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Subbarayan R, Srinivasan D, Shadula Osmania S, Murugan Girija D, Ikhlas S, Srivastav N, Balakrishnan R, Shrestha R, Chauhan A. Molecular insights on Eltrombopag: potential mitogen stimulants, angiogenesis, and therapeutic radioprotectant through TPO-R activation. Platelets 2024; 35:2359028. [PMID: 38832545 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2024.2359028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the molecular interactions and potential therapeutic uses of Eltrombopag (EPAG), a small molecule that activates the cMPL receptor. EPAG has been found to be effective in increasing platelet levels and alleviating thrombocytopenia. We utilized computational techniques to predict and confirm the complex formed by the ligand (EPAG) and the Thrombopoietin receptor (TPO-R) cMPL, elucidating the role of RAS, JAK-2, STAT-3, and other essential elements for downstream signaling. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to evaluate the stability of the ligand across specific proteins, showing favorable characteristics. For the first time, we examined the presence of TPO-R in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSC) and human gingival mesenchymal stem cells (hGMSC) proliferation. Furthermore, treatment with EPAG demonstrated angiogenesis and vasculature formation of endothelial lineage derived from both MSCs. It also indicated the activation of critical factors such as RUNX-1, GFI-1b, VEGF-A, MYB, GOF-1, and FLI-1. Additional experiments confirmed that EPAG could be an ideal molecule for protecting against UVB radiation damage, as gene expression (JAK-2, ERK-2, MCL-1, NFkB, and STAT-3) and protein CD90/cMPL analysis showed TPO-R activation in both hUCMSC and hGMSC. Overall, EPAG exhibits significant potential in treating radiation damage and mitigating the side effects of radiotherapy, warranting further clinical exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajasekaran Subbarayan
- Centre for Advanced Biotherapeutics and Regenerative Medicine, Research-FAHS, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, India
| | - Dhasarathdev Srinivasan
- Centre for Advanced Biotherapeutics and Regenerative Medicine, Research-FAHS, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, India
| | - Salman Shadula Osmania
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Shoeb Ikhlas
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Nityanand Srivastav
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ranjith Balakrishnan
- Centre for Advanced Biotherapeutics and Regenerative Medicine, Research-FAHS, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, India
| | | | - Ankush Chauhan
- Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, India
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Niu Y, Xiao H, Wang B, Wang Z, Du K, Wang Y, Wang L. Angelica sinensis polysaccharides alleviate the oxidative burden on hematopoietic cells by restoring 5-fluorouracil-induced oxidative damage in perivascular mesenchymal progenitor cells. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2023; 61:768-778. [PMID: 37148130 PMCID: PMC10167876 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2207592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)-injured stromal cells may cause chronic bone marrow suppression; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP), the main biologically active ingredient of the Chinese herb, Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (Apiaceae), may enrich the blood and promote antioxidation. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the protective antioxidative effects of ASP on perivascular mesenchymal progenitors (PMPs) and their interactions with hematopoietic cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS PMPs were dissociated from C57BL/6 mouse femur and tibia and were subsequently divided into the control, ASP (0.1 g/L), 5-FU (0.025 g/L), and 5-FU + ASP (pre-treatment with 0.1 g/L ASP for 6 h, together with 0.025 g/L 5-FU) then cultured for 48 h. Hematopoietic cells were co-cultured on these feeder layers for 24 h. Cell proliferation, senescence, apoptosis, and oxidative indices were detected, along with stromal osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potentials. Intercellular and intracellular signaling was analyzed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. RESULTS ASP ameliorated the reactive oxygen species production/scavenge balance in PMPs; improved osteogenic differentiation; increased SCF, CXCL12, VLA-4/VCAM-1, ICAM-1/LFA1, and TPO/MPL, Ang-1/Tie-2 gene expression. Further, the ASP-treated feeder layer alleviated hematopoietic cells senescence (from 21.9 ± 1.47 to 12.1 ± 1.13); decreased P53, P21, p-GSK-3β, β-catenin and cyclin-D1 protein expression, and increased glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β protein expression in co-cultured hematopoietic cells. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ASP delayed oxidative stress-induced premature senescence of 5-FU-treated feeder co-cultured hematopoietic cells via down-regulation of overactivated Wnt/β-catenin signaling. These findings provide a new strategy for alleviating myelosuppressive stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Niu
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hanxianzhi Xiao
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Biyao Wang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziling Wang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kunhang Du
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Papadopoulos N, Pristavec A, Nédélec A, Levy G, Staerk J, Constantinescu SN. Modulation of human thrombopoietin receptor conformations uncouples JAK2 V617F-driven activation from cytokine-induced stimulation. Blood 2023; 142:1818-1830. [PMID: 37616564 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022019580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The thrombopoietin receptor (TpoR) plays a central role in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Mutations in JAK2, calreticulin, or TpoR itself drive the constitutive activation of TpoR and uncontrolled proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors. The JAK2 V617F mutation is responsible for most MPNs, and all driver mutants induce pathologic TpoR activation. Existing therapeutic strategies have focused on JAK2 kinase inhibitors that are unable to differentiate between the mutated MPN clone and healthy cells. Surprisingly, the targeting of TpoR itself has remained poorly explored despite its central role in pathology. Here, we performed a comprehensive characterization of human TpoR activation under physiological and pathological conditions, focusing on the JAK2 V617F mutant. Using a system of controlled dimerization of the transmembrane and cytosolic domains of TpoR, we discovered that human TpoR (hTpoR) adopts different dimeric conformations upon Tpo-induced vs JAK2 V617F-mediated activation. We identified the amino acids and specific dimeric conformation of hTpoR responsible for activation in complex with JAK2 V617F and confirmed our findings in the full-length receptor context in hematopoietic cell lines and primary bone marrow cells. Remarkably, we found that the modulation of hTpoR conformations by point mutations allowed for specific inhibition of JAK2 V617F-driven activation without affecting Tpo-induced signaling. Our results demonstrate that modulation of the hTpoR conformation is a viable therapeutic strategy for JAK2 V617F-positive MPNs and set the path for novel drug development by identifying precise residues of hTpoR involved in JAK2 V617F-specific activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Papadopoulos
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology Department, Walloon Excellence Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Ajda Pristavec
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey Nédélec
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology Department, Walloon Excellence Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Gabriel Levy
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology Department, Walloon Excellence Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Judith Staerk
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic European Molecular Biology Laboratory Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology Department, Walloon Excellence Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Shin J, Kim MJ, Quan X, Kim JW, Lee S, Park S, Jeong JY, Yea K. Thrombopoietin receptor agonist antibody for treating chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:490. [PMID: 37259024 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10975-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombocytopenia is a common complication in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia (CIT) leads to dose reduction and treatment delays, lowering chemotherapy efficacy and survival rate. Thus, rapid recovery and continuous maintenance of platelet count during chemotherapy cycles are crucial in patients with CIT. Thrombopoietin (TPO) and its receptor, myeloid proliferative leukemia (MPL) protein, play a major role in platelet production. Although several MPL agonists have been developed to regulate thrombopoiesis, none have been approved for the management of CIT due to concerns regarding efficacy or safety. Therefore, the development of effective MPL agonists for treating CIT needs to be further expanded. METHODS Anti-MPL antibodies were selected from the human combinatorial antibody phage libraries using phage display. We identified 2R13 as the most active clone among the binding antibodies via cell proliferation assay using BaF3/MPL cells. The effect of 2R13 on megakaryocyte differentiation was evaluated in peripheral blood CD34+ cells by analyzing megakaryocyte-specific differentiation markers (CD41a+ and CD42b+) and DNA ploidy using flow cytometry. The 2R13-induced platelet production was examined in 8- to 10-week-old wild-type BALB/c female mice and a thrombocytopenia mouse model established by intraperitoneal injection of 5-fluorouracil (150 mg/kg). The platelet counts were monitored twice a week over 14 days post-initiation of treatment with a single injection of 2R13, or recombinant human TPO (rhTPO) for seven consecutive days. RESULTS We found that 2R13 specifically interacted with MPL and activated its signaling pathways. 2R13 stimulated megakaryocyte differentiation, evidenced by increasing the proportion of high-ploidy (≥ 8N) megakaryocytes in peripheral blood-CD34+ cells. The platelet count was increased by a single injection of 2R13 for up to 14 days. Injection of 5-fluorouracil considerably reduced the platelet count by day 4, which was recovered by 2R13. The platelets produced by 2R13 sustained a higher count than that achieved using seven consecutive injections of rhTPO. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that 2R13 is a promising therapeutic agent for CIT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Shin
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Xingguo Quan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Woong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukmook Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - SaeGwang Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jee-Yeong Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, 49267, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyungmoo Yea
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
- New Biology Research Center, DGIST, Daegu, 43024, Republic of Korea.
