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Kemper M, Kluge A, Ney M, Beleites T, Zeidler-Rentzsch I, Keil C, Zahnert T, Neudert M. Visualization of bone formation in sheep's middle ear by using fluorochrome sequential labelling (FSL). Sci Rep 2024; 14:7046. [PMID: 38528064 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57630-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
One factor for the lacking integration of the middle ear stapes footplate prosthesis or the missing healing of stapes footplate fractures could be the known osteogenic inactivity. In contrast, it was recently demonstrated that titanium prostheses with an applied collagen matrix and immobilised growth factors stimulate osteoblastic activation and differentiation on the stapes footplate. Regarding those findings, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of bone regeneration including bone remodeling in the middle ear. Ten one-year-old female merino sheep underwent a middle ear surgery without implantation of middle ear prostheses or any other component for activating bone formation. Post-operatively, four fluorochromes (tetracycline, alizarin complexion, calcein green and xylenol orange) were administered by subcutaneous injection at different time points after surgery (1 day: tetracycline, 7 days: alizarin, 14 days: calcein, 28 days: xylenol). After 12 weeks, the temporal bones including the lateral skull base were extracted and histologically analyzed. Fluorescence microscopy analysis of the entire stapes with the oval niche, but in particular stapes footplate and the Crura stapedis revealed evidence of new bone formation. Calcein was detected in all and xylenol in 60% of the animals. In contrast, tetracycline and alizarin could only be verified in two animals. The authors were able to demonstrate the osseoregenerative potential of the middle ear, in particular of the stapes footplate, using fluorescence sequence labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Kemper
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine (and University Hospital) Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Anne Kluge
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine (and University Hospital) Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Ney
- Department of Audiology and Phoniatrics, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Beleites
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine (and University Hospital) Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ines Zeidler-Rentzsch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine (and University Hospital) Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christiane Keil
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine (and University Hospital) Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Zahnert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine (and University Hospital) Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcus Neudert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine (and University Hospital) Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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Flohr S, Kierdorf U, Kierdorf H, Mudry A. Is the promontory a promising site to diagnose otitis media in paleopathology? A search for evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2023; 43:106-111. [PMID: 37918134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The promontory of the middle ear was recently suggested to be an appropriate site for diagnosing otitis media (OM) in archaeological bones by endoscopic inspection. The present study scrutinized the underlying assumption that a bulgy, irregular promontorial surface represents a pathological condition. MATERIALS We compared an allegedly healthy individual and an allegedly diseased individual in skeletal remains of two human individuals from the early Medieval period in Germany. METHODS The specimens were studied using microscopic analyses of thin ground sections. RESULTS The osseous architecture of the three-layered promontorial wall was the same in both specimens. Both the contour of the resorption front of the middle layer and the thickness of the overlying outer periosteal layer showed some variation, resulting in an either smooth or a bulgy promontorial surface, while signs of resorptive or proliferative changes at the periosteal surface were missing in both cases. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that an irregular promontorial surface represents normal variation in the development of the otic capsule rather than a pathological condition. We therefore conclude that the promontory is not an appropriate site for diagnosing OM in archaeological bone. SIGNIFICANCE The study contributes to evidence-based diagnoses in paleo-otological studies. Our assumption is in line with clinical and experimental findings indicating that the otic capsule is protected against bone remodeling. LIMITATIONS Only two specimens were studied. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH SEM-studies to detect more subtle changes to the promontorial surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Flohr
- University of Hildesheim, Department of Biology, Universitätsplatz 1, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany.
| | - Uwe Kierdorf
- University of Hildesheim, Department of Biology, Universitätsplatz 1, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Horst Kierdorf
- University of Hildesheim, Department of Biology, Universitätsplatz 1, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Albert Mudry
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5739, USA
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Ibrahim J, Rechav K, Boaretto E, Weiner S. Three dimensional structures of the inner and outer pig petrous bone using FIB-SEM: Implications for development and ancient DNA preservation. J Struct Biol 2023; 215:107998. [PMID: 37422275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2023.107998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on the 3D ultrastructure of the mineralized petrous bone of mature pig using focused ion beam - scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). We divide the petrous bone into two zones based on the degree of mineralization; one zone close to the otic chamber has higher mineral density than the second zone further away from the otic chamber. The hypermineralization of the petrous bone results in the collagen D-banding being poorly revealed in the lower mineral density zone (LMD), and absent in the high mineral density zone (HMD). We therefore could not use D-banding to decipher the 3D structure of the collagen assembly. Instead we exploited the anisotropy option in the Dragonfly image processing software to visualize the less mineralized collagen fibrils and/or nanopores that surround the more mineralized zones known as tesselles. This approach therefore indirectly tracks the orientations of the collagen fibrils in the matrix itself. We show that the HMD bone has a structure similar to that of woven bone, and the LMD is composed of lamellar bone with a plywood-like structural motif. This agrees with the fact that the bone close to the otic chamber is fetal bone and is not remodeled. The lamellar structure of the bone further away from the otic chamber is consistent with modeling/remodeling. The absence of the less mineralized collagen fibrils and nanopores resulting from the confluence of the mineral tesselles may contribute to shielding DNA during diagenesis. We show that anisotropy evaluation of the less mineralized collagen fibrils could be a useful tool to analyze bone ultrastructures and in particular the directionality of collagen fibril bundles that make up the bone matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Ibrahim
- Scientific Archaeology Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Katya Rechav
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Elisabetta Boaretto
- Scientific Archaeology Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Steve Weiner
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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Rämö JT, Kiiskinen T, Seist R, Krebs K, Kanai M, Karjalainen J, Kurki M, Hämäläinen E, Häppölä P, Havulinna AS, Hautakangas H, Mägi R, Palta P, Esko T, Metspalu A, Pirinen M, Karczewski KJ, Ripatti S, Milani L, Stankovic KM, Mäkitie A, Daly MJ, Palotie A. Genome-wide screen of otosclerosis in population biobanks: 27 loci and shared associations with skeletal structure. Nat Commun 2023; 14:157. [PMID: 36653343 PMCID: PMC9849444 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32936-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Otosclerosis is one of the most common causes of conductive hearing loss, affecting 0.3% of the population. It typically presents in adulthood and half of the patients have a positive family history. The pathophysiology of otosclerosis is poorly understood. A previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified a single association locus in an intronic region of RELN. Here, we report a meta-analysis of GWAS studies of otosclerosis in three population-based biobanks comprising 3504 cases and 861,198 controls. We identify 23 novel risk loci (p < 5 × 10-8) and report an association in RELN and three previously reported candidate gene or linkage regions (TGFB1, MEPE, and OTSC7). We demonstrate developmental stage-dependent immunostaining patterns of MEPE and RUNX2 in mouse otic capsules. In most association loci, the nearest protein-coding genes are implicated in bone remodelling, mineralization or severe skeletal disorders. We highlight multiple genes involved in transforming growth factor beta signalling for follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Rämö
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomo Kiiskinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard Seist
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kristi Krebs
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Masahiro Kanai
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mitja Kurki
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eija Hämäläinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paavo Häppölä
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Hautakangas
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Palta
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Matti Pirinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Konrad J Karczewski
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Public Health, Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Konstantina M Stankovic
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Antti Mäkitie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark J Daly
