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Unemo M, Sánchez-Busó L, Golparian D, Jacobsson S, Shimuta K, Lan PT, Eyre DW, Cole M, Maatouk I, Wi T, Lahra MM. The novel 2024 WHO Neisseria gonorrhoeae reference strains for global quality assurance of laboratory investigations and superseded WHO N. gonorrhoeae reference strains-phenotypic, genetic and reference genome characterization. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024:dkae176. [PMID: 38889110 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkae176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES MDR and XDR Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains remain major public health concerns internationally, and quality-assured global gonococcal antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance is imperative. The WHO global Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (GASP) and WHO Enhanced GASP (EGASP), including metadata and WGS, are expanding internationally. We present the phenotypic, genetic and reference genome characteristics of the 2024 WHO gonococcal reference strains (n = 15) for quality assurance worldwide. All superseded WHO gonococcal reference strains (n = 14) were identically characterized. MATERIAL AND METHODS The 2024 WHO reference strains include 11 of the 2016 WHO reference strains, which were further characterized, and four novel strains. The superseded WHO reference strains include 11 WHO reference strains previously unpublished. All strains were characterized phenotypically and genomically (single-molecule PacBio or Oxford Nanopore and Illumina sequencing). RESULTS The 2024 WHO reference strains represent all available susceptible and resistant phenotypes and genotypes for antimicrobials currently and previously used (n = 22), or considered for future use (n = 3) in gonorrhoea treatment. The novel WHO strains include internationally spreading ceftriaxone resistance, ceftriaxone resistance due to new penA mutations, ceftriaxone plus high-level azithromycin resistance and azithromycin resistance due to mosaic MtrRCDE efflux pump. AMR, serogroup, prolyliminopeptidase, genetic AMR determinants, plasmid types, molecular epidemiological types and reference genome characteristics are presented for all strains. CONCLUSIONS The 2024 WHO gonococcal reference strains are recommended for internal and external quality assurance in laboratory examinations, especially in the WHO GASP, EGASP and other GASPs, but also in phenotypic and molecular diagnostics, AMR prediction, pharmacodynamics, epidemiology, research and as complete reference genomes in WGS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Unemo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, National Reference Laboratory for STIs, Microbiology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Institute for Global Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Leonor Sánchez-Busó
- Joint Research Unit 'Infection and Public Health', FISABIO-University of Valencia, Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Valencia, Spain
- CIBERESP, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Golparian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, National Reference Laboratory for STIs, Microbiology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Susanne Jacobsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, National Reference Laboratory for STIs, Microbiology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ken Shimuta
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pham Thi Lan
- Hanoi Medical University, National Hospital of Dermatology and Venereology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - David W Eyre
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ismael Maatouk
- Department of the Global HIV, Hepatitis and STI Programmes, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Teodora Wi
- Department of the Global HIV, Hepatitis and STI Programmes, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Monica M Lahra
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Sexually Transmitted Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, New South Wales Health Pathology, Microbiology, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Duffey M, Jumde RP, da Costa RM, Ropponen HK, Blasco B, Piddock LJ. Extending the Potency and Lifespan of Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Gram-Negative Bacterial Efflux Pumps. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1458-1482. [PMID: 38661541 PMCID: PMC11091901 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Efflux is a natural process found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that removes a diverse range of substrates from inside to outside. Many antibiotics are substrates of bacterial efflux pumps, and modifications to the structure or overexpression of efflux pumps are an important resistance mechanism utilized by many multidrug-resistant bacteria. Therefore, chemical inhibition of bacterial efflux to revitalize existing antibiotics has been considered a promising approach for antimicrobial chemotherapy over two decades, and various strategies have been employed. In this review, we provide an overview of bacterial multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps, of which the resistance nodulation division (RND) efflux pumps are considered the most clinically relevant in Gram-negative bacteria, and describe over 50 efflux inhibitors that target such systems. Although numerous efflux inhibitors have been identified to date, none have progressed into clinical use because of formulation, toxicity, and pharmacokinetic issues or a narrow spectrum of inhibition. For these reasons, the development of efflux inhibitors has been considered a difficult and complex area of research, and few active preclinical studies on efflux inhibitors are in progress. However, recently developed tools, including but not limited to computational tools including molecular docking models, offer hope that further research on efflux inhibitors can be a platform for research and development of new bacterial efflux inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Duffey
- Global
Antibiotic Research & Development Partnership (GARDP), Chemin Camille-Vidart 15, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ravindra P. Jumde
- Global
Antibiotic Research & Development Partnership (GARDP), Chemin Camille-Vidart 15, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Renata M.A. da Costa
- Global
Antibiotic Research & Development Partnership (GARDP), Chemin Camille-Vidart 15, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Henni-Karoliina Ropponen
- Global
Antibiotic Research & Development Partnership (GARDP), Chemin Camille-Vidart 15, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Blasco
- Global
Antibiotic Research & Development Partnership (GARDP), Chemin Camille-Vidart 15, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laura J.V. Piddock
- Global
Antibiotic Research & Development Partnership (GARDP), Chemin Camille-Vidart 15, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
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Frost KM, Charron-Smith SL, Cotsonas TC, Dimartino DC, Eisenhart RC, Everingham ET, Holland EC, Imtiaz K, Kornowicz CJ, Lenhard LE, Lynch LH, Moore NP, Phadke K, Reed ML, Smith SR, Ward LL, Wadsworth CB. Rolling the evolutionary dice: Neisseria commensals as proxies for elucidating the underpinnings of antibiotic resistance mechanisms and evolution in human pathogens. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0350723. [PMID: 38179941 PMCID: PMC10871548 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03507-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Species within the genus Neisseria are adept at sharing adaptive allelic variation, with commensal species repeatedly transferring resistance to their pathogenic relative Neisseria gonorrhoeae. However, resistance in commensals is infrequently characterized, limiting our ability to predict novel and potentially transferable resistance mechanisms that ultimately may become important clinically. Unique evolutionary starting places of each Neisseria species will have distinct genomic backgrounds, which may ultimately control the fate of evolving populations in response to selection as epistatic and additive interactions coerce lineages along divergent evolutionary trajectories. Alternatively, similar genetic content present across species due to shared ancestry may constrain existing adaptive solutions. Thus, identifying the paths to resistance across commensals may aid in characterizing the Neisseria resistome-or the reservoir of alleles within the genus as well as its depth. Here, we use in vitro evolution of four commensal species to investigate the potential and repeatability of resistance evolution to two antimicrobials, the macrolide azithromycin and the β-lactam penicillin. After 20 days of selection, commensals evolved resistance to penicillin and azithromycin in 11/16 and 12/16 cases, respectively. Almost all cases of resistance emergence converged on mutations within ribosomal components or the mtrRCDE efflux pump for azithromycin-based selection and mtrRCDE, penA, and rpoB for penicillin selection, thus supporting constrained adaptive solutions despite divergent evolutionary starting points across the genus for these particular drugs. Though drug-selected loci were limited, we do identify novel resistance-imparting mutations. Continuing to explore paths to resistance across different experimental conditions and genomic backgrounds, which could shunt evolution down alternative evolutionary trajectories, will ultimately flesh out the full Neisseria resistome.IMPORTANCENeisseria gonorrhoeae is a global threat to public health due to its rapid acquisition of antibiotic resistance to all first-line treatments. Recent work has documented that alleles acquired from close commensal relatives have played a large role in the emergence of resistance to macrolides and beta-lactams within gonococcal populations. However, commensals have been relatively underexplored for the resistance genotypes they may harbor. This leaves a gap in our understanding of resistance that could be rapidly acquired by the gonococcus through a known highway of horizontal gene exchange. Here, we characterize resistance mechanisms that can emerge in commensal Neisseria populations via in vitro selection to multiple antimicrobials and begin to define the number of paths to resistance. This study, and other similar works, may ultimately aid both surveillance efforts and clinical diagnostic development by nominating novel and conserved resistance mechanisms that may be at risk of rapid dissemination to pathogen populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Frost
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sierra L. Charron-Smith
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Terence C. Cotsonas
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Daniel C. Dimartino
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Rachel C. Eisenhart
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Eric T. Everingham
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Elle C. Holland
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kainat Imtiaz
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Cory J. Kornowicz
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Lydia E. Lenhard
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Liz H. Lynch
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Nadia P. Moore
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kavya Phadke
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Makayla L. Reed
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Samantha R. Smith
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Liza L. Ward
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Crista B. Wadsworth
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, New York, USA
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Darby EM, Trampari E, Siasat P, Gaya MS, Alav I, Webber MA, Blair JMA. Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance revisited. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:280-295. [PMID: 36411397 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00820-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 213.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global health emergency, with resistance detected to all antibiotics currently in clinical use and only a few novel drugs in the pipeline. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that bacteria use to resist the action of antimicrobials is critical to recognize global patterns of resistance and to improve the use of current drugs, as well as for the design of new drugs less susceptible to resistance development and novel strategies to combat resistance. In this Review, we explore recent advances in understanding how resistance genes contribute to the biology of the host, new structural details of relevant molecular events underpinning resistance, the identification of new resistance gene families and the interactions between different resistance mechanisms. Finally, we discuss how we can use this information to develop the next generation of antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Darby
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Pauline Siasat
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Ilyas Alav
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark A Webber
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
- Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | - Jessica M A Blair
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Canary in the Coal Mine: How Resistance Surveillance in Commensals Could Help Curb the Spread of AMR in Pathogenic Neisseria. mBio 2022; 13:e0199122. [PMID: 36154280 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01991-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is widespread within Neisseria gonorrhoeae populations. Recent work has highlighted the importance of commensal Neisseria (cN) as a source of AMR for their pathogenic relatives through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of AMR alleles, such as mosaic penicillin binding protein 2 (penA), multiple transferable efflux pump (mtr), and DNA gyrase subunit A (gyrA) which impact beta-lactam, azithromycin, and ciprofloxacin susceptibility, respectively. However, nonpathogenic commensal species are rarely characterized. Here, we propose that surveillance of the universally carried commensal Neisseria may play the role of the "canary in the coal mine," and reveal circulating known and novel antimicrobial resistance determinants transferable to pathogenic Neisseria. We summarize the current understanding of commensal Neisseria as an AMR reservoir, and call to increase research on commensal Neisseria species, through expanding established gonococcal surveillance programs to include the collection, isolation, antimicrobial resistance phenotyping, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of commensal isolates. This will help combat AMR in the pathogenic Neisseria by: (i) determining the contemporary AMR profile of commensal Neisseria, (ii) correlating AMR phenotypes with known and novel genetic determinants, (iii) qualifying and quantifying horizontal gene transfer (HGT) for AMR determinants, and (iv) expanding commensal Neisseria genomic databases, perhaps leading to the identification of new drug and vaccine targets. The proposed modification to established Neisseria collection protocols could transform our ability to address AMR N. gonorrhoeae, while requiring minor modifications to current surveillance practices. IMPORTANCE Contemporary increases in the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae populations is a direct threat to global public health and the effective treatment of gonorrhea. Substantial effort and financial support are being spent on identifying resistance mechanisms circulating within the gonococcal population. However, these surveys often overlook a known source of resistance for gonococci-the commensal Neisseria. Commensal Neisseria and pathogenic Neisseria frequently share DNA through horizontal gene transfer, which has played a large role in rendering antibiotic therapies ineffective in pathogenic Neisseria populations. Here, we propose the expansion of established gonococcal surveillance programs to integrate a collection, AMR profiling, and genomic sequencing pipeline for commensal species. This proposed expansion will enhance the field's ability to identify resistance in and from nonpathogenic reservoirs and anticipate AMR trends in pathogenic Neisseria.
