novel plant-derived coumarins against R. solanacearum and their underlying mechanisms were initially investigated. The bioactivity assay results showed that certain coumarins had significant in vitro inhibitory effects against R. solanacearum. Notably, 6-methylcoumarin showed the best in vitro antibacterial activity with 76.79%. Interestingly, 6-methylcoumarin was found to cause cell elongation, disrupt cell division, and suppress the expression of the bacterial division protein coding genes ftsZ. Compared with the control treatment, the ∆ftsZ mutant inhibited bacterial growth and caused the bacteria to be more sensitive to 6-methylcoumarin. The application of 6-methylcoumarin effectively suppressed the development of tobacco bacterial wilt in pot and field experiments, and significantly reduced the bacterial population in tobacco stems. The control efficiency of 6-methylcoumarin treatment was 35.76%, 40.51%, 38.99% at 10, 11, and 12 weeks after tobacco transplantation in field condition. All of these results demonstrate that 6-methylcoumarin has potential as an eco-friendly and target specificity agent for controlling tobacco bacterial wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaobin He
- Chongqing Tobacco Industry Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400060, China
| | - Qingli Xiao
- Chongqing Tobacco Industry Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400060, China
| | - Songting Han
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhou Jia
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shili Li
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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9
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Lv D, Li J, Ye S. The Assembly Switch Mechanism of FtsZ Filament Revealed by All-Atom Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Coarse-Grained Models. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:639883. [PMID: 33859629 PMCID: PMC8042166 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.639883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cytoskeletal protein FtsZ binds and hydrolyzes GTP, and assembles into dynamic filaments that are essential for cell division. Here, we used a multi-scale computational strategy that combined all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and coarse-grained models to reveal the conformational dynamics of assembled FtsZ. We found that the top end of a filament is highly dynamic and can undergo T-to-R transitions in both GTP- and GDP-bound states. We observed several subcategories of nucleation related dimer species, which leading to a feasible nucleation pathway. In addition, we observed that FtsZ filament exhibits noticeable amounts of twisting, indicating a substantial helicity of the FtsZ filament. These results agree with the previously models and experimental data. Anisotropy network model (ANM) analysis revealed a polymerization enhanced assembly cooperativity, and indicated that the cooperative motions in FtsZ are encoded in the structure. Taken together, our study provides a molecular-level understanding of the diversity of the structural states of FtsZ and the relationships among polymerization, hydrolysis, and cooperative assembly, which should shed new light on the molecular basis of FtsZ’s cooperativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashuai Lv
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics, Institute of Quantitative Biology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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10
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Sun H, Jia H, Ramirez‐Diaz DA, Budisa N, Schwille P. Fine-Tuning Protein Self-Organization by Orthogonal Chemo-Optogenetic Tools. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4501-4506. [PMID: 33155720 PMCID: PMC7986231 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A universal gain-of-function approach for the spatiotemporal control of protein activity is highly desirable when reconstituting biological modules in vitro. Here we used orthogonal translation with a photocaged amino acid to map and elucidate molecular mechanisms in the self-organization of the prokaryotic filamentous cell-division protein (FtsZ) that is highly relevant for the assembly of the division ring in bacteria. We masked a tyrosine residue of FtsZ by site-specific incorporation of a photocaged tyrosine analogue. While the mutant still shows self-assembly into filaments, dynamic self-organization into ring patterns can no longer be observed. UV-mediated uncaging revealed that tyrosine 222 is essential for the regulation of the protein's GTPase activity, self-organization, and treadmilling dynamics. Thus, the light-mediated assembly of functional protein modules appears to be a promising minimal-regulation strategy for building up molecular complexity towards a minimal cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Sun
- Technical University of BerlinMüller-Breslau-Str. 1010623BerlinGermany
| | - Haiyang Jia
- Max Planck Institute of BiochemistryAm Klopferspitz 1882152MartinsriedGermany
| | | | - Nediljko Budisa
- Technical University of BerlinMüller-Breslau-Str. 1010623BerlinGermany
- Present address: University of Manitoba44 DysartRdR3T 2N2WinnipegMBCanada
| | - Petra Schwille
- Max Planck Institute of BiochemistryAm Klopferspitz 1882152MartinsriedGermany
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11
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Fujita J, Sugiyama S, Terakado H, Miyazaki M, Ozawa M, Ueda N, Kuroda N, Tanaka SI, Yoshizawa T, Uchihashi T, Matsumura H. Dynamic Assembly/Disassembly of Staphylococcus aureus FtsZ Visualized by High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041697. [PMID: 33567659 PMCID: PMC7914567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
FtsZ is a key protein in bacterial cell division and is assembled into filamentous architectures. FtsZ filaments are thought to regulate bacterial cell division and have been investigated using many types of imaging techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), but the time scale of the method was too long to trace the filament formation process. Development of high-speed AFM enables us to achieve sub-second time resolution and visualize the formation and dissociation process of FtsZ filaments. The analysis of the growth and dissociation rates of the C-terminal truncated FtsZ (FtsZt) filaments indicate the net growth and dissociation of FtsZt filaments in the growth and dissociation conditions, respectively. We also analyzed the curvatures of the full-length FtsZ (FtsZf) and FtsZt filaments, and the comparative analysis indicated the straight-shape preference of the FtsZt filaments than those of FtsZf. These findings provide insights into the fundamental dynamic behavior of FtsZ protofilaments and bacterial cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junso Fujita
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Shogo Sugiyama
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan;
| | - Haruna Terakado
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (H.T.); (M.M.); (M.O.); (N.U.); (N.K.); (S.-i.T.); (T.Y.)
| | - Maho Miyazaki
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (H.T.); (M.M.); (M.O.); (N.U.); (N.K.); (S.-i.T.); (T.Y.)
| | - Mayuki Ozawa
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (H.T.); (M.M.); (M.O.); (N.U.); (N.K.); (S.-i.T.); (T.Y.)
| | - Nanami Ueda
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (H.T.); (M.M.); (M.O.); (N.U.); (N.K.); (S.-i.T.); (T.Y.)
| | - Natsuko Kuroda
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (H.T.); (M.M.); (M.O.); (N.U.); (N.K.); (S.-i.T.); (T.Y.)
| | - Shun-ichi Tanaka
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (H.T.); (M.M.); (M.O.); (N.U.); (N.K.); (S.-i.T.); (T.Y.)
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Kyoto Prefectural University, Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoshizawa
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (H.T.); (M.M.); (M.O.); (N.U.); (N.K.); (S.-i.T.); (T.Y.)
| | - Takayuki Uchihashi
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan;
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.U.); (H.M.); Tel.: +81-52-789-2885 (T.U.); +81-77-561-4809 (H.M.)
| | - Hiroyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (H.T.); (M.M.); (M.O.); (N.U.); (N.K.); (S.-i.T.); (T.Y.)