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Kootker LM, Laffoon JE. Assessing the preservation of biogenic strontium isotope ratios ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) in the pars petrosa ossis temporalis of unburnt human skeletal remains: A case study from Saba. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9277. [PMID: 35189670 PMCID: PMC9287042 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Strontium isotope (87 Sr/86 Sr) analysis of skeletal remains has become a powerful tool in archaeological studies of human migration and mobility. Owing to its resistance to post-mortem alteration, dental enamel is the preferred sampling material used for 87 Sr/86 Sr analysis in bioarchaeological provenance research, although recent studies have demonstrated that cremated bone is also generally resistant to diagenesis. This paper presents the results of a pilot study exploring the potential of unburnt petrous bone (pars petrosa) as a reservoir of biogenic (diagenetically unaltered) strontium, as the otic capsule or bony labyrinth within the petrous bone is extremely dense and is thought to be unable to remodel after early childhood, potentially providing an alternative for dental enamel. METHODS From an individual from a colonial-era (18th century) site on the island of Saba in the Caribbean for whom previous enamel 87 Sr/86 Sr results had indicated non-local origins, multiple locations (n = 4) on the petrous were sampled and measured for strontium isotope composition. Saba (13 km2 ) has been extensively mapped for baseline strontium isotopes (n = 50) with 87 Sr/86 Sr varying from ca 0.7065 to 0.7090, whereas enamel 87 Sr/86 Sr (n = 3) ranged from 0.7104 to 0.7112. RESULTS All four petrous 87 Sr/86 Sr ratios (0.7111-0.7122) are consistently and considerably higher than the local bioavailable range, and very similar to the enamel 87 Sr/86 Sr. These results provide initial evidence that unburnt petrous bones may preserve biogenic strontium, at least in this specific burial context. CONCLUSIONS While more research in diverse burial conditions is needed to validate this observation, if confirmed, it would have broader implications for sample selection strategies in bioarchaeological studies using the strontium isotope method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette M. Kootker
- Geology & Geochemistry ClusterVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- CLUE+Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Jason E. Laffoon
- Geology & Geochemistry ClusterVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Faculty of ArchaeologyLeiden UniversityLeidenthe Netherlands
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Bouzid A, Chelly A, Tekari A, Singh N, Hansdah K, Achour I, Ben Ayed I, Jbeli F, Charfeddine I, Ramchander PV, Hamoudi R, Masmoudi S. Genetic Association of rs1021188 and DNA Methylation Signatures of TNFSF11 in the Risk of Conductive Hearing Loss. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:870244. [PMID: 35510247 PMCID: PMC9058115 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.870244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Otosclerosis (OTSC) is a complex bone disorder of the otic capsule, which causes conductive hearing impairment in human adults. The dysregulation of the signaling axis mediated by the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa-B (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin has been widely attributed to the context of metabolic bone disorders. While genetic associations and epigenetic alterations in the TNFSF11 gene (RANKL) have been well-linked to metabolic bone diseases of the skeleton, particularly osteoporosis, they have never been addressed in OTSC. This study aimed to assess whether the genetic association of rs1021188 polymorphism in the upstream of TNFSF11 and the DNA methylation changes in its promoter CpG-region reveal the susceptibility of OTSC. Peripheral blood DNA samples were collected from unrelated Tunisian-North African subjects for genotyping (109 cases and 120 controls) and for DNA methylation analysis (40 cases and 40 controls). The gender-stratified analysis showed that the TNFSF11 rs1021188 C/T was associated with OTSC in men (p = 0.023), but not in women (p = 0.458). Individuals with CC genotype were more susceptible to OTSC, suggesting an increased risk to disease development. Using publicly available data, the rs1021188 was within a cluster grouping the subpopulations with African ethnicity. Moreover, 26 loci in the TNFSF11 gene were in linkage disequilibrium with rs1021188, revealing relative similarities between different populations. Significant differences in both DNA methylation and unmethylation status were detected with 4.53- and 4.83-fold decreases in the global DNA methylation levels in female and male OTSC groups, respectively. These changes could contribute to an increased risk of OTSC development. Bioinformatic analyses indicated that each of the rs1021188 variations and the DNA methylation changes in the promoter CpG-sites within TNFSF11 may play an important role in its transcription regulation. To our knowledge, this is the first study that investigates an independent effect of the rs1021188 polymorphism and DNA hypomethylation of TNFSF11 promoter in OTSC. Genetic and epigenetic changes in the regulatory regions of TNFSF11 could offer new molecular insights into the understanding of the complexity of OTSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Bouzid
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- *Correspondence: Amal Bouzid
| | - Ameni Chelly
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Adel Tekari
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Neha Singh
- Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Kirtal Hansdah
- Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Imen Achour
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ikhlas Ben Ayed
- Medical Genetic Department, University Hedi Chaker Hospital of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fida Jbeli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ilhem Charfeddine
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saber Masmoudi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Cárdenas-Serna M, Jeffery N. Human semicircular canal form: Ontogenetic changes and variation of shape and size. J Anat 2022; 240:541-555. [PMID: 34674260 PMCID: PMC8819049 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The semicircular canals (SCCs) transduce angular acceleration of the head into neuronal signals, and their morphology has been used to infer function. Once formed, the bony labyrinth, that surrounds the canals, is tightly regulated and has a very low bone turnover. However, relaxed postnatal inhibition of bone remodelling later in ontogeny may allow for some organised adjustments of shape and size or for greater stochastic variation. In the present study, we test the hypotheses that after birth, the shape and size of the bony canal changes or becomes more variable, or both. We study microCT scans of human perinatal and adult temporal bones using a combination of geometric morphometric analysis and cross-sectional measures. Results revealed marginal differences of size (<5%), of cross-sectional shape and of measurement variability. Geometry of the three canals together and their cross-sectional areas were, however, indistinguishable between perinates and adults. These mixed findings are indicative of diminutive levels of relaxed inhibition superimposed over a constrained template of SCC morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Cárdenas-Serna
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nathan Jeffery
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Examining the use of different sample types following decomposition to estimate year of death using bomb pulse dating. J Forensic Leg Med 2021; 85:102275. [PMID: 34794085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
When human remains are discovered, confirming the identification of the decedent is the first part of the forensic medical investigation. In cases where the remains are skeletonised or badly decomposed, differential preservation often increases the difficulty of this task. Bomb pulse dating, which directly compares levels of 14 C within human tissues to atmospheric levels, can provide an estimate of the year of death, which may assist in the identification process. This study measured the 14 C content in samples of hair, nail and puparia collected from donors at the Australian Facility for Taphonomic Experimental Research (AFTER). The radiocarbon results demonstrated that the nail samples provided the most accurate year of death estimation, with 91% correctly predicting YOD, closely followed by hair, with a 79% correct prediction rate, with both hair and nails having a lag time of 0-1 years. This is consistent with the time taken for atmospheric CO 2 to enter the food chain, and be taken in by humans. Puparia was found to have the highest levels of 14 C, and was the least consistent with the actual YOD (46% correct). However, predicted YOD ranges were still within 4 years of the actual YOD. Based on the results of this study, hair, nail and puparia should be considered as useful samples to obtain accurate estimates for YOD using bomb pulse dating.
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A pathogenic deletion in Forkhead Box L1 (FOXL1) identifies the first otosclerosis (OTSC) gene. Hum Genet 2021; 141:965-979. [PMID: 34633540 PMCID: PMC9034980 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Otosclerosis is a bone disorder of the otic capsule and common form of late-onset hearing impairment. Considered a complex disease, little is known about its pathogenesis. Over the past 20 years, ten autosomal dominant loci (OTSC1-10) have been mapped but no genes identified. Herein, we map a new OTSC locus to a 9.96 Mb region within the FOX gene cluster on 16q24.1 and identify a 15 bp coding deletion in Forkhead Box L1 co-segregating with otosclerosis in a Caucasian family. Pre-operative phenotype ranges from moderate to severe hearing loss to profound sensorineural loss requiring a cochlear implant. Mutant FOXL1 is both transcribed and translated and correctly locates to the cell nucleus. However, the deletion of 5 residues in the C-terminus of mutant FOXL1 causes a complete loss of transcriptional activity due to loss of secondary (alpha helix) structure. FOXL1 (rs764026385) was identified in a second unrelated case on a shared background. We conclude that FOXL1 (rs764026385) is pathogenic and causes autosomal dominant otosclerosis and propose a key inhibitory role for wildtype Foxl1 in bone remodelling in the otic capsule. New insights into the molecular pathology of otosclerosis from this study provide molecular targets for non-invasive therapeutic interventions.