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In Vitro Human Haematopoietic Stem Cell Expansion and Differentiation. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060896. [PMID: 36980237 PMCID: PMC10046976 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The haematopoietic system plays an essential role in our health and survival. It is comprised of a range of mature blood and immune cell types, including oxygen-carrying erythrocytes, platelet-producing megakaryocytes and infection-fighting myeloid and lymphoid cells. Self-renewing multipotent haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and a range of intermediate haematopoietic progenitor cell types differentiate into these mature cell types to continuously support haematopoietic system homeostasis throughout life. This process of haematopoiesis is tightly regulated in vivo and primarily takes place in the bone marrow. Over the years, a range of in vitro culture systems have been developed, either to expand haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells or to differentiate them into the various haematopoietic lineages, based on the use of recombinant cytokines, co-culture systems and/or small molecules. These approaches provide important tractable models to study human haematopoiesis in vitro. Additionally, haematopoietic cell culture systems are being developed and clinical tested as a source of cell products for transplantation and transfusion medicine. This review discusses the in vitro culture protocols for human HSC expansion and differentiation, and summarises the key factors involved in these biological processes.
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Mayer IM, Hoelbl-Kovacic A, Sexl V, Doma E. Isolation, Maintenance and Expansion of Adult Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells and Leukemic Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1723. [PMID: 35406494 PMCID: PMC8996967 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are rare, self-renewing cells that perch on top of the hematopoietic tree. The HSCs ensure the constant supply of mature blood cells in a tightly regulated process producing peripheral blood cells. Intense efforts are ongoing to optimize HSC engraftment as therapeutic strategy to treat patients suffering from hematopoietic diseases. Preclinical research paves the way by developing methods to maintain, manipulate and expand HSCs ex vivo to understand their regulation and molecular make-up. The generation of a sufficient number of transplantable HSCs is the Holy Grail for clinical therapy. Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are characterized by their acquired stem cell characteristics and are responsible for disease initiation, progression, and relapse. We summarize efforts, that have been undertaken to increase the number of long-term (LT)-HSCs and to prevent differentiation towards committed progenitors in ex vivo culture. We provide an overview and compare methods currently available to isolate, maintain and enrich HSC subsets, progenitors and LSCs and discuss their individual advantages and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (I.M.M.); (A.H.-K.); (E.D.)
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Patel BA, Townsley DM, Scheinberg P. Immunosuppressive therapy in severe aplastic anemia. Semin Hematol 2022; 59:21-29. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Natural Receptor- and Ligand-Based Chimeric Antigen Receptors: Strategies Using Natural Ligands and Receptors for Targeted Cell Killing. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010021. [PMID: 35011583 PMCID: PMC8750724 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has been widely successful in the treatment of B-cell malignancies, including B-cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and multiple myeloma; and three generations of CAR designs have led to effective FDA approved therapeutics. Traditionally, CAR antigen specificity is derived from a monoclonal antibody where the variable heavy (VH) and variable light (VL) chains are connected by a peptide linker to form a single-chain variable fragment (scFv). While this provides a level of antigen specificity parallel to that of an antibody and has shown great success in the clinic, this design is not universally successful. For instance, issues of stability, immunogenicity, and antigen escape hinder the translational application of some CARs. As an alternative, natural receptor- or ligand-based designs may prove advantageous in some circumstances compared to scFv-based designs. Herein, the advantages and disadvantages of scFv-based and natural receptor- or ligand-based CAR designs are discussed. In addition, several translational aspects of natural receptor- and ligand-based CAR approaches that are being investigated in preclinical and clinical studies will be examined.
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Chen J, Li G, Lian J, Ma N, Huang Z, Li J, Wen Z, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Slc20a1b is essential for hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell expansion in zebrafish. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:2186-2201. [PMID: 33751369 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are able to self-renew and can give rise to all blood lineages throughout their lifetime, yet the mechanisms regulating HSPC development have yet to be discovered. In this study, we characterized a hematopoiesis defective zebrafish mutant line named smu07, which was obtained from our previous forward genetic screening, and found the HSPC expansion deficiency in the mutant. Positional cloning identified that slc20a1b, which encodes a sodium phosphate cotransporter, contributed to the smu07 blood phenotype. Further analysis demonstrated that mutation of slc20a1b affects HSPC expansion through cell cycle arrest at G2/M phases in a cell-autonomous manner. Our study shows that slc20a1b is a vital regulator for HSPC proliferation in zebrafish early hematopoiesis and provides valuable insights into HSPC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakui Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Gaofei Li
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junwei Lian
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jianchao Li
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zilong Wen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yiyue Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Thrombopoietin-based CAR-T cells demonstrate in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity to MPL positive acute myelogenous leukemia and hematopoietic stem cells. Gene Ther 2021; 29:1-12. [PMID: 34385604 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While targeting CD19+ hematologic malignancies with CAR T cell therapy using single chain variable fragments (scFv) has been highly successful, novel strategies for applying CAR T cell therapy with other tumor types are necessary. In the current study, CAR T cells were designed using a ligand binding domain instead of an scFv to target stem-like leukemia cells. Thrombopoietin (TPO), the natural ligand to the myeloproliferative leukemia protein (MPL) receptor, was used as the antigen binding domain to engage MPL expressed on hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and erythropoietic and megakaryocytic acute myeloid leukemias (AML). TPO-CAR T cells were tested in vitro against AML cell lines with varied MPL expression to test specificity. TPO-CAR T cells were specifically activating and cytotoxic against MPL+ leukemia cell lines. Though the TPO-CAR T cells did not extend survival in vivo, it successfully cleared the MPL+ fraction of leukemia cells. As expected, we also show the TPO-CAR is cytotoxic against MPL expressing bone marrow compartment in AML xenograft models. The data collected demonstrate preclinical potential of TPO-CAR T cells for stem-like leukemia through assessment of targeted killing of MPL+ cells and may facilitate subsequent HSC transplant under reduced intensity conditioning regimens.
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11
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In vitro expansion of fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11879. [PMID: 34088934 PMCID: PMC8178329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal liver hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) have been considered appropriate for the management of aplastic anemia owing to their proliferative potential. Bone marrow recovery was possible in some cases; the engraftment potential of these cells, however was unsatisfactory, possibly due to the availability of a smaller number of these cells from a single fetus. The present study explores how we can expand fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells under in vitro conditions. We isolated mononuclear cells from fetal liver and hematopoietic stem cells were identified and analyzed by cell surface marker CD34. CD34+ fetal liver HSPCs cells were separated by magnetic cell sorting positive selection method. HSPCs (CD34+) were cultured by using 5 cytokines, stem cell factor (SCF), granulocyte macrophages-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT-3) and erythropoietin (EPO), in 4 different combinations along with supplements, in serum-free culture media for 21 days. Cell viability continued to be greater than 90% throughout 21 days of culture. The cells expanded best in a combination of media, supplements and 5 cytokines, namely SCF, FLT-3, IL6, EPO and GM-CSF to yield a large number of total (CD34+ & CD34-) cells. Even though the total number of nucleated cells increased in culture significantly, levels of CD34 antigen expression declined steadily over this period.
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12
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Martinov T, McKenna KM, Tan WH, Collins EJ, Kehret AR, Linton JD, Olsen TM, Shobaki N, Rongvaux A. Building the Next Generation of Humanized Hemato-Lymphoid System Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643852. [PMID: 33692812 PMCID: PMC7938325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the late 1980s, mice have been repopulated with human hematopoietic cells to study the fundamental biology of human hematopoiesis and immunity, as well as a broad range of human diseases in vivo. Multiple mouse recipient strains have been developed and protocols optimized to efficiently generate these “humanized” mice. Here, we review three guiding principles that have been applied to the development of the currently available models: (1) establishing tolerance of the mouse host for the human graft; (2) opening hematopoietic niches so that they can be occupied by human cells; and (3) providing necessary support for human hematopoiesis. We then discuss four remaining challenges: (1) human hematopoietic lineages that poorly develop in mice; (2) limited antigen-specific adaptive immunity; (3) absent tolerance of the human immune system for its mouse host; and (4) sub-functional interactions between human immune effectors and target mouse tissues. While major advances are still needed, the current models can already be used to answer specific, clinically-relevant questions and hopefully inform the development of new, life-saving therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Martinov
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kelly M McKenna
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Wei Hong Tan
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Emily J Collins
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Allie R Kehret
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jonathan D Linton
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tayla M Olsen
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nour Shobaki
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anthony Rongvaux
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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13
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Zhan H, Kaushansky K. The Hematopoietic Microenvironment in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: The Interplay Between Nature (Stem Cells) and Nurture (the Niche). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1273:135-145. [PMID: 33119879 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49270-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) rely on instructive cues from the marrow microenvironment for their maintenance and function. Accumulating evidence indicates that the survival and proliferation of hematopoietic neoplasms are dependent not only on cell-intrinsic, genetic mutations, and other molecular alterations present within neoplastic stem cells, but also on the ability of the surrounding microenvironmental cells to nurture and promote the malignancy. It is anticipated that a better understanding of the molecular and cellular events responsible for these microenvironmental features of neoplastic hematopoiesis will lead to improved treatment for patients. This review will focus on the myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF), in which an acquired signaling kinase mutation (JAK2V617F) plays a central, pathogenetic role in 50-100% of patients with these disorders. Evidence is presented that the development of an MPN requires both an abnormal, mutation-bearing (i.e., neoplastic) HSC and an abnormal, mutation-bearing microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichun Zhan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA. .,Northport VA Medical Center, Northport, NY, USA.