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Nokchan N, Wongsurawat T, Jenjaroenpun P, Nitayanon P, Tribuddharat C. Whole-genome sequence analysis of high-level penicillin-resistant strains and antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae clinical isolates from Thailand. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271657. [PMID: 35905043 PMCID: PMC9337635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increasing rate of antimicrobial-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae poses a considerable public health threat due to the difficulty in treating gonococcal infections. This study examined antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to drugs recommended for gonorrhea treatment between 2015 and 2017, and the AMR determinants and genetic compositions of plasmids in 3 gonococcal strains with high-level penicillin resistance. Methods We collected 117 N. gonorrhoeae isolates from patients with gonococcal infections who attended Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand, between 2015 and 2017. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of penicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, spectinomycin, cefixime, and ceftriaxone were determined by the agar dilution method. PCR amplification and sequencing of 23S rRNA and mtrR (a negative regulator of MtrCDE efflux pump) were performed. Whole genomes of 3 PPNG strains with high-level penicillin resistance (MIC ≥ 128 μg/ml) were sequenced using Illumina and Nanopore sequencing platforms. Results The proportions of N. gonorrhoeae isolates with resistance were 84.6% for penicillin, 91.5% for tetracycline, and 96.6% for ciprofloxacin. All isolates were susceptible to spectinomycin, azithromycin, cefixime, and ceftriaxone. An adenine deletion within a 13 bp inverted repeat sequence in the mtrR promoter and an H105Y mutation in the mtrR coding region were found in the N. gonorrhoeae isolate with the highest azithromycin MIC value (1 μg/ml). Three high-level penicillin-resistant isolates contained nonmosaic type II penA and had mutations in penB and the mtrR coding region. All isolates with high-level penicillin resistance carried the conjugative plasmids with or without the Dutch type tetM determinant, the beta-lactamase plasmid (Rio/Toronto), and the cryptic plasmid. Conclusions The gonococcal population in Thailand showed high susceptibility to ceftriaxone and azithromycin, current dual therapy recommended for gonorrhea treatment. As elevated MIC of azithromycin has been observed in 1 strain of N. gonorrhoeae, expanded and enhanced surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility and study of genetic resistance determinants are essential to improve treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natakorn Nokchan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thidathip Wongsurawat
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- Division of Bioinformatics and Data Management for Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piroon Jenjaroenpun
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- Division of Bioinformatics and Data Management for Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Perapon Nitayanon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanwit Tribuddharat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Schörner MA, Mesa D, Barazzetti FH, Martins JM, Machado HDM, Grisard HBDS, Wachter JK, Starick MR, Scheffer MC, Palmeiro JK, Bazzo ML. In vitro selection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae unveils novel mutations associated with extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:924764. [PMID: 35967879 PMCID: PMC9363574 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.924764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) is a worldwide concern because this class of antibiotics represents the last empirical treatment option for gonorrhea. The abusive use of antimicrobials may be an essential factor for the emergence of ESC resistance in N. gonorrhoeae. Cephalosporin resistance mechanisms have not been fully clarified. In this study, we mapped mutations in the genome of N. gonorrhoeae isolates after resistance induction with cefixime and explored related metabolic pathways. Six clinical isolates with different antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and genotypes and two gonococcal reference strains (WHO F and WHO Y) were induced with increasing concentrations of cefixime. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed against six antimicrobial agents before and after induction. Clinical isolates were whole-genome sequenced before and after induction, whereas reference strains were sequenced after induction only. Cefixime resistance induction was completed after 138 subcultures. Several metabolic pathways were affected by resistance induction. Five isolates showed SNPs in PBP2. The isolates M111 and M128 (ST1407 with mosaic penA-34.001) acquired one and four novel missense mutations in PBP2, respectively. These isolates exhibited the highest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for cefixime among all clinical isolates. Mutations in genes contributing to ESC resistance and in other genes were also observed. Interestingly, M107 and M110 (ST338) showed no mutations in key determinants of ESC resistance despite having a 127-fold increase in the MIC of cefixime. These findings point to the existence of different mechanisms of acquisition of ESC resistance induced by cefixime exposure. Furthermore, the results reinforce the importance of the gonococcal antimicrobial resistance surveillance program in Brazil, given the changes in treatment protocols made in 2017 and the nationwide prevalence of sequence types that can develop resistance to ESC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos André Schörner
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Marcos André Schörner,
| | - Dany Mesa
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernando Hartmann Barazzetti
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biociências, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Motta Martins
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Hanalydia de Melo Machado
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Henrique Borges da Silva Grisard
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Julia Kinetz Wachter
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Márick Rodrigues Starick
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Mara Cristina Scheffer
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Unidade do Laboratório de Análises Clínicas, Hospital Universitário Professor Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Jussara Kasuko Palmeiro
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Bazzo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Challa A, Mahajan N, Sood S, Kapil A, Das BK, Sreenivas V, Gupta S. Azithromycin resistance and its molecular characteristics in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from a tertiary care centre in North India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2022; 40:433-435. [PMID: 35750562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment guidelines for management of uncomplicated gonorrhoeae have been recently modified owing to alarming upsurge in azithromycin resistance. This study investigated the prevalence and genetic determinants of gonococcal azithromycin resistance in India. Four (5.7%) of 70 gonococcal isolates were resistant to azithromycin. Of 16 isolates investigated for molecular mechanisms of resistance, 13 (81.3%) and 6 (37.5%) isolates exhibited mutations in coding and promoter regions of mtrR gene, respectively. However, ermA, ermB and ermC genes or mutations in rrl gene were absent in all isolates. Azithromycin resistance is low in India posing no immediate threat to use of dual-therapy for syndromic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Challa
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Neeraj Mahajan
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Seema Sood
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
| | - Arti Kapil
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Bimal Kumar Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Vishnubhatla Sreenivas
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Somesh Gupta
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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Golparian D, Unemo M. Antimicrobial resistance prediction in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Current status and future prospects. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 22:29-48. [PMID: 34872437 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2015329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), mostly real-time PCRs, to detect antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants and predict AMR in Neisseria gonorrhoeae are promising, and some may be ready to apply at the point-of-care (POC), but important limitations remain with most NAATs. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) can overcome many of these limitations.Areas covered: Recent advances, with main focus on publications since 2017, in the development and use of NAATs and NGS to predict gonococcal AMR for surveillance and clinical use, and pros and cons of these tests as well as future perspectives for appropriate use of molecular AMR prediction for N. gonorrhoeae.Expert Commentary: NAATs and/or NGS for AMR prediction should supplement culture-based AMR surveillance, which will remain because it detects also AMR due to unknown AMR determinants, and translation into POC tests is imperative for the end-goal of individualized treatment, sparing ceftriaxone±azithromycin. Several challenges for direct testing of clinical, especially pharyngeal, specimens and for accurate prediction of cephalosporins and azithromycin resistance, especially using NAATs, remain. The choice of AMR prediction assay needs to carefully consider the intended use of the assay; limitations intrinsic to the AMR prediction technology, algorithms and specific to chosen methodology; specimen types analyzed; and cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Golparian
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and other STIs, National Reference Laboratory for STIs, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Magnus Unemo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and other STIs, National Reference Laboratory for STIs, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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10
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A Unique Sequence Is Essential for Efficient Multidrug Efflux Function of the MtrD Protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. mBio 2021; 12:e0167521. [PMID: 34465021 PMCID: PMC8406276 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01675-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae has reached an alarming level, severely impacting the effective treatment of gonorrhea. Belonging to the resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) superfamily of efflux transporters, the MtrD membrane protein of N. gonorrhoeae provides resistance to a broad range of antimicrobial compounds. A unique feature of MtrD is an 11-residue sequence (from N917 to P927 [N917-P927]) that connects transmembrane helices (TMS) 9 and 10; this sequence is not present in homologous RND proteins. This study explores the structural and functional roles of the N917-P927 region by means of mutant analysis and molecular dynamics simulations. We show that N917-P927 plays a key role in modulating substrate access to the binding cleft and influences the overall orientation of the protein within the inner membrane necessary for optimal functioning. Removal of N917-P927 significantly reduced MtrD-mediated resistance to a range of antimicrobials and mutations of three single amino acids impacted MtrD-mediated multidrug resistance. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations showed deletion of N917-P927 in MtrD may dysregulate access of the substrate to the binding cleft and closure of the substrate-binding pocket during the transport cycle. These findings indicate that N917-P927 is a key region for interacting with the inner membrane, conceivably influencing substrate capture from the membrane-periplasm interface and thus is essential for full multidrug resistance capacity of MtrD. IMPORTANCE The historical sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea continues to be a major public health concern with an estimated global annual incidence of 86.9 million cases. N. gonorrhoeae has been identified by the World Health Organization as one of the 12 antimicrobial-resistant bacterial species that poses the greatest risk to human health. As the major efflux pump in gonococci, the MtrD transporter contributes to the cell envelope barrier in this organism and pumps antimicrobials from the periplasm and inner membrane, resulting in resistance. This study demonstrates that a unique region of the MtrD protein that connects TMS 9 and TMS 10 forms a structure that may interact with the inner membrane positioning TMS 9 and stabilizing the protein facilitating substrate capture from the inner membrane-periplasm interface. Analysis of mutants of this region identified that it was essential for MtrD-mediated multidrug resistance. Characterization of the structure and function of this unique local region of MtrD has implications for drug efflux mechanisms used by related proteins and is important knowledge for development of antibiotics that bypass efflux.
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11
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Harrison OB, Maiden MCJ. Recent advances in understanding and combatting Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a genomic perspective. Fac Rev 2021; 10:65. [PMID: 34557869 PMCID: PMC8442004 DOI: 10.12703/r/10-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The sexually transmitted infection (STI) gonorrhoea remains a major global public health concern. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 87 million new cases in individuals who were 15 to 49 years of age occurred in 2016. The growing number of gonorrhoea cases is concerning given the rise in gonococci developing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Therefore, a global action plan is needed to facilitate surveillance. Indeed, the WHO has made surveillance leading to the elimination of STIs (including gonorrhoea) a global health priority. The availability of whole genome sequence data offers new opportunities to combat gonorrhoea. This can be through (i) enhanced surveillance of the global prevalence of AMR, (ii) improved understanding of the population biology of the gonococcus, and (iii) opportunities to mine sequence data in the search for vaccine candidates. Here, we review the current status in Neisseria gonorrhoeae genomics. In particular, we explore how genomics continues to advance our understanding of this complex pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile B Harrison
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Peter Medawar Building, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin CJ Maiden
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Peter Medawar Building, Oxford, UK
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12
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Shimuta K, Lee K, Yasuda M, Furubayashi K, Uchida C, Nakayama SI, Takahashi H, Ohnishi M. Characterization of 2 Neisseria gonorrhoeae Strains With High-Level Azithromycin Resistance Isolated in 2015 and 2018 in Japan. Sex Transm Dis 2021; 48:e85-e87. [PMID: 32976359 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000001303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT We identified and characterized the first 2 Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains with high-level azithromycin resistance isolated in Japan. These were in the clade of ceftriaxone- and azithromycin-resistant strains isolated in Australia and the United Kingdom. The multilocus sequence typing, N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing, and N. gonorrhoeae sequence typing for antimicrobial resistance types of these strains were found in gonococci from eastern Asia.
