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McMann E, Gorski SM. Last but not least: emerging roles of the autophagy-related protein ATG4D. Autophagy 2024; 20:1916-1927. [PMID: 38920354 PMCID: PMC11346562 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2369436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved ATG4 cysteine proteases regulate macroautophagy/autophagy through the priming and deconjugation of the Atg8-family proteins. In mammals there are four ATG4 family members (ATG4A, ATG4B, ATG4C, ATG4D) but ATG4D has been relatively understudied. Heightened interest in ATG4D has been stimulated by recent links to human disease. Notably, genetic variations in human ATG4D were implicated in a heritable neurodevelopmental disorder. Genetic analyses in dogs, along with loss-of-function zebrafish and mouse models, further support a neuroprotective role for ATG4D. Here we discuss the evidence connecting ATG4D to neurological diseases and other pathologies and summarize its roles in both autophagy-dependent and autophagy-independent cellular processes.Abbrevation: ATG: autophagy related; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; BCL2: BCL2 apoptosis regulator; BH3: BCL2 homology region 3; CASP3: caspase 3; EV: extracellular vesicle; GABA: gamma aminobutyric acid; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; GABARAPL1: GABA type A receptor associated protein like 1; GABARAPL2: GABA type A receptor associated protein like 2; GFP: green fluorescent protein; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; MYC: MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PS: phosphatidylserine; QKO: quadruple knockout; SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily McMann
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre at BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sharon M. Gorski
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre at BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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2
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Qiu P, Zhou K, Wang Y, Chen X, Xiao C, Li W, Chen Y, Chang Y, Liu J, Zhou F, Wang X, Shang J, Liu L, Qiu Z. Revitalizing gut barrier integrity: role of miR-192-5p in enhancing autophagy via Rictor in enteritis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 327:G317-G332. [PMID: 38954822 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00291.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation and compromised barrier function are critical factors in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal disorders. This study aimed to investigate the role of miR-192-5p in modulating intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) integrity and its association with autophagy. A DSS-induced colitis model was used to assess the effects of miR-192-5p on intestinal inflammation. In vitro experiments involved cell culture and transient transfection techniques. Various assays, including dual-luciferase reporter gene assays, quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and measurements of transepithelial electrical resistance, were performed to evaluate changes in miR-192-5p expression, Rictor levels, and autophagy flux. Immunofluorescence staining, H&E staining, TEER measurements, and FITC-dextran analysis were also used. Our findings revealed a reduced expression of miR-192-5p in inflamed intestinal tissues, correlating with impaired IEB function. Overexpression of miR-192-5p alleviated TNF-induced IEB dysfunction by targeting Rictor, resulting in enhanced autophagy flux in enterocytes (ECs). Moreover, the therapeutic potential of miR-192-5p was substantiated in colitis mice, wherein increased miR-192-5p expression ameliorated intestinal inflammatory injury by enhancing autophagy flux in ECs through the modulation of Rictor. Our study highlights the therapeutic potential of miR-192-5p in enteritis by demonstrating its role in regulating autophagy and preserving IEB function. Targeting the miR-192-5p/Rictor axis is a promising approach for mitigating gut inflammatory injury and improving barrier integrity in patients with enteritis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We uncover the pivotal role of miR-192-5p in fortifying intestinal barriers amidst inflammation. Reduced miR-192-5p levels correlated with compromised gut integrity during inflammation. Notably, boosting miR-192-5p reversed gut damage by enhancing autophagy via suppressing Rictor, offering a potential therapeutic strategy for fortifying the intestinal barrier and alleviating inflammation in patients with enteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishan Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Kezhi Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Youwei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Shang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
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Verma A, Goyal A. Beyond insulin: The Intriguing role of GLP-1 in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 982:176936. [PMID: 39182542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide 1) serves as both a peptide hormone and a growth factor, is released upon nutrient intake and contributes to insulin secretion stimulated by glucose levels. Also, GLP-1 is synthesized within several brain areas and plays a vital function in providing neuroprotection and reducing inflammation through the activation of the GLP-1 receptor. Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative illness that worsens with time and is defined by considerable morbidity. Presently, there are few pharmaceutical choices available, and none of the existing therapies are capable of modifying the course of the disease. There is a suggestion that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) could increase the risk of PD, and the presence of both conditions concurrently might exacerbate PD symptoms and hasten neurodegeneration. GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists exhibit numerous implications like enhancement of glucose-dependent insulin release and biosynthesis, suppression of glucagon secretion and gastric emptying. Also, some GLP-1R agonists have received clinical approval for the management of T2DM. Moreover, the use of GLP-1R agonists has demonstrated counter-inflammatory, neurotrophic, and neuroprotective actions in various preclinical models of neurodegenerative disorders. Considering the significant amount of evidence backing the potential of GLP-1R agonists to protect the nervous system across different research settings, this article delves into examining the hopeful prospect of GLP-1R agonists as a treatment option for PD. This review sheds light on combined neuroprotective benefits of GLP-1R agonists and the possible mechanisms driving the protective effects on the PD brain, through the collection of data from various preclinical and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Verma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ahsas Goyal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Bano N, Kainat KM, Ansari MI, Pal A, Sarkar S, Sharma PK. Identification of chemoresistance targets in doxorubicin-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cells using LC-MS/MS-based proteomics. J Chemother 2024:1-15. [PMID: 39101797 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2024.2385267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Acquired chemoresistance remains a significant challenge in the clinics as most of the treated cancers eventually emerge as hard-to-treat phenotypes. Therefore, identifying chemoresistance targets is highly warranted to manage the disease better. In this study, we employed a label-free LC-MS/MS-based quantitative proteomics analysis to identify potential targets and signaling pathways underlying acquired chemoresistance in a sub-cell line (A549DR) derived from the parental lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) treated with gradually increasing doses of doxorubicin (DOX). Our proteomics analysis identified 146 upregulated and 129 downregulated targets in A549DR cells. The KEGG pathway and Gene ontology (GO) analysis of differentially expressed upregulated and downregulated proteins showed that most abundant upregulated pathways were related to metabolic pathways, cellular senescence, cell cycle, and p53 signaling. Meanwhile, the downregulated pathways were related to spliceosome, nucleotide metabolism, DNA replication, nucleotide excision repair, and nuclear-cytoplasmic transport. Further, STRING analysis of upregulated biological processes showed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) between CDK1, AKT2, SRC, STAT1, HDAC1, FDXR, FDX1, NPC1, ALDH2, GPx1, CDK4, and B2M, proteins. The identified proteins in this study might be the potential therapeutic targets for mitigating DOX resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuzhat Bano
- Food Toxicology Group, Food, Drug & Chemical, Environment, and Systems Toxicology (FEST) Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - K M Kainat
- Food Toxicology Group, Food, Drug & Chemical, Environment, and Systems Toxicology (FEST) Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mohammad Imran Ansari
- Food Toxicology Group, Food, Drug & Chemical, Environment, and Systems Toxicology (FEST) Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Anjali Pal
- Food Toxicology Group, Food, Drug & Chemical, Environment, and Systems Toxicology (FEST) Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sana Sarkar
- Systems Toxicology Group, Food, Drug & Chemical, Environment and Systems Toxicology (FEST) Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Sharma
- Food Toxicology Group, Food, Drug & Chemical, Environment, and Systems Toxicology (FEST) Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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5
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Guo Z. The role of glucagon-like peptide-1/GLP-1R and autophagy in diabetic cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:754-779. [PMID: 38890260 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes leads to a significantly accelerated incidence of various related macrovascular complications, including peripheral vascular disease and cardiovascular disease (the most common cause of mortality in diabetes), as well as microvascular complications such as kidney disease and retinopathy. Endothelial dysfunction is the main pathogenic event of diabetes-related vascular disease at the earliest stage of vascular injury. Understanding the molecular processes involved in the development of diabetes and its debilitating vascular complications might bring up more effective and specific clinical therapies. Long-acting glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 analogs are currently available in treating diabetes with widely established safety and extensively evaluated efficacy. In recent years, autophagy, as a critical lysosome-dependent self-degradative process to maintain homeostasis, has been shown to be involved in the vascular endothelium damage in diabetes. In this review, the GLP-1/GLP-1R system implicated in diabetic endothelial dysfunction and related autophagy mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications are briefly presented. This review also highlights a possible crosstalk between autophagy and the GLP-1/GLP-1R axis in the treatment of diabetic angiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Guo
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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Abu El-Hamd M, Abdel-Hamid S, Hamdy AT, Abdelhamed A. Increased serum ATG5 as a marker of autophagy in psoriasis vulgaris patients: a cross-sectional study. Arch Dermatol Res 2024; 316:491. [PMID: 39066827 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-024-03219-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis (PsO) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory skin disease. It is a complex condition that is affected by environmental and hereditary variables. Numerous pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and even fungi, have been linked to PsO. One of the mechanisms that clears infections is autophagy. The mechanism by which a cell feeds itself is called autophagy by reusing cytoplasmic components in the lysosome. The autophagy-related (ATG) proteins are essential components of the system that control the strictly regulated process of autophagy. Among these 41 proteins, ATG5 is one that is required in order for autophagic vesicles to develop. This research aimed to compare ATG5 levels in serum among those suffering from psoriasis vulgaris and healthy controls. This cross-sectional research was carried out on 45 individuals with vulgaris psoriasis and 45 healthy, sex and age-matched control subjects. All participants underwent a clinical examination, a laboratory investigation, and a history taking, including lipid profiles and serum ATG5. The mean age of the control and PsO were 40.6 ± 9.6, and 43.7 ± 9.3 years respectively. The mean total PASI score was 13.9 ± 8.9, with a median of 11.7 (8.8). According to the PASI score, about 38% (n = 17) had mild disease (PASI < 10), and about 62% (n = 28) had moderate/severe disease (PASI ≥ 10). There was a significantly higher median (IQR) (25th-75th) ATG5 level in PsO 206 (97) (145-242) ng/ml than in the control 147 (98) (111-209) ng/ml (p = 0.002). An insignificant higher median level (IQR) was observed in PsO with mild disease 207(95) compared with those with moderate/severe disease 183(98.5) (p = 0.057). Dissimilarly, the median (IQR) ATG5 level was significantly lower in PsO individuals with metabolic syndrome 170(72) compared with those without 207(104) (p = 0.044). Four predictors were identified following sex and age adjustments, in the final linear regression model: PASI score, triglyceride, High-Density Lipoprotein, and presence of metabolic syndrome. There can be a connection between autophagy as measured by ATG5 and psoriasis vulgaris. ATG5 was elevated in the serum of individuals with psoriasis vulgaris. However, it decreased in patients with metabolic syndrome. No relation was found between serum ATG5 and PASI score. Psoriasis vulgaris patients may benefit from using an autophagy enhancer as a potential treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abu El-Hamd
- Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Soheir Abdel-Hamid
- Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.