- Correspondence: (T.U.); (H.M.); Tel.: +81-52-789-2885 (T.U.); +81-77-561-4809 (H.M.)
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12
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Chen CC, Zhang YQ, Zhong DX, Huang XH, Zhang YH, Jiang WH, Li M, Chen Q, Wong WL, Lu YJ. The study of 9,10-dihydroacridine derivatives as a new and effective molecular scaffold for antibacterial agent development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 546:40-45. [PMID: 33561747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of worldwide spreading drug-resistant bacteria has been a serious threat to public health during the past decades. The development of new and effective antibacterial agents to address this critical issue is an urgent action. In the present study, we investigated the antibacterial activity of two 9,10-dihydroacridine derivatives and their mechanism. Both compounds were found possessing strong antibacterial activity against some selected Gram-positive bacteria including MRSA, VISA and VRE. The biological study suggests that the compounds promoted FtsZ polymerization and also disrupted Z-ring formation at the dividing site and consequently, the bacterial cell division is interrupted and causing cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Cui Chen
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yi-Qi Zhang
- College of Marine Science, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, PR China
| | - Dong-Xiao Zhong
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xuan-He Huang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yi-Han Zhang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Wen-Hao Jiang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, PR China
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Wing-Leung Wong
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, PR China.
| | - Yu-Jing Lu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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13
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FtsZ: The Force Awakens. J Indian Inst Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-020-00215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Simulations of Proposed Mechanisms of FtsZ-Driven Cell Constriction. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:JB.00576-20. [PMID: 33199285 PMCID: PMC7811198 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00576-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
FtsZ is thought to generate constrictive force to divide the cell, possibly via one of two predominant models in the field. In one, FtsZ filaments overlap to form complete rings which constrict as filaments slide past each other to maximize lateral contact. To divide, bacteria must constrict their membranes against significant force from turgor pressure. A tubulin homolog, FtsZ, is thought to drive constriction, but how FtsZ filaments might generate constrictive force in the absence of motor proteins is not well understood. There are two predominant models in the field. In one, FtsZ filaments overlap to form complete rings around the circumference of the cell, and attractive forces cause filaments to slide past each other to maximize lateral contact. In the other, filaments exert force on the membrane by a GTP-hydrolysis-induced switch in conformation from straight to bent. Here, we developed software, ZCONSTRICT, for quantitative three-dimensional (3D) simulations of Gram-negative bacterial cell division to test these two models and identify critical conditions required for them to work. We find that the avidity of any kind of lateral interactions quickly halts the sliding of filaments, so a mechanism such as depolymerization or treadmilling is required to sustain constriction by filament sliding. For filament bending, we find that a mechanism such as the presence of a rigid linker is required to constrain bending to within the division plane and maintain the distance observed in vivo between the filaments and the membrane. Of these two models, only the filament bending model is consistent with our lab’s recent observation of constriction associated with a single, short FtsZ filament. IMPORTANCE FtsZ is thought to generate constrictive force to divide the cell, possibly via one of two predominant models in the field. In one, FtsZ filaments overlap to form complete rings which constrict as filaments slide past each other to maximize lateral contact. In the other, filaments exert force on the membrane by switching conformation from straight to bent. Here, we developed software, ZCONSTRICT, for three-dimensional (3D) simulations to test these two models. We find that a mechanism such as depolymerization or treadmilling are required to sustain constriction by filament sliding. For filament bending, we find that a mechanism that constrains bending to within the division plane is required to maintain the distance observed in vivo between the filaments and the membrane.
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15
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Sun H, Jia H, Ramirez‐Diaz DA, Budisa N, Schwille P. Fine‐Tuning Protein Self‐Organization by Orthogonal Chemo‐Optogenetic Tools. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Sun
- Technical University of Berlin Müller-Breslau-Str. 10 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Haiyang Jia
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Germany
| | | | - Nediljko Budisa
- Technical University of Berlin Müller-Breslau-Str. 10 10623 Berlin Germany
- Present address: University of Manitoba 44 DysartRd R3T 2N2 Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - Petra Schwille
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Germany
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16
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Dorababu A. Recent update on antibacterial and antifungal activity of quinoline scaffolds. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 354:e2000232. [PMID: 33210348 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although most of the heterocycles have been reported to possess a significant pharmacological activity, only a few of them, namely quinoline derivatives, have exhibited the finest biological activities. Despite the few medicinal properties of the plain quinoline molecule, its derivatives exhibit diverse pharmacological properties such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoal activities, and so on. The potential antimicrobial properties of the quinoline derivatives are evident from the decades of research on these derivatives. Owing to limitations like drug resistance, high cost, severe side effects, and less bioavailability of previously synthesized antimicrobial agents, these drugs have become obsolete in recent years. Hence, the design of more efficient antimicrobial drugs must be given topmost priority. A breakthrough in drug discovery is a must to prevent malevolent microbial diseases. Addressing all these issues, researchers have been continuously contributing to antimicrobial drug discovery. Herein, a short description of the pharmacology of antimicrobial agents such as antibacterials and antifungals synthesized recently is provided. The versatile derivatization of the quinoline moiety leading to significant antimicrobial potencies is discussed, considering the structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atukuri Dorababu
- Department of Chemistry, SRMPP Govt. First Grade College, Huvinahadagali, Karnataka, India
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17