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13
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Manoharan-Basil SS, Laumen JGE, Van Dijck C, De Block T, De Baetselier I, Kenyon C. Evidence of Horizontal Gene Transfer of 50S Ribosomal Genes rplB, rplD, and rplY in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:683901. [PMID: 34177869 PMCID: PMC8222677 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.683901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the penA and multidrug efflux pump genes has been shown to play a key role in the genesis of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In this study, we evaluated if there was evidence of HGT in the genes coding for the ribosomal proteins in the Neisseria genus. We did this in a collection of 11,659 isolates of Neisseria, including N. gonorrhoeae and commensal Neisseria species (N. cinerea, N. elongata, N. flavescens, N. mucosa, N. polysaccharea, and N. subflava). Comparative genomic analyses identified HGT events in three genes: rplB, rplD, and rplY coding for ribosomal proteins L2, L4 and L25, respectively. Recombination events were predicted in N. gonorrhoeae and N. cinerea, N. subflava, and N. lactamica were identified as likely progenitors. In total, 2,337, 2,355, and 1,127 isolates possessed L2, L4, and L25 HGT events. Strong associations were found between HGT in L2/L4 and the C2597T 23S rRNA mutation that confers reduced susceptibility to macrolides. Whilst previous studies have found evidence of HGT of entire genes coding for ribosomal proteins in other bacterial species, this is the first study to find evidence of HGT-mediated chimerization of ribosomal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jolein Gyonne Elise Laumen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Van Dijck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tessa De Block
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Irith De Baetselier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chris Kenyon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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14
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Alav I, Kobylka J, Kuth MS, Pos KM, Picard M, Blair JMA, Bavro VN. Structure, Assembly, and Function of Tripartite Efflux and Type 1 Secretion Systems in Gram-Negative Bacteria. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5479-5596. [PMID: 33909410 PMCID: PMC8277102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form continuous conduits spanning both the inner and the outer membrane and are composed of three principal components-the energized inner membrane transporters (belonging to ABC, RND, and MFS families), the outer membrane factor channel-like proteins, and linking the two, the periplasmic adaptor proteins (PAPs), also known as the membrane fusion proteins (MFPs). In this review we summarize the recent advances in understanding of structural biology, function, and regulation of these systems, highlighting the previously undescribed role of PAPs in providing a common architectural scaffold across diverse families of transporters. Despite being built from a limited number of basic structural domains, these complexes present a staggering variety of architectures. While key insights have been derived from the RND transporter systems, a closer inspection of the operation and structural organization of different tripartite systems reveals unexpected analogies between them, including those formed around MFS- and ATP-driven transporters, suggesting that they operate around basic common principles. Based on that we are proposing a new integrated model of PAP-mediated communication within the conformational cycling of tripartite systems, which could be expanded to other types of assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Alav
- Institute
of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Kobylka
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe Universität
Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Miriam S. Kuth
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe Universität
Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaas M. Pos
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe Universität
Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Picard
- Laboratoire
de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, CNRS
UMR 7099, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
- Fondation
Edmond de Rothschild pour le développement de la recherche
Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jessica M. A. Blair
- Institute
of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Vassiliy N. Bavro
- School
of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ United Kingdom
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15
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Beggs GA, Ayala JC, Kavanaugh LG, Read T, Hooks G, Schumacher M, Shafer W, Brennan R. Structures of Neisseria gonorrhoeae MtrR-operator complexes reveal molecular mechanisms of DNA recognition and antibiotic resistance-conferring clinical mutations. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:4155-4170. [PMID: 33784401 PMCID: PMC8053128 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations within the mtrR gene are commonly found amongst multidrug resistant clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which has been labelled a superbug by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. These mutations appear to contribute to antibiotic resistance by interfering with the ability of MtrR to bind to and repress expression of its target genes, which include the mtrCDE multidrug efflux transporter genes and the rpoH oxidative stress response sigma factor gene. However, the DNA-recognition mechanism of MtrR and the consensus sequence within these operators to which MtrR binds has remained unknown. In this work, we report the crystal structures of MtrR bound to the mtrCDE and rpoH operators, which reveal a conserved, but degenerate, DNA consensus binding site 5'-MCRTRCRN4YGYAYGK-3'. We complement our structural data with a comprehensive mutational analysis of key MtrR-DNA contacts to reveal their importance for MtrR-DNA binding both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we model and generate common clinical mutations of MtrR to provide plausible biochemical explanations for the contribution of these mutations to multidrug resistance in N. gonorrhoeae. Collectively, our findings unveil key biological mechanisms underlying the global stress responses of N. gonorrhoeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Beggs
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Julio C Ayala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Logan G Kavanaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Timothy D Read
- Department of Medicine, and the Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Grace M Hooks
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Maria A Schumacher
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - William M Shafer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Laboratories of Bacterial Pathogenesis, VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Richard G Brennan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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16
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Laumen JGE, Manoharan-Basil SS, Verhoeven E, Abdellati S, De Baetselier I, Crucitti T, Xavier BB, Chapelle S, Lammens C, Van Dijck C, Malhotra-Kumar S, Kenyon C. Molecular pathways to high-level azithromycin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:1752-1758. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The prevalence of azithromycin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is increasing in numerous populations worldwide.
Objectives
To characterize the genetic pathways leading to high-level azithromycin resistance.
Methods
A customized morbidostat was used to subject two N. gonorrhoeae reference strains (WHO-F and WHO-X) to dynamically sustained azithromycin pressure. We tracked stepwise evolution of resistance by whole genome sequencing.
Results
Within 26 days, all cultures evolved high-level azithromycin resistance. Typically, the first step towards resistance was found in transitory mutations in genes rplD, rplV and rpmH (encoding the ribosomal proteins L4, L22 and L34 respectively), followed by mutations in the MtrCDE-encoded efflux pump and the 23S rRNA gene. Low- to high-level resistance was associated with mutations in the ribosomal proteins and MtrCDE efflux pump. However, high-level resistance was consistently associated with mutations in the 23S ribosomal RNA, mainly the well-known A2059G and C2611T mutations, but also at position A2058G.
Conclusions
This study enabled us to track previously reported mutations and identify novel mutations in ribosomal proteins (L4, L22 and L34) that may play a role in the genesis of azithromycin resistance in N. gonorrhoeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G E Laumen
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, STI Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - S S Manoharan-Basil
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, STI Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - E Verhoeven
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, STI Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
- Pfizer, Puurs, Belgium
| | - S Abdellati
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Reference Laboratory, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - I De Baetselier
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Reference Laboratory, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - T Crucitti
- Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - B B Xavier
- University of Antwerp, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - S Chapelle
- University of Antwerp, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - C Lammens
- University of Antwerp, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - C Van Dijck
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, STI Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - S Malhotra-Kumar
- University of Antwerp, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - C Kenyon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, STI Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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17
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A Novel Platform Using RNA Signatures To Accelerate Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.01152-20. [PMID: 32967905 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01152-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens can be attributed to the lack of a rapid pathogen identification (ID) or antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), resulting in delayed therapeutic decisions at the point of care. Gonorrhea is usually empirically treated, with no AST results available before treatment, thus contributing to the rapid rise in drug resistance. Here, we present a rapid AST platform using RNA signatures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) followed by bioinformatic tools was applied to explore potential markers in the transcriptome profile of N. gonorrhoeae upon minutes of azithromycin exposure. Validation of candidate markers using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that two markers (arsR [NGO1562] and rpsO) can deliver accurate AST results across 14 tested isolates. Further validation of our susceptibility threshold in comparison to MIC across 64 more isolates confirmed the reliability of our platform. Our RNA markers combined with emerging molecular point-of-care systems has the potential to greatly accelerate both ID and AST to inform treatment.