| | - Aya-Tollah Hamdy
- Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Amr Abdelhamed
- Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
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7
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Zhao X, Ma D, Yang B, Wang Y, Zhang L. Research progress of T cell autophagy in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1425443. [PMID: 39104538 PMCID: PMC11298352 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1425443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
T cells, as a major lymphocyte population involved in the adaptive immune response, play an important immunomodulatory role in the early stages of autoimmune diseases. Autophagy is a cellular catabolism mediated by lysosomes. Autophagy maintains cell homeostasis by recycling degraded cytoplasmic components and damaged organelles. Autophagy has a protective effect on cells and plays an important role in regulating T cell development, activation, proliferation and differentiation. Autophagy mediates the participation of T cells in the acquired immune response and plays a key role in antigen processing as well as in the maintenance of T cell homeostasis. In autoimmune diseases, dysregulated autophagy of T cells largely influences the pathological changes. Therefore, it is of great significance to study how T cells play a role in the immune mechanism of autoimmune diseases through autophagy pathway to guide the clinical treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Liyun Zhang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
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Wu N, Zheng W, Zhou Y, Tian Y, Tang M, Feng X, Ashrafizadeh M, Wang Y, Niu X, Tambuwala M, Wang L, Tergaonkar V, Sethi G, Klionsky D, Huang L, Gu M. Autophagy in aging-related diseases and cancer: Principles, regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 100:102428. [PMID: 39038742 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is primarily accountable for the degradation of damaged organelles and toxic macromolecules in the cells. Regarding the essential function of autophagy for preserving cellular homeostasis, changes in, or dysfunction of, autophagy flux can lead to disease development. In the current paper, the complicated function of autophagy in aging-associated pathologies and cancer is evaluated, highlighting the underlying molecular mechanisms that can affect longevity and disease pathogenesis. As a natural biological process, a reduction in autophagy is observed with aging, resulting in an accumulation of cell damage and the development of different diseases, including neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The MTOR, AMPK, and ATG proteins demonstrate changes during aging, and they are promising therapeutic targets. Insulin/IGF1, TOR, PKA, AKT/PKB, caloric restriction and mitochondrial respiration are vital for lifespan regulation and can modulate or have an interaction with autophagy. The specific types of autophagy, such as mitophagy that degrades mitochondria, can regulate aging by affecting these organelles and eliminating those mitochondria with genomic mutations. Autophagy and its specific types contribute to the regulation of carcinogenesis and they are able to dually enhance or decrease cancer progression. Cancer hallmarks, including proliferation, metastasis, therapy resistance and immune reactions, are tightly regulated by autophagy, supporting the conclusion that autophagy is a promising target in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Yundong Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, China
| | - Yu Tian
- School of Public Health, Benedictine University, No.5700 College Road, Lisle, IL 60532, USA; Research Center, the Huizhou Central People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Feng
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Gaozhou People's Hospital, Gaozhou, Guangdong 525200, China
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Xiaojia Niu
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Murtaza Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Laboratory of NF-κB Signalling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117600, Singapore; NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
| | - Daniel Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Li Huang
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Gaozhou People's Hospital, Gaozhou, Guangdong 525200, China.
| | - Ming Gu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China.
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Huang J, Yu Y, Pang D, Li C, Wei Q, Cheng Y, Cui Y, Ou R, Shang H. Lnc-HIBADH-4 Regulates Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis by Targeting Cathepsin D. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4768-4782. [PMID: 38135852 PMCID: PMC11236912 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most prevalent and lethal class of severe motor neuron diseases (MND) with no efficacious treatment. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying ALS remain unclear. Nearly 90% of patients exhibit sporadic onset (sALS). Therefore, elucidating the pathophysiology of ALS is imperative. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a large class of non-coding RNAs that regulate transcription, translation, and post-translational processes. LncRNAs contribute to the pathogenesis of diverse neurodegenerative disorders and hold promise as targets for interference in the realm of neurodegeneration. However, the mechanisms of which lncRNAs are involved in ALS have not been thoroughly investigated. We identified and validated a downregulated lncRNA, lnc-HIBADH-4, in ALS which correlated with disease severity and overall survival. Lnc-HIBADH-4 acted as a "molecular sponge" regulating lysosomal function through the lnc-HIBADH-4/miR-326/CTSD pathway, thereby impacting autophagy-lysosome dynamics and the levels of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Therefore, this study discovered and revealed the role of lnc-HIBADH-4 in the pathogenesis of ALS. With further research, lnc-HIBADH-4 is expected to provide a new biomarker in the diagnosis and treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Rare Diseases Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yujiao Yu
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Rare Diseases Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Dejiang Pang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Rare Diseases Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Rare Diseases Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qianqian Wei
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Rare Diseases Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yangfan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Rare Diseases Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiyuan Cui
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Rare Diseases Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruwei Ou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Rare Diseases Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Rare Diseases Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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10
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Ping K, Yang R, Chen H, Xie S, Li M, Xiang Y, Lu Y, Dong J. Gypenoside XLIX alleviates intestinal injury by inhibiting sepsis-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 397:111077. [PMID: 38810818 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal barrier dysfunction is a significant complication induced by sepsis, yet therapeutic strategies targeting such dysfunction remain inadequate. This study investigates the protective effects of Gypenoside XLIX (Gyp XLIX) against intestinal damage induced by sepsis. Septic intestinal injury in mice was induced by cecum ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery. The biological activity and potential mechanisms of Gyp XLIX were explored through intraperitoneal injection of Gyp XLIX (40 mg/kg). The study demonstrates that Gyp XLIX improves the pathological structural damage of the intestine and increases tight junction protein expression as well as the number of cup cells. Through activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 - Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Nrf2-Keap1) pathway, Gyp XLIX enhances antioxidant enzyme levels while reducing the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, Gyp XLIX effectively alleviates sepsis-induced intestinal inflammation by inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Moreover, Gyp XLIX inhibits cell death through modifying phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway, further enhancing its ability to shield the intestinal barrier. The combined action of these molecular mechanisms promotes the restoration of immune balance and reduces excessive autophagy activity induced under septic conditions. In summary, Gyp XLIX exhibits a significant preventive action against intestinal damage brought on by sepsis, with its mechanisms involving the improvement of intestinal barrier function, antioxidative stress, inhibition of inflammatory response, and cell apoptosis. This research offers a potential strategy for addressing intestinal barrier impairment brought on by sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Ping
- Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Department, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang (The Oncology Hospital of Lianyungang), Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Huizhen Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Department, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Shaocheng Xie
- Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Mengxin Li
- Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Department, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Yannan Xiang
- Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang (The Oncology Hospital of Lianyungang), Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Yingzhi Lu
- Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang (The Oncology Hospital of Lianyungang), Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222000, China.
| | - Jingquan Dong
- Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
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11
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Zhang B, Wu H, Zhang J, Cong C, Zhang L. The study of the mechanism of non-coding RNA regulation of programmed cell death in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:1673-1696. [PMID: 38189880 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04909-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) represents a distinct myocardial disorder elicited by diabetes mellitus, characterized by aberrations in myocardial function and structural integrity. This pathological condition predominantly manifests in individuals with diabetes who do not have concurrent coronary artery disease or hypertension. An escalating body of scientific evidence substantiates the pivotal role of programmed cell death (PCD)-encompassing apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and necroptosis-in the pathogenic progression of DCM, thereby emerging as a prospective therapeutic target. Additionally, numerous non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been empirically verified to modulate the biological processes underlying programmed cell death, consequently influencing the evolution of DCM. This review systematically encapsulates prevalent types of PCD manifest in DCM as well as nascent discoveries regarding the regulatory influence of ncRNAs on programmed cell death in the pathogenesis of DCM, with the aim of furnishing novel insights for the furtherance of research in PCD-associated disorders relevant to DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingrui Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Cardiovascular Department Cardiovascular Disease Research, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Tai'an Special Care Hospital Clinical Laboratory Medical Laboratory Direction, Tai'an, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Cardiovascular Department Cardiovascular Disease Research, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Cong Cong
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Cardiovascular Department Cardiovascular Disease Research, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Tai'an Hospital of Chinese Medicine Cardiovascular Department Cardiovascular Disease Research, No.216, Yingxuan Street, Tai'an, 271000, Shandong, China.