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Zhou X, Feng YM, Qi PY, Shao WB, Wu ZB, Liu LW, Wang Y, Ma HD, Wang PY, Li Z, Yang S. Synthesis and Docking Study of N-(Cinnamoyl)- N'-(substituted)acryloyl Hydrazide Derivatives Containing Pyridinium Moieties as a Novel Class of Filamentous Temperature-Sensitive Protein Z Inhibitors against the Intractable Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Infections in Rice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:8132-8142. [PMID: 32649185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is an offensive phytopathogen that can invade a wide range of plant hosts to develop bacterial diseases, including the well-known rice bacterial leaf blight. However, few agrochemicals have been identified to effectively prevent and eliminate Xoo-induced diseases. Thus, designing novel antibacterial compounds on the basis of the potential targets from Xoo may lead to the discovery of highly efficient and innovative anti-Xoo agents. Filamentous temperature-sensitive protein Z (FtsZ), an important functional protein in the progression of cell division, has been widely reported and exploited as a target for creating antibacterial drugs in the field of medicine. Therefore, the fabrication of innovative frameworks targeting XooFtsZ may be an effective method for managing bacterial leaf blight diseases via blocking the binary division and reproduction of Xoo. As such, a series of novel N-(cinnamoyl)-N'-(substituted)acryloyl hydrazide derivatives containing pyridinium moieties were designed, and the anti-Xoo activity was determined. The bioassay results showed that compound A7 had excellent anti-Xoo activity (EC50 = 0.99 mg L-1) in vitro and distinct curative activity (63.2% at 200 mg L-1) in vivo. Further studies revealed that these designed compounds were XooFtsZ inhibitors, validating by the reduced GTPase activity of recombinant XooFtsZ, the nonfilamentous XooFtsZ assembly observed in the TEM images, and the prolonged Xoo cells from the fluorescence patterns. Computational docking studies showed that compound A7 had strong interactions with ASN34, GLN193, and GLN197 residues located in the α helix regions of XooFtsZ. The present study demonstrates the developed FtsZ inhibitors can serve as agents to control Xoo-induced infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R & D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yu-Mei Feng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R & D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Pu-Ying Qi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R & D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wu-Bin Shao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R & D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhi-Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R & D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R & D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R & D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hao-Dong Ma
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R & D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Pei-Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R & D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhong Li
- College of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R & D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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18
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Ur Rahman M, Wang P, Wang N, Chen Y. A key bacterial cytoskeletal cell division protein FtsZ as a novel therapeutic antibacterial drug target. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2020; 20:310-318. [PMID: 32020845 PMCID: PMC7416170 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2020.4597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains initiates the urgent need for the elucidation of the new drug targets for the discovery of antimicrobial drugs. Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z (FtsZ), a eukaryotic tubulin homolog, is a GTP-dependent prokaryotic cytoskeletal protein and is conserved among most bacterial strains. In vitro studies revealed that FtsZ self-assembles into dynamic protofilaments or bundles and forms a dynamic Z-ring at the center of the cell in vivo, leading to septation and consequent cell division. Speculations on the ability of FtsZ in the blockage of cell division make FtsZ a highly attractive target for developing novel antibiotics. Researchers have been working on synthetic molecules and natural products as inhibitors of FtsZ. Accumulating data suggest that FtsZ may provide the platform for the development of novel antibiotics. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the properties of FtsZ protein and bacterial cell division, as well as in the development of FtsZ inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujeeb Ur Rahman
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yaodong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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19
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Khare S, Hsin J, Sorto NA, Nepomuceno GM, Shaw JT, Shi H, Huang KC. FtsZ-Independent Mechanism of Division Inhibition by the Small Molecule PC190723 in Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 3:e1900021. [PMID: 32648693 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
While cell division is a critical process in cellular proliferation, very few antibiotics have been identified that target the bacterial cell-division machinery. Recent studies have shown that the small molecule PC190723 inhibits cell division in several Gram-positive bacteria, with a hypothesized mechanism of action involving direct targeting of the tubulin homolog FtsZ, which is essential for division in virtually all bacterial species. Here, it is shown that PC190723 also inhibits cell division in the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli if the outer membrane permeability barrier is compromised genetically or chemically. The results show that the equivalent FtsZ mutations conferring PC190723 resistance in Staphylococcus aureus do not protect E. coli against PC190723, and that suppressors of PC190723 sensitivity in E. coli, which do not generically decrease outer membrane permeability, do not map to FtsZ or other division proteins. These suppressors display a wide range of morphological and growth phenotypes, and one exhibits a death phenotype in the stationary phase similar to that of a mutant with disrupted lipid homeostasis. Finally, a complementing FtsZ-msfGFP fusion is used to show that PC190723 does not affect the Z-ring structure. Taken together, the findings suggest that PC190723 inhibits growth and division in E. coli without targeting FtsZ. This study highlights the importance of utilizing a combination of genetic, chemical, and single-cell approaches to dissect the mechanisms of action of new antibiotics, which are not necessarily conserved across bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somya Khare
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jen Hsin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nohemy A Sorto
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Jared T Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Handuo Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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20
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Cell Division Protein FtsZ Is Unfolded for N-Terminal Degradation by Antibiotic-Activated ClpP. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01006-20. [PMID: 32605984 PMCID: PMC7327170 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01006-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyldepsipeptide (ADEP) antibiotics effectively kill multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens, including vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The antibacterial activity of ADEP depends on a new mechanism of action, i.e., the deregulation of bacterial protease ClpP that leads to bacterial self-digestion. Our data allow new insights into the mode of ADEP action by providing a molecular explanation for the distinct bacterial phenotypes observed at low versus high ADEP concentrations. In addition, we show that ClpP alone, in the absence of any unfoldase or energy-consuming system, and only activated by the small molecule antibiotic ADEP, leads to the unfolding of the cell division protein FtsZ. Antibiotic acyldepsipeptides (ADEPs) deregulate ClpP, the proteolytic core of the bacterial Clp protease, thereby inhibiting its native functions and concomitantly activating it for uncontrolled proteolysis of nonnative substrates. Importantly, although ADEP-activated ClpP is assumed to target multiple polypeptide and protein substrates in the bacterial cell, not all proteins seem equally susceptible. In Bacillus subtilis, the cell division protein FtsZ emerged to be particularly sensitive to degradation by ADEP-activated ClpP at low inhibitory ADEP concentrations. In fact, FtsZ is the only bacterial protein that has been confirmed to be degraded in vitro as well as within bacterial cells so far. However, the molecular reason for this preferred degradation remained elusive. Here, we report the unexpected finding that ADEP-activated ClpP alone, in the absence of any Clp-ATPase, leads to an unfolding and subsequent degradation of the N-terminal domain of FtsZ, which can be prevented by the stabilization of the FtsZ fold via nucleotide binding. At elevated antibiotic concentrations, importantly, the C terminus of FtsZ is notably targeted for degradation in addition to the N terminus. Our results show that different target structures are more or less accessible to ClpP, depending on the ADEP level present. Moreover, our data assign a Clp-ATPase-independent protein unfolding capability to the ClpP core of the bacterial Clp protease and suggest that the protein fold of FtsZ may be more flexible than previously anticipated.