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14
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Cui L, Moraga I, Lerbs T, Van Neste C, Wilmes S, Tsutsumi N, Trotman-Grant AC, Gakovic M, Andrews S, Gotlib J, Darmanis S, Enge M, Quake S, Hitchcock IS, Piehler J, Garcia KC, Wernig G. Tuning MPL signaling to influence hematopoietic stem cell differentiation and inhibit essential thrombocythemia progenitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2017849118. [PMID: 33384332 PMCID: PMC7812794 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017849118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombopoietin (TPO) and the TPO-receptor (TPO-R, or c-MPL) are essential for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance and megakaryocyte differentiation. Agents that can modulate TPO-R signaling are highly desirable for both basic research and clinical utility. We developed a series of surrogate protein ligands for TPO-R, in the form of diabodies (DBs), that homodimerize TPO-R on the cell surface in geometries that are dictated by the DB receptor binding epitope, in effect "tuning" downstream signaling responses. These surrogate ligands exhibit diverse pharmacological properties, inducing graded signaling outputs, from full to partial TPO agonism, thus decoupling the dual functions of TPO/TPO-R. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and HSC self-renewal assays we find that partial agonistic diabodies preserved the stem-like properties of cultured HSCs, but also blocked oncogenic colony formation in essential thrombocythemia (ET) through inverse agonism. Our data suggest that dampening downstream TPO signaling is a powerful approach not only for HSC preservation in culture, but also for inhibiting oncogenic signaling through the TPO-R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cui
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ignacio Moraga
- HHMI, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, United Kingdom
| | - Tristan Lerbs
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Camille Van Neste
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Stephan Wilmes
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, United Kingdom
| | - Naotaka Tsutsumi
- HHMI, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Aaron Claudius Trotman-Grant
- HHMI, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Milica Gakovic
- HHMI, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Andrews
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD York, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Gotlib
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Spyros Darmanis
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Bioengineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics and NGS Department Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Martin Enge
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Bioengineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Oncology-Pathology Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen Quake
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Bioengineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ian S Hitchcock
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD York, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biology and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- HHMI, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Gerlinde Wernig
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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15
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Märklin M, Tandler C, Kopp HG, Hoehn KL, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Borst O, Müller MR, Saur SJ. C-Cbl regulates c-MPL receptor trafficking and its internalization. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12491-12503. [PMID: 32954656 PMCID: PMC7687000 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombocyte formation from megakaryocyte and their progenitor cells is tightly regulated by thrombopoietin (TPO) and its receptor c‐MPL, thereby maintaining physiological functionality and numbers of circulating platelets. In patients, dysfunction of this regulation could cause thrombocytopenia or myeloproliferative syndromes. Since regulation of this pathway is still not completely understood, we investigated the role of the ubiquitin ligase c‐Cbl which was previously shown to negatively regulated c‐MPL signalling. We developed a new conditional mouse model using c‐Cblfl/flPf4Cre mice and demonstrated that platelet‐specific knockout of c‐Cbl led to severe microthrombocytosis and impaired uptake of TPO and c‐MPL receptor internalization. Furthermore, we characterized a constitutive STAT5 activation c‐Cbl KO platelets. This study identified c‐Cbl as a potential player in causing megakaryocytic and thrombocytic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Märklin
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Tandler
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Kopp
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Thoracic Oncology, Robert-Bosch-Hospital Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kyle L Hoehn
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Oliver Borst
- Department of Kardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin R Müller
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Klinikum Region Hannover, KRH Klinikum Siloah, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Saur
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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16
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Liu Y, Ding L, Zhang B, Deng Z, Han Y, Wang S, Yang S, Fan Z, Zhang J, Yan H, Han D, He L, Yue W, Wang H, Li Y, Pei X. Thrombopoietin enhances hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell homing by impeding matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:661-673. [PMID: 32125099 PMCID: PMC7214666 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported a novel function of recombinant human thrombopoietin (TPO) in increasing hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) homing to the bone marrow (BM). Single doses of TPO treatment to the recipients immediately after BM transplantation showed significantly improved homing of HSPCs to the BM, which subsequently resulted in enhanced short‐ and long‐term engraftment of HSPCs in mice. We found that TPO could downregulate the expression and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in BM cells. As a result, SDF‐1α level was increased in the BM niche. Blocking the interaction of SDF‐1α and CXCR4 on HSPCs by using AMD3100 could significantly reverse the TPO‐enhanced HSPC homing effect. More importantly, a single dose of TPO remarkably promoted human HSPC homing and subsequent engraftment to the BM of nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice. We then performed a clinical trial to evaluate the effect of TPO treatment in patients receiving haploidentical BM and mobilized peripheral blood transplantation. Surprisingly, single doses of TPO treatment to patients followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation significantly improved platelet engraftment in the cohort of patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA). The mean volume of platelet and red blood cell transfusion was remarkably reduced in the cohort of patients with SAA or hematological malignancies receiving TPO treatment. Thus, our data provide a simple, feasible, and efficient approach to improve clinical outcomes in patients with allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The clinical trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry website (http://www.chictr.org.cn) as ChiCTR‐OIN‐1701083.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Liu
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Hematology, Medical Center of Air Forces, PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziliang Deng
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Han
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sihan Wang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Yang
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeng Fan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmin Yan
- Department of Hematology, Medical Center of Air Forces, PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Han
- Department of Hematology, Medical Center of Air Forces, PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan He
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Yue
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengxiang Wang
- Department of Hematology, Medical Center of Air Forces, PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Li
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuetao Pei
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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17
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Lee D, Kim DW, Cho JY. Role of growth factors in hematopoietic stem cell niche. Cell Biol Toxicol 2020; 36:131-144. [PMID: 31897822 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-019-09510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) produce new blood cells everyday throughout life, which is maintained by the self-renewal and differentiation ability of HSCs. This is not controlled by the HSCs alone, but rather by the complex and exquisite microenvironment surrounding the HSCs, which is called the bone marrow niche and consists of various bone marrow cells, growth factors, and cytokines. It is essential to understand the characteristic role of the stem cell niche and the growth factors in the niche formation. In this review, we describe the role of the bone marrow niche and factors for niche homeostasis, and also summarize the latest research related to stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
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18
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"Hierarchy" and "Holacracy"; A Paradigm of the Hematopoietic System. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101138. [PMID: 31554248 PMCID: PMC6830102 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian hematopoietic system has long been viewed as a hierarchical paradigm in which a small number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are located at the apex. HSCs were traditionally thought to be homogeneous and quiescent in a homeostatic state. However, recent observations, through extramedullary hematopoiesis and clonal assays, have cast doubt on the validity of the conventional interpretation. A key issue is understanding the characteristics of HSCs from different viewpoints, including dynamic physics and social network theory. The aim of this literature review is to propose a new paradigm of our hematopoietic system, in which individual HSCs are actively involved.
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19
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Activity of eltrombopag in severe aplastic anemia. Blood Adv 2019; 2:3054-3062. [PMID: 30425070 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the approval of horse antithymocyte globulin (ATG) decades ago, there was a long hiatus in therapies with activity in severe aplastic anemia (SAA). This scenario changed in 2014 when eltrombopag, a thrombopoietin receptor agonist, was approved for SAA after an insufficient response to initial immunosuppressive therapy (IST). The basis for this approval was the observation of single-agent activity of eltrombopag in this patient population, where 40% to 50% recovered blood counts at times involving >1 lineage. The achievement of transfusion independence confirmed the clinical benefit of this approach. Increase in marrow cellularity and CD34+ cells suggested a recovery to a more functioning bone marrow. Further in its development, eltrombopag was associated with standard horse ATG plus cyclosporine in first line, producing increases in overall (at about 90%) and complete response rates (at about 40%) and leading to transfusion independence and excellent survival. Interestingly, best results were observed when all drugs were started simultaneously. The cumulative incidence of clonal cytogenetic abnormalities to date has compared favorably with the vast experience with IST alone in SAA. Longer follow-up will help in define these long-term risks. In this review, the development of eltrombopag in SAA will be discussed.