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12
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Yun ZS, Zhihua S, Xuelian T, Min X, Rongjing H, Mei L. Rosmarinic acid activates the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway to regulate CD8+ T cells and autophagy to clear Chlamydia trachomatis in reproductive tract-infected mice. Mol Immunol 2024; 171:105-114. [PMID: 38820902 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases worldwide, which can cause diseases such as pelvic inflammatory disease, and cervical and fallopian tube inflammation, and poses a threat to human health. Rosmarinic acid (RosA) is an active ingredient of natural products with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. This study aimed to investigate the role of RosA in inhibiting autophagy-regulated immune cells-CD8+ T cells via the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway in a CT-infected mouse model. Mice were inoculated with CT infection solution vaginally, and the mechanistic basis of RosA treatment was established using H&E staining, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, and western blot. The key factors involved in RosA treatment were further validated using the MEK inhibitor cobimetinib. Experimental results showed that both RosA and the reference drug azithromycin could attenuate the pathological damage to the endometrium caused by CT infection; flow cytometry showed that peripheral blood CD8+ T cells increased after CT infection and decreased after treatment with RosA and the positive drug azithromycin (positive control); immunofluorescence showed that endometrial CD8 and LC3 increased after CT infection and decreased after RosA and positive drug treatment; the results of transmission electron microscopy showed that RosA and the positive drug azithromycin inhibited the accumulation of autophagosomes; western bolt experiments confirmed the activation of autophagy proteins LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ, ATG5, Beclin-1, and p62 after CT infection, as well as the inhibition of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling. RosA and azithromycin inhibition of autophagy proteins activates Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling. In addition, the MEK inhibitor cobimetinib attenuated RosA's protective effect on endometrium by further activating CD8+ T cells on a CT-induced basis, while transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and western blots showed that cobimetinib blocked ERK signals activation and further induced phagocytosis on a CT-induced basis. These data indicated that RosA can activate the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway to inhibit autophagy, and RosA could also regulate the activation of immune cells-CD8+T cells to protect the reproductive tract of CT-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Si Yun
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Song Zhihua
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Xuelian
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Min
- Department of Gynecology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400021, China
| | - Hu Rongjing
- Department of Gynecology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400021, China
| | - Luo Mei
- Department of Gynecology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400021, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing college of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 402760, China; The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400021, China.
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13
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Ayub A, Hasan MK, Mahmud Z, Hossain MS, Kabir Y. Dissecting the multifaceted roles of autophagy in cancer initiation, growth, and metastasis: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic applications. Med Oncol 2024; 41:183. [PMID: 38902544 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cytoplasmic defense mechanism that cells use to break and reprocess their intracellular components. This utilization of autophagy is regarded as a savior in nutrient-deficient and other stressful conditions. Hence, autophagy keeps contact with and responds to miscellaneous cellular tensions and diverse pathways of signal transductions, such as growth signaling and cellular death. Importantly, autophagy is regarded as an effective tumor suppressor because regular autophagic breakdown is essential for cellular maintenance and minimizing cellular damage. However, paradoxically, autophagy has also been observed to promote the events of malignancies. This review discussed the dual role of autophagy in cancer, emphasizing its influence on tumor survival and progression. Possessing such a dual contribution to the malignant establishment, the prevention of autophagy can potentially advocate for the advancement of malignant transformation. In contrast, for the context of the instituted tumor, the agents of preventing autophagy potently inhibit the advancement of the tumor. Key regulators, including calpain 1, mTORC1, and AMPK, modulate autophagy in response to nutritional conditions and stress. Oncogenic mutations like RAS and B-RAF underscore autophagy's pivotal role in cancer development. The review also delves into autophagy's context-dependent roles in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and the tumor microenvironment (TME). It also discusses the therapeutic effectiveness of autophagy for several cancers. The recent implication of autophagy in the control of both innate and antibody-mediated immune systems made it a center of attention to evaluating its role concerning tumor antigens and treatments of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afia Ayub
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tejgaon College, National University, Gazipur, 1704, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tejgaon College, National University, Gazipur, 1704, Bangladesh.
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Canada.
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Zimam Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Sabbir Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tejgaon College, National University, Gazipur, 1704, Bangladesh
| | - Yearul Kabir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
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14
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Liu M, Ma L, Tang Y, Yang W, Yang Y, Xi J, Wang X, Zhu W, Xue J, Zhang X, Xu S. Maize Autophagy-Related Protein ZmATG3 Confers Tolerance to Multiple Abiotic Stresses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1637. [PMID: 38931070 PMCID: PMC11207562 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses pose a major increasing problem for the cultivation of maize. Autophagy plays a vital role in recycling and re-utilizing nutrients and adapting to stress. However, the role of autophagy in the response to abiotic stress in maize has not yet been investigated. Here, ZmATG3, which is essential for ATG8-PE conjugation, was isolated from the maize inbred line B73. The ATG3 sequence was conserved, including the C-terminal domains with HPC and FLKF motifs and the catalytic domain in different species. The promoter of the ZmATG3 gene contained a number of elements involved in responses to environmental stresses or hormones. Heterologous expression of ZmATG3 in yeast promoted the growth of strain under salt, mannitol, and low-nitrogen stress. The expression of ZmATG3 could be altered by various types of abiotic stress (200 mM NaCl, 200 mM mannitol, low N) and exogenous hormones (500 µM ABA). GUS staining analysis of ZmATG3-GUS transgenic Arabidopsis revealed that GUS gene activity increased after abiotic treatment. ZmATG3-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants had higher osmotic and salinity stress tolerance than wild-type plants. Overexpression of ZmATG3 up-regulated the expression of other AtATGs (AtATG3, AtATG5, and AtATG8b) under NaCl, mannitol and LN stress. These findings demonstrate that overexpression of ZmATG3 can improve tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.L.); (L.M.); (Y.T.); (W.Y.); (Y.Y.); (J.X.); (W.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Li Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.L.); (L.M.); (Y.T.); (W.Y.); (Y.Y.); (J.X.); (W.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Yao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.L.); (L.M.); (Y.T.); (W.Y.); (Y.Y.); (J.X.); (W.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Wangjin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.L.); (L.M.); (Y.T.); (W.Y.); (Y.Y.); (J.X.); (W.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Yuyin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.L.); (L.M.); (Y.T.); (W.Y.); (Y.Y.); (J.X.); (W.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Jing Xi
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.L.); (L.M.); (Y.T.); (W.Y.); (Y.Y.); (J.X.); (W.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Xuan Wang
- Yangling Qinfeng Seed-Industry Co., Ltd., Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Wanchao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.L.); (L.M.); (Y.T.); (W.Y.); (Y.Y.); (J.X.); (W.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Jiquan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.L.); (L.M.); (Y.T.); (W.Y.); (Y.Y.); (J.X.); (W.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Xinghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.L.); (L.M.); (Y.T.); (W.Y.); (Y.Y.); (J.X.); (W.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Shutu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.L.); (L.M.); (Y.T.); (W.Y.); (Y.Y.); (J.X.); (W.Z.); (J.X.)
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15
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Gong G, Wan W, Zhang X, Chen X, Yin J. Management of ROS and Regulatory Cell Death in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01173-y. [PMID: 38852121 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) is fatal to patients, leading to cardiomyocyte death and myocardial remodeling. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress play important roles in MIRI. There is a complex crosstalk between ROS and regulatory cell deaths (RCD) in cardiomyocytes, such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. ROS is a double-edged sword. A reasonable level of ROS maintains the normal physiological activity of myocardial cells. However, during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, excessive ROS generation accelerates myocardial damage through a variety of biological pathways. ROS regulates cardiomyocyte RCD through various molecular mechanisms. Targeting the removal of excess ROS has been considered an effective way to reverse myocardial damage. Many studies have applied antioxidant drugs or new advanced materials to reduce ROS levels to alleviate MIRI. Although the road from laboratory to clinic has been difficult, many scholars still persevere. This article reviews the molecular mechanisms of ROS inhibition to regulate cardiomyocyte RCD, with a view to providing new insights into prevention and treatment strategies for MIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Gong
- Department of Geriatrics, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 211002, China
| | - Wenhui Wan
- Department of Geriatrics, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 211002, China
| | - Xinghu Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 211002, China
| | - Xiangxuan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, China.
| | - Jian Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangning Clinical Medical College of Jiangsu Medical Vocational College, Nanjing, 211100, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangning Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University Kangda College, Nanjing, 211100, China.
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16
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Yadav A, Dabur R. Skeletal muscle atrophy after sciatic nerve damage: Mechanistic insights. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 970:176506. [PMID: 38492879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Sciatic nerve injury leads to molecular events that cause muscular dysfunction advancement in atrophic conditions. Nerve damage renders muscles permanently relaxed which elevates intracellular resting Ca2+ levels. Increased Ca2+ levels are associated with several cellular signaling pathways including AMPK, cGMP, PLC-β, CERB, and calcineurin. Also, multiple enzymes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation are activated by Ca2+ influx into mitochondria during muscle contraction, to meet increased ATP demand. Nerve damage induces mitophagy and skeletal muscle atrophy through increased sensitivity to Ca2+-induced opening of the permeability transition pore (PTP) in mitochondria attributed to Ca2+, ROS, and AMPK overload in muscle. Activated AMPK interacts negatively with Akt/mTOR is a highly prevalent and well-described central pathway for anabolic processes. Over the decade several reports indicate abnormal behavior of signaling machinery involved in denervation-induced muscle loss but end up with some controversial outcomes. Therefore, understanding how the synthesis and inhibitory stimuli interact with cellular signaling to control muscle mass and morphology may lead to new pharmacological insights toward understanding the underlying mechanism of muscle loss after sciatic nerve damage. Hence, the present review summarizes the existing literature on denervation-induced muscle atrophy to evaluate the regulation and expression of differential regulators during sciatic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Yadav
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Rajesh Dabur
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India.