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10
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Leskovar T, Zupanič Pajnič I, Jerman I. Dealing with minor differences in bone matrix: can spectra follow the DNA preservation? AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2021.1948102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Leskovar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Zupanič Pajnič
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivan Jerman
- Department for Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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De Paolis A, Miller BJ, Doube M, Bodey AJ, Rau C, Richter CP, Cardoso L, Carriero A. Increased cochlear otic capsule thickness and intracortical canal porosity in the oim mouse model of osteogenesis imperfecta. J Struct Biol 2021; 213:107708. [PMID: 33581284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI or brittle bone disease) is a group of genetic disorders of the connective tissues caused mainly by mutations in the genes encoding collagen type I. Clinical manifestations of OI include skeletal fragility, bone deformities, and severe functional disabilities, such as hearing loss. Progressive hearing loss, usually beginning in childhood, affects approximately 70% of people with OI with more than half of the cases involving the inner ear. There is no cure for OI nor a treatment to ameliorate its corresponding hearing loss, and very little is known about the properties of OI ears. In this study, we investigate the morphology of the otic capsule and the cochlea in the inner ear of the oim mouse model of OI. High-resolution 3D images of 8-week old oim and WT inner ears were acquired using synchrotron microtomography. Volumetric morphometric measurements were conducted for the otic capsule, its intracortical canal network and osteocyte lacunae, and for the cochlear spiral ducts. Our results show that the morphology of the cochlea is preserved in the oim ears at 8 weeks of age but the otic capsule has a greater cortical thickness and altered intracortical bone porosity, with a larger number and volume density of highly branched canals in the oim otic capsule. These results portray a state of compromised bone quality in the otic capsule of the oim mice that may contribute to their hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa De Paolis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Michael Doube
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, HK
| | - Andrew John Bodey
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Christoph Rau
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK; Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Claus-Peter Richter
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; The Hugh Knowles Center, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Luis Cardoso
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alessandra Carriero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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Reiter SS, Møller NA, Nielsen BH, Bech JH, Olsen ALH, Jørkov MLS, Kaul F, Mannering U, Frei KM. Into the fire: Investigating the introduction of cremation to Nordic Bronze Age Denmark: A comparative study between different regions applying strontium isotope analyses and archaeological methods. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249476. [PMID: 33979332 PMCID: PMC8115792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in funerary practices are key to the understanding of social transformations of past societies. Over the course of the Nordic Bronze Age, funerary practices changed from inhumation to cremation. The aim of this study is to shed light on this fundamental change through a cross-examination of archaeometric provenance data and archaeological discussions of the context and layouts of early cremation graves. To this end, we conducted 19 new provenance analyses of strontium isotopes from Early Nordic Bronze age contexts in Thisted County and Zealand and Late Bronze Age contexts from Thisted County and Vesthimmerland (Denmark). These data are subsequently compared with data from other extant relevant studies, including those from Late Bronze Age Fraugde on the Danish island of Fyn. Overall, the variations within our provenience data suggest that the integration and establishment of cremation may not have had a one-to-one relationship with in-migration to Nordic Bronze Age Denmark. Moreover, there seems to be no single blanket scenario which dictated the uptake of cremation as a practice within this part of Southern Scandinavia. By addressing habitus in relation to the deposition of cremations as juxtaposed with these provenance data¸ we hypothesize several potential pathways for the uptake of cremation as a new cultural practice within the Danish Nordic Bronze Age and suggest that this may have been a highly individual process, whose tempo may have been dictated by the specificities of the region(s) concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S. Reiter
- Department of Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, The National Museum of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (Brede), Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Flemming Kaul
- Department of Ancient Cultures of Denmark and the Mediterranean, The National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Mannering
- Department of Ancient Cultures of Denmark and the Mediterranean, The National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin M. Frei
- Department of Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, The National Museum of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (Brede), Denmark
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Veselka B, Locher H, de Groot JCMJ, Davies GR, Snoeck C, Kootker LM. Strontium isotope ratios related to childhood mobility: Revisiting sampling strategies of the calcined human pars petrosa ossis temporalis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9038. [PMID: 33370492 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Strontium isotope analysis can be applied to the calcined human otic capsule in the petrous part (pars petrosa ossis temporalis; PP) to gain information on childhood mobility in archaeological and forensic contexts. However, only a thin layer of the otic capsule, the inner cortex, demonstrates virtually no remodelling. This paper proposes an improved sampling method for the accurate sampling of the inner cortex of the otic capsule to ensure that 87 Sr/86 Sr ratios related to early childhood are obtained. METHODS Calcined rib and diaphyseal fragments and PP from ten cremation deposits are sampled for strontium isotope analysis, whereby our improved sampling strategy is applied to sample the inner cortex of the otic capsule. This allows inter- and intraskeletal 87 Sr/86 Sr comparison within an Iron Age collection from Oss, The Netherlands. RESULTS Forty percent (4/10) of the calcined PP that were evaluated for this study show marked differences in 87 Sr/86 Sr (0.00035-0.00065) between the inner cortex and the bone sample surrounding this layer, the external cortex that has higher remodelling rates. Differences in 87 Sr/86 Sr between various skeletal elements also aided in the identification of the minimum number of individuals. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the problematic nature of the external cortex and stresses the need for a precise sampling method of the correct areas of the otic capsule. This can only be obtained by cutting the calcined PP midmodiolarly to enable adequate combustion degree assessment, and the correct identification and sampling of the inner cortex of the otic capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Veselka
- Maritime Cultures Research Institute, Department of Arts, Sciences, and Archaeology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Heiko Locher
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - John C M J de Groot
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Gareth R Davies
- Geology and Geochemistry Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Co van Ledden Hulsebosch Center (CLHC), The Netherlands
| | - Christophe Snoeck
- Maritime Cultures Research Institute, Department of Arts, Sciences, and Archaeology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
- G-time Laboratory, Department of Geoscience, Environment, and Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Lisette M Kootker
- Geology and Geochemistry Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Co van Ledden Hulsebosch Center (CLHC), The Netherlands