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20
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Endothelial protein C receptor supports hematopoietic stem cell engraftment and expansion in Mpl-deficient mice. Blood 2019; 133:1465-1478. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-03-837344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Thrombopoietin (Thpo)/myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene (Mpl) signaling controls hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and quiescence; however, how these 2 seemingly opposing functions are controlled is not well understood. By transplantation of lentiviral-transduced hematopoietic cells in the Mpl-deficient mouse model, we addressed whether known or predicted Thpo target genes were able to rescue the Mpl-deficient phenotype of the mice. Among the tested genes, we identified endothelial protein C receptor (Epcr) to expand HSCs with the long-term (LT)-HSC surface phenotype in Mpl−/− mice and to enable secondary transplantation of Mpl-deficient bone marrow (BM). Epcr-transduced Mpl−/− HSCs enter quiescence earlier after transplantation than control-transduced Mpl−/− cells, and upregulated expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-xL. Also, in the wild-type background, Epcr expression marked the engrafting population in the BM. Furthermore, Epcr expression in Mpl−/− hematopoiesis increased the number of megakaryocytes in the BM. In vitro Thpo supported the surface expression of Epcr on primary murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. With these data, we add new insights into Thpo-dependent influence on HSC engraftment after transplantation. This may be of use for the in vitro manipulation of HSCs, also in the context of gene therapy.
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21
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Rebound Thrombocytosis after Induction Chemotherapy is a Strong Biomarker for Favorable Outcome in AML Patients. Hemasphere 2019; 3:e180. [PMID: 31723819 PMCID: PMC6746035 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas the molecular events underlying acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are increasingly identified, dynamics of hematologic recovery following induction chemotherapy remain mysterious. Platelet recovery may vary between incomplete and excess recovery among patients achieving remission. We analyzed platelet recovery after the first induction cycle in 291 consecutive AML patients. We defined excess platelet rebound (EPR) as platelet increase above 500 G/L. We observed EPR in 120 (41.2%) patients. EPR+ patients had lower platelets at diagnosis, higher marrow infiltration, more frequently NPM1 mutations, and were associated with ELN favorable risk. Absence of EPR correlated with complex karyotypes, ELN intermediate-I and adverse risk, and therapy-related AML. Overall survival was better in EPR+ patients than EPR- (median 125 vs 41 months; p = 0.04), as was disease-free survival. By multivariate analysis, EPR+ was an independent parameter associated with favorable survival. Plasma thrombopoietin (TPO) levels at diagnosis indicated EPR+ (p < 0.0001), while GATA-1, GATA-2, and MPL mRNA expression did not differ between EPR+ and EPR- patients. Finally, transcription factors blocking early megakaryopoiesis were upregulated in EPR- patients, while NFE2 involved in late megakaryocyte differentiation was increased in EPR+ patients. Our work identifies mechanisms involved in platelet recovery after induction chemotherapy.
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22
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Eltrombopag maintains human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells under inflammatory conditions mediated by IFN-γ. Blood 2019; 133:2043-2055. [PMID: 30803992 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-11-884486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ) has been implicated in human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) depletion in immune-mediated bone marrow failure syndromes. We show that IFN-γ specifically prevents full engagement of thrombopoietin (TPO), a primary positive regulator of HSPC survival, to its receptor (c-MPL) via steric occlusion of the low-affinity binding site, contributing to perturbation of TPO-induced signaling pathways and decreased survival of human HSPCs. Eltrombopag, a synthetic small molecule mimetic of TPO that interacts with c-MPL at a position distinct from the extracellular binding site of TPO, bypasses this inhibition, providing an explanation for its clinical activity in bone marrow failure, despite already elevated endogenous TPO levels. Thus, IFN-γ-mediated perturbation of TPO:c-MPL complex formation and the resulting inhibition of a critical pathway of growth factor cell signaling may represent a general mechanism by which IFN-γ impairs the function of human HSPCs. This understanding could have broad therapeutic implications for various disorders of chronic inflammation.
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23
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Hawkes CP, Mostoufi-Moab S. Fat-bone interaction within the bone marrow milieu: Impact on hematopoiesis and systemic energy metabolism. Bone 2019; 119:57-64. [PMID: 29550266 PMCID: PMC6139083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between fat, bone and systemic metabolism is a growing area of scientific interest. Marrow adipose tissue is a well-recognized component of the bone marrow milieu and is metabolically distinct from current established subtypes of adipose tissue. Despite recent advances, the functional significance of marrow adipose tissue is still not clearly delineated. Bone and fat cells share a common mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) within the bone marrow, and hormones and transcription factors such as growth hormone, leptin, and peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor γ influence MSC differentiation into osteoblasts or adipocytes. MSC osteogenic potential is more vulnerable than adipogenic potential to radiation and chemotherapy, and this confers a risk for an abnormal fat-bone axis in survivors following cancer therapy and bone marrow transplantation. This review provides a summary of data from animal and human studies describing the relationship between marrow adipose tissue and hematopoiesis, bone mineral density, bone strength, and metabolic function. The significance of marrow adiposity in other metabolic disorders such as osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, and estrogen and growth hormone deficiency are also discussed. We conclude that marrow adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ with important metabolic functions contributing to bone energy maintenance, osteogenesis, bone remodeling, and hematopoiesis. Future studies on the metabolic role of marrow adipose tissue may provide the critical insight necessary for selecting targeted therapeutic interventions to improve altered hematopoiesis and augment skeletal remodeling in cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Hawkes
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - S Mostoufi-Moab
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA; Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
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24
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Scheinberg P. Activity of eltrombopag in severe aplastic anemia. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2018; 2018:450-456. [PMID: 30504345 PMCID: PMC6245975 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2018.1.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the approval of horse antithymocyte globulin (ATG) decades ago, there was a long hiatus in therapies with activity in severe aplastic anemia (SAA). This scenario changed in 2014 when eltrombopag, a thrombopoietin receptor agonist, was approved for SAA after an insufficient response to initial immunosuppressive therapy (IST). The basis for this approval was the observation of single-agent activity of eltrombopag in this patient population, where 40% to 50% recovered blood counts at times involving >1 lineage. The achievement of transfusion independence confirmed the clinical benefit of this approach. Increase in marrow cellularity and CD34+ cells suggested a recovery to a more functioning bone marrow. Further in its development, eltrombopag was associated with standard horse ATG plus cyclosporine in first line, producing increases in overall (at about 90%) and complete response rates (at about 40%) and leading to transfusion independence and excellent survival. Interestingly, best results were observed when all drugs were started simultaneously. The cumulative incidence of clonal cytogenetic abnormalities to date has compared favorably with the vast experience with IST alone in SAA. Longer follow-up will help in define these long-term risks. In this review, the development of eltrombopag in SAA will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Scheinberg
- Division of Hematology, Hospital A Beneficência Portuguesa, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Zhang Y, Lin CHS, Kaushansky K, Zhan H. JAK2V617F Megakaryocytes Promote Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cell Expansion in Mice Through Thrombopoietin/MPL Signaling. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1676-1684. [PMID: 30005133 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are stem cell disorders characterized by hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) expansion and overproduction of mature blood cells. The acquired kinase mutation JAK2V617F plays a central role in these disorders. The mechanisms responsible for HSPC expansion in MPNs are not fully understood, limiting the effectiveness of current treatments. One hallmark feature of the marrow in patients with MPNs is megakaryocyte (MK) hyperplasia. Previously, we reported that JAK2V617F-bearing MKs cause a murine myeloproliferative syndrome with HSPC expansion. Here we show that JAK2V617F MKs promote MPN stem cell function by inducing HSPC quiescence with increased repopulating capacity. In addition, we demonstrate that thrombopoietin and its receptor MPL are critical for the JAK2V617F-bearing MK-induced myeloproliferation, both by directly affecting the quantity and quality of MKs and by altering the MK-endothelial interaction and vascular niche function. Therefore, targeting HSPC niche-forming MKs and/or their interactions within the vascular niche could provide novel, more effective therapeutic strategies in patients with MPNs. Stem Cells 2018;36:1676-1684.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Hua Sarah Lin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth Kaushansky
- Office of the Sr. Vice President, Health Sciences, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Huichun Zhan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Northport VA Medical Center, Northport, New York, USA
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26