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18
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Gao L, Wang Z, van der Veen S. Gonococcal Adaptation to Palmitic Acid Through farAB Expression and FadD Activity Mutations Increases In Vivo Fitness in a Murine Genital Tract Infection Model. J Infect Dis 2020; 224:141-150. [PMID: 33170275 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a bacterial pathogen that colonizes mucosal epithelia that are rich in antimicrobial molecules such as long-chain fatty acids. Here we studied the mechanisms involved in palmitic acid resistance and their impact on in vivo biological fitness in a murine genital tract infection model. A stable palmitic acid-resistant derivative was obtained by serial passage with incremental palmitic acid concentrations. This derivative outcompeted its parent strain for colonization and survival in the murine infection model. Subsequent whole-genome sequencing resulted in the identification of the 3 resistance-related SNPs ihfAC5T, fadDC772T, and farAG-52T (promoter) that were verified for resistance against palmitic acid. Subsequent characterization of the associated resistance determinants showed that ihfAC5T and farAG-52T induced gene expression of the FarAB efflux pump, whereas fadDC772T increased the maximum enzyme activity of the FadD long-chain fatty acid-coenzyme A ligase. Our results highlight the mechanisms involved in gonococcal adaptation to the murine host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhemin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Stijn van der Veen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Dong Y, Yang Y, Wang Y, Martin I, Demczuk W, Gu W. Shanghai Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates Exhibit Resistance to Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins and Clonal Distribution. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:580399. [PMID: 33123111 PMCID: PMC7573285 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.580399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains with resistance (R) to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCsR) represents a public health threat of untreatable gonococcal infections. This study was designed to determine the prevalence and molecular mechanisms of ESCR of Shanghai N. gonorrhoeae isolates. A total of 366 N. gonorrhoeae isolates were collected in 2017 in Shanghai. Susceptibility to ceftriaxone (CRO), cefixime (CFM), azithromycin (AZM), ciprofloxacin (CIP), spectinomycin, penicillin, and tetracycline was determined using the agar dilution method. A subset of 124 isolates was subjected to phylogenetic analysis for nine antimicrobial resistance-associated genes, i.e., penA, porB, ponA, mtrR, 23S rRNA, gyrA, parC, 16S rRNA, and rpsE. Approximately 20.0% of the isolates exhibited CFMR [minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) >0.125 mg/L], and 5.5% were CROR (MIC > 0.125 mg/L). In total, 72.7% of ESCR isolates were clonal and associated with mosaic penA 10 and 60 alleles. Non-mosaic penA 18 allele and substitutions of PenA A501T, G542S, and PorB1b G213S/Y were observed in non-clonal ESCR. Approximately 6.8% of the isolates showed AZM MIC above the epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF, 1 mg/L), were associated with 23S rRNA A2059G mutation, and did not exhibit clonal distribution. Almost all isolates were CIPR (resistance to ciprofloxacin) and associated with GyrA-91/92 and ParC-85/86/87/88/89/91 alterations. Isolates with ParC S88P substitution were clustered into the ESCR clade. The Shanghai isolates exhibited a high level of ESCR and distinct resistant patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Dong
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Irene Martin
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Walter Demczuk
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Weiming Gu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
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20
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Ma KC, Mortimer TD, Duckett MA, Hicks AL, Wheeler NE, Sánchez-Busó L, Grad YH. Increased power from conditional bacterial genome-wide association identifies macrolide resistance mutations in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5374. [PMID: 33097713 PMCID: PMC7584619 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of resistance to azithromycin complicates treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the etiologic agent of gonorrhea. Substantial azithromycin resistance remains unexplained after accounting for known resistance mutations. Bacterial genome-wide association studies (GWAS) can identify novel resistance genes but must control for genetic confounders while maintaining power. Here, we show that compared to single-locus GWAS, conducting GWAS conditioned on known resistance mutations reduces the number of false positives and identifies a G70D mutation in the RplD 50S ribosomal protein L4 as significantly associated with increased azithromycin resistance (p-value = 1.08 × 10-11). We experimentally confirm our GWAS results and demonstrate that RplD G70D and other macrolide binding site mutations are prevalent (present in 5.42% of 4850 isolates) and widespread (identified in 21/65 countries across two decades). Overall, our findings demonstrate the utility of conditional associations for improving the performance of microbial GWAS and advance our understanding of the genetic basis of macrolide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Ma
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tatum D Mortimer
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marissa A Duckett
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allison L Hicks
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole E Wheeler
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Leonor Sánchez-Busó
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Yonatan H Grad
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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21
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Determining antimicrobial resistance profiles and identifying novel mutations of Neisseria gonorrhoeae genomes obtained by multiplexed MinION sequencing. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:1063-1070. [PMID: 31784935 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Gonorrhea is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. To cure infection and prevent transmission, timely and appropriate antimicrobial therapy is necessary. Unfortunately, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the etiological agent of gonorrhea, has acquired nearly all known mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), thereby compromising the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy. Treatment failure resulting from AMR has become a global public health concern. Whole-genome sequencing is an effective method to determine the AMR characteristics of N. gonorrhoeae. Compared with next-generation sequencing, the MinION sequencer (Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT)) has the advantages of long read length and portability. Based on a pilot study using MinION to sequence the genome of N. gonorrhoeae, we optimized the workflow of sequencing and data analysis in the current study. Here we sequenced nine isolates within one flow cell using a multiplexed sequencing strategy. After hybrid assembly with Illumina reads, nine integral circular chromosomes were obtained. By using the online tool Pathogenwatch and a BLAST-based workflow, we acquired complete AMR profiles related to seven classes of antibiotics. We also evaluated the performance of ONT-only assemblies. Most AMR determinants identified by ONT-only assemblies were the same as those identified by hybrid assemblies. Moreover, one of the nine assemblies indicated a potentially novel antimicrobial-related mutation located in mtrR which results in a frame-shift, premature stop codon, and truncated peptide. In addition, this is the first study using the MinION sequencer to obtain complete genome sequences of N. gonorrhoeae strains which are epidemic in China. This study shows that complete genome sequences and antimicrobial characteristics of N. gonorrhoeae can be obtained using the MinION sequencer in a simple and cost-effective manner, with hardly any knowledge of bioinformatics required. More importantly, this strategy provides us with a potential approach to discover new AMR determinants.
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Equations To Predict Antimicrobial MICs in Neisseria gonorrhoeae Using Molecular Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.02005-19. [PMID: 31871081 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02005-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains that are resistant to azithromycin and extended-spectrum cephalosporins represents a public health threat, that of untreatable gonorrhea infections. Multivariate regression modeling was used to determine the contributions of molecular antimicrobial resistance determinants to the overall antimicrobial MICs for ceftriaxone, cefixime, azithromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and penicillin. A training data set consisting of 1,280 N. gonorrhoeae strains was used to generate regression equations which were then applied to validation data sets of Canadian (n = 1,095) and international (n = 431) strains. The predicted MICs for extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ceftriaxone and cefixime) were fully explained by 5 amino acid substitutions in PenA, A311V, A501P/T/V, N513Y, A517G, and G543S; the presence of a disrupted mtrR promoter; and the PorB G120 and PonA L421P mutations. The correlation of predicted MICs within one doubling dilution to phenotypically determined MICs of the Canadian validation data set was 95.0% for ceftriaxone, 95.6% for cefixime, 91.4% for azithromycin, 98.2% for tetracycline, 90.4% for ciprofloxacin, and 92.3% for penicillin, with an overall sensitivity of 99.9% and specificity of 97.1%. The correlations of predicted MIC values to the phenotypically determined MICs were similar to those from phenotype MIC-only comparison studies. The ability to acquire detailed antimicrobial resistance information directly from molecular data will facilitate the transition to whole-genome sequencing analysis from phenotypic testing and can fill the surveillance gap in an era of increased reliance on nucleic acid assay testing (NAAT) diagnostics to better monitor the dynamics of N. gonorrhoeae.
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Yan J, Xue J, Chen Y, Chen S, Wang Q, Zhang C, Wu S, Lv H, Yu Y, van der Veen S. Increasing prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone and resistance to azithromycin in Hangzhou, China (2015-17). J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:29-37. [PMID: 30329062 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Development of resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae to ceftriaxone monotherapy or ceftriaxone plus azithromycin dual therapy is a global public health concern. The aim of this study was to analyse the trend in antimicrobial resistance in Hangzhou, China, over the period 2015-17. Methods In total, 379 clinical isolates were collected from seven hospitals and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the agar dilution method. Isolates showing resistance to ceftriaxone, azithromycin or cefixime were analysed for the presence of resistance determinants. STs were determined with the N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) method and phylogenetic analysis and strain clustering was determined using porB and tbpB sequences. Results Ceftriaxone resistance, decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone and azithromycin resistance were observed in 3%, 17% and 21% of the isolates, respectively. This resulted in 5% of the isolates showing both decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone and azithromycin resistance. Importantly, resistance levels to ceftriaxone and azithromycin increased over the study period, resulting in 5% ceftriaxone resistance, 27% decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone and 35% azithromycin resistance in 2017 and 11% of the isolates showing both decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone and azithromycin resistance. Phylogenetic and cluster analysis showed the emergence and expansion in 2017 of a clonally related cluster containing strains with high abundance of decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone and/or cefixime, which was related to the presence of the mosaic penA allele X. Co-resistance to azithromycin was also observed in this cluster. Conclusions Our findings have major implications for the future reliability of ceftriaxone monotherapy and ceftriaxone plus azithromycin dual therapy in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juan Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Hangzhou Third Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuanling Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shenghai Wu
- Department of Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huoyang Lv
- Centre of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunsong Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Stijn van der Veen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Structural, Biochemical, and In Vivo Characterization of MtrR-Mediated Resistance to Innate Antimicrobials by the Human Pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00401-19. [PMID: 31331979 PMCID: PMC6755732 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00401-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes a significant disease burden worldwide, and a meteoric rise in its multidrug resistance has reduced the efficacy of antibiotics previously or currently approved for therapy of gonorrheal infections. The multidrug efflux pump MtrCDE transports multiple drugs and host-derived antimicrobials from the bacterial cell and confers survival advantage on the pathogen within the host. Transcription of the pump is repressed by MtrR but relieved by the cytosolic influx of antimicrobials. Here, we describe the structure of induced MtrR and use this structure to identify bile salts as physiological inducers of MtrR. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for antimicrobial sensing and gonococcal protection by MtrR through the derepression of mtrCDE expression after exposure to intrinsic and clinically applied antimicrobials. Neisseria gonorrhoeae responds to host-derived antimicrobials by inducing the expression of the mtrCDE-encoded multidrug efflux pump, which expels microbicides, such as bile salts, fatty acids, and multiple extrinsically administered drugs, from the cell. In the absence of these cytotoxins, the TetR family member MtrR represses the mtrCDE genes. Although antimicrobial-dependent derepression of mtrCDE is clear, the physiological inducers of MtrR are unknown. Here, we report the crystal structure of an induced form of MtrR. In the binding pocket of MtrR, we observed electron density that we hypothesized was N-cyclohexyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid (CAPS), a component of the crystallization reagent. Using the MtrR-CAPS structure as an inducer-bound template, we hypothesized that bile salts, which bear significant chemical resemblance to CAPS, are physiologically relevant inducers. Indeed, characterization of MtrR-chenodeoxycholate and MtrR-taurodeoxycholate interactions, both in vitro and in vivo, revealed that these bile salts, but not glyocholate or taurocholate, bind MtrR tightly and can act as bona fide inducers. Furthermore, two residues, W136 and R176, were shown to be important in binding chenodeoxycholate but not taurodeoxycholate, suggesting different binding modes of the bile salts. These data provide insight into a crucial mechanism utilized by the pathogen to overcome innate human defenses. IMPORTANCENeisseria gonorrhoeae causes a significant disease burden worldwide, and a meteoric rise in its multidrug resistance has reduced the efficacy of antibiotics previously or currently approved for therapy of gonorrheal infections. The multidrug efflux pump MtrCDE transports multiple drugs and host-derived antimicrobials from the bacterial cell and confers survival advantage on the pathogen within the host. Transcription of the pump is repressed by MtrR but relieved by the cytosolic influx of antimicrobials. Here, we describe the structure of induced MtrR and use this structure to identify bile salts as physiological inducers of MtrR. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for antimicrobial sensing and gonococcal protection by MtrR through the derepression of mtrCDE expression after exposure to intrinsic and clinically applied antimicrobials.