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Ward DL, Schroeder L, Pomeroy E, Roy JE, Buck LT, Stock JT, Martin-Gronert M, Ozanne SE, Silcox MT, Viola TB. Early life malnutrition and fluctuating asymmetry in the rat bony labyrinth. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:2645-2660. [PMID: 33586866 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Maternal malnutrition during gestation and lactation is known to have adverse effects on offspring. We evaluate the impact of maternal diet on offspring bony labyrinth morphology. The bony labyrinth develops early and is thought to be stable to protect vital sensory organs within. For these reasons, bony labyrinth morphology has been used extensively to assess locomotion, hearing function, and phylogeny in primates and numerous other taxa. While variation related to these parameters has been documented, there is still a component of intraspecific variation that is unexplained. Although the labyrinthine developmental window is small, it may provide the opportunity for developmental instability to produce corresponding shape differences, as measured by fluctuating asymmetry (FA). We hypothesized that (a) offspring with poor maternal diet would exhibit increased FA, but (b) no unilateral shape difference. To test these hypotheses, we used two groups of rats (Rattus norvegicus; Crl:WI[Han] strain), one control group and one group exposed to a isocaloric, protein-restricted maternal diet during gestation and suckling. Individuals were sampled at weaning, sexual maturity, and old age. A Procrustes analysis of variance identified statistically significant FA in all diet-age subgroups. No differences in level of FA were identified among the subgroups, rejecting our first hypothesis. A principal components analysis identified no unilateral shape differences, supporting our second hypothesis. These results indicate that bony labyrinth morphology is remarkably stable and likely protected from a poor maternal diet during development. In light of this result, other factors must be explored to explain intraspecific variation in labyrinthine shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin L Ward
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Schroeder
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma Pomeroy
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jocelyn E Roy
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura T Buck
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jay T Stock
- Department of Anthropology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Martin-Gronert
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mary T Silcox
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - T Bence Viola
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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Cao C, Oswald AB, Fabella BA, Ren Y, Rodriguiz R, Trainor G, Greenblatt MB, Hilton MJ, Pitt GS. The Ca V1.2 L-type calcium channel regulates bone homeostasis in the middle and inner ear. Bone 2019; 125:160-168. [PMID: 31121355 PMCID: PMC6615562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone remodeling of the auditory ossicles and the otic capsule is highly restricted and tightly controlled by the osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL)/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β (RANK) system. In these bony structures, a pathological decrease in OPG expression stimulates osteoclast differentiation and excessive resorption followed by accrual of sclerotic bone, ultimately resulting in the development of otosclerosis, a leading cause of deafness in adults. Understanding the signaling pathways involved in maintaining OPG expression in the ear would shed light on the pathophysiology of otosclerosis and other ear bone-related diseases. We and others previously demonstrated that Ca2+ signaling through the L-type CaV1.2 Ca2+ channel positively regulates OPG expression and secretion in long bone osteoblasts and their precursor cells in vitro and in vivo. Whether CaV1.2 regulates OPG expression in ear bones has not been investigated. We drove expression of a gain-of-function CaV1.2 mutant channel (CaV1.2TS) using Col2a1-Cre, which we found to target osteochondral/osteoblast progenitors in the auditory ossicles and the otic capsule. Col2a1-Cre;CaV1.2TS mice displayed osteopetrosis of these bones shown by μCT 3D reconstruction, histological analysis, and lack of bone sculpting, findings similar to phenotypes seen in mice with an osteoclast defect. Consistent with those observations, we found that Col2a1-Cre;CaV1.2TS mutant mice showed reduced osteoclasts in the otic capsule, upregulated mRNA expression of Opg and Opg/Rankl ratio, and increased mRNA expression of osteoblast differentiation marker genes in the otic capsule, suggesting both an anti-catabolic and anabolic effect of CaV1.2TS mutant channel contributed to the observed morphological changes of the ear bones. Further, we found that Col2a1-Cre;CaV1.2TS mice experienced hearing loss and displayed defects of body balance in behavior tests, confirming that the CaV1.2-dependent Ca2+ influx affects bone structure in the ear and consequent hearing and vestibular functions. Together, these data support our hypothesis that Ca2+ influx through CaV1.2TS promotes OPG expression from osteoblasts, thereby affecting bone modeling/remodeling in the auditory ossicles and the otic capsule. These data provide insight into potential pathological mechanisms underlying perturbed OPG expression and otosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chike Cao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 413 East 69th St., New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Aaron B Oswald
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brian A Fabella
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yinshi Ren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, 450 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 450 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ramona Rodriguiz
- Mouse Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Analysis Core Facility, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - George Trainor
- Harrington Discovery Institute, Innovation Support Center, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Matthew B Greenblatt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA; Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Matthew J Hilton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, 450 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 450 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Pitt
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 413 East 69th St., New York, NY 10021, USA
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Bilateral Cochlear Otosclerosis; Clinic and Radiologic Findings. ANADOLU KLINIĞI TIP BILIMLERI DERGISI 2019. [DOI: 10.21673/anadoluklin.453418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Whyte J, Tejedor MT, Monteagudo LV, Whyte A, Cisneros AI, Crovetto R, Fraile JJ, Crovetto MA. Influence of Sex and Age on Posterior Semicircular Canal Thickness. Audiol Neurootol 2017; 22:56-59. [PMID: 28668955 DOI: 10.1159/000477557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to determine whether sex and age influence posterior semicircular canal (PSC) thickness. METHODS This observational study was conducted in 3 tertiary hospitals. The minimal distance between the PSC and the posterior cranial fossa (PSC thickness) was estimated by thin-section multidetector row computed axial tomography (CAT) scan of the temporal bones. Nonselected consecutive patients of all ages (607 temporal bones) were considered. RESULTS A significant effect was only detected for sex (F = 5.418, p = 0.020); PSC thickness showed a higher mean value in women (mean difference ± SE: 0.224 ± 0.096 mm). A significant and negative r value was detected for males aged >45 years (-0.173, p = 0.026); in that group of patients, PSC thickness decreased as age increased (0.018 ± 0.008 mm/year). For females aged ≤45 years, a significant and positive r value was found (0.198, p = 0.022); in that group, PSC thickness increased as age increased (0.020 ± 0.008 mm/year). CONCLUSIONS PSC thickness did not significantly evolve with age in young males (≤45 years) but it decreased from age 45 years onwards. On the other hand, PCS thickness increased with age in women until the age of 45 years and it did not significantly change in older females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Whyte
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, School of Medicine, Zaragoza, Spain
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19
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A minimally-invasive method for sampling human petrous bones from the cranial base for ancient DNA analysis. Biotechniques 2017. [PMID: 28625158 DOI: 10.2144/000114558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancient DNA (aDNA) research involves invasive and destructive sampling procedures that are often incompatible with anthropological, anatomical, and bioarcheological analyses requiring intact skeletal remains. The osseous labyrinth inside the petrous bone has been shown to yield higher amounts of endogenous DNA than any other skeletal element; however, accessing this labyrinth in cases of a complete or reconstructed skull involves causing major structural damage to the cranial vault or base. Here, we describe a novel cranial base drilling method (CBDM) for accessing the osseous labyrinth from the cranial base that prevents damaging the surrounding cranial features, making it highly complementary to morphological analyses. We assessed this method by comparing the aDNA results from one petrous bone processed using our novel method to its pair, which was processed using established protocols for sampling disarticulated petrous bones. We show a decrease in endogenous DNA and molecular copy numbers when the drilling method is used; however, we also show that this method produces more endogenous DNA and higher copy numbers than any postcranial bone. Our results demonstrate that this minimally-invasive method reduces the loss of genetic data associated with the use of other skeletal elements and enables the combined craniometric and genetic study of individuals with archeological, cultural, and evolutionary value.