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Nishimura CD, Brenner DA, Mukherjee M, Hirsch RA, Ott L, Wu MF, Liu H, Dakhova O, Orange JS, Brenner MK, Lin CY, Arber C. c-MPL provides tumor-targeted T-cell receptor-transgenic T cells with costimulation and cytokine signals. Blood 2017; 130:2739-2749. [PMID: 29079582 PMCID: PMC5746163 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-02-769463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptively transferred T-cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells depend on host-derived costimulation and cytokine signals for their full and sustained activation. However, in patients with cancer, both signals are frequently impaired. Hence, we developed a novel strategy that combines both essential signals in 1 transgene by expressing the nonlymphoid hematopoietic growth factor receptor c-MPL (myeloproliferative leukemia), the receptor for thrombopoietin (TPO), in T cells. c-MPL signaling activates pathways shared with conventional costimulatory and cytokine receptor signaling. Thus, we hypothesized that host-derived TPO, present in the tumor microenvironment, or pharmacological c-MPL agonists approved by the US Food and Drug Administration could deliver both signals to c-MPL-engineered TCR-transgenic T cells. We found that c-MPL+ polyclonal T cells expand and proliferate in response to TPO, and persist longer after adoptive transfer in immunodeficient human TPO-transgenic mice. In TCR-transgenic T cells, c-MPL activation enhances antitumor function, T-cell expansion, and cytokine production and preserves a central memory phenotype. c-MPL signaling also enables sequential tumor cell killing, enhances the formation of effective immune synapses, and improves antileukemic activity in vivo in a leukemia xenograft model. We identify the type 1 interferon pathway as a molecular mechanism by which c-MPL mediates immune stimulation in T cells. In conclusion, we present a novel immunotherapeutic strategy using c-MPL-enhanced transgenic T cells responding to either endogenously produced TPO (a microenvironment factor in hematologic malignancies) or c-MPL-targeted pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Nishimura
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX; and
| | - Daniel A Brenner
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX; and
- Center for Human Immunobiology
| | - Malini Mukherjee
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX; and
- Center for Human Immunobiology
| | | | - Leah Ott
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX; and
| | - Meng-Fen Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Olga Dakhova
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX; and
| | | | - Malcolm K Brenner
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX; and
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
- Department of Pediatrics, and
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Caroline Arber
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX; and
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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27
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Pramono A, Zahabi A, Morishima T, Lan D, Welte K, Skokowa J. Thrombopoietin induces hematopoiesis from mouse ES cells via HIF-1α-dependent activation of a BMP4 autoregulatory loop. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1375:38-51. [PMID: 27447537 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying hematopoietic differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells may help to ascertain the conditions for the in vitro generation of hematopoietic cells. Previously, we found that patients with congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT), who develop pancytopenia early after birth, harbor mutations within the thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor, c-MPL. This knowledge, together with observations in vitro and in vivo, suggests that TPO/c-MPL signaling promotes early hematopoiesis. However, the mechanisms underlying TPO signaling are not fully elucidated. Here, we describe a direct connection between TPO and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) signaling pathways in determining the hematopoietic fate of ES cells. Morphogen BMP4 is known to induce early hematopoietic differentiation of ES cells. Treatment of ES cells with TPO induced the autocrine production of BMP4 with concomitant upregulation of the BMP receptor BMPR1A, phosphorylation of SMAD1, 5, 8, and activation of specific BMP4 target genes; this was mediated by TPO-dependent binding of transcription factor HIF-1α to the BMP4 gene promoter. Treatment of ES cells with the BMP antagonist noggin substantially reduced TPO-dependent hematopoietic differentiation of ES cells. Thus, our findings contribute to the establishment of techniques for generating hematopoietic cells from ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andri Pramono
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran,", Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Azadeh Zahabi
- Departments of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology, and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tatsuya Morishima
- Departments of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology, and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dan Lan
- Pediatric Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Karl Welte
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Skokowa
- Departments of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology, and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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28
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Umemoto T, Matsuzaki Y, Shiratsuchi Y, Hashimoto M, Yoshimoto T, Nakamura-Ishizu A, Petrich B, Yamato M, Suda T. Integrin αvβ3 enhances the suppressive effect of interferon-γ on hematopoietic stem cells. EMBO J 2017; 36:2390-2403. [PMID: 28673932 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic homeostasis depends on the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are regulated within a specialized bone marrow (BM) niche. When HSC sense external stimuli, their adhesion status may be critical for determining HSC cell fate. The cell surface molecule, integrin αvβ3, is activated through HSC adhesion to extracellular matrix and niche cells. Integrin β3 signaling maintains HSCs within the niche. Here, we showed the synergistic negative regulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon-γ (IFNγ) and β3 integrin signaling in murine HSC function by a novel definitive phenotyping of HSCs. Integrin αvβ3 suppressed HSC function in the presence of IFNγ and impaired integrin β3 signaling mitigated IFNγ-dependent negative action on HSCs. During IFNγ stimulation, integrin β3 signaling enhanced STAT1-mediated gene expression via serine phosphorylation. These findings show that integrin β3 signaling intensifies the suppressive effect of IFNγ on HSCs, which indicates that cell adhesion via integrin αvβ3 within the BM niche acts as a context-dependent signal modulator to regulate the HSC function under both steady-state and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terumasa Umemoto
- International Research Center for Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yu Matsuzaki
- International Research Center for Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Shiratsuchi
- Institute of Advanced Medical Bioscience and Engineering, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michihiro Hashimoto
- International Research Center for Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Nakamura-Ishizu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Brian Petrich
- Department of Pediatrics and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Masayuki Yamato
- Institute of Advanced Medical Bioscience and Engineering, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Suda
- International Research Center for Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan .,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
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29
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Lin CHS, Kaushansky K, Zhan H. JAK2 V617F-mutant vascular niche contributes to JAK2 V617F clonal expansion in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2016; 62:42-48. [PMID: 27865175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are characterized by hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) expansion and overproduction of blood cells. The acquired mutation JAK2V617F plays a central role in these disorders. Mechanisms responsible for MPN HSPC expansion is not fully understood, limiting the effectiveness of current treatments. Endothelial cells (ECs) carrying the JAK2V617F mutation can be detected in patients with MPNs, suggesting that ECs are involved in the pathogenesis of MPNs. Here we report that JAK2V617F-bearing primary murine ECs have increased cell proliferation and angiogenesis in vitro compared to JAK2WT ECs. While there was no difference between JAK2V617F and JAK2WT HSPC proliferation when co-cultured with JAK2WT EC, the JAK2V617F HSPC displayed a relative growth advantage over the JAK2WT HSPC when co-cultured on JAK2V617F EC. In addition, the thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor MPL is up regulated in JAK2V617F ECs and contributes to the maintenance/expansion of the JAK2V617F clone over JAK2WT clone in vitro. Considering that ECs are an essential component of the hematopoietic niche and most HSPCs reside in the perivascular niche, our studies suggest that the JAK2V617F-bearing ECs form an important component of the MPN vascular niche and contribute to mutant stem/progenitor cell expansion, likely through a critical role of the TPO/MPL signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Hua Sarah Lin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth Kaushansky
- Office of the Sr. Vice President, Health Sciences, Stony Brook Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Huichun Zhan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Northport VA Medical Center, Northport, NY, USA.
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30
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MPL expression on AML blasts predicts peripheral blood neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Blood 2016; 128:2253-2257. [PMID: 27574191 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-04-711986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the molecular pathways that cause acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are increasingly well understood, the pathogenesis of peripheral blood cytopenia, a major cause of AML mortality, remains obscure. A prevailing assumption states that AML spatially displaces nonleukemic hematopoiesis from the bone marrow. However, examining an initial cohort of 223 AML patients, we found no correlation between bone marrow blast content and cytopenia, questioning the displacement theory. Measuring serum concentration of thrombopoietin (TPO), a key regulator of hematopoietic stem cells and megakaryocytes, revealed loss of physiologic negative correlation with platelet count in AML cases with blasts expressing MPL, the thrombopoietin (scavenging) receptor. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that MPLhi blasts could indeed clear TPO, likely therefore leading to insufficient cytokine levels for nonleukemic hematopoiesis. Microarray analysis in an independent multicenter study cohort of 437 AML cases validated MPL expression as a central predictor of thrombocytopenia and neutropenia in AML. Moreover, t(8;21) AML cases demonstrated the highest average MPL expression and lowest average platelet and absolute neutrophil counts among subgroups. Our work thus explains the pathophysiology of peripheral blood cytopenia in a relevant number of AML cases.