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Kivata MW, Mbuchi M, Eyase FL, Bulimo WD, Kyanya CK, Oundo V, Muriithi SW, Andagalu B, Mbinda WM, Soge OO, McClelland RS, Sang W, Mancuso JD. gyrA and parC mutations in fluoroquinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from Kenya. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:76. [PMID: 30961546 PMCID: PMC6454682 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenotypic fluoroquinolone resistance was first reported in Western Kenya in 2009 and later in Coastal Kenya and Nairobi. Until recently gonococcal fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms in Kenya had not been elucidated. The aim of this paper is to analyze mutations in both gyrA and parC responsible for elevated fluoroquinolone Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) isolated from heterosexual individuals from different locations in Kenya between 2013 and 2017. METHODS Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests were done on 84 GC in an ongoing Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) surveillance program. Of the 84 isolates, 22 resistant to two or more classes of antimicrobials were chosen for analysis. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done using E-test (BioMerieux) and the results were interpreted with reference to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) standards. The isolates were sub-cultured, and whole genomes were sequenced using Illumina platform. Reads were assembled de novo using Velvet, and mutations in the GC Quinolone Resistant Determining Regions identified using Bioedit sequence alignment editor. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism based phylogeny was inferred using RaxML. RESULTS Double GyrA amino acid substitutions; S91F and D95G/D95A were identified in 20 isolates. Of these 20 isolates, 14 had an additional E91G ParC substitution and significantly higher ciprofloxacin MICs (p = 0.0044*). On the contrary, norfloxacin MICs of isolates expressing both GyrA and ParC QRDR amino acid changes were not significantly high (p = 0.82) compared to MICs of isolates expressing GyrA substitutions alone. No single GyrA substitution was found in the analyzed isolates, and no isolate contained a ParC substitution without the simultaneous presence of double GyrA substitutions. Maximum likelihood tree clustered the 22 isolates into 6 distinct clades. CONCLUSION Simultaneous presence of amino acid substitutions in ParC and GyrA has been reported to increase gonococcal fluoroquinolone resistance from different regions in the world. Our findings indicate that GyrA S91F, D95G/D95A and ParC E91G amino acid substitutions mediate high fluoroquinolone resistance in the analyzed Kenyan GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Wandia Kivata
- Institute for Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O Box 62,000-00200, Thika, Kenya
- Department of Biological and Physical Science, Karatina University (KarU), P.O Box 1957-10101, Karatina, Kenya
| | - Margaret Mbuchi
- US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, P.O Box 606, 00621, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P. O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fredrick Lunyagi Eyase
- US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, P.O Box 606, 00621, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute for Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O Box 62,000-00200, Thika, Kenya
| | - Wallace Dimbuson Bulimo
- US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, P.O Box 606, 00621, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, GPO, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cecilia Katunge Kyanya
- US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, P.O Box 606, 00621, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Valerie Oundo
- US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, P.O Box 606, 00621, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Simon Wachira Muriithi
- US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, P.O Box 606, 00621, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ben Andagalu
- US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, P.O Box 606, 00621, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wilton Mwema Mbinda
- Department of Biological and Physical Science, Karatina University (KarU), P.O Box 1957-10101, Karatina, Kenya
| | - Olusegun O. Soge
- Department of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, 325 9th Avenue, Box 359931, Seattle, WA 98104 USA
| | - R. Scott McClelland
- Department of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, 325 9th Avenue, Box 359931, Seattle, WA 98104 USA
| | - Willy Sang
- US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, P.O Box 606, 00621, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P. O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James D. Mancuso
- US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, P.O Box 606, 00621, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya
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Cristillo AD, Bristow CC, Torrone E, Dillon JA, Kirkcaldy RD, Dong H, Grad YH, Nicholas RA, Rice PA, Lawrence K, Oldach D, Shafer WM, Zhou P, Wi TE, Morris SR, Klausner JD. Antimicrobial Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Proceedings of the STAR Sexually Transmitted Infection-Clinical Trial Group Programmatic Meeting. Sex Transm Dis 2019; 46:e18-e25. [PMID: 30363025 PMCID: PMC6370498 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinical Trial Group's Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) meeting was to assemble experts from academia, government, nonprofit and industry to discuss the current state of research, gaps and challenges in research and technology and priorities and new directions to address the continued emergence of multidrug-resistant NG infections. Topics discussed at the meeting, which will be the focus of this article, include AMR NG global surveillance initiatives, the use of whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics to understand mutations associated with AMR, mechanisms of AMR, and novel antibiotics, vaccines and other methods to treat AMR NG. Key points highlighted during the meeting include: (i) US and International surveillance programs to understand AMR in NG; (ii) the US National Strategy for combating antimicrobial-resistant bacteria; (iii) surveillance needs, challenges, and novel technologies; (iv) plasmid-mediated and chromosomally mediated mechanisms of AMR in NG; (v) novel therapeutic (eg, sialic acid analogs, factor H [FH]/Fc fusion molecule, monoclonal antibodies, topoisomerase inhibitors, fluoroketolides, LpxC inhibitors) and preventative (eg, peptide mimic) strategies to combat infection. The way forward will require renewed political will, new funding initiatives, and collaborations across academic and commercial research and public health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D. Cristillo
- From the Department of Clinical Research and Bioscience Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Silver Spring, MD
| | - Claire C. Bristow
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Elizabeth Torrone
- Division of STD Prevention, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA
| | - Jo-Anne Dillon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Robert D. Kirkcaldy
- Division of STD Prevention, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA
| | - Huan Dong
- Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Sciences, Los Angeles, CA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yonatan H. Grad
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Robert A. Nicholas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Peter A. Rice
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | | | | | - William Maurice Shafer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA
| | - Pei Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and
| | - Teodora E. Wi
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; and
| | - Sheldon R. Morris
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jeffrey D. Klausner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Lee RS, Seemann T, Heffernan H, Kwong JC, Gonçalves da Silva A, Carter GP, Woodhouse R, Dyet KH, Bulach DM, Stinear TP, Howden BP, Williamson DA. Genomic epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in New Zealand. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:353-364. [PMID: 29182725 PMCID: PMC5890773 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major threat to public health. No studies to date have examined the genomic epidemiology of gonorrhoea in the Western Pacific Region, where the incidence of gonorrhoea is particularly high. Methods A population-level study of N. gonorrhoeae in New Zealand (October 2014 to May 2015). Comprehensive susceptibility testing and WGS data were obtained for 398 isolates. Relatedness was inferred using phylogenetic trees, and pairwise core SNPs. Mutations and genes known to be associated with resistance were identified, and correlated with phenotype. Results Eleven clusters were identified. In six of these clusters, >25% of isolates were from females, while in eight of them, >15% of isolates were from females. Drug resistance was common; 98%, 32% and 68% of isolates were non-susceptible to penicillin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline, respectively. Elevated MICs to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) were observed in 3.5% of isolates (cefixime MICs ≥ 0.12 mg/L, ceftriaxone MICs ≥ 0.06 mg/L). Only nine isolates had penA XXXIV genotypes, three of which had decreased susceptibility to ESCs (MIC = 0.12 mg/L). Azithromycin non-susceptibility was identified in 43 isolates (10.8%); two of these isolates had 23S mutations (C2611T, 4/4 alleles), while all had mutations in mtrR or its promoter. Conclusions The high proportion of females in clusters suggests transmission is not exclusively among MSM in New Zealand; re-assessment of risk factors for transmission may be warranted in this context. As elevated MICs of ESCs and/or azithromycin were found in closely related strains, targeted public health interventions to halt transmission are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn S Lee
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Level 1, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Level 1, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Torsten Seemann
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Level 1, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Level 1, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Melbourne Bioinformatics Group, The University of Melbourne, 187 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Helen Heffernan
- The Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Porirua 5022, New Zealand
| | - Jason C Kwong
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Level 1, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Level 1, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Anders Gonçalves da Silva
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Level 1, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Level 1, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Glen P Carter
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Level 1, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Rosemary Woodhouse
- The Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Porirua 5022, New Zealand
| | - Kristin H Dyet
- The Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Porirua 5022, New Zealand
| | - Dieter M Bulach
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Level 1, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Timothy P Stinear
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Level 1, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Benjamin P Howden
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Level 1, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Level 1, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Deborah A Williamson
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Level 1, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Level 1, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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El-Rami FE, Zielke RA, Wi T, Sikora AE, Unemo M. Quantitative Proteomics of the 2016 WHO Neisseria gonorrhoeae Reference Strains Surveys Vaccine Candidates and Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:127-150. [PMID: 30352803 PMCID: PMC6317477 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.001125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea (causative agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae) remains an urgent public health threat globally because of its reproductive health repercussions, high incidence, widespread antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and absence of a vaccine. To mine gonorrhea antigens and enhance our understanding of gonococcal AMR at the proteome level, we performed the first large-scale proteomic profiling of a diverse panel (n = 15) of gonococcal strains, including the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) reference strains. These strains show all existing AMR profiles - established through phenotypic characterization and reference genome publication - and are intended for quality assurance in laboratory investigations. Herein, these isolates were subjected to subcellular fractionation and labeling with tandem mass tags coupled to mass spectrometry and multi-combinatorial bioinformatics. Our analyses detected 904 and 723 common proteins in cell envelope and cytoplasmic subproteomes, respectively. We identified nine novel gonorrhea vaccine candidates. Expression and conservation of new and previously selected antigens were investigated. In addition, established gonococcal AMR determinants were evaluated for the first time using quantitative proteomics. Six new proteins, WHO_F_00238, WHO_F_00635c, WHO_F_00745, WHO_F_01139, WHO_F_01144c, and WHO_F_01126, were differentially expressed in all strains, suggesting that they represent global proteomic AMR markers, indicate a predisposition toward developing or compensating gonococcal AMR, and/or act as new antimicrobial targets. Finally, phenotypic clustering based on the isolates' defined antibiograms and common differentially expressed proteins yielded seven matching clusters between established and proteome-derived AMR signatures. Together, our investigations provide a reference proteomics data bank for gonococcal vaccine and AMR research endeavors, which enables microbiological, clinical, or epidemiological projects and enhances the utility of the WHO reference strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi E El-Rami
- From the ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Ryszard A Zielke
- From the ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Teodora Wi
- §Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra E Sikora
- From the ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon;; ¶Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon;.