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Jáuregui EJ, Akil O, Acevedo C, Hall-Glenn F, Tsai BS, Bale HA, Liebenberg E, Humphrey MB, Ritchie RO, Lustig LR, Alliston T. Parallel mechanisms suppress cochlear bone remodeling to protect hearing. Bone 2016; 89:7-15. [PMID: 27085457 PMCID: PMC4916019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone remodeling, a combination of bone resorption and formation, requires precise regulation of cellular and molecular signaling to maintain proper bone quality. Whereas osteoblasts deposit and osteoclasts resorb bone matrix, osteocytes both dynamically resorb and replace perilacunar bone matrix. Osteocytes secrete proteases like matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP13) to maintain the material quality of bone matrix through perilacunar remodeling (PLR). Deregulated bone remodeling impairs bone quality and can compromise hearing since the auditory transduction mechanism is within bone. Understanding the mechanisms regulating cochlear bone provides unique ways to assess bone quality independent of other aspects that contribute to bone mechanical behavior. Cochlear bone is singular in its regulation of remodeling by expressing high levels of osteoprotegerin. Since cochlear bone expresses a key PLR enzyme, MMP13, we examined whether cochlear bone relies on, or is protected from, osteocyte-mediated PLR to maintain hearing and bone quality using a mouse model lacking MMP13 (MMP13(-/-)). We investigated the canalicular network, collagen organization, lacunar volume via micro-computed tomography, and dynamic histomorphometry. Despite finding defects in these hallmarks of PLR in MMP13(-/-) long bones, cochlear bone revealed no differences in these markers, nor hearing loss as measured by auditory brainstem response (ABR) or distortion product oto-acoustic emissions (DPOAEs), between wild type and MMP13(-/-) mice. Dynamic histomorphometry revealed abundant PLR by tibial osteocytes, but near absence in cochlear bone. Cochlear suppression of PLR corresponds to repression of several key PLR genes in the cochlea relative to long bones. These data suggest that cochlear bone uniquely maintains bone quality and hearing independent of MMP13-mediated osteocytic PLR. Furthermore, the cochlea employs parallel mechanisms to inhibit remodeling by osteoclasts and osteoblasts, and by osteocytes, to protect hearing. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that confer site-specific control of bone remodeling has the potential to elucidate new pathways that are deregulated in skeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel J Jáuregui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Omar Akil
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Claire Acevedo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Faith Hall-Glenn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Betty S Tsai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, United States
| | - Hrishikesh A Bale
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ellen Liebenberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Mary Beth Humphrey
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, United States
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Lawrence R Lustig
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Tamara Alliston
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
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Bloch SL, Sørensen MS. The role of connectivity and stochastic osteocyte behavior in the distribution of perilabyrinthine bone degeneration. A Monte Carlo based simulation study. Hear Res 2016; 335:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Local delivery of bisphosphonates results in superior localization of these compounds for the treatment of cochlear otosclerosis, without ototoxicity. BACKGROUND Otosclerosis is a common disorder of abnormal bone remodeling within the human otic capsule. It is a frequent cause of conductive hearing loss from stapes fixation. Large lesions that penetrate the cochlear endosteum and injure the spiral ligament result in sensorineural hearing loss. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (e.g., zoledronate) are potent inhibitors of bone remodeling with proven efficacy in the treatment of metabolic bone diseases, including otosclerosis. Local delivery to the cochlea may allow for improved drug targeting, higher local concentrations, and the avoidance of systemic complications. In this study, we use a fluorescently labeled bisphosphonate compound (6-FAM-ZOL) to determine drug localization and concentration within the otic capsule. Various methods for delivery are compared. Ototoxicity is evaluated by auditory brainstem responses and distortion product otoacoustic emissions. METHODS 6-FAM-ZOL was administered to guinea pigs via intraperitoneal injection, placement of alginate beads onto the round window membrane, or microfluidic pump infusion via a cochleostomy. Hearing was evaluated. Specimens were embedded into resin blocks, ground to a mid-modiolar section, and quantitatively imaged using fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS There was a dose-dependent increase in fluorescent signal after systemic 6-FAM-ZOL treatment. Local delivery via the round window membrane or a cochleostomy increased delivery efficiency. No significant ototoxicity was observed after either systemic or local 6-FAM-ZOL delivery. CONCLUSION These findings establish important preclinical parameters for the treatment of cochlear otosclerosis in humans.
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Frisch T, Bloch SL, Sørensen MS. Prevalence, size and distribution of microdamage in the human otic capsule. Acta Otolaryngol 2015; 135:771-5. [PMID: 25862432 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2015.1035400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS Age-dependent microdamage (MDx) accumulates excessively in human perilabyrinthine bone, where the bone turnover is almost absent. This may have pathological implications for bone-specific disorders such as otosclerosis. The role of MDx accumulation is discussed from an osteodynamic perspective. OBJECTIVES Bone remodelling is highly inhibited within the otic capsule compared with the rest of the skeleton. Consequently excessive accumulation of age-dependent capsular MDx is expected. This study describes the prevalence, size and topographical distribution of MDx in the human otic capsule. METHODS A total of 241 undecalcified human temporal bones were examined. Bulk staining and the cutting-grinding technique were used to separate in vivo MDx from microcrack artefacts induced post mortem by the milling procedure. Quantitative data were obtained by fluorescence microscopy by counting and measuring and by the use of stereology. RESULTS Microcracks accumulated continuously and extensively in the human otic capsule throughout life. Both the number and total length of MDx were higher close to the inner ear space as compared with the capsular periphery. The mean length of the MDx remained constant with age. There was no statistically significant sex difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Frisch
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery , Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen , Denmark
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24
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Hitier M, Hamon M, Denise P, Lacoudre J, Thenint MA, Mallet JF, Moreau S, Quarck G. Lateral Semicircular Canal Asymmetry in Idiopathic Scoliosis: An Early Link between Biomechanical, Hormonal and Neurosensory Theories? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131120. [PMID: 26186348 PMCID: PMC4506017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite its high incidence and severe morbidity, the physiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is still unknown. Here, we looked for early anomalies in AIS which are likely to be the cause of spinal deformity and could also be targeted by early treatments. We focused on the vestibular system, which is suspected of acting in AIS pathogenesis and which exhibits an end organ with size and shape fixed before birth. We hypothesize that, in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis, vestibular morphological anomalies were already present at birth and could possibly have caused other abnormalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS The vestibular organ of 18 adolescents with AIS and 9 controls were evaluated with MRI in a prospective case controlled study. We studied lateral semicircular canal orientation and the three semicircular canal positions relative to the midline. Lateral semicircular canal function was also evaluated by vestibulonystagmography after bithermal caloric stimulation. RESULTS The left lateral semicircular canal was more vertical and further from the midline in AIS (p = 0.01) and these two parameters were highly correlated (r = -0.6; p = 0.02). These morphological anomalies were associated with functional anomalies in AIS (lower excitability, higher canal paresis), but were not significantly different from controls (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis exhibit morphological vestibular asymmetry, probably determined well before birth. Since the vestibular system influences the vestibulospinal pathway, the hypothalamus, and the cerebellum, this indicates that the vestibular system is a possible cause of later morphological, hormonal and neurosensory anomalies observed in AIS. Moreover, the simple lateral SCC MRI measurement demonstrated here could be used for early detection of AIS, selection of children for close follow-up, and initiation of preventive treatment before spinal deformity occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hitier
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Caen, Caen, F-14000, France
- Department of Anatomy, UNICAEN, Caen, 14032, France
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; School of Medical Sciences and Brain Health Research Center, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- U 1075 COMETE, INSERM, Caen, 14032, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Michèle Hamon
- Department of Neuroradiology, CHU de Caen, Caen, 14000, France
| | | | - Julien Lacoudre
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Caen, Caen, F-14000, France