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31
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Sanada C, Xavier-Ferrucio J, Lu YC, Min E, Zhang PX, Zou S, Kang E, Zhang M, Zerafati G, Gallagher PG, Krause DS. Adult human megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors are in the CD34+CD38mid fraction. Blood 2016; 128:923-33. [PMID: 27268089 PMCID: PMC4990855 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-01-693705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipotent megakaryocyte/erythroid progenitors (MEPs) give rise to progeny limited to the megakaryocyte (Mk) and erythroid (E) lineages. We developed a novel dual-detection functional in vitro colony-forming unit (CFU) assay for single cells that differentiates down both the Mk and E lineages (CFU-Mk/E), which allowed development and validation of a novel purification strategy for the identification and quantitation of primary functional human MEPs from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood and bone marrow. Applying this assay to fluorescence-activated cell sorter-sorted cell populations, we found that the Lin(-)CD34(+)CD38(mid)CD45RA(-)FLT3(-)MPL(+)CD36(-)CD41(-) population is much more highly enriched for bipotent MEPs than any previously reported subpopulations. We also developed purification strategies for primary human lineage-committed Mk and E progenitors identified as CFU-Mk and burst forming unit-E. Comparative expression analyses in MEP, MkP, and ErP populations revealed differential expression of MYB We tested whether alterations in MYB concentration affect the Mk-E fate decision at the single cell level in MEPs and found that short hairpin RNA-mediated MYB knockdown promoted commitment of MEPs to the Mk lineage, further defining its role in MEP lineage fate. There are numerous applications for these novel enrichment strategies, including facilitating mechanistic studies of MEP lineage commitment, improving approaches for in vitro expansion of Mk and E cells, and developing improved therapies for benign and malignant hematologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi-Chien Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale Stem Cell Center
| | | | - Ping-Xia Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale Stem Cell Center
| | - Siying Zou
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Department of Cell Biology
| | | | - Meng Zhang
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Department of Cell Biology
| | | | | | - Diane S Krause
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale Stem Cell Center, Department of Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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32
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Green MMB, Chao N, Chhabra S, Corbet K, Gasparetto C, Horwitz A, Li Z, Venkata JK, Long G, Mims A, Rizzieri D, Sarantopoulos S, Stuart R, Sung AD, Sullivan KM, Costa L, Horwitz M, Kang Y. Plerixafor (a CXCR4 antagonist) following myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation enhances hematopoietic recovery. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:71. [PMID: 27535663 PMCID: PMC4989381 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The binding of CXCR4 with its ligand (stromal-derived factor-1) maintains hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) in a quiescent state. We hypothesized that blocking CXCR4/SDF-1 interaction after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) promotes hematopoiesis by inducing HSC proliferation. Methods We conducted a phase I/II trial of plerixafor on hematopoietic cell recovery following myeloablative allogeneic HSCT. Patients with hematologic malignancies receiving myeloablative conditioning were enrolled. Plerixafor 240 μg/kg was administered subcutaneously every other day beginning day +2 until day +21 or until neutrophil recovery. The primary efficacy endpoints of the study were time to absolute neutrophil count >500/μl and platelet count >20,000/μl. The cumulative incidence of neutrophil and platelet engraftment of the study cohort was compared to that of a cohort of 95 allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplant recipients treated during the same period of time and who received similar conditioning and graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis. Results Thirty patients received plerixafor following peripheral blood stem cell (n = 28) (PBSC) or bone marrow (n = 2) transplantation. Adverse events attributable to plerixafor were mild and indistinguishable from effects of conditioning. The kinetics of neutrophil and platelet engraftment, as demonstrated by cumulative incidence, from the 28 study subjects receiving PBSC showed faster neutrophil (p = 0.04) and platelet recovery >20 K (p = 0.04) compared to the controls. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that plerixafor can be given safely following myeloablative HSCT. It provides proof of principle that blocking CXCR4 after HSCT enhances hematopoietic recovery. Larger, confirmatory studies in other settings are warranted. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01280955
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M B Green
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nelson Chao
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Saurabh Chhabra
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kelly Corbet
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cristina Gasparetto
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ari Horwitz
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Duke University Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jagadish Kummetha Venkata
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Gwynn Long
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alice Mims
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David Rizzieri
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stefanie Sarantopoulos
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert Stuart
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Anthony D Sung
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Keith M Sullivan
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Luciano Costa
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mitchell Horwitz
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yubin Kang
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. .,Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3961, 2400 Pratt Street, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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33
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Enhanced thrombopoietin but not G-CSF receptor stimulation induces self-renewing hematopoietic stem cell divisions in vivo. Blood 2016; 127:3175-9. [PMID: 27146433 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-09-669929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In steady-state adult hematopoiesis, most hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are in the resting phase of the cell cycle. Upon enhanced hematopoietic demand, HSCs can be induced to divide and self-renew or differentiate. However, the cell-extrinsic signals inducing HSC cycling remain to be elucidated. Using in vivo high-resolution single HSC divisional tracking, we directly demonstrate that clinically applied thrombopoietin receptor but not granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) receptor agonists drive HSCs into self-renewing divisions leading to quantitative expansion of functional HSC as defined by their in vivo serial multilineage and long-term repopulating potential. These results suggest that thrombopoietin mimetics might be applicable to expand HSCs in vivo and to sensitize thrombopoietin receptor-expressing HSCs to cell cycle-dependent cytotoxic agents.
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34
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A thrombopoietin receptor antagonist is capable of depleting myelofibrosis hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Blood 2016; 127:3398-409. [PMID: 27114459 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-10-674465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, interactions between thrombopoietin (TPO) and its receptor, the myeloproliferative leukemia (MPL) virus oncogene, have been shown to play a role in the development and progression of myeloproliferative neoplasms including myelofibrosis (MF). These observations have led to the development of strategies to disrupt the association of TPO with its receptor as a means of targeting MF hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). In this report, we show that although both splenic and peripheral blood MF CD34(+) cells expressed lower levels of MPL than normal CD34(+) cells, TPO promoted the proliferation of MF CD34(+) cells and HPCs in a dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, the treatment of MF but not normal CD34(+) cells with a synthesized MPL antagonist, LCP4, decreased the number of CD34(+)Lin(-) cells and all classes of assayable HPCs (colony-forming unit-megakaryocyte [CFU-MK], CFU-granulocyte/macrophage, burst-forming unit-erythroid/CFU-erythroid, and CFU-granulocyte/erythroid/macrophage/MK) irrespective of their mutational status. In addition, LCP4 treatment resulted in the depletion of the number of MF HPCs that were JAK2V617F(+) Moreover, the degree of human cell chimerism and the proportion of malignant donor cells were significantly reduced in immunodeficient mice transplanted with MF CD34(+) cell grafts treated with LCP4. These effects of LCP4 on MF HSCs/HPCs were associated with inhibition of JAK-STAT activity, leading to the induction of apoptosis. These findings demonstrate that such specific anti-cytokine receptor antagonists represent a new class of drugs that are capable of targeting MF HSCs.