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21
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Silber N, Matos de Opitz CL, Mayer C, Sass P. Cell division protein FtsZ: from structure and mechanism to antibiotic target. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:801-831. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance to virtually all clinically applied antibiotic classes severely limits the available options to treat bacterial infections. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop and evaluate new antibiotics and targets with resistance-breaking properties. Bacterial cell division has emerged as a new antibiotic target pathway to counteract multidrug-resistant pathogens. New approaches in antibiotic discovery and bacterial cell biology helped to identify compounds that either directly interact with the major cell division protein FtsZ, thereby perturbing the function and dynamics of the cell division machinery, or affect the structural integrity of FtsZ by inducing its degradation. The impressive antimicrobial activities and resistance-breaking properties of certain compounds validate the inhibition of bacterial cell division as a promising strategy for antibiotic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Silber
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology & Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Cruz L Matos de Opitz
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology & Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Christian Mayer
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology & Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Peter Sass
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology & Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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22
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Naz F, Mashkoor M, Sharma P, Haque MA, Kapil A, Kumar M, Kaur P, Abdul Samath E. Drug repurposing approach to target FtsZ cell division protein from Salmonella Typhi. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 159:1073-1083. [PMID: 32417543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug repurposing is an efficient alternative approach to counter the increasing drug-resistant pathogens to treat infectious diseases. FtsZ is an essential bacterial cytokinesis protein involved in the formation of cell-division complex and targeting FtsZ using FDA approved drugs is a promising strategy to identify and develop a new antibacterial drug. Using in silico pharmacophore-based screening of drug bank, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, we identified six drugs inhibiting the function of stFtsZ from Salmonella Typhi. The selected drugs target stFtsZ at the hydrophobic cleft formed between the C-terminal domain and helix α7 with binding energy better than -8 kcal/mol. Out of these six drugs, benzethonium chloride showed promising results at 8 μM concentration where it inhibits stFtsZ GTPase activity by 80% and prevents polymerization. Benzethonium chloride also possesses an excellent antibacterial activity against the bacterial culture of Salmonella Typhi (ATCC 19430), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 43300) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) with the MIC values of 8 μg/mL, 1 μg/mL and 12 μg/mL, respectively. Based on our current study, the scaffold of benzethonium chloride can be used for the development of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents against drug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Naz
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Muneera Mashkoor
- Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Md Anzarul Haque
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Arti Kapil
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Punit Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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23
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Abstract
The FtsZ protein is a highly conserved bacterial tubulin homolog. In vivo, the functional form of FtsZ is the polymeric, ring-like structure (Z-ring) assembled at the future division site during cell division. While it is clear that the Z-ring plays an essential role in orchestrating cytokinesis, precisely what its functions are and how these functions are achieved remain elusive. In this article, we review what we have learned during the past decade about the Z-ring's structure, function, and dynamics, with a particular focus on insights generated by recent high-resolution imaging and single-molecule analyses. We suggest that the major function of the Z-ring is to govern nascent cell pole morphogenesis by directing the spatiotemporal distribution of septal cell wall remodeling enzymes through the Z-ring's GTP hydrolysis-dependent treadmilling dynamics. In this role, FtsZ functions in cell division as the counterpart of the cell shape-determining actin homolog MreB in cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan McQuillen
- Department of Biophysics & Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; ,
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Biophysics & Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; ,
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24
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Yoshizawa T, Fujita J, Terakado H, Ozawa M, Kuroda N, Tanaka SI, Uehara R, Matsumura H. Crystal structures of the cell-division protein FtsZ from Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2020; 76:86-93. [PMID: 32039890 PMCID: PMC7010355 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x2000076x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
FtsZ, a tubulin-like GTPase, is essential for bacterial cell division. In the presence of GTP, FtsZ polymerizes into filamentous structures, which are key to generating force in cell division. However, the structural basis for the molecular mechanism underlying FtsZ function remains to be elucidated. In this study, crystal structures of the enzymatic domains of FtsZ from Klebsiella pneumoniae (KpFtsZ) and Escherichia coli (EcFtsZ) were determined at 1.75 and 2.50 Å resolution, respectively. Both FtsZs form straight protofilaments in the crystals, and the two structures adopted relaxed (R) conformations. The T3 loop, which is involved in GTP/GDP binding and FtsZ assembly/disassembly, adopted a unique open conformation in KpFtsZ, while the T3 loop of EcFtsZ was partially disordered. The crystal structure of EcFtsZ can explain the results from previous functional analyses using EcFtsZ mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yoshizawa
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Junso Fujita
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruna Terakado
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Mayuki Ozawa
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kuroda
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shun-ichi Tanaka
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Ryo Uehara
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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25
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Schumacher MA, Ohashi T, Corbin L, Erickson HP. High-resolution crystal structures of Escherichia coli FtsZ bound to GDP and GTP. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2020; 76:94-102. [PMID: 32039891 PMCID: PMC7010359 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x20001132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cytokinesis is mediated by the Z-ring, which is formed by the prokaryotic tubulin homolog FtsZ. Recent data indicate that the Z-ring is composed of small patches of FtsZ protofilaments that travel around the bacterial cell by treadmilling. Treadmilling involves a switch from a relaxed (R) state, favored for monomers, to a tense (T) conformation, which is favored upon association into filaments. The R conformation has been observed in numerous monomeric FtsZ crystal structures and the T conformation in Staphylococcus aureus FtsZ crystallized as assembled filaments. However, while Escherichia coli has served as a main model system for the study of the Z-ring and the associated divisome, a structure has not yet been reported for E. coli FtsZ. To address this gap, structures were determined of the E. coli FtsZ mutant FtsZ(L178E) with GDP and GTP bound to 1.35 and 1.40 Å resolution, respectively. The E. coli FtsZ(L178E) structures both crystallized as straight filaments with subunits in the R conformation. These high-resolution structures can be employed to facilitate experimental cell-division studies and their interpretation in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Schumacher
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3711, DUMC, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tomoo Ohashi
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3711, DUMC, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lauren Corbin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Harold P. Erickson
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3711, DUMC, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3711, DUMC, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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26
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Sogawa H, Sato R, Suzuki K, Tomioka S, Shinzato T, Karpov P, Shulga S, Blume Y, Kurita N. Binding sites of Zantrin inhibitors to the bacterial cell division protein FtsZ: Molecular docking and ab initio molecular orbital calculations. Chem Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.110603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Li Y, Sun N, Ser HL, Long W, Li Y, Chen C, Zheng B, Huang X, Liu Z, Lu YJ. Antibacterial activity evaluation and mode of action study of novel thiazole-quinolinium derivatives. RSC Adv 2020; 10:15000-15014. [PMID: 35497125 PMCID: PMC9052103 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00691b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of thiazole-quinolinium derivatives perturb the polymerization of FtsZ with strong antibacterial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- PR China
| | - Ning Sun
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- PR China
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery
| | - Hooi-Leng Ser
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- PR China
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery (NBDD) Research Group
| | - Wei Long
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- PR China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Pharmacy
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
- Zhuhai
- P. R. China
| | - Cuicui Chen
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- PR China
| | - Boxin Zheng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- PR China
| | - Xuanhe Huang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- PR China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Kowloon
- China
| | - Yu-Jing Lu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- PR China
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28