| | | | | | - Sylvain Moreau
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Caen, Caen, F-14000, France
- Department of Anatomy, UNICAEN, Caen, 14032, France
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Differential Gene Expression in the Otic Capsule and the Middle Ear—An Annotation of Bone-Related Signaling Genes. Otol Neurotol 2015; 36:727-32. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000000664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Bloch SL, McKenna MJ, Adams J, Friis M. Labyrinthitis Ossificans: On the Mechanism of Perilabyrinthine Bone Remodeling. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2015; 124:649-54. [PMID: 25757630 DOI: 10.1177/0003489415573960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been suggested that remodeling of the otic capsule is highly suppressed by the action of anti-resorptive signals emanating from structures of the inner ear space. Labyrinthitis ossificans (LO) is a severe complication to bacterial meningitis and is characterized by destruction of inner ear structures by the formation of new bone. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of LO on bone remodeling of the otic capsule. MATERIAL AND METHODS In 11 human temporal bones with extensive LO and 10 control specimens, the degree of bone remodeling was explored indirectly by estimating the viability of osteocytes in perilabyrinthine bone and the mastoid. RESULTS The viability of osteocytes was significantly lower in the perilabyrinthine bone compared to the mastoid in both groups. However, the loss of perilabyrinthine osteocytes was the same in the 2 groups, and the presence of cartilage remnants appeared to be the same. CONCLUSION This study indicates that the factors affecting bone remodeling of the otic capsule and the degeneration of osteocytes are not altered by wholesale destruction of inner ear soft tissue and its replacement by bone. Therefore, alternative mechanisms may be implicated in the suppression of capsular bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune Land Bloch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael John McKenna
- Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joe Adams
- Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Morten Friis
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Tsutaya T, Yoneda M. Reconstruction of breastfeeding and weaning practices using stable isotope and trace element analyses: A review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 156 Suppl 59:2-21. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Tsutaya
- Department of Integrated Biosciences; Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo; Kashiwanoha 5-1-5 Kashiwa Chiba 277-8562 Japan
| | - Minoru Yoneda
- Department of Integrated Biosciences; Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo; Kashiwanoha 5-1-5 Kashiwa Chiba 277-8562 Japan
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo; Hongo 7-3-1 Bunkyo Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Genetic variation in BMP2 and BMP4 found in otosclerosis patients result in altered Smad signaling. BACKGROUND Otosclerosis is a common form of adult-onset conductive hearing loss resulting from abnormal bone remodeling of the bony labyrinth that surrounds the inner ear. Both genetic and environmental factors are implicated in the disease, yet very little is known about its pathogenesis. The evidence for a genetic component has been established through family-based linkage and population-based association studies. Previously, members of the TGF-β superfamily of genes have been associated with otosclerosis. METHODS Sequencing of BMP2 and BMP4 coding regions was performed to identify common and rare variation in German otosclerosis patients compared with controls. Functional analyses of rare variation in the patient cohort were conducted by exposing an osteosarcoma cell line to conditioned media containing either wild type or variant forms of BMP2 or BMP4 and analyzing Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation. RESULTS Although no significant association with common variation in these 2 genes was detected, there were 8 singleton variants identified in the German population. Of the 4 coding variants found solely in otosclerosis patients, two--BMP4(N150K) and BMP2(K357-R396del)--were found to decrease Smad1/5/8 signaling. CONCLUSION Rare variants in BMP2 and BMP4 are not a major genetic component in the otosclerosis population. However, those with functional affect showed decreased Smad signaling. Further analysis of Smad signaling molecules should be performed to determine if these pathways in combination are a major contributor to otosclerosis, which could lead to additional treatment options for otosclerosis patients.
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Harvig L, Frei KM, Price TD, Lynnerup N. Strontium isotope signals in cremated petrous portions as indicator for childhood origin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101603. [PMID: 25010496 PMCID: PMC4091946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental enamel is currently of high informative value in studies concerning childhood origin and human mobility because the strontium isotope ratio in human dental enamel is indicative of geographical origin. However, many prehistoric burials involve cremation and although strontium retains its original biological isotopic composition, even when exposed to very high temperatures, intact dental enamel is rarely preserved in cremated or burned human remains. When preserved, fragments of dental enamel may be difficult to recognize and identify. Finding a substitute material for strontium isotope analysis of burned human remains, reflecting childhood values, is hence of high priority. This is the first study comparing strontium isotope ratios from cremated and non-cremated petrous portions with enamel as indicator for childhood origin. We show how strontium isotope ratios in the otic capsule of the petrous portion of the inner ear are highly correlated with strontium isotope ratios in dental enamel from the same individual, whether inhumed or cremated. This implies that strontium isotope ratios in the petrous bone, which practically always survives cremation, are indicative of childhood origin for human skeletal remains. Hence, the petrous bone is ideal as a substitute material for strontium isotope analysis of burned human remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Harvig
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin Margarita Frei
- National Museum of Denmark, Conservation and Natural Sciences Department, and The Danish National Research Foundation’s Centre for Textile Research (CTR) Prinsens Palæ, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T. Douglas Price
- Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Niels Lynnerup
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Quilhac A, de Ricqlès A, Lamrous H, Zylberberg L. Globuliosseiin the long limb bones ofPleurodeleswaltl(Amphibia, Urodela, Salamandridae). J Morphol 2014; 275:1226-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Quilhac
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; UMR 7193; Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris (ISTeP), Equipe Biominéralisations et Environnements Sédimentaires; F-75005 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7193, Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris (ISTeP); F-75005 Paris France
| | - Armand de Ricqlès
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; UMR 7193; Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris (ISTeP), Equipe Biominéralisations et Environnements Sédimentaires; F-75005 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7193, Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris (ISTeP); F-75005 Paris France
| | - Hayat Lamrous
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; UMR 7193; Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris (ISTeP), Equipe Biominéralisations et Environnements Sédimentaires; F-75005 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7193, Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris (ISTeP); F-75005 Paris France
| | - Louise Zylberberg
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; UMR 7193; Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris (ISTeP), Equipe Biominéralisations et Environnements Sédimentaires; F-75005 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7193, Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris (ISTeP); F-75005 Paris France
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Unbiased stereologic estimation of the spatial distribution of Paget's disease in the human temporal bone. Otol Neurotol 2013; 35:e1-6. [PMID: 24335937 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that Paget's disease of bone and otosclerosis may share a myxoviral etiology. However, the association between virus infection and pathologic bone remodeling is still controversial. The aim of this study was to estimate the spatial distribution of pagetic bone remodeling around the inner ear space and to compare it with that of otosclerosis in a contemporary context of temporal bone dynamics. MATERIALS AND METHODS From the temporal bone collection of Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 15 of 29 temporal bones with Paget's disease were selected to obtain an independent sample. All volume distributions were obtained along the normal axis of capsular bone remodeling activity by the use of vector-based stereology. RESULTS Pagetic bone remodeling was distributed centrifugally around the inner ear space at the individual and the general level. This pattern is similar to the normal distribution of perilabyrinthine bone remodeling but entirely different from the spatial location of otosclerosis, which are focal and centripetally distributed around the inner ear space. CONCLUSION In Paget's disease, the antiresorptive barrier around the inner ear space becomes gradually overruled as pagetic bone resorption invades the otic capsule from the outside. However, in otosclerosis, this barrier has somehow failed locally inside the otic capsule. Although virus infections potentially may trigger osteoclastic activity additional pathogenetic factors are needed to explain the organ-specific nature and spatial properties of otosclerosis.