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17
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Liu B, Han Y, Ye Y, Wei X, Li G, Jiang W. Atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) induces pulmonary fibrosis by regulating different cell fates via autophagy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171396. [PMID: 38438032 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The presence of respiratory diseases demonstrates a positive correlation with atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure. The respiratory system is the main target organ affected by PM2.5, and exposure to PM2.5 elevates the likelihood of developing pulmonary fibrosis (PF). In this study, lung epithelial cell (BEAS-2B) and fibroblast (NIH-3T3) were used as in vitro exposure models to explore the mechanisms of PF. PM2.5 exposure caused mitochondrial damage in BEAS-2B cells and increased a fibrotic phenotype in NIH-3T3 cells. Epithelial cells and fibroblasts have different fates after PM2.5 exposure due to their different sensitivities to trigger autophagy. Exposure to PM2.5 inhibits mitophagy in BEAS-2B cells, which hinders the removal of damaged mitochondria and triggers cell death. In this process, the nuclear retention of the mitophagy-related protein Parkin prevents it from being recruited to mitochondria, resulting in mitophagy inhibition. In contrast, fibroblasts exhibit increased levels of autophagy, which may isolate PM2.5 and cause abnormal fibroblast proliferation and migration. Fibrotic phenotypes such as collagen deposition and increased α-actin also appear in fibroblasts. Our results identify PM2.5 as a trigger of PF and delineate the molecular mechanism of autophagy in PM2.5 induced PF, which provides new insights into the pulmonary injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyan Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yangchen Han
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yiyuan Ye
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaoran Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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18
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Loubet F, Robert C, Leclaire C, Theillière C, Saint-Béat C, Lenga Ma Bonda W, Zhai R, Minet-Quinard R, Belville C, Blanchon L, Sapin V, Garnier M, Jabaudon M. Effects of sevoflurane on lung alveolar epithelial wound healing and survival in a sterile in vitro model of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Exp Cell Res 2024; 438:114030. [PMID: 38583855 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious lung condition that often leads to hospitalization in intensive care units and a high mortality rate. Sevoflurane is a volatile anesthetic with growing interest for sedation in ventilated patients with ARDS. It has been shown to have potential lung-protective effects, such as reduced inflammation and lung edema, or improved arterial oxygenation. In this study, we investigated the effects of sevoflurane on lung injury in cultured human carcinoma-derived lung alveolar epithelial (A549) cells. We found that sevoflurane was associated with improved wound healing after exposure to inflammatory cytokines, with preserved cell proliferation but no effect on cell migration properties. Sevoflurane exposure was also associated with enhanced cell viability and active autophagy in A549 cells exposed to cytokines. These findings suggest that sevoflurane may have beneficial effects on lung epithelial injury by promoting alveolar epithelial wound healing and by influencing the survival and proliferation of A549 epithelial cells in vitro. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and to investigate the key cellular mechanisms explaining sevoflurane's potential effects on lung epithelial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Loubet
- iGReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cédric Robert
- iGReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Charlotte Leclaire
- iGReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Camille Theillière
- iGReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cécile Saint-Béat
- iGReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Ruoyang Zhai
- iGReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Régine Minet-Quinard
- iGReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Corinne Belville
- iGReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Loic Blanchon
- iGReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Sapin
- iGReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marc Garnier
- iGReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Perioperative Medicine, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Matthieu Jabaudon
- iGReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Perioperative Medicine, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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19
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Cai H, Meng Z, Yu F. The involvement of ROS-regulated programmed cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 197:104361. [PMID: 38626849 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxidative species (ROS) is a crucial factor in the regulation of cellular biological activity and function, and aberrant levels of ROS can contribute to the development of a variety of diseases, particularly cancer. Numerous discoveries have affirmed that this process is strongly associated with "programmed cell death (PCD)," which refers to the suicide protection mechanism initiated by cells in response to external stimuli, such as apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, etc. Research has demonstrated that ROS-induced PCD is crucial for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These activities serve a dual function in both facilitating and inhibiting cancer, suggesting the existence of a delicate balance within healthy cells that can be disrupted by the abnormal generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby influencing the eventual advancement or regression of a tumor. In this review, we summarize how ROS regulates PCD to influence the tumorigenesis and progression of HCC. Studying how ROS-induced PCD affects the progression of HCC at a molecular level can help develop better prevention and treatment methods and facilitate the design of more effective preventative and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchen Cai
- The First Afliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ziqi Meng
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fujun Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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20
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Xu X, Wang J, Xia Y, Yin Y, Zhu T, Chen F, Hai C. Autophagy, a double-edged sword for oral tissue regeneration. J Adv Res 2024; 59:141-159. [PMID: 37356803 PMCID: PMC11081970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral health is of fundamental importance to maintain systemic health in humans. Stem cell-based oral tissue regeneration is a promising strategy to achieve the recovery of impaired oral tissue. As a highly conserved process of lysosomal degradation, autophagy induction regulates stem cell function physiologically and pathologically. Autophagy activation can serve as a cytoprotective mechanism in stressful environments, while insufficient or over-activation may also lead to cell function dysregulation and cell death. AIM OF REVIEW This review focuses on the effects of autophagy on stem cell function and oral tissue regeneration, with particular emphasis on diverse roles of autophagy in different oral tissues, including periodontal tissue, bone tissue, dentin pulp tissue, oral mucosa, salivary gland, maxillofacial muscle, temporomandibular joint, etc. Additionally, this review introduces the molecular mechanisms involved in autophagy during the regeneration of different parts of oral tissue, and how autophagy can be regulated by small molecule drugs, biomaterials, exosomes/RNAs or other specific treatments. Finally, this review discusses new perspectives for autophagy manipulation and oral tissue regeneration. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Overall, this review emphasizes the contribution of autophagy to oral tissue regeneration and highlights the possible approaches for regulating autophagy to promote the regeneration of human oral tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China; Shaanxi Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yunlong Xia
- Shaanxi Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China; Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Tianxiao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China; Shaanxi Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Faming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Chunxu Hai
- Shaanxi Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
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21
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Kulkarni PG, Mohire VM, Waghmare PP, Banerjee T. Interplay of mitochondria-associated membrane proteins and autophagy: Implications in neurodegeneration. Mitochondrion 2024; 76:101874. [PMID: 38514017 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Since the discovery of membrane contact sites between ER and mitochondria called mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), several pieces of evidence identified their role in the regulation of different cellular processes such as Ca2+ signalling, mitochondrial transport, and dynamics, ER stress, inflammation, glucose homeostasis, and autophagy. The integrity of these membranes was found to be essential for the maintenance of these cellular functions. Accumulating pieces of evidence suggest that MAMs serve as a platform for autophagosome formation. However, the alteration within MAMs structure is associated with the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Dysregulated autophagy is a hallmark of neurodegeneration. Here, in this review, we highlight the present knowledge on MAMs, their structural composition, and their roles in different cellular functions. We also discuss the association of MAMs proteins with impaired autophagy and their involvement in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash G Kulkarni
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007 India
| | - Vaibhavi M Mohire
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033 India
| | - Pranjal P Waghmare
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033 India
| | - Tanushree Banerjee
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033 India; Infosys Ltd., SEZ unit VI, Plot No. 1, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi Phase I, Pune, Maharashtra 411057, India.
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22
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Zhou K, Xu S. Corydaline alleviates Parkinson's disease by regulating autophagy and GSK-3β phosphorylation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:1027-1036. [PMID: 38289512 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jitai tablet, a traditional Chinese medicine, has a neuroprotective effect on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) mice. As one of the main active ingredients in the Jitai tablet, corydaline (Cory) has analgesic and anti-allergic effects, but it has not been studied in PD. Here, we investigated the role and mechanism of Cory in PD. METHODS The PD model was induced by MPTP. Cell viability was measured by 3-(4, 5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3, 5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide assay. The Pole test and traction test were performed to detect the behaviors of mice. The expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Immunofluorescence staining, monodansylcadaverine staining, and Western blot were conducted to assess autophagy. A lactic dehydrogenase release assay was used to detect cytotoxicity. Network pharmacology was used to screen the targets. RESULTS There existed cytotoxicity when the concentration of Cory reached 40 μg/mL. Cory (not exceeding 20 μg/mL) could alleviate MPTP-induced cell damage. In vivo experiments indicated that Cory could improve the motor coordination of mice with PD. Besides, Cory could increase LC3-II/LC3-I levels both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, the Th levels reduced in the striatum and middle brain tissues of Parkinson's mice were recovered by Cory injection. We also found that Cory decreased the phosphorylation of glucogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) at Tyr216 and increased the phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser9 not only in primary neurons and SH-SY5Y cells but also in the striatum and middle brain tissues. Furthermore, Cory increased LC3-II/LC3-I levels and decreased p62 levels by regulating GSK-3β. CONCLUSION Cory enhanced autophagy, attenuated MPTP-induced cytotoxicity, and alleviated PD partly through the regulation of GSK-3β phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Zhou
- School of Energy and Intelligence Engineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, No. 6 Longzihu North Road, Zhengzhou City, 454000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shasha Xu
- the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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23
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Ahmed KR, Rahman MM, Islam MN, Fahim MMH, Rahman MA, Kim B. Antioxidants activities of phytochemicals perspective modulation of autophagy and apoptosis to treating cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116497. [PMID: 38552443 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The study of chemicals extracted from natural sources should be encouraged due to the significant number of cancer deaths each year and the financial burden imposed by this disease on society. The causes of almost all cancers involve a combination of lifestyle, environmental factors, and genetic and inherited factors. Modern medicine researchers are increasingly interested in traditional phytochemicals as they hold potential for new bioactive compounds with medical applications. Recent publications have provided evidence of the antitumor properties of phytochemicals, a key component of traditional Chinese medicine, thereby opening new avenues for their use in modern medicine. Various studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between apoptosis and autophagy, two critical mechanisms involved in cancer formation and regulation, indicating diverse forms of crosstalk between them. Phytochemicals have the ability to activate both pro-apoptotic and pro-autophagic pathways. Therefore, understanding how phytochemicals influence the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy is crucial for developing a new cancer treatment strategy that targets these molecular mechanisms. This review aims to explore natural phytochemicals that have demonstrated anticancer effects, focusing on their role in regulating the crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy, which contributes to uncontrolled tumor cell growth. Additionally, the review highlights the limitations and challenges of current research methodologies while suggesting potential avenues for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Rejvee Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea; Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Md Masudur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nahidul Islam
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Md Maharub Hossain Fahim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea; Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, South Korea.