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35
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Wu Z, Wei D, Gao W, Xu Y, Hu Z, Ma Z, Gao C, Zhu X, Li Q. TPO-Induced Metabolic Reprogramming Drives Liver Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer CD110+ Tumor-Initiating Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 17:47-59. [PMID: 26140605 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver metastasis is a leading cause of death in patients with colorectal cancer. We previously found that colorectal cancer tumor-initiating cells (TICs) expressing CD110, the thrombopoietin (TPO)-binding receptor, mediate liver metastasis. Here, we show that TPO promotes metastasis of CD110+ TICs to the liver by activating lysine degradation. Lysine catabolism generates acetyl-CoA, which is used in p300-dependent LRP6 acetylation. This triggers tyrosine phosphorylation of LRP6, ultimately activating Wnt signaling to promote self-renewal of CD110+ TICs. Lysine catabolism also generates glutamate, which modulates the redox status of CD110+ TICs to promote liver colonization and drug resistance. Mechanistically, TPO-mediated induction of c-myc orchestrates recruitment of chromatin modifiers to regulate metabolic gene expression. Our findings, therefore, establish TPO as a component of the physiological environment critical for metastasis of colorectal cancer to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhengMing Wu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dong Wei
- Department of Anus and Intestine Surgery, PLA Central Hospital 150, Luoyang, Henan 471031, China
| | - WenChao Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - YuTing Xu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - ZhiQian Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - ZhenYu Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - ChunFang Gao
- Department of Anus and Intestine Surgery, PLA Central Hospital 150, Luoyang, Henan 471031, China
| | - XiaoYan Zhu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Cancer Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - QingQuan Li
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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36
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Park HJ, Li J, Hannah R, Biddie S, Leal-Cervantes AI, Kirschner K, Flores Santa Cruz D, Sexl V, Göttgens B, Green AR. Cytokine-induced megakaryocytic differentiation is regulated by genome-wide loss of a uSTAT transcriptional program. EMBO J 2016; 35:580-94. [PMID: 26702099 PMCID: PMC4801948 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201592383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metazoan development is regulated by transcriptional networks, which must respond to extracellular cues including cytokines. The JAK/STAT pathway is a highly conserved regulatory module, activated by many cytokines, in which tyrosine-phosphorylated STATs (pSTATs) function as transcription factors. However, the mechanisms by which STAT activation modulates lineage-affiliated transcriptional programs are unclear. We demonstrate that in the absence of thrombopoietin (TPO), tyrosine-unphosphorylated STAT5 (uSTAT5) is present in the nucleus where it colocalizes with CTCF and represses a megakaryocytic transcriptional program. TPO-mediated phosphorylation of STAT5 triggers its genome-wide relocation to STAT consensus sites with two distinct transcriptional consequences, loss of a uSTAT5 program that restrains megakaryocytic differentiation and activation of a canonical pSTAT5-driven program which includes regulators of apoptosis and proliferation. Transcriptional repression by uSTAT5 reflects restricted access of the megakaryocytic transcription factor ERG to target genes. These results identify a previously unrecognized mechanism of cytokine-mediated differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Park
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juan Li
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca Hannah
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Biddie
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ana I Leal-Cervantes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kristina Kirschner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Flores Santa Cruz
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony R Green
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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37
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Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are capable to self-renew with multi-potency which generated much excitement in clinical therapy. However, the main obstacle of HSCs in clinical application was insufficient number of HSCs which were derived from either bone marrow, peripheral blood or umbilical cord blood. This review briefly discusses the indispensable utility of growth factors and cytokines, stromal cells, extracellular matrix, bionic scaffold and microenvironment aiming to control the hematopoiesis in all directions and provide a better and comprehensive understanding for in vitro expansion of hematopoietic stem cells.
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38
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Wang Z, Ema H. Mechanisms of self-renewal in hematopoietic stem cells. Int J Hematol 2015; 103:498-509. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-015-1919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Yan M, Jurasz P. The role of platelets in the tumor microenvironment: From solid tumors to leukemia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:392-400. [PMID: 26193075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are increasingly being recognized for promoting tumor growth and metastasis. Many cells derived from solid tumors have the ability to aggregate platelets, and this ability correlates with their metastatic potential. Over the past half century, our understanding of tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation (TCIPA) has grown beyond the simple concept that tumor cell-containing microthrombi mechanically embolize the microvasculature. Tumor cell-activated platelets secrete a multitude of factors that reciprocally act on tumor cells, as well as other cells within the tumor microenvironment; thus, affecting both parenychma and tumor-associated stroma. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of tumor cell-platelet interactions and their influence on the tumor microenvironment, including how these interactions impact neoplastic epithelial cells, endothelial cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, immune cells, and early metastatic niches. In addition, we review the current knowledge of platelet-cancer cell interactions within hematological malignancies and speculate on how platelets may influence the leukemic microenvironment. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Tumor Microenvironment Regulation of Cancer Cell Survival, Metastasis, Inflammation, and Immune Surveillance edited by Peter Ruvolo and Gregg L. Semenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengJie Yan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Jurasz
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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40
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Kohlscheen S, Wintterle S, Schwarzer A, Kamp C, Brugman MH, Breuer DC, Büsche G, Baum C, Modlich U. Inhibition of Thrombopoietin/Mpl Signaling in Adult Hematopoiesis Identifies New Candidates for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Maintenance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131866. [PMID: 26147434 PMCID: PMC4493002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombopoietin (Thpo) signals via its receptor Mpl and regulates megakaryopoiesis, hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance and post-transplant expansion. Mpl expression is tightly controlled and deregulation of Thpo/Mpl-signaling is linked to hematological disorders. Here, we constructed an intracellular-truncated, signaling-deficient Mpl protein which is presented on the cell surface (dnMpl). The transplantation of bone marrow cells retrovirally transduced to express dnMpl into wildtype mice induced thrombocytopenia, and a progressive loss of HSC. The aplastic BM allowed the engraftment of a second BM transplant without further conditioning. Functional analysis of the truncated Mpl in vitro and in vivo demonstrated no internalization after Thpo binding and the inhibition of Thpo/Mpl-signaling in wildtype cells due to dominant-negative (dn) effects by receptor competition with wildtype Mpl for Thpo binding. Intracellular inhibition of Mpl could be excluded as the major mechanism by the use of a constitutive-dimerized dnMpl. To further elucidate the molecular changes induced by Thpo/Mpl-inhibition on the HSC-enriched cell population in the BM, we performed gene expression analysis of Lin-Sca1+cKit+ (LSK) cells isolated from mice transplanted with dnMpl transduced BM cells. The gene expression profile supported the exhaustion of HSC due to increased cell cycle progression and identified new and known downstream effectors of Thpo/Mpl-signaling in HSC (namely TIE2, ESAM1 and EPCR detected on the HSC-enriched LSK cell population). We further compared gene expression profiles in LSK cells of dnMpl mice with human CD34+ cells of aplastic anemia patients and identified similar deregulations of important stemness genes in both cell populations. In summary, we established a novel way of Thpo/Mpl inhibition in the adult mouse and performed in depth analysis of the phenotype including gene expression profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Kohlscheen
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt/Main and the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology; Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Wintterle
- Institute of Experimental Hematology; Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Adrian Schwarzer
- Institute of Experimental Hematology; Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christel Kamp
- Department of Biostatistik, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Martijn H. Brugman
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel C. Breuer
- Institute of Experimental Hematology; Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guntram Büsche
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christopher Baum
- Institute of Experimental Hematology; Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ute Modlich
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt/Main and the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology; Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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41
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Al Pakra M, Al Jabri A, Hanafy E. Myelodysplastic Syndrome Presenting as Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia in a Collodion Baby. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2015; 3:2324709615605637. [PMID: 26904703 PMCID: PMC4748500 DOI: 10.1177/2324709615605637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a rare case of myelodysplastic syndrome that presented early as amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia in a collodion baby, which is a rare congenital disorder characterized by thick, taut membrane resembling oiled parchment or collodion, which is subsequently shed. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a collodion baby who presented with amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia and who has a significant family history of the same condition. We document the rarity of this possible association and also the need for further study to establish whether a causal relationship exists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ehab Hanafy
- King Salman Armed Forces Hospital, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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42
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Gao Y, Forbes JA, Qayyum R, Becker L, Cheng L, Wang ZZ. Efficient generation of megakaryocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells using food and drug administration-approved pharmacological reagents. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:309-19. [PMID: 25713465 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Megakaryocytes (MKs) are rare hematopoietic cells in the adult bone marrow and produce platelets that are critical to vascular hemostasis and wound healing. Ex vivo generation of MKs from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provides a renewable cell source of platelets for treating thrombocytopenic patients and allows a better understanding of MK/platelet biology. The key requirements in this approach include developing a robust and consistent method to produce functional progeny cells, such as MKs from hiPSCs, and minimizing the risk and variation from the animal-derived products in cell cultures. In this study, we developed an efficient system to generate MKs from hiPSCs under a feeder-free and xeno-free condition, in which all animal-derived products were eliminated. Several crucial reagents were evaluated and replaced with Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacological reagents, including romiplostim (Nplate, a thrombopoietin analog), oprelvekin (recombinant interleukin-11), and Plasbumin (human albumin). We used this method to induce MK generation from hiPSCs derived from 23 individuals in two steps: generation of CD34(+)CD45(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) for 14 days; and generation and expansion of CD41(+)CD42a(+) MKs from HPCs for an additional 5 days. After 19 days, we observed abundant CD41(+)CD42a(+) MKs that also expressed the MK markers CD42b and CD61 and displayed polyploidy (≥16% of derived cells with DNA contents >4N). Transcriptome analysis by RNA sequencing revealed that megakaryocytic-related genes were highly expressed. Additional maturation and investigation of hiPSC-derived MKs should provide insights into MK biology and lead to the generation of large numbers of platelets ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Liu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yongxing Gao
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica A Forbes
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rehan Qayyum
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lewis Becker
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Linzhao Cheng
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zack Z Wang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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43
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MERIT40 deficiency expands hematopoietic stem cell pools by regulating thrombopoietin receptor signaling. Blood 2015; 125:1730-8. [PMID: 25636339 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-07-588145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and multilineage reconstitution are controlled by positive and negative signaling cues with perturbations leading to disease. Lnk is an essential signaling adaptor protein that dampens signaling by the cytokine thrombopoietin (Tpo) to limit HSC expansion. Here, we show that MERIT40 (Mediator of RAP80 Interactions and Targeting 40 kDa [M40]), a core subunit of an Lnk-associated Lys63 deubiquitinating (DUB) complex, attenuates HSC expansion. M40 deficiency increases the size of phenotypic and functional HSC pools. M40(-/-) HSCs are more resistant to cytoablative stress, and exhibit superior repopulating ability and self-renewal upon serial transplantation. M40(-/-) HSCs display increased quiescence and decelerated cell cycle kinetics accompanied by downregulation of gene sets associated with cell division. Mechanistically, M40 deficiency triggers hypersensitivity to Tpo stimulation and the stem cell phenotypes are abrogated on a background null for the Tpo receptor Mpl. These results establish M40-containing DUB complexes as novel HSC regulators of HSC expansion, implicate Lys63 ubiquitination in HSC signaling, and point to DUB-specific inhibitors as reagents to expand stem cell populations.