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Wang Y, Ling C, Chen Y, Jiang X, Chen GQ. Microbial engineering for easy downstream processing. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Kadirjan-Kalbach DK, Turmo A, Wang J, Smith BC, Chen C, Porter KJ, Childs KL, DellaPenna D, Osteryoung KW. Allelic Variation in the Chloroplast Division Gene FtsZ2-2 Leads to Natural Variation in Chloroplast Size. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:1059-1074. [PMID: 31488573 PMCID: PMC6836828 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast size varies considerably in nature, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. By exploiting a near-isogenic line population derived from a cross between the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) accessions Cape Verde Islands (Cvi-1), which has larger chloroplasts, and Landsberg erecta (Ler-0), with smaller chloroplasts, we determined that the large-chloroplast phenotype in Cvi-1 is associated with allelic variation in the gene encoding the chloroplast-division protein FtsZ2-2, a tubulin-related cytoskeletal component of the contractile FtsZ ring inside chloroplasts. Sequencing revealed that the Cvi-1 FtsZ2-2 allele encodes a C-terminally truncated protein lacking a region required for FtsZ2-2 interaction with inner-envelope proteins, and functional complementation experiments in a Columbia-0 ftsZ2-2 null mutant confirmed this allele as causal for the increased chloroplast size in Cvi-1. Comparison of FtsZ2-2 coding sequences in the 1001 Genomes database showed that the Cvi-1 allele is rare and identified additional rare loss-of-function alleles, including a natural null allele, in three other accessions, all of which had enlarged-chloroplast phenotypes. The ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions was higher among the FtsZ2-2 genes than among the two other FtsZ family members in Arabidopsis, FtsZ2-1, a close paralog of FtsZ2-2, and the functionally distinct FtsZ1-1, indicating more relaxed constraint on the FtsZ2-2 coding sequence than on those of FtsZ2-1 or FtsZ1-1 Our results establish that allelic variation in FtsZ2-2 contributes to natural variation in chloroplast size in Arabidopsis, and they also demonstrate that natural variation in Arabidopsis can be used to decipher the genetic basis of differences in fundamental cell biological traits, such as organelle size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aiko Turmo
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Brandon C Smith
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Katie J Porter
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Kevin L Childs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Dean DellaPenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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30
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Pharmacophore based approach to screen and evaluate novel Mycobacterium cell division inhibitors targeting FtsZ – A modelling and experimental study. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 135:103-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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31
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Lazo EO, Jakoncic J, RoyChowdhury S, Awasthi D, Ojima I. Novel T9 loop conformation of filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2019; 75:359-367. [PMID: 31045565 PMCID: PMC6497106 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x19004618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
As of 2017, tuberculosis had infected 1.7 billion people (23% of the population of the world) and caused ten million deaths. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is quickly evolving, and new strains are classified as multidrug resistant. Thus, the identification of novel druggable targets is essential to combat the proliferation of these drug-resistant strains. Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z (FtsZ) is a key protein involved in cytokinesis, an important process for Mtb proliferation and viability. FtsZ is required for bacterial cell division because it polymerizes into a structure called the Z-ring, which recruits accessory division proteins to the septum. Here, the crystal structure of the MtbFtsZ protein has been determined to 3.46 Å resolution and is described as a dimer of trimers, with an inter-subunit interface between protomers AB and DE. In this work, a novel conformation of MtbFtsZ is revealed involving the T9 loop and the nucleotide-binding pocket of protomers BC and EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. O. Lazo
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - J. Jakoncic
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - S. RoyChowdhury
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - D. Awasthi
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - I. Ojima
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
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32
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Ng N, Shi H, Colavin A, Huang KC. Conservation of conformational dynamics across prokaryotic actins. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006683. [PMID: 30951524 PMCID: PMC6450608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin family of cytoskeletal proteins is essential to the physiology of virtually all archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. While X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy have revealed structural homologies among actin-family proteins, these techniques cannot probe molecular-scale conformational dynamics. Here, we use all-atom molecular dynamic simulations to reveal conserved dynamical behaviors in four prokaryotic actin homologs: MreB, FtsA, ParM, and crenactin. We demonstrate that the majority of the conformational dynamics of prokaryotic actins can be explained by treating the four subdomains as rigid bodies. MreB, ParM, and FtsA monomers exhibited nucleotide-dependent dihedral and opening angles, while crenactin monomer dynamics were nucleotide-independent. We further show that the opening angle of ParM is sensitive to a specific interaction between subdomains. Steered molecular dynamics simulations of MreB, FtsA, and crenactin dimers revealed that changes in subunit dihedral angle lead to intersubunit bending or twist, suggesting a conserved mechanism for regulating filament structure. Taken together, our results provide molecular-scale insights into the nucleotide and polymerization dependencies of the structure of prokaryotic actins, suggesting mechanisms for how these structural features are linked to their diverse functions. Simulations are a critical tool for uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying biological form and function. Here, we use molecular-dynamics simulations to identify common and specific dynamical behaviors in four prokaryotic homologs of actin, a cytoskeletal protein that plays important roles in cellular structure and division in eukaryotes. The four actin homologs have diverse functions including cell division, cell shape maintenance, and DNA segmentation. Dihedral angles and opening angles in monomers of bacterial MreB, FtsA, and ParM were all sensitive to whether the subunit was bound to ATP or ADP, unlike in the archaeal homolog crenactin. In simulations of MreB, FtsA, and crenactin dimers, changes in subunit dihedral angle led to bending or twisting in filaments of these proteins, suggesting a mechanism for regulating the properties of large filaments. Taken together, our simulations set the stage for understanding and exploiting structure-function relationships of prokaryotic cytoskeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Ng
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Handuo Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Colavin
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Ahamad S, Islam A, Ahmad F, Dwivedi N, Hassan MI. 2/3D-QSAR, molecular docking and MD simulation studies of FtsZ protein targeting benzimidazoles derivatives. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 78:398-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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34
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Mateos-Gil P, Tarazona P, Vélez M. Bacterial cell division: modeling FtsZ assembly and force generation from single filament experimental data. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:73-87. [PMID: 30376053 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial cytoskeletal protein FtsZ binds and hydrolyzes GTP, self-aggregates into dynamic filaments and guides the assembly of the septal ring on the inner side of the membrane at midcell. This ring constricts the cell during division and is present in most bacteria. Despite exhaustive studies undertaken in the last 25 years after its discovery, we do not yet know the mechanism by which this GTP-dependent self-aggregating protein exerts force on the underlying membrane. This paper reviews recent experiments and theoretical models proposed to explain FtsZ filament dynamic assembly and force generation. It highlights how recent observations of single filaments on reconstituted model systems and computational modeling are contributing to develop new multiscale models that stress the importance of previously overlooked elements as monomer internal flexibility, filament twist and flexible anchoring to the cell membrane. These elements contribute to understand the rich behavior of these GTP consuming dynamic filaments on surfaces. The aim of this review is 2-fold: (1) to summarize recent multiscale models and their implications to understand the molecular mechanism of FtsZ assembly and force generation and (2) to update theoreticians with recent experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Mateos-Gil
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FO.R.T.H, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Pedro Tarazona
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisela Vélez
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica CSIC, c/ Marie Curie 2, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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35
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Kusuma KD, Griffith R, Harry EJ, Bottomley AL, Ung AT. In silico Analysis of FtsZ Crystal Structures Towards a New Target for Antibiotics. Aust J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/ch18347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial cell division protein FtsZ is conserved in most bacteria and essential for viability. There have been concerted efforts in developing inhibitors that target FtsZ as potential antibiotics. Key to this is an in-depth understanding of FtsZ structure at the molecular level across diverse bacterial species to ensure inhibitors have high affinity for the FtsZ target in a variety of clinically relevant pathogens. In this study, we show that FtsZ structures differ in three ways: (1) the H7 helix curvature; (2) the dimensions of the interdomain cleft; and (3) the opening/closing mechanism of the interdomain cleft, whereas no differences were observed in the dimensions of the nucleotide-binding pocket and T7 loop. Molecular dynamics simulation may suggest that there are two possible mechanisms for the process of opening and closing of the interdomain cleft on FtsZ structures. This discovery highlights significant differences between FtsZ structures at the molecular level and this knowledge is vital in assisting the design of potent FtsZ inhibitors.