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24
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Lin Y, Wu X, Yang Y, Wu Y, Xiang L, Zhang C. The multifaceted role of autophagy in skin autoimmune disorders: a guardian or culprit? Front Immunol 2024; 15:1343987. [PMID: 38690268 PMCID: PMC11058840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1343987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process that functions to maintain intracellular homeostasis via the degradation and recycling of defective organelles or damaged proteins. This dynamic mechanism participates in various biological processes, such as the regulation of cellular differentiation, proliferation, survival, and the modulation of inflammation and immune responses. Recent evidence has demonstrated the involvement of polymorphisms in autophagy-related genes in various skin autoimmune diseases. In addition, autophagy, along with autophagy-related proteins, also contributes to homeostasis maintenance and immune regulation in the skin, which is associated with skin autoimmune disorders. This review aims to provide an overview of the multifaceted role of autophagy in skin autoimmune diseases and shed light on the potential of autophagy-targeting therapeutic strategies in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chengfeng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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25
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Kapuy O. Mechanism of Decision Making between Autophagy and Apoptosis Induction upon Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4368. [PMID: 38673953 PMCID: PMC11050573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of the cellular proteome is mainly controlled in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Accumulation of misfolded proteins due to ER stress leads to the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR). The primary role of UPR is to reduce the bulk of damages and try to drive back the system to the former or a new homeostatic state by autophagy, while an excessive level of stress results in apoptosis. It has already been proven that the proper order and characteristic features of both surviving and self-killing mechanisms are controlled by negative and positive feedback loops, respectively. The new results suggest that these feedback loops are found not only within but also between branches of the UPR, fine-tuning the response to ER stress. In this review, we summarize the recent knowledge of the dynamical characteristic of endoplasmic reticulum stress response mechanism by using both theoretical and molecular biological techniques. In addition, this review pays special attention to describing the mechanism of action of the dynamical features of the feedback loops controlling cellular life-and-death decision upon ER stress. Since ER stress appears in diseases that are common worldwide, a more detailed understanding of the behaviour of the stress response is of medical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Kapuy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
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26
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Hull A, Atilano ML, Gergi L, Kinghorn KJ. Lysosomal storage, impaired autophagy and innate immunity in Gaucher and Parkinson's diseases: insights for drug discovery. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220381. [PMID: 38368939 PMCID: PMC10874704 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Impairment of autophagic-lysosomal pathways is increasingly being implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). GBA1 mutations cause the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher disease (GD) and are the commonest known genetic risk factor for PD. GBA1 mutations have been shown to cause autophagic-lysosomal impairment. Defective autophagic degradation of unwanted cellular constituents is associated with several pathologies, including loss of normal protein homeostasis, particularly of α-synuclein, and innate immune dysfunction. The latter is observed both peripherally and centrally in PD and GD. Here, we will discuss the mechanistic links between autophagy and immune dysregulation, and the possible role of these pathologies in communication between the gut and brain in these disorders. Recent work in a fly model of neuronopathic GD (nGD) revealed intestinal autophagic defects leading to gastrointestinal dysfunction and immune activation. Rapamycin treatment partially reversed the autophagic block and reduced immune activity, in association with increased survival and improved locomotor performance. Alterations in the gut microbiome are a critical driver of neuroinflammation, and studies have revealed that eradication of the microbiome in nGD fly and mouse models of PD ameliorate brain inflammation. Following these observations, lysosomal-autophagic pathways, innate immune signalling and microbiome dysbiosis are discussed as potential therapeutic targets in PD and GD. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Understanding the endo-lysosomal network in neurodegeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hull
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Magda L Atilano
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Laith Gergi
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kerri J Kinghorn
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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27
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Del Grosso A, Carpi S, De Sarlo M, Scaccini L, Colagiorgio L, Alabed HBR, Angella L, Pellegrino RM, Tonazzini I, Emiliani C, Cecchini M. Chronic Rapamycin administration via drinking water mitigates the pathological phenotype in a Krabbe disease mouse model through autophagy activation. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116351. [PMID: 38422660 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is a rare disorder arising from the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme galactosylceramidase (GALC), leading to the accumulation of the cytotoxic metabolite psychosine (PSY) in the nervous system. This accumulation triggers demyelination and neurodegeneration, and despite ongoing research, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain incompletely understood, with no cure currently available. Previous studies from our lab revealed the involvement of autophagy dysfunctions in KD pathogenesis, showcasing p62-tagged protein aggregates in the brains of KD mice and heightened p62 levels in the KD sciatic nerve. We also demonstrated that the autophagy inducer Rapamycin (RAPA) can partially reinstate the wild type (WT) phenotype in KD primary cells by decreasing the number of p62 aggregates. In this study, we tested RAPA in the Twitcher (TWI) mouse, a spontaneous KD mouse model. We administered the drug ad libitum via drinking water (15 mg/L) starting from post-natal day (PND) 21-23. We longitudinally monitored the mouse motor performance through grip strength and rotarod tests, and a set of biochemical parameters related to the KD pathogenesis (i.e. autophagy markers expression, PSY accumulation, astrogliosis and myelination). Our findings demonstrate that RAPA significantly enhances motor functions at specific treatment time points and reduces astrogliosis in TWI brain, spinal cord, and sciatic nerves. Utilizing western blot and immunohistochemistry, we observed a decrease in p62 aggregates in TWI nervous tissues, corroborating our earlier in-vitro results. Moreover, RAPA treatment partially removes PSY in the spinal cord. In conclusion, our results advocate for considering RAPA as a supportive therapy for KD. Notably, as RAPA is already available in pharmaceutical formulations for clinical use, its potential for KD treatment can be rapidly evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Del Grosso
- Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Pisa, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa 56127, Italy; Laboratorio NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Sara Carpi
- Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Pisa, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Miriam De Sarlo
- Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Pisa, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Luca Scaccini
- Laboratorio NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Colagiorgio
- Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Pisa, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Husam B R Alabed
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucia Angella
- Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Pisa, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Tonazzini
- Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Pisa, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Cecchini
- Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Pisa, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa 56127, Italy.
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28
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Song H, Xie C, Dong M, Zhang Y, Huang H, Han Y, Liu Y, Wei L, Wang X. Effects of ambient UVB light on Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas mantle tissue based on multivariate data. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 274:116236. [PMID: 38503101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Ambient ultraviolet radiation (UVB) from solar and artificial light presents serious environmental risks to aquatic ecosystems. The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, perceives changes in the external environment primarily through its mantle tissue, which contains many nerve fibers and tentacles. Changes within the mantles can typically illustrate the injury of ambient UVB. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of phenotypic, behavioral, and physiological changes demonstrated that extreme UVB radiation (10 W/m²) directly suppressed the behavioral activities of C. gigas. Conversely, under ambient UVB radiation (5 W/m²), various physiological processes exhibited significant alterations in C. gigas, despite the behavior remaining relatively unaffected. Using mathematical model analysis, the integrated analysis of the full-length transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome showed that ambient UVB significantly affected the metabolic processes (saccharide, lipid, and protein metabolism) and cellular biology processes (autophagy, apoptosis, oxidative stress) of the C. gigas mantle. Subsequently, using Procrustes analysis and Pearson correlation analysis, the association between multi-omics data and physiological changes, as well as their biomarkers, revealed the effect of UVB on three crucial biological processes: activation of autophagy signaling (key factors: Ca2+, LC3B, BECN1, caspase-7), response to oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species, heat shock 70, cytochrome c oxidase), and recalibration of energy metabolism (saccharide, succinic acid, translation initiation factor IF-2). These findings offer a fresh perspective on the integration of multi-data from non-model animals in ambient UVB risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongce Song
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264025, China
| | - Chaoyi Xie
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264025, China
| | - Meiyun Dong
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264025, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264025, China
| | - Haifeng Huang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264025, China
| | - Yijing Han
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264025, China
| | - Yaqiong Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264025, China
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264025, China.
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264025, China.