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Toe DM, Paatsch LE. The conversational skills of school-aged children with cochlear implants. Cochlear Implants Int 2013; 14:67-79. [PMID: 23453220 DOI: 10.1179/1754762812y.0000000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Children with cochlear implants have been shown to have language skills on a par with children with severe hearing losses who have hearing aids. Earlier implants, bilateral implantation, and focused intervention programmes may result in some children with cochlear implants displaying similar language skills to their hearing peers. The development of pragmatic skills is central to communication competence and underpins the development of friendships. Although some studies of pragmatic skills in children with cochlear implants have been reported, most have used a contrived referential communication task rather than free conversation. METHOD This study investigated the conversational skills of 20 children with cochlear implants, aged between 9 and 12 years, in free conversation with their hearing peers. The pragmatic skills of these 20 deaf/hearing pairs or dyads were compared with the pragmatic skills of 20 hearing/hearing dyads. Pragmatic skills were analysed in terms of conversational balance, conversational turn types, and conversational maintenance. The impact of the participants' level of speech intelligibility was also investigated. RESULTS Children with cochlear implants tend to dominate conversations with their hearing peers. They initiated more topics, took longer turns, asked more questions, and tended to make more personal comments while their hearing friends tended to use more conversational devices and minimal answers. In contrast, pairs of matched hearing children were very balanced in all of these aspects of conversation. Speech intelligibility did not appear to impact consistently on the pragmatic skills of the children with cochlear implants but all children had a relatively high level of speech intelligibility. DISCUSSION Rather than being characterized by frequent conversational breakdown as in older studies, children with cochlear implants had a strong grasp of basic conversational rules. They conversed in a similar way to some deaf adults who also have been shown to take control of the conversation. Findings are discussed for their implications for intervention and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne M Toe
- Faculty of Arts and Education, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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18F-Fluoride PET/CT Scan for Quantification of Bone Metabolism in the Inner Ear in Patients With Otosclerosis—A Pilot Study. Clin Nucl Med 2013; 38:677-85. [DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0b013e31829a013e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dehiscence of the superior semicircular canal: a review of the literature on its possible pathogenic explanations. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 271:435-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-013-2497-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Influence of aging and menopause in the origin of the superior semicircular canal dehiscence. Otol Neurotol 2012; 33:681-4. [PMID: 22569143 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0b013e31824f9969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine if aging and menopause, known to be associated with bone resortion, also are associated with superior semicircular canal dehiscence. DESIGN Observational study. SETTING Study conducted in 3 tertiary Spanish hospitals. PATIENTS Nonselected consecutive patients of all ages. INTERVENTIONS Thin-section multi-detector row computed tomographic scan of the temporal bones. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The minimum thickness of the bone covering the roof of the superior semicircular canal (SSC) measured in each temporal bone. The outcome was studied both as a continuous and as a dichotomous variable: thin (<0.6 mm) and normal (≥ 0.6 mm). RESULTS Five hundred eighty-two ears of 312 patients were included in the study. Fifty-five percent of the sample were women. Patient's age ranged from 2 to 88 years. A 40-year age difference between ears was associated with a decreased thickness of bone covering the SSC of 0.10 mm, which is 10% of the average thickness of such bone. The thickness of the bone overlying the SSC of subjects younger than 45 years was an average of 1.14 mm (SD, 0.52 mm), whereas that of the subjects older than 45 years was equal to 1.02 mm (SD, 0.45 mm; p = 0.006). The percentage of ears with thin bone coverage of SSC was 7.1% in subjects younger than 45 years and 13.8% in those older than 45 years (p = 0.013). CONCLUSION Our data support the hypothesis that there is a slight osteopenia of the roof of the superior semicircular canal associated with aging, and this effect seems to be more pronounced in menopausal women.
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Bloch SL, Kristensen SL, Sørensen MS. The viability of perilabyrinthine osteocytes: a quantitative study using bulk-stained undecalcified human temporal bones. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:1101-8. [PMID: 22577084 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone remodeling is highly inhibited around the inner ear space, most likely by the anti-resorptive action of the inner ear cytokine osteoprotegerin (OPG) entering perilabyrinthine bone through the lacuno-canalicular porosity (LCP). This extracellular signaling pathway depends on the viability of individual osteocytes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the patency of the LCP at different ages. Sixty-five bulk-stained undecalcified human temporal bones and 19 ribs were selected to span the ages from the 30th gestational week to 95 years. Osteocytes from inside a 2-mm wide perilabyrinthine zone of bone were identified by 3D vector calculations and the numerical densities estimated with an optical dissector and compared to age-matched ribs. From a high fetal count of 90,000 cells/mm(3), the density of viable capsular osteocytes declined rapidly to 73,000 cells/mm(3) at three years of age, and non-viable osteocytes increased inversely. After 3 years, this decline/increase continued at a much slower rate. The densities of viable as well as non-viable osteocytes and the rates of change were much higher in perilabyrinthine bone compared to ribs. Only after the age of 80 years had the density of viable capsular osteocytes declined to the level of ribs. The bi-phasic osteocyte kinetics reflects different development stages. The high initial density of viable osteocytes may secure a life-long anatomical route for inner-ear OPG despite the unique accumulation of non-viable osteocytes. Clustering of non-viable osteocytes may cause local aberrations in the signaling system by closure of the LCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune Land Bloch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Otopathological Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
This paper is a review of our most recent findings concerning the osteo-dynamics of the bony otic capsule and pathogenesis of otosclerosis. By exploring the spatial relationship between normal perilabyrinthine bone remodeling, the viability and spatial distribution of labyrinthine osteocytes, and the location of otosclerosis, a unique spatial pattern emerged. Bone remodeling is highly inhibited around the inner ear space. Most likely, inner ear anti-resorptive signals enter the bony otic capsule through the lacuno-canalicular porosity. The patency of this signaling pathway depends on the viability of individual osteocytes. In the young otic capsule the density of viable osteocytes is high and centripetally distributed. This arrangement may sustain a life-long osseus pathway for anti-resorptive signals even within a bone where a considerable loss of viable osteocytes must be expected, as demonstrated by a centripetal accumulation of dead osteocytes with age. The spatial distribution of dead osteocytes follows the same general pattern as otosclerosis. We suggest that clustering of dead osteocytes may impede the transmission of anti-resorptive signals locally, leaving such ghost regions susceptible to focal bone remodeling as in human otosclerosis. The preserved network of viable osteocytes around the depleted ghost regions may contain the process and distort the structure of bone remodeling into an abnormal otosclerotic pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune Land Bloch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Noben-Trauth K, Latoche JR. Ectopic mineralization in the middle ear and chronic otitis media with effusion caused by RPL38 deficiency in the Tail-short (Ts) mouse. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:3079-93. [PMID: 21062742 PMCID: PMC3024801 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.184598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the middle ear cavity (otitis media) and the abnormal deposition of bone at the otic capsule are common causes of conductive hearing impairment in children and adults. Although a host of environmental factors can contribute to these conditions, a genetic predisposition has an important role as well. Here, we analyze the Tail-short (Ts) mouse, which harbors a spontaneous semi-dominant mutation that causes skeletal defects and hearing loss. By genetic means, we show that the Ts phenotypes arise from an 18-kb deletion/insertion of the Rpl38 gene, encoding a ribosomal protein of the large subunit. We show that Ts mutants exhibit significantly elevated auditory-brain stem response thresholds and reduced distortion-product otoacoustic emissions, in the presence of normal endocochlear potentials and typical inner ear histology suggestive of a conductive hearing impairment. We locate the cause of the hearing impairment to the middle ear, demonstrating over-ossification at the round window ridge, ectopic deposition of cholesterol crystals in the middle ear cavity, enlarged Eustachian tube, and chronic otitis media with effusion all beginning at around 3 weeks after birth. Using specific antisera, we demonstrate that Rpl38 is an ∼8-kDa protein that is predominantly expressed in mature erythrocytes. Finally, using an Rpl38 cDNA transgene, we rescue the Ts phenotypes. Together, these data present a previously uncharacterized combination of interrelated middle ear pathologies and suggest Rpl38 deficiency as a model to dissect the causative relationships between neo-ossification, cholesterol crystal deposition, and Eustachian tubes in the etiology of otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Noben-Trauth
- Section on Neurogenetics, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NIDCD, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this study is to summarize current advances in research and clinical aspects of cochlear otosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have revealed that otosclerosis is a process of bone remodeling that is unique to the otic capsule only. Even though no obvious bone remodeling is seen in the otic capsule under normal conditions, remodeling starts when some molecular factors trigger the capsule in certain patients who have genetic and/or environmental tendencies. SUMMARY Cochlear otosclerosis is defined as otosclerosis located in the otic capsule involving the cochlear endosteum and causing sensorineural hearing loss or mixed-type hearing loss. It has been clearly shown that, when otosclerosis is sufficiently severe to involve the cochlear endosteum, it usually fixes the stapes as well.