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashoka Chary Taviti
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Tushar Kant Beuria
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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37
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Abstract
FtsZ is the ancestral homolog of tubulin and assembles into the Z ring that organizes the division machinery to drive cell division in most bacteria. In contrast to tubulin that assembles into 13 stranded microtubules that undergo dynamic instability, FtsZ assembles into single-stranded filaments that treadmill to distribute the peptidoglycan synthetic machinery at the septum. Here, using longitudinal interface mutants of FtsZ, we demonstrate that the kinetic polarity of FtsZ filaments is opposite to that of microtubules. A conformational switch accompanying the assembly of FtsZ generates the kinetic polarity of FtsZ filaments, which explains the toxicity of interface mutants that function as a capper and reveals the mechanism of cooperative assembly. This approach can also be employed to determine the kinetic polarity of other filament-forming proteins.
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38
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Fang Z, Ban L, Li Y, Yuan W, Liu Z, Liu T, Li X, Wong KY, Lu Y, Sun N, Yao X. A quinoline-based FtsZ inhibitor for the study of antimicrobial activity and synergistic effects with β-lactam antibiotics. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 137:283-289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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39
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Escherichia coli ZipA Organizes FtsZ Polymers into Dynamic Ring-Like Protofilament Structures. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01008-18. [PMID: 29921670 PMCID: PMC6016244 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01008-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ZipA is an essential cell division protein in Escherichia coli. Together with FtsA, ZipA tethers dynamic polymers of FtsZ to the cytoplasmic membrane, and these polymers are required to guide synthesis of the cell division septum. This dynamic behavior of FtsZ has been reconstituted on planar lipid surfaces in vitro, visible as GTP-dependent chiral vortices several hundred nanometers in diameter, when anchored by FtsA or when fused to an artificial membrane binding domain. However, these dynamics largely vanish when ZipA is used to tether FtsZ polymers to lipids at high surface densities. This, along with some in vitro studies in solution, has led to the prevailing notion that ZipA reduces FtsZ dynamics by enhancing bundling of FtsZ filaments. Here, we show that this is not the case. When lower, more physiological levels of the soluble, cytoplasmic domain of ZipA (sZipA) were attached to lipids, FtsZ assembled into highly dynamic vortices similar to those assembled with FtsA or other membrane anchors. Notably, at either high or low surface densities, ZipA did not stimulate lateral interactions between FtsZ protofilaments. We also used E. coli mutants that are either deficient or proficient in FtsZ bundling to provide evidence that ZipA does not directly promote bundling of FtsZ filaments in vivo. Together, our results suggest that ZipA does not dampen FtsZ dynamics as previously thought, and instead may act as a passive membrane attachment for FtsZ filaments as they treadmill. Bacterial cells use a membrane-attached ring of proteins to mark and guide formation of a division septum at midcell that forms a wall separating the two daughter cells and allows cells to divide. The key protein in this ring is FtsZ, a homolog of tubulin that forms dynamic polymers. Here, we use electron microscopy and confocal fluorescence imaging to show that one of the proteins required to attach FtsZ polymers to the membrane during E. coli cell division, ZipA, can promote dynamic swirls of FtsZ on a lipid surface in vitro. Importantly, these swirls are observed only when ZipA is present at low, physiologically relevant surface densities. Although ZipA has been thought to enhance bundling of FtsZ polymers, we find little evidence for bundling in vitro. In addition, we present several lines of in vivo evidence indicating that ZipA does not act to directly bundle FtsZ polymers.