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29
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Lecot-Connan T, Boumerdassi Y, Magnin F, Binart N, Kamenický P, Sonigo C, Beau I. Anti-Müllerian hormone induces autophagy to preserve the primordial follicle pool in mice. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23506. [PMID: 38411466 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302141r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The reserve pool of primordial follicles (PMFs) is finely regulated by molecules implicated in follicular growth or PMF survival. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), produced by granulosa cells of growing follicles, is known for its inhibitory role in the initiation of PMF growth. We observed in a recent in vivo study that injection of AMH into mice seemed to induce an activation of autophagy. Furthermore, injection of AMH into mice activates the transcription factor FOXO3A which is also known for its implication in autophagy regulation. Many studies highlighted the key role of autophagy in the ovary at different stages of folliculogenesis, particularly in PMF survival. Through an in vitro approach with organotypic cultures of prepubertal mouse ovaries, treated or not with AMH, we aimed to understand the link among AMH, autophagy, and FOXO3A transcription factor. Autophagy and FOXO3A phosphorylation were analyzed by western blot. The expression of genes involved in autophagy was quantified by RT-qPCR. In our in vitro model, we confirmed the decrease in FOXO3A phosphorylation and the induction of autophagy in ovaries incubated with AMH. AMH also induces the expression of genes involved in autophagy. Interestingly, most of these genes are known to be FOXO3A target genes. In conclusion, we have identified a new role for AMH, namely the induction of autophagy, probably through FOXO3A activation. Thus, AMH protects the ovarian reserve not only by inhibiting the growth of PMFs but also by enabling their survival through activation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Lecot-Connan
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Yasmine Boumerdassi
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Françoise Magnin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Nadine Binart
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Peter Kamenický
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l'Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Charlotte Sonigo
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Service de Médecine de la reproduction et Préservation de la Fertilité, Clamart, France
| | - Isabelle Beau
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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30
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Basei FL, E Silva IR, Dias PRF, Ferezin CC, Peres de Oliveira A, Issayama LK, Moura LAR, da Silva FR, Kobarg J. The Mitochondrial Connection: The Nek Kinases' New Functional Axis in Mitochondrial Homeostasis. Cells 2024; 13:473. [PMID: 38534317 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria provide energy for all cellular processes, including reactions associated with cell cycle progression, DNA damage repair, and cilia formation. Moreover, mitochondria participate in cell fate decisions between death and survival. Nek family members have already been implicated in DNA damage response, cilia formation, cell death, and cell cycle control. Here, we discuss the role of several Nek family members, namely Nek1, Nek4, Nek5, Nek6, and Nek10, which are not exclusively dedicated to cell cycle-related functions, in controlling mitochondrial functions. Specifically, we review the function of these Neks in mitochondrial respiration and dynamics, mtDNA maintenance, stress response, and cell death. Finally, we discuss the interplay of other cell cycle kinases in mitochondrial function and vice versa. Nek1, Nek5, and Nek6 are connected to the stress response, including ROS control, mtDNA repair, autophagy, and apoptosis. Nek4, in turn, seems to be related to mitochondrial dynamics, while Nek10 is involved with mitochondrial metabolism. Here, we propose that the participation of Neks in mitochondrial roles is a new functional axis for the Nek family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda L Basei
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Ivan Rosa E Silva
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Pedro R Firmino Dias
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Camila C Ferezin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-871, Brazil
| | | | - Luidy K Issayama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Livia A R Moura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-871, Brazil
| | | | - Jörg Kobarg
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-871, Brazil
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31
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Park A, Heo TH. Celastrol regulates psoriatic inflammation and autophagy by targeting IL-17A. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116256. [PMID: 38367550 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Anti-IL-17A antibodies, such as secukinumab and ixekizumab, are effective proinflammatory cytokine inhibitors for autoimmune disorders, including psoriasis. However, anti-IL-17A small molecule treatments are yet to be commercialized. Celastrol, a natural compound extracted from the roots of traditional Chinese medicinal plants, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, the binding of celastrol to IL-17A and the associated anti-inflammatory mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated whether celastrol could directly bind to IL-17A and regulate inflammation in psoriatic in vitro and in vivo models. The results showed that celastrol directly binds to IL-17A and inhibits its downstream signaling, including the NF-kB and MAPK pathways. Interestingly, celastrol restored autophagy dysfunction and reduced proinflammatory cytokine secretion in keratinocytes. In addition, celastrol increased autophagy in the epidermis of a mouse model of psoriasis. Celastrol decreased Th17 cell populations and proinflammatory cytokine levels in mice. Thus, IL-17A-targeting celastrol reduced inflammation by rescuing impaired autophagy in in vitro and in vivo models of psoriasis, demonstrating its potential as a substitute for anti-IL-17A antibodies for treating psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeri Park
- Laboratory of PharmacoImmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and BK21 FOUR Team for Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwe Heo
- Laboratory of PharmacoImmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and BK21 FOUR Team for Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Li YY, Qin ZH, Sheng R. The Multiple Roles of Autophagy in Neural Function and Diseases. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:363-382. [PMID: 37856037 PMCID: PMC10912456 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy involves the sequestration and delivery of cytoplasmic materials to lysosomes, where proteins, lipids, and organelles are degraded and recycled. According to the way the cytoplasmic components are engulfed, autophagy can be divided into macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Recently, many studies have found that autophagy plays an important role in neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, neuronal excitotoxicity, and cerebral ischemia. Autophagy maintains cell homeostasis in the nervous system via degradation of misfolded proteins, elimination of damaged organelles, and regulation of apoptosis and inflammation. AMPK-mTOR, Beclin 1, TP53, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and other signal pathways are involved in the regulation of autophagy and can be used as potential therapeutic targets for neurological diseases. Here, we discuss the role, functions, and signal pathways of autophagy in neurological diseases, which will shed light on the pathogenic mechanisms of neurological diseases and suggest novel targets for therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Rui Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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33
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Yildiz S, Moolhuijsen LME, Visser JA. The Role of Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Ovarian Function. Semin Reprod Med 2024; 42:15-24. [PMID: 38781987 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1786732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily, whose actions are restricted to the endocrine-reproductive system. Initially known for its role in male sex differentiation, AMH plays a role in the ovary, acting as a gatekeeper in folliculogenesis by regulating the rate of recruitment and growth of follicles. In the ovary, AMH is predominantly expressed by granulosa cells of preantral and antral follicles (i.e., post primordial follicle recruitment and prior to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) selection). AMH signals through a BMP-like signaling pathway in a manner distinct from other TGFβ family members. In this review, the latest insights in AMH processing, signaling, its regulation of spatial and temporal expression pattern, and functioning in folliculogenesis are summarized. In addition, effects of AMH variants on ovarian function are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Yildiz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Loes M E Moolhuijsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny A Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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34
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Liu S, Liu F, Zhang Z, Zhuang Z, Chen Y. PTPN2 inhibits the proliferation of psoriatic keratinocytes by dephosphorylation of STAT3. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3947. [PMID: 38379221 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a recurrent and protracted disease that severely impacts the patient's physical and mental health. Thus, there is an urgent need to explore its pathogenesis to identify therapeutic targets. The expression level of protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry techniques in psoriatic tissues and imiquimod-induced psoriatic mouse models. PTPN2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were overexpressed or silenced in human keratinocytes or an interleukin (IL)-6-induced psoriasis HaCaT cell model using overexpression plasmid transfection or small interfering RNA technology in vitro, and the effects of PTPN2 on STAT3, HaCaT cell function, and autophagy levels were investigated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, Cell Counting Kit 8, 5-ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscopy. PTPN2 expression was found to be significantly downregulated in psoriatic tissues. Then, the in vitro antipsoriatic properties of PTPN2 were investigated in an IL-6-induced psoriasis-like cell model, and the results demonstrated that inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation by PTPN2 may be associated with elevated STAT3 dephosphorylation and autophagy levels. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms of autophagy in psoriatic keratinocytes and may be essential for developing new therapeutic strategies to improve inflammatory homeostasis in psoriatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shougang Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanghua Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Dermatology, Ganzhou Municipal Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeqiao Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Zhuang
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongfeng Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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35
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Dalle Carbonare L, Minoia A, Vareschi A, Piritore FC, Zouari S, Gandini A, Meneghel M, Elia R, Lorenzi P, Antoniazzi F, Pessoa J, Zipeto D, Romanelli MG, Guardavaccaro D, Valenti MT. Exploring the Interplay of RUNX2 and CXCR4 in Melanoma Progression. Cells 2024; 13:408. [PMID: 38474372 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) has been reported in several cancer types, and the C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) has an important role in tumour progression. However, the interplay between CXCR4 and RUNX2 in melanoma cells remains poorly understood. In the present study, we used melanoma cells and a RUNX2 knockout (RUNX2-KO) in vitro model to assess the influence of RUNX2 on CXCR4 protein levels along with its effects on markers associated with cell invasion and autophagy. Osteotropism was assessed using a 3D microfluidic model. Moreover, we assessed the impact of CXCR4 on the cellular levels of key cellular signalling proteins involved in autophagy. We observed that melanoma cells express both RUNX2 and CXCR4. Restored RUNX2 expression in RUNX2 KO cells increased the expression levels of CXCR4 and proteins associated with the metastatic process. The protein markers of autophagy LC3 and beclin were upregulated in response to increased CXCR4 levels. The CXCR4 inhibitor WZ811 reduced osteotropism and activated the mTOR and p70-S6 cell signalling proteins. Our data indicate that the RUNX2 transcription factor promotes the expression of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor on melanoma cells, which in turn promotes autophagy, cell invasiveness, and osteotropism, through the inhibition of the mTOR signalling pathway. Our data suggest that RUNX2 promotes melanoma progression by upregulating CXCR4, and we identify the latter as a key player in melanoma-related osteotropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dalle Carbonare
- Department of Engineering for Innovative Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Arianna Minoia
- Department of Engineering for Innovative Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Vareschi
- Department of Engineering for Innovative Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | - Sharazed Zouari
- Department of Engineering for Innovative Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Alberto Gandini
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Mirko Meneghel
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Rossella Elia
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Pamela Lorenzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Franco Antoniazzi
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - João Pessoa
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Donato Zipeto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Romanelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | - Maria Teresa Valenti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
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36
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Xu B, Huang M, Qi H, Xu H, Cai L. Tomatidine activates autophagy to improve lung injury and inflammation in sepsis by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Mol Genet Genomics 2024; 299:14. [PMID: 38400847 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-024-02109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening medical condition with high mortality and morbidity. Autophagy is involved in the pathophysiological process of sepsis-induced ALI, including inflammation, which indicates that regulating autophagy may be beneficial for this disease. Tomatidine, a natural compound abundant in unripe tomatoes, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-tumorigenic, and lipid-lowering effects. However, the biological functions and mechanisms of tomatidine in sepsis-induced ALI remain unknown. The principal objective of this study was to investigate the effect of tomatidine on sepsis-induced ALI. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was used to induce septic lung injury in mice, and 10 mg/kg tomatidine was intraperitoneally injected into mice 2 h after the operation. The results of hematoxylin and eosin staining and assessment of lung edema and total protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) demonstrated that tomatidine alleviated CLP-induced severe lung injuries such as hemorrhage, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and interstitial and alveolar edema in mice. Additionally, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in BALF and lung tissues were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the results showed that tomatidine inhibited CLP-induced inflammatory damage to lungs. Moreover, the results of western blotting showed that tomatidine promoted autophagy during CLP-induced ALI. Mechanistically, immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were used to measure the protein levels of TLR4, phosphorylated NF-κB, phosphorylated IκBα, and phosphorylated MAPKs, showing that tomatidine inactivated NF-κB and MAPK signaling in lung tissues of CLP-induced ALI mice. In conclusion, tomatidine exerts protective effects against sepsis-induced severe damage to the lungs by inhibiting inflammation and activating autophagy in CLP-treated mice through inactivating the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, which may be an effective candidate for treating septic ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu, Anhui, 230000, China.