| | - Magnus Unemo
- ‖World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and other Sexually Transmitted Infections, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
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Handing JW, Ragland SA, Bharathan UV, Criss AK. The MtrCDE Efflux Pump Contributes to Survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae From Human Neutrophils and Their Antimicrobial Components. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2688. [PMID: 30515136 PMCID: PMC6256084 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal inflammatory response to Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gc) is characterized by recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection. Gc survives exposure to neutrophils by limiting the ability of neutrophils to make antimicrobial products and by expressing factors that defend against these products. The multiple transferable resistance (Mtr) system is a tripartite efflux pump, comprised of the inner membrane MtrD, the periplasmic attachment protein MtrC, and the outer membrane channel MtrE. Gc MtrCDE exports a diverse array of substrates, including certain detergents, dyes, antibiotics, and host-derived antimicrobial peptides. Here we report that MtrCDE contributes to the survival of Gc after exposure to adherent, chemokine-treated primary human neutrophils, specifically in the extracellular milieu. MtrCDE enhanced survival of Gc in neutrophil extracellular traps and in the supernatant from neutrophils that had undergone degranulation (granule exocytosis), a process that releases antimicrobial proteins into the extracellular milieu. The extent of degranulation was unaltered in neutrophils exposed to parental or mtr mutant Gc. MtrCDE expression contributed to Gc defense against some neutrophil-derived antimicrobial peptides but not others. These findings demonstrate that the Mtr system contributes to Gc survival after neutrophil challenge, a key feature of the host immune response to acute gonorrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Handing
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Stephanie A Ragland
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Urmila V Bharathan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Alison K Criss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Escobedo-Guerra MR, Katoku-Herrera M, Lopez-Hurtado M, Gutierrez-Trujillo R, Guerra-Infante FM. Use of the mtrR Gene for Rapid Molecular Diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Identification of the Reduction of Susceptibility to Antibiotics in Endocervical Swabs. Mol Diagn Ther 2018; 22:361-368. [PMID: 29589256 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-018-0328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neisseria gonorrhoeae is one of the main etiological agents of sexually transmitted diseases. The asymptomatic course of the infection and its resistance to antibiotics can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. OBJECTIVES We developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test using the methyltetrahydrofolate homocysteine methyltransferase reductase (mtrR) gene to identify N. gonorrhoeae and detect reduced susceptibility to antibiotics. MATERIAL AND METHODS We analysed 250 samples of endocervical exudate from infertile women with a negative diagnosis of N. gonorrhoeae. We designed NGmtr primers to detect N. gonorrhoeae and identify the antibiotic-resistant strain. RESULTS Of the 250 samples, 60 (24%) tested positive for N. gonorrhoeae using real-time PCR. Our study was validated using the HO primers and the Seeplex STD6 ACE System, with a 100% correlation. Furthermore, the NGmtr primers are specific for N. gonorrhoeae and not for other species. Additionally, the curves generated by real-time PCR differed between wild and variant strains (10.93%). The dissociation temperatures for the wild and variant strains were 86.5 and 89 °C, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The NGmtr primers enabled us to identify N. gonorrhoeae strains with or without reduction of susceptibility to antibiotics. Therefore, this work constitutes a tool that will facilitate the diagnosis of this infection for a low cost and improve patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos R Escobedo-Guerra
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Montes Urales No. 800, Colonia Lomas de Virreyes, Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11000, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mitzuko Katoku-Herrera
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Montes Urales No. 800, Colonia Lomas de Virreyes, Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11000, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcela Lopez-Hurtado
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Montes Urales No. 800, Colonia Lomas de Virreyes, Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11000, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Gutierrez-Trujillo
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Montes Urales No. 800, Colonia Lomas de Virreyes, Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11000, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernando M Guerra-Infante
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Montes Urales No. 800, Colonia Lomas de Virreyes, Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11000, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Gonococcal MtrE and its surface-expressed Loop 2 are immunogenic and elicit bactericidal antibodies. J Infect 2018; 77:191-204. [PMID: 29902495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The rise in multidrug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae poses a threat to healthcare, while the development of an effective vaccine has remained elusive due to antigenic and phase variability of surface-expressed proteins. In the current study, we identified a fully conserved surface expressed protein and characterized its suitability as a vaccine antigen. METHODS An in silico approach was used to predict surface-expressed proteins and analyze sequence conservation and phase variability. The most conserved protein and its surface-exposed Loop 2, which was displayed as both a structural and linear epitope on the oligomerization domain of C4b binding protein, were used to immunize mice. Immunogenicity was subsequently analyzed by determination of antibody titers and serum bactericidal activity. RESULTS MtrE was identified as one of the most conserved surface-expressed proteins. Furthermore, MtrE and both Loop 2-containing fusion proteins elicited high protein-specific antibody titers and particularly the two Loop 2 fusion proteins showed high anti-Loop 2 titers. In addition, antibodies raised against all three proteins were able to recognize MtrE expressed on the surface of N. gonorrhoeae and showed high MtrE-dependent bactericidal activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that MtrE and Loop 2 are promising novel conserved surface-expressed antigens for vaccine development against N. gonorrhoeae.
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Cysteamine, an Endogenous Aminothiol, and Cystamine, the Disulfide Product of Oxidation, Increase Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sensitivity to Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species and Potentiate Therapeutic Antibiotics against Bacterial Infection. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00947-17. [PMID: 29581193 PMCID: PMC5964511 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00947-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteamine is an endogenous aminothiol produced in mammalian cells as a consequence of coenzyme A metabolism through the activity of the vanin family of pantetheinase ectoenzymes. It is known to have a biological role in oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell migration. There have been several reports demonstrating anti-infective properties targeting viruses, bacteria, and even the malarial parasite. We and others have previously described broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of cysteamine. Here, we go further to demonstrate redox-dependent mechanisms of action for the compound and how its antimicrobial effects are, at least in part, due to undermining bacterial defenses against oxidative and nitrosative challenges. We demonstrate the therapeutic potentiation of antibiotic therapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mouse models of infection. We also demonstrate potentiation of many different classes of antibiotics against a selection of priority antibiotic-resistant pathogens, including colistin (often considered an antibiotic of last resort), and we discuss how this endogenous antimicrobial component of innate immunity has a role in infectious disease that is beginning to be explored and is not yet fully understood.
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Wan C, Li Y, Le WJ, Liu YR, Li S, Wang BX, Rice PA, Su XH. Increasing Resistance to Azithromycin in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Eastern Chinese Cities: Resistance Mechanisms and Genetic Diversity among Isolates from Nanjing. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e02499-17. [PMID: 29530847 PMCID: PMC5923098 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02499-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Azithromycin resistance (AZM-R) of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is emerging as a clinical and public health challenge. We determined molecular characteristics of recent AZM-R Nanjing gonococcal isolates and tracked the emergence of AZM-R isolates in eastern Chinese cities in recent years. A total of 384 N. gonorrhoeae isolates from Nanjing collected from 2013 to 2014 were tested for susceptibility to AZM and six additional antibiotics; all AZM-R strains were characterized genetically for resistance determinants by sequencing and were genotyped using N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST). Among the 384 isolates, 124 (32.3%) were AZM-R. High-level resistance (MIC, ≥256 mg/liter) was present in 10.4% (40/384) of isolates, all of which possessed the A2143G mutation in all four 23S rRNA alleles. Low- to mid-level resistance (MIC, 1 to 64 mg/liter) was present in 21.9% (84/384) of isolates, 59.5% of which possessed the C2599T mutation in all four 23S rRNA alleles. The 124 AZM-R isolates were distributed in 71 different NG-MAST sequence types (STs). ST1866 was the most prevalent type in high-level AZM-R (HL-AZM-R) isolates (45% [18/40]). This study, together with previous reports, revealed that the prevalence of AZM-R in N. gonorrhoeae isolates in certain eastern Chinese cities has risen >4-fold (7% to 32%) from 2008 to 2014. The principal mechanisms of AZM resistance in recent Nanjing isolates were A2143G mutations (high-level resistance) and C2599T mutations (low- to mid-level resistance) in the 23S rRNA alleles. Characterization of NG-MAST STs and phylogenetic analysis indicated the genetic diversity of N. gonorrhoeae in Nanjing; however, ST1866 was the dominant genotype associated with HL-AZM-R isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wan
- STD Clinic, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Li
- STD Clinic, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Jing Le
- STD Clinic, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Rong Liu
- STD Clinic, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sai Li
- STD Clinic, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bao-Xi Wang
- STD Clinic, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peter A Rice
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiao-Hong Su
- STD Clinic, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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A Case of Decreased Susceptibility to Ceftriaxone in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the Absence of a Mosaic Penicillin-Binding Protein 2 (penA) Allele. Sex Transm Dis 2018; 44:492-494. [PMID: 28703729 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with a non-mosaic penA allele that exhibited decreased susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, including a ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.5 μg/mL. An analysis of resistance determinants suggested that the observed phenotype might have resulted from the combined effects of mutations in multiple genes.
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Massip C, Descours G, Ginevra C, Doublet P, Jarraud S, Gilbert C. Macrolide resistance in Legionella pneumophila: the role of LpeAB efflux pump. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:1327-1333. [PMID: 28137939 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives A previous study on 12 in vitro -selected azithromycin-resistant Legionella pneumophila lineages showed that ribosomal mutations were major macrolide resistance determinants. In addition to these mechanisms that have been well described in many species, mutations upstream of lpeAB operon, homologous to acrAB in Escherichia coli , were identified in two lineages. In this study, we investigated the role of LpeAB and of these mutations in macrolide resistance of L. pneumophila . Methods The role of LpeAB was studied by testing the antibiotic susceptibility of WT, deleted and complemented L. pneumophila Paris strains. Translational fusion experiments using GFP as a reporter were conducted to investigate the consequences of the mutations observed in the upstream sequence of lpeAB operon. Results We demonstrated the involvement of LpeAB in an efflux pump responsible for a macrolide-specific reduced susceptibility of L. pneumophila Paris strain. Mutations in the upstream sequence of lpeAB operon were associated with an increased protein expression. Increased expression was also observed under sub-inhibitory macrolide concentrations in strains with both mutated and WT promoting regions. Conclusions LpeAB are components of an efflux pump, which is a macrolide resistance determinant in L. pneumophila Paris strain. Mutations observed in the upstream sequence of lpeAB operon in resistant lineages led to an overexpression of this efflux pump. Sub-inhibitory concentrations of macrolides themselves participated in upregulating this efflux and could constitute a first step in the acquisition of a high macrolide resistance level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Massip
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, "Legionella pathogenesis" team, Inserm, U1111, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon F-69007, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, National Reference Centre of Legionella, Institute for Infectious Agents, 103 Grande rue de la Croix rousse, Lyon 69004, France
| | - Ghislaine Descours
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, "Legionella pathogenesis" team, Inserm, U1111, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon F-69007, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, National Reference Centre of Legionella, Institute for Infectious Agents, 103 Grande rue de la Croix rousse, Lyon 69004, France
| | - Christophe Ginevra
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, "Legionella pathogenesis" team, Inserm, U1111, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon F-69007, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, National Reference Centre of Legionella, Institute for Infectious Agents, 103 Grande rue de la Croix rousse, Lyon 69004, France
| | - Patricia Doublet
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, "Legionella pathogenesis" team, Inserm, U1111, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon F-69007, France
| | - Sophie Jarraud
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, "Legionella pathogenesis" team, Inserm, U1111, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon F-69007, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, National Reference Centre of Legionella, Institute for Infectious Agents, 103 Grande rue de la Croix rousse, Lyon 69004, France
| | - Christophe Gilbert
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, "Legionella pathogenesis" team, Inserm, U1111, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon F-69007, France