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40
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Guan F, Yu J, Yu J, Liu Y, Li Y, Feng XH, Huang KC, Chang Z, Ye S. Lateral interactions between protofilaments of the bacterial tubulin homolog FtsZ are essential for cell division. eLife 2018; 7:35578. [PMID: 29889022 PMCID: PMC6050046 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The prokaryotic tubulin homolog FtsZ polymerizes into protofilaments, which further assemble into higher-order structures at future division sites to form the Z-ring, a dynamic structure essential for bacterial cell division. The precise nature of interactions between FtsZ protofilaments that organize the Z-ring and their physiological significance remain enigmatic. In this study, we solved two crystallographic structures of a pair of FtsZ protofilaments, and demonstrated that they assemble in an antiparallel manner through the formation of two different inter-protofilament lateral interfaces. Our in vivo photocrosslinking studies confirmed that such lateral interactions occur in living cells, and disruption of the lateral interactions rendered cells unable to divide. The inherently weak lateral interactions enable FtsZ protofilaments to self-organize into a dynamic Z-ring. These results have fundamental implications for our understanding of bacterial cell division and for developing antibiotics that target this key process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghui Guan
- Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Life Sciences Institute, Zheijiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Life Sciences Institute, Zheijiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Hua Feng
- Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Life Sciences Institute, Zheijiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, United States
| | - Zengyi Chang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Life Sciences Institute, Zheijiang University, Hangzhou, China
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41
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Holden S. Probing the mechanistic principles of bacterial cell division with super-resolution microscopy. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 43:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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42
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Sung MW, Shaik R, TerBush AD, Osteryoung KW, Vitha S, Holzenburg A. The chloroplast division protein ARC6 acts to inhibit disassembly of GDP-bound FtsZ2. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10692-10706. [PMID: 29769312 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts host photosynthesis and fulfill other metabolic functions that are essential to plant life. They have to divide by binary fission to maintain their numbers throughout cycles of cell division. Chloroplast division is achieved by a complex ring-shaped division machinery located on both the inner (stromal) and the outer (cytosolic) side of the chloroplast envelope. The inner division ring (termed the Z ring) is formed by the assembly of tubulin-like FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 proteins. ARC6 is a key chloroplast division protein that interacts with the Z ring. ARC6 spans the inner envelope membrane, is known to stabilize or maintain the Z ring, and anchors the Z ring to the inner membrane through interaction with FtsZ2. The underlying mechanism of Z ring stabilization is not well-understood. Here, biochemical and structural characterization of ARC6 was conducted using light scattering, sedimentation, and light and transmission EM. The recombinant protein was purified as a dimer. The results indicated that a truncated form of ARC6 (tARC6), representing the stromal portion of ARC6, affects FtsZ2 assembly without forming higher-order structures and exerts its effect via FtsZ2 dynamics. tARC6 prevented GDP-induced FtsZ2 disassembly and caused a significant net increase in FtsZ2 assembly when GDP was present. Single particle analysis and 3D reconstruction were performed to elucidate the structural basis of ARC6 activity. Together, the data reveal that a dimeric form of tARC6 binds to FtsZ2 filaments and does not increase FtsZ polymerization rates but rather inhibits GDP-associated FtsZ2 disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Woo Sung
- From the Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Rahamthulla Shaik
- From the Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Allan D TerBush
- the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program and.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | | | - Stanislav Vitha
- the Microscopy and Imaging Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, and
| | - Andreas Holzenburg
- From the Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843.,the Microscopy and Imaging Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, and.,the Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville-Edinburg-Harlingen, Texas 78550
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43
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RodZ modulates geometric localization of the bacterial actin MreB to regulate cell shape. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1280. [PMID: 29599448 PMCID: PMC5876373 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the rod-shaped bacterium Escherichia coli, the actin-like protein MreB localizes in a curvature-dependent manner and spatially coordinates cell-wall insertion to maintain cell shape, although the molecular mechanism by which cell width is regulated remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that the membrane protein RodZ regulates the biophysical properties of MreB and alters the spatial organization of E. coli cell-wall growth. The relative expression levels of MreB and RodZ change in a manner commensurate with variations in growth rate and cell width, and RodZ systematically alters the curvature-based localization of MreB and cell width in a concentration-dependent manner. We identify MreB mutants that alter the bending properties of MreB filaments in molecular dynamics simulations similar to RodZ binding, and show that these mutants rescue rod-like shape in the absence of RodZ alone or in combination with wild-type MreB. Thus, E. coli can control its shape and dimensions by differentially regulating RodZ and MreB to alter the patterning of cell-wall insertion, highlighting the rich regulatory landscape of cytoskeletal molecular biophysics. Membrane protein RodZ interacts with the actin-like protein MreB, which coordinates cell-wall insertion to maintain the typical rod-like shape of E. coli cells. Here, the authors provide evidence that RodZ modulates the biophysical properties of MreB and alters the spatial organization of cell-wall growth.
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44
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van Teeffelen S, Renner LD. Recent advances in understanding how rod-like bacteria stably maintain their cell shapes. F1000Res 2018; 7:241. [PMID: 29560261 PMCID: PMC5832919 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12663.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell shape and cell volume are important for many bacterial functions. In recent years, we have seen a range of experimental and theoretical work that led to a better understanding of the determinants of cell shape and size. The roles of different molecular machineries for cell-wall expansion have been detailed and partially redefined, mechanical forces have been shown to influence cell shape, and new connections between metabolism and cell shape have been proposed. Yet the fundamental determinants of the different cellular dimensions remain to be identified. Here, we highlight some of the recent developments and focus on the determinants of rod-like cell shape and size in the well-studied model organisms
Escherichia coli and
Bacillus subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven van Teeffelen
- Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Lars D Renner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research and the Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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45
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Krupka M, Margolin W. Unite to divide: Oligomerization of tubulin and actin homologs regulates initiation of bacterial cell division. F1000Res 2018; 7:235. [PMID: 29560258 PMCID: PMC5832921 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13504.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To generate two cells from one, bacteria such as
Escherichia coli use a complex of membrane-embedded proteins called the divisome that synthesize the division septum. The initial stage of cytokinesis requires a tubulin homolog, FtsZ, which forms polymers that treadmill around the cell circumference. The attachment of these polymers to the cytoplasmic membrane requires an actin homolog, FtsA, which also forms dynamic polymers that directly bind to FtsZ. Recent evidence indicates that FtsA and FtsZ regulate each other’s oligomeric state in
E. coli to control the progression of cytokinesis, including the recruitment of septum synthesis proteins. In this review, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of protein-protein association between FtsZ and FtsA in the initial stages of divisome function, mainly in the well-characterized
E. coli system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Krupka
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, Houston, USA
| | - William Margolin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, Houston, USA
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46