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 230000, China
| | - Hang Qi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu, Anhui, 230000, China
| | - Hongzhou Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu, Anhui, 230000, China
| | - Liang Cai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu, Anhui, 230000, China
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37
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Claude-Taupin A, Dupont N. To squeeze or not: Regulation of cell size by mechanical forces in development and human diseases. Biol Cell 2024; 116:e2200101. [PMID: 38059665 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202200101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Physical constraints, such as compression, shear stress, stretching and tension play major roles during development and tissue homeostasis. Mechanics directly impact physiology, and their alteration is also recognized as having an active role in driving human diseases. Recently, growing evidence has accumulated on how mechanical forces are translated into a wide panel of biological responses, including metabolism and changes in cell morphology. The aim of this review is to summarize and discuss our knowledge on the impact of mechanical forces on cell size regulation. Other biological consequences of mechanical forces will not be covered by this review. Moreover, wherever possible, we also discuss mechanosensors and molecular and cellular signaling pathways upstream of cell size regulation. We finally highlight the relevance of mechanical forces acting on cell size in physiology and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Claude-Taupin
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Dupont
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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38
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Li WY, Liu JY, Wang ZX, Wang KY, Huang CX, He W, Song JL. Sinapic Acid Attenuates Chronic DSS-Induced Intestinal Fibrosis in C57BL/6J Mice by Modulating NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and the Autophagy Pathway. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:1230-1241. [PMID: 38222654 PMCID: PMC10785090 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic gastrointestinal disease that results from repeated inflammation and serious complications. Sinapic acid (SA) is a hydroxycinnamic acid present in a variety of plants that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and other protective effects. This study investigated the antifibrotic effect of SA on chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) in mice. We observed that SA could significantly reduce clinical symptoms (such as improved body weight loss, increased colon length, and decreased disease activity index score) and pathological changes in mice with chronic colitis. SA supplementation has been demonstrated to repair intestinal mucosal barrier function and maintain epithelial homeostasis by inhibiting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and decreasing the expression of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17A, IL-18, and IL-1β. Furthermore, SA could induce the expression of antioxidant enzymes (Cat, Sod1, Sod2, Mgst1) by activating the Nrf2/keap1 pathway, thus improving antioxidant capacity. Additionally, SA could increase the protein expression of downstream LC3-II/LC3-I and Beclin1 and induce autophagy by regulating the AMPK-Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, thereby reducing the production of intestinal fibrosis-associated proteins Collagen-I and α-SMA. These findings suggest that SA can enhance intestinal antioxidant enzymes, reduce oxidative stress, expedite intestinal epithelial repair, and promote autophagy, thereby ameliorating DSS-induced colitis and intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ying Li
- Department
of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541100, Guangxi, China
- Department
of Clinical Nutrition, Liuzhou People’s
Hospital, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China
| | - Jun-Yang Liu
- Department
of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541100, Guangxi, China
| | - Zi-Xian Wang
- Department
of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541100, Guangxi, China
| | - Ke-Ying Wang
- Department
of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541100, Guangxi, China
| | - Chun-Xiang Huang
- Department
of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541100, Guangxi, China
| | - Wen He
- Guangxi
Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposureomics and Entire Lifecycle
Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541100, Guangxi, China
| | - Jia-Le Song
- Department
of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541100, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi
Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposureomics and Entire Lifecycle
Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541100, Guangxi, China
- Department
of Clinical Nutrition and Obstetrics, The
Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi, China
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39
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Shao J, Lang Y, Ding M, Yin X, Cui L. Transcription Factor EB: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Ischemic Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:170-190. [PMID: 37491856 PMCID: PMC10788889 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230724095558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor EB (TFEB) is an important endogenous defensive protein that responds to ischemic stimuli. Acute ischemic stroke is a growing concern due to its high morbidity and mortality. Most survivors suffer from disabilities such as numbness or weakness in an arm or leg, facial droop, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, confusion, impaired balance or coordination, or loss of vision. Although TFEB plays a neuroprotective role, its potential effect on ischemic stroke remains unclear. This article describes the basic structure, regulation of transcriptional activity, and biological roles of TFEB relevant to ischemic stroke. Additionally, we explore the effects of TFEB on the various pathological processes underlying ischemic stroke and current therapeutic approaches. The information compiled here may inform clinical and basic studies on TFEB, which may be an effective therapeutic drug target for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Lang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Manqiu Ding
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiang Yin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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40
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Beilankouhi EAV, Valilo M, Dastmalchi N, Teimourian S, Safaralizadeh R. The Function of Autophagy in the Initiation, and Development of Breast Cancer. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:2974-2990. [PMID: 37138421 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230503145319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a significant catabolic procedure that increases in stressful conditions. This mechanism is mostly triggered after damage to the organelles, the presence of unnatural proteins, and nutrient recycling in reaction to these stresses. One of the key points in this article is that cleaning and preserving damaged organelles and accumulated molecules through autophagy in normal cells helps prevent cancer. Since dysfunction of autophagy is associated with various diseases, including cancer, it has a dual function in tumor suppression and expansion. It has newly become clear that the regulation of autophagy can be used for the treatment of breast cancer, which has a promising effect of increasing the efficiency of anticancer treatment in a tissue- and cell-type-specific manner by affecting the fundamental molecular mechanisms. Regulation of autophagy and its function in tumorigenesis is a vital part of modern anticancer techniques. This study discusses the current advances related to the mechanisms that describe essential modulators of autophagy involved in the metastasis of cancers and the development of new breast cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Valilo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Narges Dastmalchi
- Department of Biology, University College of Nabi Akram, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahram Teimourian
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Safaralizadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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41
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Marzoog BA. Autophagy Behavior in Endothelial Cell Regeneration. Curr Aging Sci 2024; 17:58-67. [PMID: 37861048 DOI: 10.2174/0118746098260689231002044435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a crucial role in maintaining endothelial cell homeostasis through the turnover of intracellular components during stress conditions in a lysosomal-dependent manner. The regeneration strategy involves several aspects, including autophagy. Autophagy is a catabolic degenerative lysosomal-dependent degradation of intracellular components. Autophagy modifies cellular and subcellular endothelial cell functions, including mitochondria stress, lysosomal stress, and endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response. Activation of common signaling pathways of autophagy and regeneration and enhancement of intracellular endothelial cell metabolism serve as the bases for the induction of endothelial regeneration. Endothelial progenitor cells include induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), embryonic stem cells, and somatic cells, such as fibroblasts. Future strategies of endothelial cell regeneration involve the induction of autophagy to minimize the metabolic degeneration of the endothelial cells and optimize the regeneration outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer Abdullah Marzoog
- World-Class Research Center «Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare», I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russia
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42
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Bahar ME, Kim HJ, Kim DR. Targeting the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway for cancer therapy: from mechanism to clinical studies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:455. [PMID: 38105263 PMCID: PMC10725898 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic dissemination of solid tumors, a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, underscores the urgent need for enhanced insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying metastasis, chemoresistance, and the mechanistic backgrounds of individuals whose cancers are prone to migration. The most prevalent signaling cascade governed by multi-kinase inhibitors is the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, encompassing the RAS-RAF-MAPK kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) pathway. RAF kinase is a primary mediator of the MAPK pathway, responsible for the sequential activation of downstream targets, such as MEK and the transcription factor ERK, which control numerous cellular and physiological processes, including organism development, cell cycle control, cell proliferation and differentiation, cell survival, and death. Defects in this signaling cascade are associated with diseases such as cancer. RAF inhibitors (RAFi) combined with MEK blockers represent an FDA-approved therapeutic strategy for numerous RAF-mutant cancers, including melanoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and thyroid cancer. However, the development of therapy resistance by cancer cells remains an important barrier. Autophagy, an intracellular lysosome-dependent catabolic recycling process, plays a critical role in the development of RAFi resistance in cancer. Thus, targeting RAF and autophagy could be novel treatment strategies for RAF-mutant cancers. In this review, we delve deeper into the mechanistic insights surrounding RAF kinase signaling in tumorigenesis and RAFi-resistance. Furthermore, we explore and discuss the ongoing development of next-generation RAF inhibitors with enhanced therapeutic profiles. Additionally, this review sheds light on the functional interplay between RAF-targeted therapies and autophagy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Entaz Bahar
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hyun Joon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Deok Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.