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44
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Tronik-Le Roux D, Nicola MA, Vaigot P, Nurden P. Single thrombopoietin dose alleviates hematopoietic stem cells intrinsic short- and long-term ionizing radiation damage. In vivo identification of anatomical cell expansion sites. Radiat Res 2015; 183:52-63. [PMID: 25564715 DOI: 10.1667/rr13742.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are essential for maintaining the integrity of complex and long-lived organisms. HSC, which are self-renewing, reconstitute the hematopoietic system through out life and facilitate long-term repopulation of myeloablated recipients. We have previously demonstrated that when mice are exposed to sublethal doses of ionizing radiation, subsets of the stem/progenitor compartment are affected. In this study we examine the role of thrombopoietin (TPO) on the regenerative capacities of HSC after irradiation and report the first demonstration of efficacy of a single injection of TPO shortly after in vivo exposure to ionizing radiation for reducing HSC injury and improving their functional outcome. Our results demonstrate that TPO treatment not only reduced the number of apoptotic cells but also induced a significant modification of their intrinsic characteristics. These findings were supported by transplantation assays with long-term HSC that were irradiated or unirradiated, TPO treated or untreated, in CD45.1/CD45.2 systems and by using luciferase-labeled HSC for direct bioluminescence imaging in living animals. Of particular importance, our data demonstrate the skull to be a highly favorable site for the TPO-induced emergence of hematopoietic cells after irradiation, suggesting a TPO-mediated relationship of primitive hematopoietic cells to an anatomical component. Together, the data presented here: provide novel findings about aspects of TPO action on stem cells, open new areas of investigation for therapeutic options in patients who are treated with radiation therapy, and show that early administration of a clinically suitable TPO-agonist counteracts the previously observed adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Tronik-Le Roux
- a CEA, SRHI, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (iMETI), 75010 Paris, France
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45
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Lee EJ, Be CL, Vinson AR, Riches AG, Fehr F, Gardiner J, Gengenbach TR, Winkler DA, Haylock D. Immobilisation of a thrombopoietin peptidic mimic by self-assembled monolayers for culture of CD34+ cells. Biomaterials 2015; 37:82-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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46
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Abstract
Obesity markedly increases susceptibility to a range of diseases and simultaneously undermines the viability and fate selection of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and thus the kinetics of leukocyte production that is critical to innate and adaptive immunity. Considering that blood cell production and the differentiation of HSCs and their progeny is orchestrated, in part, by complex interacting signals emanating from the bone marrow microenvironment, it is not surprising that conditions that disturb bone marrow structure inevitably disrupt both the numbers and lineage-fates of these key blood cell progenitors. In addition to the increased adipose burden in visceral and subcutaneous compartments, obesity causes a marked increase in the size and number of adipocytes encroaching into the bone marrow space, almost certainly disturbing HSC interactions with neighbouring cells, which include osteoblasts, osteoclasts, mesenchymal cells and endothelial cells. As the global obesity pandemic grows, the short-term and long-term consequences of increased bone marrow adiposity on HSC lineage selection and immune function remain uncertain. This Review discusses the differentiation and function of haematopoietic cell populations, the principal physicochemical components of the bone marrow niche, and how this environment influences HSCs and haematopoiesis in general. The effect of adipocytes and adiposity on HSC and progenitor cell populations is also discussed, with the goal of understanding how obesity might compromise the core haematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Adler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Bioengineering Building, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA
| | - Kenneth Kaushansky
- Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8430, USA
| | - Clinton T Rubin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Bioengineering Building, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA
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47
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Abstract
The treatment of aplastic anemia is currently with immunosuppressive therapy (IST) with anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporine, to which two thirds of patients respond. However, a significant proportion of these responders relapse and many have persistent cytopenias. The management of these patients is challenging. Modifications to this standard approach using alternative immunosuppressive agents or adding hematopoietic cytokines such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and erythropoietin (EPO) have not improved outcome. A recent trial has shown that eltrombopag, a thrombopoeitin mimetic, is efficacious in the treatment of patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) refractory to IST. There is evidence that this drug works by directly stimulating marrow stem and progenitor cells thereby promoting hematopoietic recovery in patients with bone marrow failure. Several trials are ongoing in our institution using this very promising drug in combination therapy in the upfront treatment of SAA, in IST-refractory SAA and in moderate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Desmond
- Department of Haematology, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Bethesda, MD.
| | - Danielle M Townsley
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Bethesda, MD
| | - Cynthia Dunbar
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Bethesda, MD
| | - Neal S Young
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Bethesda, MD
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48
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Abstract
The production of platelets is a complex process that involves hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), their differentiated progeny, the marrow microenvironment and hematopoietic cytokines. Much has been learned in the 110 years since James Homer Wright postulated that marrow megakaryocytes were responsible for blood platelet production, at a time when platelets were termed the "dust of the blood". In the 1980s a number of in vitro culture systems were developed that could produce megakaryocytes, followed by the identification of several cytokines that could stimulate the process in vitro. However, none of these cytokines produced a substantial thrombocytosis when injected into animals or people, nor were blood levels inversely related to platelet count, the sine qua non of a physiological regulator. A major milestone in our understanding of thrombopoiesis occurred in 1994 when thrombopoietin, the primary regulator of platelet production was cloned and initially characterized. Since that time many of the molecular mechanisms of thrombopoiesis have been identified, including the effects of thrombopoietin on the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, the development of polyploidy and proplatelet formation, the final fragmentation of megakaryocyte cytoplasm to yield blood platelets, and the regulation of this process. While much progress has been made, several outstanding questions remain, such as the nature of the signals for final platelet formation, the molecular nature of the regulation of marrow stromal thrombopoietin production, and the role of these physiological processes in malignant hematopoiesis.
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49
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The thrombopoietin receptor, MPL, is critical for development of a JAK2V617F-induced myeloproliferative neoplasm. Blood 2014; 124:3956-63. [PMID: 25339357 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-07-587238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The most frequent contributing factor in Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) is the acquisition of a V617F mutation in Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Recent evidence has demonstrated that to drive MPN transformation, JAK2V617F needs to directly associate with a functional homodimeric type I cytokine receptor, suggesting that, although acquiring JAK2V617F may promote disease, there are additional cellular components necessary for MPN development. Here we show that loss of the thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor (MPL) significantly ameliorates MPN development in JAK2V617F(+) transgenic mice, whereas loss of TPO only mildly affects the disease phenotype. Specifically, compared with JAK2V617F(+) mice, JAK2V617F(+)Mpl(-/-) mice exhibited reduced thrombocythemia, neutrophilia, splenomegaly, and neoplastic stem cell pool. The importance of MPL is highlighted as JAK2V617FMpl(+/-) mice displayed a significantly reduced MPN phenotype, indicating that Mpl level may have a substantial effect on MPN development and severity. Splenomegaly and the increased neoplastic stem cell pool were retained in JAK2V617F(+)Tpo(-/-) mice, although thrombocytosis was reduced compared with JAK2V617F(+) mice. These results demonstrate that Mpl expression, but not Tpo, is fundamental in the development of JAK2V617F(+) MPNs, highlighting an entirely novel target for therapeutic intervention.
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50
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Elevated TIM3+ hematopoietic stem cells in untreated myelodysplastic syndrome displayed aberrant differentiation, overproliferation and decreased apoptosis. Leuk Res 2014; 38:714-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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