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Lariviere PJ, Szwedziak P, Mahone CR, Löwe J, Goley ED. FzlA, an essential regulator of FtsZ filament curvature, controls constriction rate during Caulobacter division. Mol Microbiol 2018; 107:180-197. [PMID: 29119622 PMCID: PMC5760450 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During bacterial division, polymers of the tubulin-like GTPase FtsZ assemble at midcell to form the cytokinetic Z-ring, which coordinates peptidoglycan (PG) remodeling and envelope constriction. Curvature of FtsZ filaments promotes membrane deformation in vitro, but its role in division in vivo remains undefined. Inside cells, FtsZ directs PG insertion at the division plane, though it is unclear how FtsZ structure and dynamics are mechanistically coupled to PG metabolism. Here we study FzlA, a division protein that stabilizes highly curved FtsZ filaments, as a tool for assessing the contribution of FtsZ filament curvature to constriction. We show that in Caulobacter crescentus, FzlA must bind to FtsZ for division to occur and that FzlA-mediated FtsZ curvature is correlated with efficient division. We observed that FzlA influences constriction rate, and that this activity is associated with its ability to bind and curve FtsZ polymers. Further, we found that a slowly constricting fzlA mutant strain develops 'pointy' poles, suggesting that FzlA influences the relative contributions of radial versus longitudinal PG insertion at the septum. These findings implicate FzlA as a critical coordinator of envelope constriction through its interaction with FtsZ and suggest a functional link between FtsZ curvature and efficient constriction in C. crescentus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Lariviere
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Piotr Szwedziak
- Structural Studies DivisionMRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeCB20QHUK
- Present address:
Institute of Molecular Biology and BiophysicsETH Zürich8093 ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Christopher R. Mahone
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Jan Löwe
- Structural Studies DivisionMRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeCB20QHUK
| | - Erin D. Goley
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
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47
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Huecas S, Ramírez-Aportela E, Vergoñós A, Núñez-Ramírez R, Llorca O, Díaz JF, Juan-Rodríguez D, Oliva MA, Castellen P, Andreu JM. Self-Organization of FtsZ Polymers in Solution Reveals Spacer Role of the Disordered C-Terminal Tail. Biophys J 2017; 113:1831-1844. [PMID: 29045877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
FtsZ is a self-assembling GTPase that forms, below the inner membrane, the mid-cell Z-ring guiding bacterial division. FtsZ monomers polymerize head to tail forming tubulin-like dynamic protofilaments, whose organization in the Z-ring is an unresolved problem. Rather than forming a well-defined structure, FtsZ protofilaments laterally associate in vitro into polymorphic condensates typically imaged on surfaces. We describe here nanoscale self-organizing properties of FtsZ assemblies in solution that underlie Z-ring assembly, employing time-resolved x-ray scattering and cryo-electron microscopy. We find that FtsZ forms bundles made of loosely bound filaments of variable length and curvature. Individual FtsZ protofilaments further bend upon nucleotide hydrolysis, highlighted by the observation of some large circular structures with 2.5-5° curvature angles between subunits, followed by disassembly end-products consisting of highly curved oligomers and 16-subunit -220 Å diameter mini-rings, here observed by cryo-electron microscopy. Neighbor FtsZ filaments in bundles are laterally spaced 70 Å, leaving a gap in between. In contrast, close contact between filament core structures (∼50 Å spacing) is observed in straight polymers of FtsZ constructs lacking the C-terminal tail, which is known to provide a flexible tether essential for FtsZ functions in cell division. Changing the length of the intrinsically disordered C-tail linker modifies the interfilament spacing. We propose that the linker prevents dynamic FtsZ protofilaments in bundles from sticking to one another, holding them apart at a distance similar to the lateral spacing observed by electron cryotomography in several bacteria and liposomes. According to this model, weak interactions between curved polar FtsZ protofilaments through their the C-tails may facilitate the coherent treadmilling dynamics of membrane-associated FtsZ bundles in reconstituted systems, as well as the recently discovered movement of FtsZ clusters around bacterial Z-rings that is powered by GTP hydrolysis and guides correct septal cell wall synthesis and cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Huecas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Oscar Llorca
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Spanish National Cancer Research Center, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - María A Oliva
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Castellen
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Department of Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - José M Andreu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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48
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Squeglia F, Ruggiero A, Berisio R. Chemistry of Peptidoglycan in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Life Cycle: An off-the-wall Balance of Synthesis and Degradation. Chemistry 2017; 24:2533-2546. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Squeglia
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging; CNR; Via Mezzocannone 16. 80134 Napoli Italy
| | - Alessia Ruggiero
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging; CNR; Via Mezzocannone 16. 80134 Napoli Italy
| | - Rita Berisio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging; CNR; Via Mezzocannone 16. 80134 Napoli Italy
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49
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Rojas ER, Huang KC. Regulation of microbial growth by turgor pressure. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 42:62-70. [PMID: 29125939 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rapid changes in environmental osmolarity are a natural aspect of microbial lifestyles. The change in turgor pressure resulting from an osmotic shock alters the mechanical forces within the cell envelope, and can impact cell growth across a range of timescales, through a variety of mechanical mechanisms. Here, we first summarize measurements of turgor pressure in various organisms. We then review how the combination of microfluidic flow cells and quantitative image analysis has driven discovery of the diverse ways in which turgor pressure mechanically regulates bacterial growth, independent of the effect of cytoplasmic crowding. In Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, reductions in turgor pressure cause decreased growth rate. Moreover, a hypoosmotic shock, which increases turgor pressure and membrane tension, leads to transient inhibition of cell-wall growth via electrical depolarization. By contrast, Gram-negative Escherichia coli is remarkably insensitive to changes in turgor. We discuss the extent to which turgor pressure impacts processes such as cell division that alter cell shape, in particular that turgor facilitates millisecond-scale daughter-cell separation in many Actinobacteria and eukaryotic fission yeast. This diverse set of responses showcases the potential for using osmotic shocks to interrogate how mechanical perturbations affect cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique R Rojas
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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50
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Chan KF, Sun N, Yan SC, Wong ILK, Lui HK, Cheung KC, Yuan J, Chan FY, Zheng Z, Chan EWC, Chen S, Leung YC, Chan TH, Wong KY. Efficient Synthesis of Amine-Linked 2,4,6-Trisubstituted Pyrimidines as a New Class of Bacterial FtsZ Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:7281-7292. [PMID: 30023544 PMCID: PMC6044853 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We have recently identified a new class of filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z (FtsZ)-interacting compounds that possess a 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidine-quinuclidine scaffold with moderate antibacterial activity. Employing this scaffold as a molecular template, a compound library of amine-linked 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidines with 99 candidates was successfully established by employing an efficient convergent synthesis designed to explore their structure-activity relationship. The results of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay against Staphylococcus aureus strains and cytotoxicity assay against the mouse L929 cell line identified those compounds with potent antistaphylococcal properties (MIC ranges from 3 to 8 μg/mL) and some extent of cytotoxicity against normal cells (IC50 ranges from 6 to 27 μM). Importantly, three compounds also exhibited potent antibacterial activities against nine clinically isolated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. One of the compounds, 14av_amine16, exhibited low spontaneous frequency of resistance, low toxicity against Galleria mellonella larvae, and the ability to rescue G. mellonella larvae (20% survival rate at a dosage of 100 mg/kg) infected with a lethal dose of MRSA ATCC 43300 strain. Biological characterization of compound 14av_amine16 by saturation transfer difference NMR, light scattering assay, and guanosine triphosphatase hydrolysis assay with purified S. aureus FtsZ protein verified that it interacted with the FtsZ protein. Such a property of FtsZ inhibitors was further confirmed by observing iconic filamentous cell phenotype and mislocalization of the Z-ring formation of Bacillus subtilis. Taken together, these 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidine derivatives represent a novel scaffold of S. aureus FtsZ inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Fai Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ning Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siu-Cheong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Iris L K Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hok-Kiu Lui
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwan-Choi Cheung
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jian Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fung-Yi Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhiwei Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, The Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Edward W C Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, The Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yun-Chung Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tak Hang Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Kwok-Yin Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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