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Yan B, Li Z, Su H, Xue H, Qiu D, Xu Z, Tan G. Regulatory mechanisms of autophagy-related ncRNAs in bone metabolic diseases. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1178310. [PMID: 38146458 PMCID: PMC10749346 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1178310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone metabolic diseases have been tormented and are plaguing people worldwide due to the lack of effective and thorough medical interventions and the poor understanding of their pathogenesis. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are heterogeneous transcripts that cannot encode the proteins but can affect the expressions of other genes. Autophagy is a fundamental mechanism for keeping cell viability, recycling cellular contents through the lysosomal pathway, and maintaining the homeostasis of the intracellular environment. There is growing evidence that ncRNAs, autophagy, and crosstalk between ncRNAs and autophagy play complex roles in progression of metabolic bone disease. This review investigated the complex mechanisms by which ncRNAs, mainly micro RNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), regulate autophagic pathway to assist in treating bone metabolism disorders. It aimed at identifying the autophagy role in bone metabolism disorders and understanding the role, potential, and challenges of crosstalk between ncRNAs and autophagy for bone metabolism disorders treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghan Yan
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhichao Li
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Su
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Haipeng Xue
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Daodi Qiu
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhanwang Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Guoqing Tan
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Hu L, Gao D, Lv H, Lian L, Wang M, Wang Y, Xie Y, Zhang J. Finding New Targets for the Treatment of Heart Failure: Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2023; 16:1349-1356. [PMID: 37432587 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-023-10410-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure is a progressive disease with an annual mortality rate of about 10% and is the end-stage stage of various heart diseases, which places a huge socioeconomic burden on the healthcare system. The development of heart failure has received increasing attention as a potential way to improve the treatment of this disease. Many studies have shown that endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy play an important role in the occurrence and development of heart failure. With the in-depth study of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy, both are considered promising targets for pharmacological interventions to treat heart failure, but the mechanism of heart failure between the two is not clear. This review will highlight the effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and their interactions in the development and development of heart failure, thereby helping to provide direction for the future development of targeted therapies for patients with heart failure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study explored the new targets for the treatment of heart failure: endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy. Targeted drug therapy for endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy is expected to provide a new intervention target for the treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Hu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Dongjie Gao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Hao Lv
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Lu Lian
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Yunjiao Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Yingyu Xie
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Junping Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China.
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Gustafson DL, Viola LO, Towers CG, Das S, Duval DL, Van Eaton KM. Sensitivity of osteosarcoma cell lines to autophagy inhibition as determined by pharmacologic and genetic manipulation. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:726-738. [PMID: 37724007 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacologic inhibition of autophagy can be achieved using lysosomotropic agents such as hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) that interfere with fusion of the autophagosome to the lysosome thus preventing completion of the recycling process. The goal of the present study is to determine the sensitivity of eight canine (cOSA) and four human (hOSA) osteosarcoma tumour cell lines to antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of lysosomal autophagy inhibitors, and to compare these results to the autophagy-dependence measured using a CRISPR/Cas9 live-cell imaging assay in OSA and other tumour cell lines. Antiproliferative and cytotoxic response to HCQ and Lys05 was determined using live cell imaging and YOYO-1 staining. CRISPR/Cas9 live cell imaging screen was done using species specific guide RNA's and transfection of reagents into cells. Response to autophagy core genes was compared to response to an essential (PCNA) and non-essential (FOXO3A) gene. cOSA and hOSA cell lines showed similar antiproliferative and cytotoxic responses to HCQ and Lys05 with median lethal dose (Dm ) values ranging from 4.6-15.8 μM and 2.1-5.1 μM for measures of anti-proliferative response, respectively. A relationship was observed between antiproliferative responses to HCQ and Lys05 and VPS34 CRISPR score with Dm values correlating with VPS34 response (r = 0.968 and 0.887) in a species independent manner. The results show that a subset of cOSA and hOSA cell lines are autophagy-dependent and sensitive to HCQ at pharmacologically-relevant exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Gustafson
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lindsey O Viola
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Christina G Towers
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sunetra Das
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Dawn L Duval
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristen M Van Eaton
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Yang Y, Yuan R, Lu Y, Zhu C, Zhang C, Lue H, Zhang X. The engagement of autophagy in maniac disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:3684-3692. [PMID: 37438945 PMCID: PMC10651947 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Mania is a prevalent psychiatric disorder with undefined pathological mechanism. Here, we reviewed current knowledge indicating the potential involvement of autophagy dysregulation in mania and further discussed whether targeting autophagy could be a promising strategy for mania therapy. DISCUSSIONS Accumulating evidence indicated the involvement of autophagy in the pathology of mania. One of the most well-accepted mechanisms underlying mania, circadian dysregulation, showed mutual interaction with autophagy dysfunction. In addition, several first-line drugs for mania therapy were found to regulate neuronal autophagy. Besides, deficiencies in mitochondrial quality control, neurotransmission, and ion channel, which showed causal links to mania, were intimately associated with autophagy dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Although more efforts should be made to either identify the key pathology of mania, the current evidence supported that autophagy dysregulation may act as a possible mechanism involved in the onset of mania-like symptoms. It is therefore a potential strategy to treat manic disorder by correting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Renxiang Yuan
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yangyang Lu
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Chenze Zhu
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Chen Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Haifeng Lue
- School of PharmacyHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Xiangnan Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang UniversityJinhuaChina
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Wu C, Zhang R, Wang J, Chen Y, Zhu W, Yi X, Wang Y, Wang L, Liu P, Li P. Dioscorea nipponica Makino: A comprehensive review of its chemical composition and pharmacology on chronic kidney disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115508. [PMID: 37716118 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread ailment that significantly impacts global health. It is characterized by high prevalence, poor prognosis, and substantial healthcare costs, making it a major public health concern. The current clinical treatments for CKD are not entirely satisfactory, leading to a high demand for alternative therapeutic options. Chinese herbal medicine, with its long history, diverse varieties, and proven efficacy, offers a promising avenue for exploration. One such Chinese herbal medicine, Dioscorea nipponica Makino (DNM), is frequently used to treat kidney diseases. In this review, we have compiled studies examining the mechanisms of action of DNM in the context of CKD, focusing on five primary areas: improvement of oxidative stress, inhibition of renal fibrosis, regulation of metabolism, reduction of inflammatory response, and regulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Wu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wenhui Zhu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiang Yi
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lifan Wang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Peng Liu
- Shunyi Hospital, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Liu J, Huang B, Ding F, Li Y. Environment factors, DNA methylation, and cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:7543-7568. [PMID: 37715840 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01749-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Today, the rapid development of science and technology and the rapid change in economy and society are changing the way of life of human beings and affecting the natural, living, working, and internal environment on which human beings depend. At the same time, the global incidence of cancer has increased significantly yearly, and cancer has become the number one killer that threatens human health. Studies have shown that diet, living habits, residential environment, mental and psychological factors, intestinal flora, genetics, social factors, and viral and non-viral infections are closely related to human cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms of the environment and cancer development remain to be further explored. In recent years, DNA methylation has become a key hub and bridge for environmental and cancer research. Some environmental factors can alter the hyper/hypomethylation of human cancer suppressor gene promoters, proto-oncogene promoters, and the whole genome, causing low/high expression or gene mutation of related genes, thereby exerting oncogenic or anticancer effects. It is expected to develop early warning markers of cancer environment based on DNA methylation, thereby providing new methods for early detection of cancers, diagnosis, and targeted therapy. This review systematically expounds on the internal mechanism of environmental factors affecting cancer by changing DNA methylation, aiming to help establish the concept of cancer prevention and improve people's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lan Zhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lan Zhou, China
| | - Binjie Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lan Zhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lan Zhou, China
| | - Feifei Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lan Zhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lan Zhou, China
| | - Yumin Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lan Zhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lan Zhou, China.
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Li W, Wu M, Li Y, Shen J. Reactive nitrogen species as therapeutic targets for autophagy/mitophagy modulation to relieve neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: Potential application for drug discovery. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:37-51. [PMID: 37532065 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disease with limited therapeutic effects, eventually developing into handicap. Seeking novel therapeutic strategies for MS is timely important. Active autophagy/mitophagy could mediate neurodegeneration, while its roles in MS remain controversial. To elucidate the exact roles of autophagy/mitophagy and reveal its in-depth regulatory mechanisms, we conduct a systematic literature study and analyze the factors that might be responsible for divergent results obtained. The dynamic change levels of autophagy/mitophagy appear to be a determining factor for final neuron fate during MS pathology. Excessive neuronal autophagy/mitophagy contributes to neurodegeneration after disease onset at the active MS phase. Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) serve as key regulators for redox-related modifications and participate in autophagy/mitophagy modulation in MS. Nitric oxide (•NO) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-), two representative RNS, could nitrate or nitrosate Drp1/parkin/PINK1 pathway, activating excessive mitophagy and aggravating neuronal injury. Targeting RNS-mediated excessive autophagy/mitophagy could be a promising strategy for developing novel anti-MS drugs. In this review, we highlight the important roles of RNS-mediated autophagy/mitophagy in neuronal injury and review the potential therapeutic compounds with the bioactivities of inhibiting RNS-mediated autophagy/mitophagy activation and attenuating MS progression. Overall, we conclude that reactive nitrogen species could be promising therapeutic targets to regulate autophagy/mitophagy for multiple sclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Meiling Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yuzhen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Strużyńska L. Dual Implications of Nanosilver-Induced Autophagy: Nanotoxicity and Anti-Cancer Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15386. [PMID: 37895066 PMCID: PMC10607027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, efforts have been made to identify new anti-cancer therapies. Various types of nanomaterials, including silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), are being considered as an option. In addition to its well-known antibacterial activity, AgNPs exhibit cytotoxic potential in both physiological and cancer cells by inducing stress-mediated autophagy and apoptotic cell death. A rapidly growing collection of data suggests that the proper regulation of autophagic machinery may provide an efficient tool for suppressing the development of cancer. In this light, AgNPs have emerged as a potential anti-cancer agent to support therapy of the disease. This review summarizes current data indicating the dual role of AgNP-induced autophagy and highlights factors that may influence its protective vs. its toxic potential. It also stresses that our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of autophagy machinery in cancer cells, as well as AgNP-triggered autophagy in both normal and diseased cells, remains insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Strużyńska
- Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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