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Donà V, Low N, Golparian D, Unemo M. Recent advances in the development and use of molecular tests to predict antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2017; 17:845-859. [PMID: 28741392 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1360137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The number of genetic tests, mostly real-time PCRs, to detect antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants and predict AMR in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is increasing. Several of these assays are promising, but there are important shortcomings and few assays have been adequately validated and quality assured. Areas covered: Recent advances, focusing on publications since 2012, in the development and use of molecular tests to predict gonococcal AMR for surveillance and for clinical use, advantages and disadvantages of these tests and of molecular AMR prediction compared with phenotypic AMR testing, and future perspectives for effective use of molecular AMR tests for different purposes. Expert commentary: Several challenges for direct testing of clinical, especially extra-genital, specimens remain. The choice of molecular assay needs to consider the assay target, quality controls, sample types, limitations intrinsic to molecular technologies, and specific to the chosen methodology, and the intended use of the test. Improved molecular- and particularly genome-sequencing-based methods will supplement AMR testing for surveillance purposes, and translate into point-of-care tests that will lead to personalized treatments, while sparing the last available empiric treatment option (ceftriaxone). However, genetic AMR prediction will never completely replace phenotypic AMR testing, which detects also AMR due to unknown AMR determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Donà
- a Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Nicola Low
- b Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Daniel Golparian
- c WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea , Örebro University , Örebro , Sweden
| | - Magnus Unemo
- c WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea , Örebro University , Örebro , Sweden
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Abrams AJ, Trees DL. Genomic sequencing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to respond to the urgent threat of antimicrobial-resistant gonorrhea. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:3106325. [PMID: 28387837 PMCID: PMC6956991 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to available first-line antibiotics, including penicillins, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins, has led to the circulation of multidrug-resistant gonorrhea at a global scale. Advancements in high-throughput whole-genome sequencing (WGS) provide useful tools that can be used to enhance gonococcal detection, treatment and management capabilities, which will ultimately aid in the control of antimicrobial resistant gonorrhea worldwide. In this minireview, we discuss the application of WGS of N. gonorrhoeae to strain typing, phylogenomic, molecular surveillance and transmission studies. We also examine the application of WGS analyses to the public health sector as well as the potential usage of WGS-based transcriptomic and epigenetic methods to identify novel gonococcal resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Jeanine Abrams
- Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - David L. Trees
- Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Wind CM, Bruisten SM, Schim van der Loeff MF, Dierdorp M, de Vries HJC, van Dam AP. A Case-Control Study of Molecular Epidemiology in Relation to Azithromycin Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates Collected in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, between 2008 and 2015. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e02374-16. [PMID: 28373191 PMCID: PMC5444120 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02374-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistance to ceftriaxone and azithromycin is increasing, which threatens the recommended dual therapy. We used molecular epidemiology to identify N. gonorrhoeae clusters and associations with azithromycin resistance in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. N. gonorrhoeae isolates (n = 143) were selected from patients visiting the Amsterdam STI Outpatient Clinic from January 2008 through September 2015. We included all 69 azithromycin-resistant isolates (MIC ≥ 2.0 mg/liter) and 74 frequency-matched susceptible controls (MIC ≤ 0.25 mg/liter). The methods used were 23S rRNA and mtrR sequencing, N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST), N. gonorrhoeae multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (NG-MLVA), and a specific PCR to detect mosaic penA genes. A hierarchical cluster analysis of NG-MLVA related to resistance and epidemiological characteristics was performed. Azithromycin-resistant isolates had C2611T mutations in 23S rRNA (n = 62, 89.9%, P < 0.001) and were NG-MAST genogroup G2992 (P < 0.001), G5108 (P < 0.001), or G359 (P = 0.02) significantly more often than susceptible isolates and were more often part of NG-MLVA clusters (P < 0.001). Two resistant isolates (2.9%) had A2059G mutations, and five (7.3%) had wild-type 23S rRNA. No association between mtrR mutations and azithromycin resistance was found. Twenty-four isolates, including 10 azithromycin-resistant isolates, showed reduced susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. Of these, five contained a penA mosaic gene. Four of the five NG-MLVA clusters contained resistant and susceptible isolates. Two clusters consisting mainly of resistant isolates included strains from men who have sex with men and from heterosexual males and females. The co-occurrence of resistant and susceptible strains in NG-MLVA clusters and the frequent occurrence of resistant strains outside of clusters suggest that azithromycin resistance develops independently from the background genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien M Wind
- STI Outpatient Clinic, Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvia M Bruisten
- Public Health Laboratory, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten F Schim van der Loeff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Dierdorp
- Public Health Laboratory, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henry J C de Vries
- STI Outpatient Clinic, Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alje P van Dam
- Public Health Laboratory, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, OLVG General Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae Sequence Typing for Antimicrobial Resistance, a Novel Antimicrobial Resistance Multilocus Typing Scheme for Tracking Global Dissemination of N. gonorrhoeae Strains. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:1454-1468. [PMID: 28228492 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00100-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A curated Web-based user-friendly sequence typing tool based on antimicrobial resistance determinants in Neisseria gonorrhoeae was developed and is publicly accessible (https://ngstar.canada.ca). The N. gonorrhoeae Sequence Typing for Antimicrobial Resistance (NG-STAR) molecular typing scheme uses the DNA sequences of 7 genes (penA, mtrR, porB, ponA, gyrA, parC, and 23S rRNA) associated with resistance to β-lactam antimicrobials, macrolides, or fluoroquinolones. NG-STAR uses the entire penA sequence, combining the historical nomenclature for penA types I to XXXVIII with novel nucleotide sequence designations; the full mtrR sequence and a portion of its promoter region; portions of ponA, porB, gyrA, and parC; and 23S rRNA sequences. NG-STAR grouped 768 isolates into 139 sequence types (STs) (n = 660) consisting of 29 clonal complexes (CCs) having a maximum of a single-locus variation, and 76 NG-STAR STs (n = 109) were identified as unrelated singletons. NG-STAR had a high Simpson's diversity index value of 96.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.959 to 0.969). The most common STs were NG-STAR ST-90 (n = 100; 13.0%), ST-42 and ST-91 (n = 45; 5.9%), ST-64 (n = 44; 5.72%), and ST-139 (n = 42; 5.5%). Decreased susceptibility to azithromycin was associated with NG-STAR ST-58, ST-61, ST-64, ST-79, ST-91, and ST-139 (n = 156; 92.3%); decreased susceptibility to cephalosporins was associated with NG-STAR ST-90, ST-91, and ST-97 (n = 162; 94.2%); and ciprofloxacin resistance was associated with NG-STAR ST-26, ST-90, ST-91, ST-97, ST-150, and ST-158 (n = 196; 98.0%). All isolates of NG-STAR ST-42, ST-43, ST-63, ST-81, and ST-160 (n = 106) were susceptible to all four antimicrobials. The standardization of nomenclature associated with antimicrobial resistance determinants through an internationally available database will facilitate the monitoring of the global dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant N. gonorrhoeae strains.
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Johnson SR, Grad Y, Abrams AJ, Pettus K, Trees DL. Use of whole-genome sequencing data to analyze 23S rRNA-mediated azithromycin resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 49:252-254. [PMID: 28038960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The whole-genome sequences of 24 isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to azithromycin (≥2.0 µg/mL) were analyzed against a modified sequence derived from the whole-genome sequence of N. gonorrhoeae FA1090 to determine, by signal ratio, the number of mutant copies of the 23S rRNA gene and the copy number effect on 50S ribosome-mediated azithromycin resistance. Isolates that were predicted to contain four mutated copies were accurately identified compared with the results of direct sequencing. Fewer than four mutated copies gave less accurate results but were consistent with elevated MICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Johnson
- Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Yonatan Grad
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Jeanine Abrams
- Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kevin Pettus
- Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David L Trees
- Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
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Willers C, Wentzel JF, du Plessis LH, Gouws C, Hamman JH. Efflux as a mechanism of antimicrobial drug resistance in clinical relevant microorganisms: the role of efflux inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 21:23-36. [PMID: 27892739 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1265105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microbial resistance against antibiotics is a serious threat to the effective treatment of infectious diseases. Several mechanisms exist through which microorganisms can develop resistance against antimicrobial drugs, of which the overexpression of genes to produce efflux pumps is a major concern. Several efflux transporters have been identified in microorganisms, which infer resistance against specific antibiotics and even multidrug resistance. Areas covered: This paper focuses on microbial resistance against antibiotics by means of the mechanism of efflux and gives a critical overview of studies conducted to overcome this problem by combining efflux pump inhibitors with antibiotics. Information was obtained from a literature search done with MEDLINE, Pubmed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, OneSearch and EBSCO host. Expert opinion: Efflux as a mechanism of multidrug resistance has presented a platform for improved efficacy against resistant microorganisms by co-administration of efflux pump inhibitors with antimicrobial agents. Although proof of concept has been shown for this approach with in vitro experiments, further research is needed to develop more potent inhibitors with low toxicity which is clinically effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Willers
- a Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Johannes Frederik Wentzel
- a Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Lissinda Hester du Plessis
- a Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Chrisna Gouws
- a Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Josias Hendrik Hamman
- a Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
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Unemo M, Golparian D, Sánchez-Busó L, Grad Y, Jacobsson S, Ohnishi M, Lahra MM, Limnios A, Sikora AE, Wi T, Harris SR. The novel 2016 WHO Neisseria gonorrhoeae reference strains for global quality assurance of laboratory investigations: phenotypic, genetic and reference genome characterization. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:3096-3108. [PMID: 27432602 PMCID: PMC5079299 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gonorrhoea and MDR Neisseria gonorrhoeae remain public health concerns globally. Enhanced, quality-assured, gonococcal antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance is essential worldwide. The WHO global Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (GASP) was relaunched in 2009. We describe the phenotypic, genetic and reference genome characteristics of the 2016 WHO gonococcal reference strains intended for quality assurance in the WHO global GASP, other GASPs, diagnostics and research worldwide. METHODS The 2016 WHO reference strains (n = 14) constitute the eight 2008 WHO reference strains and six novel strains. The novel strains represent low-level to high-level cephalosporin resistance, high-level azithromycin resistance and a porA mutant. All strains were comprehensively characterized for antibiogram (n = 23), serovar, prolyliminopeptidase, plasmid types, molecular AMR determinants, N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing STs and MLST STs. Complete reference genomes were produced using single-molecule PacBio sequencing. RESULTS The reference strains represented all available phenotypes, susceptible and resistant, to antimicrobials previously and currently used or considered for future use in gonorrhoea treatment. All corresponding resistance genotypes and molecular epidemiological types were described. Fully characterized, annotated and finished references genomes (n = 14) were presented. CONCLUSIONS The 2016 WHO gonococcal reference strains are intended for internal and external quality assurance and quality control in laboratory investigations, particularly in the WHO global GASP and other GASPs, but also in phenotypic (e.g. culture, species determination) and molecular diagnostics, molecular AMR detection, molecular epidemiology and as fully characterized, annotated and finished reference genomes in WGS analysis, transcriptomics, proteomics and other molecular technologies and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Unemo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and other Sexually Transmitted Infections, National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Daniel Golparian
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and other Sexually Transmitted Infections, National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Leonor Sánchez-Busó
- Pathogen Genomics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Yonatan Grad
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susanne Jacobsson
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and other Sexually Transmitted Infections, National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Monica M Lahra
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Department of Microbiology, South Eastern Area Laboratory Services, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, Australia
| | - Athena Limnios
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Department of Microbiology, South Eastern Area Laboratory Services, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aleksandra E Sikora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Teodora Wi
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Simon R Harris
- Pathogen Genomics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridgeshire, UK
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Trembizki E, Wand H, Donovan B, Chen M, Fairley CK, Freeman K, Guy R, Kaldor JM, Lahra MM, Lawrence A, Lau C, Pearson J, Regan DG, Ryder N, Smith H, Stevens K, Su JY, Ward J, Whiley DM. The Molecular Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Australia: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study, 2012. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:1591-1598. [PMID: 27682063 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by Neisseria gonorrhoeae is considered a serious global threat. METHODS In this nationwide study, we used MassARRAY iPLEX genotyping technology to examine the epidemiology of N. gonorrhoeae and associated AMR in the Australian population. All available N. gonorrhoeae isolates (n = 2452) received from Australian reference laboratories from January to June 2012 were included in the study. Genotypic data were combined with phenotypic AMR information to define strain types. RESULTS A total of 270 distinct strain types were observed. The 40 most common strain types accounted for over 80% of isolates, and the 10 most common strain types accounted for almost half of all isolates. The high male to female ratios (>94% male) suggested that at least 22 of the top 40 strain types were primarily circulating within networks of men who have sex with men (MSM). Particular strain types were also concentrated among females: two strain types accounted for 37.5% of all isolates from females. Isolates harbouring the mosaic penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2)-considered a key mechanism for cephalosporin resistance-comprised 8.9% of all N. gonorrhoeae isolates and were primarily observed in males (95%). CONCLUSIONS This large scale epidemiological investigation demonstrated that N. gonorrhoeae infections are dominated by relatively few strain types. The commonest strain types were concentrated in MSM in urban areas and Indigenous heterosexuals in remote areas, and we were able to confirm a resurgent epidemic in heterosexual networks in urban areas. The prevalence of mosaic PBP2 harboring N. gonorrhoeae strains highlight the ability for new N. gonorrhoeae strains to spread and become established across populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Trembizki
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane
| | | | - Basil Donovan
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney.,Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney Hospital, New South Wales
| | - Marcus Chen
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Carlton.,Central Clinical School Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Christopher K Fairley
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Carlton.,Central Clinical School Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Kevin Freeman
- Microbiology Laboratory, Pathology Department, Royal Darwin Hospital, Northern Territory
| | | | | | - Monica M Lahra
- WHO Collaborating Centre for STD, Microbiology Department, South Eastern Area Laboratory Services, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales
| | - Andrew Lawrence
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Colleen Lau
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
| | - Julie Pearson
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine-WA, Royal Perth Hospital, Western Australia
| | | | - Nathan Ryder
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney.,HNE Sexual Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, New South Wales
| | - Helen Smith
- Public Health Microbiology, Communicable Disease, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Archerfield
| | - Kerrie Stevens
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria
| | - Jiunn-Yih Su
- Sexual Health and Blood Borne Virus Unit, Centre for Disease Control, Darwin, Northern Territory
| | - James Ward
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - David M Whiley
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane.,Pathology Queensland Central Laboratory, Herston, Australia
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Hill SA, Masters TL, Wachter J. Gonorrhea - an evolving disease of the new millennium. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2016; 3:371-389. [PMID: 28357376 PMCID: PMC5354566 DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.09.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Etiology, transmission and protection: Neisseria gonorrhoeae (the gonococcus) is the etiological agent for the strictly human sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea. Infections lead to limited immunity, therefore individuals can become repeatedly infected. Pathology/symptomatology: Gonorrhea is generally a non-complicated mucosal infection with a pustular discharge. More severe sequellae include salpingitis and pelvic inflammatory disease which may lead to sterility and/or ectopic pregnancy. Occasionally, the organism can disseminate as a bloodstream infection. Epidemiology, incidence and prevalence: Gonorrhea is a global disease infecting approximately 60 million people annually. In the United States there are approximately 300, 000 cases each year, with an incidence of approximately 100 cases per 100,000 population. Treatment and curability: Gonorrhea is susceptible to an array of antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is becoming a major problem and there are fears that the gonococcus will become the next "superbug" as the antibiotic arsenal diminishes. Currently, third generation extended-spectrum cephalosporins are being prescribed. Molecular mechanisms of infection: Gonococci elaborate numerous strategies to thwart the immune system. The organism engages in extensive phase (on/off switching) and antigenic variation of several surface antigens. The organism expresses IgA protease which cleaves mucosal antibody. The organism can become serum resistant due to its ability to sialylate lipooligosaccharide in conjunction with its ability to subvert complement activation. The gonococcus can survive within neutrophils as well as in several other lymphocytic cells. The organism manipulates the immune response such that no immune memory is generated which leads to a lack of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A. Hill
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435
| | - Thao L. Masters
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435
| | - Jenny Wachter
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435
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Harrison OB, Clemence M, Dillard JP, Tang CM, Trees D, Grad YH, Maiden MCJ. Genomic analyses of Neisseria gonorrhoeae reveal an association of the gonococcal genetic island with antimicrobial resistance. J Infect 2016; 73:578-587. [PMID: 27575582 PMCID: PMC5127880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens our ability to treat the sexually transmitted bacterial infection gonorrhoea. The increasing availability of whole genome sequence (WGS) data from Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates, however, provides us with an opportunity in which WGS can be mined for AMR determinants. METHODS Chromosomal and plasmid genes implicated in AMR were catalogued on the PubMLST Neisseria database (http://pubmlst.org/neisseria). AMR genotypes were identified in WGS from 289 gonococci for which MICs against several antimicrobial compounds had been determined. Whole genome comparisons were undertaken using whole genome MLST (wgMLST). RESULTS Clusters of isolates with distinct AMR genotypes were apparent following wgMLST analysis consistent with the occurrence of genome wide genetic variation. This included the presence of the gonococcal genetic island (GGI), a type 4 secretion system shown to increase recombination and for which possession was significantly associated with AMR to multiple antimicrobials. CONCLUSIONS Evolution of the gonococcal genome occurs in response to antimicrobial selective pressure resulting in the formation of distinct N. gonorrhoeae populations evidenced by the wgMLST clusters seen here. Genomic islands offer selective advantages to host bacteria and possession of the GGI may, not only facilitate the spread of AMR in gonococcal populations, but may also confer fitness advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph P Dillard
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christoph M Tang
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Trees
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yonatan H Grad
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Kirkcaldy RD, Harvey A, Papp JR, Del Rio C, Soge OO, Holmes KK, Hook EW, Kubin G, Riedel S, Zenilman J, Pettus K, Sanders T, Sharpe S, Torrone E. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antimicrobial Susceptibility Surveillance - The Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project, 27 Sites, United States, 2014. MMWR. SURVEILLANCE SUMMARIES : MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT. SURVEILLANCE SUMMARIES 2016; 65:1-19. [PMID: 27414503 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6507a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM/CONDITION Gonorrhea is the second most commonly reported notifiable disease in the United States; 350,062 gonorrhea cases were reported in 2014. Sexually transmitted infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae are a cause of pelvic inflammatory disease in women, which can lead to serious reproductive complications including tubal infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. Prevention of sequelae and of transmission to sexual partners relies largely on prompt detection and effective antimicrobial treatment. However, treatment has been compromised by the absence of routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing in clinical care and evolution of antimicrobial resistance to the antibiotics used to treat gonorrhea. PERIOD COVERED 2014. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM The Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) was established in 1986 as a sentinel surveillance system to monitor trends in antimicrobial susceptibilities of N. gonorrhoeae strains in the United States. Each month, N. gonorrhoeae isolates are collected from up to the first 25 men with gonococcal urethritis attending each of the participating sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics at 27 sites. The number of participating sites has varied over time (21-30 per year). Selected demographic and clinical data are abstracted from medical records. Isolates are tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using agar dilution at one of five regional laboratories. RESULTS A total of 5,093 isolates were collected in 2014. Of these, 25.3% were resistant to tetracycline, 19.2% to ciprofloxacin, and 16.2% to penicillin (plasmid-based, chromosomal, or both). Reduced azithromycin susceptibility (Azi-RS) (defined as minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] ≥2.0 µg/mL) increased from 0.6% in 2013 to 2.5% in 2014. The increase occurred in all geographic regions, but was greatest in the Midwest, and among all categories of sex of sex partners (men who have sex with men [MSM], men who have sex with men and women [MSMW], and men who have sex with women [MSW]). No Azi-RS isolates exhibited reduced cefixime or ceftriaxone susceptibility (Cfx-RS and Cro-RS, respectively). The prevalence of Cfx-RS (MIC ≥0.25 µg/mL) increased from 0.1% in 2006 to 1.4% in both 2010 and 2011, decreased to 0.4% in 2013, and increased to 0.8% in 2014. Cro-RS (MIC ≥0.125 µg/mL) increased following a similar pattern but at lesser percentages (increased from 0.1% in 2008 to 0.4% in 2011 and decreased to 0.1% in 2013 and 2014). The percentage of isolates resistant to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, penicillin, or all three antimicrobials, was greater in isolates from MSM than from MSW. INTERPRETATION This is the first report to present comprehensive surveillance data from GISP and summarize gonococcal susceptibility over time, as well as underscore the history and public health implications of emerging cephalosporin resistance. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns vary by geographic region within the United States and by sex of sex partner. Because dual therapy with ceftriaxone plus azithromycin is the only recommended gonorrhea treatment, increases in azithromycin and cephalosporin MICs are cause for concern that resistance to these antimicrobial agents might be emerging. It is unclear whether increases in the percentage of isolates with Azi-RS mark the beginning of a trend. The percentage of isolates with elevated cefixime MICs increased during 2009-2010, then decreased during 2012-2013 after treatment recommendations were changed in 2010 to recommend dual therapy (with a cephalosporin and a second antibiotic) and a higher dosage of ceftriaxone. Subsequently, the treatment recommendations were changed again in 2012 to no longer recommend cefixime as part of first-line therapy (leaving ceftriaxone-based dual therapy as the only recommended therapy). Despite the MIC decrease (i.e., trend of improved cefixime susceptibility) during 2012-2013, the increase in the number of strains with Cfx-RS in 2014 underscores the potential threat of cephalosporin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION The National Strategy for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria identifies prevention, rapid detection, and control of outbreaks of ceftriaxone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae infection as a priority for U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION Antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance is conducted to guide development of treatment recommendations for effective therapy and prevention of complications from and transmission of gonorrhea. Federal agencies can use GISP data to develop national treatment recommendations and set research and prevention priorities. Local and state health departments can use GISP data to determine allocation of STD prevention services and resources, guide prevention planning, and communicate best treatment practices to health care providers. Continued surveillance, appropriate treatment, development of new antibiotics, and prevention of transmission remain the best strategies to reduce gonorrhea incidence and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Kirkcaldy
- Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
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Shaskolskiy B, Dementieva E, Leinsoo A, Runina A, Vorobyev D, Plakhova X, Kubanov A, Deryabin D, Gryadunov D. Drug Resistance Mechanisms in Bacteria Causing Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Associated with Vaginosis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:747. [PMID: 27242760 PMCID: PMC4870398 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we review sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) caused by pathogenic bacteria and vaginal infections which result from an overgrowth of opportunistic bacterial microflora. First, we describe the STDs, the corresponding pathogens and the antimicrobials used for their treatment. In addition to the well-known diseases caused by single pathogens (i.e., syphilis, gonococcal infections, and chlamydiosis), we consider polymicrobial reproductive tract infections (especially those that are difficult to effectively clinically manage). Then, we summarize the biochemical mechanisms that lead to antimicrobial resistance and the most recent data on the emergence of drug resistance in STD pathogens and bacteria associated with vaginosis. A large amount of research performed in the last 10-15 years has shed light on the enormous diversity of mechanisms of resistance developed by bacteria. A detailed understanding of the mechanisms of antimicrobials action and the emergence of resistance is necessary to modify existing drugs and to develop new ones directed against new targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Shaskolskiy
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics Technologies, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Dementieva
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics Technologies, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Arvo Leinsoo
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics Technologies, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastassia Runina
- State Research Center of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology of the Russian Ministry of Health Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Vorobyev
- State Research Center of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology of the Russian Ministry of Health Moscow, Russia
| | - Xenia Plakhova
- State Research Center of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology of the Russian Ministry of Health Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Kubanov
- State Research Center of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology of the Russian Ministry of Health Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitrii Deryabin
- State Research Center of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology of the Russian Ministry of Health Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Gryadunov
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics Technologies, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
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Ni C, Xue J, Zhang C, Zhou H, van der Veen S. High prevalence ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaewith high-level resistance to azithromycin in Hangzhou, China: Table 1. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:2355-7. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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