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Bloch SL, Sørensen MS. The viability and spatial distribution of osteocytes in the human labyrinthine capsule: A quantitative study using vector-based stereology. Hear Res 2010; 270:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ealy M, Smith RJ. The Genetics of otosclerosis. Hear Res 2010; 266:70-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bloch SL, Sørensen MS. The spatial distribution of otosclerosis: a quantitative study using design-based stereology. Acta Otolaryngol 2010; 130:532-9. [PMID: 19968606 DOI: 10.3109/00016480903317465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION This study documents that otosclerotic bone remodeling is distributed centripetally around the inner ear space whereas normal bone remodeling is distributed centrifugally. We suggest that this inverse relation reflects the unique osteo-dynamic setting of the otic capsule: since perilabyrinthine bone remodeling is extremely low, osteocyte deficiency and microcracks accumulate in excess toward the inner ear space with age. This may disrupt the osseus functional network, impede propagation of anti-resorptive signals, and precipitate otosclerotic bone remodeling with a spatial preference for older bone. OBJECTIVE To quantify the spatial distribution of otosclerotic bone around the inner ear space in order to explore a possible spatial relation with normal capsular bone remodeling. METHODS Otosclerotic lesions in 53 undecalcified human temporal bones were identified and volume data were measured with the CAST-grid system and processed by dedicated software for advanced design-based stereology. RESULTS The maximum volume fraction of otosclerotic bone was observed in the innermost perilabyrinthine zones of the otic capsule. The volume fraction of otosclerotic bone declined gradually but significantly from the inner ear space towards the capsular periphery with a general perilabyrinthine centripetal distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune Land Bloch
- Otopathological Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
CONCLUSIONS The location and three-dimensional (3D) shapes of the otosclerotic foci suggest a general centripetal distribution of otosclerotic bone remodeling around the inner ear space, whereas the normal bone remodeling is distributed centrifugally. The existence of an inverse spatial relation between normal and otosclerotic bone remodeling suggests that inner ear mechanisms in control of bone remodeling may have a pathogenetic role in otosclerosis. OBJECTIVES To explore the 3D shape of otosclerotic lesions around the inner ear space by introducing the use of 3D reconstructions and to discuss the results in a new context of temporal bone dynamics and perilabyrinthine signaling pathways. METHODS Thirty-four otosclerotic lesions from 20 decalcified human temporal bones were rendered and visualized with the public 3D 'Reconstruct' software. RESULTS The majority of otosclerotic lesions were found close to the labyrinthine space at the well-established topographical sites of predilection with a smooth demarcation against the surrounding bone. However, in addition the virtual 3D technique revealed a new perilabyrinthine anisotropy of individual otosclerotic lesions, displaying a bulky end facing the inner ear space and a volumetric decline towards the capsular periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune Land Bloch
- Otopathological Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Otosclerosis is a major cause of acquired hearing loss in adult life affecting exclusively the human temporal bone. Until recently, the etiopathogenesis of otosclerosis was still a matter of debate. Genetic research, however, has evolved enormously the last years and unveiled important clues regarding the cause of otosclerosis. The objective of this article is to review the genetics of otosclerosis with special attention for the links to the bone homeostasis of the otic capsule. DATA SOURCES A detailed literature study was performed focusing on the recent genetic findings in otosclerosis and the special bone turnover of the otic capsule. A PubMed search and own research data were used to bring the relevant information for this review together. CONCLUSION Unlike all other bones in the human skeleton, the otic capsule undergoes very little remodeling after development, possibly due to local inner ear factors. Otosclerosis is a process of pathologic increased bone turnover in the otic capsule, which in most cases leads to stapes fixation, resulting in a conductive hearing loss. Although environmental factors such as estrogens, fluoride, and viral infection have been implicated, it is clear that genetic factors play a significant role in the manifestation of otosclerosis. From a genetic viewpoint, otosclerosis is considered to be a complex disease with rare autosomal dominant forms caused by a single gene. Already, 7 monogenic loci have been published, but none of the genes involved have been identified. For the complex form of otosclerosis, caused by an interaction between genetic and environmental factors, the first susceptibility genes were identified by case-control association studies. All 3 replicated genes, TGFB1, BMP2, and BMP4, are a part of the transforming growth factor-beta1 pathway. Data from both genetic association studies and gene expression analysis of otosclerotic bone showed that the TGF-beta1 pathway is most likely an important factor in the pathogenesis of otosclerosis.
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Fitzpatrick E, Olds J, Durieux-Smith A, McCrae R, Schramm D, Gaboury I. Pediatric cochlear implantation: how much hearing is too much? Int J Audiol 2009; 48:91-7. [PMID: 19219693 DOI: 10.1080/14992020802516541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Audiologic candidacy criteria for determining cochlear implantation candidacy in children are evolving. The objective of the study was to examine clinical practice related to the cochlear implantation of children who typically do not meet audiologic criteria for this technology. Practitioners' perspectives on the process and the factors influencing candidacy decisions were explored through focus group interviews with hospital and school-based practitioners. The interviews were analysed using qualitative techniques to identify key issues. The findings from the interviews informed a questionnaire which was sent to all cochlear implant centers in Canada to further examine clinician views and experiences with this special population. Responses were collected from 11 of the 12 centers and indicated that children with hearing outside typical criteria were receiving implants. The definition of 'borderline' varied across the programs from approximately 70 dB HL to less than 90 dB HL. All centers emphasized the importance of considering factors beyond the child's audiometric thresholds in candidacy decision-making.
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Jørkov MLS, Heinemeier J, Lynnerup N. The petrous bone--a new sampling site for identifying early dietary patterns in stable isotopic studies. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2009; 138:199-209. [PMID: 18773469 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Intraskeletal variation in the composition of carbon (delta(13)C) and nitrogen (delta(15)N) stable isotopes measured in collagen is tested from various human bones and dentine. Samples were taken from the femur, rib, and petrous part of the temporal bone from well-preserved skeletons of both adults (n = 34) and subadults (n = 24). Additional samples of dentine from the root of 1st molars were taken from 16 individuals. The skeletal material is from a medieval cemetery (AD 1200-1573) in Holbaek, Denmark. Our results indicate that the petrous bone has an isotopic signal that differs significantly from that of femur and rib within the single skeleton (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), with only minor variation seen between femur and rib. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the petrous bone and the 1st molar. The intraskeletal variation may reflect differences in turnover rate among skeletal elements. The inner periosteal layer of the petrous bone is formed in uterus and does not undergo any further remodelling after the age of 2 years, whereas the rib and femur have a continuous turnover rate of approximately 5 and 10-20 years, respectively. From the results of this study it is believed the petrous bone may be a new useful bone element and a supplement or a proxy for teeth in the analysis of early dietary patterns as it may reflect diet in fetal stages and early years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Louise S Jørkov
- Centre for Forensic Science, School of Conservation Sciences, University of Bournemouth, Dorset BH12 5BB, England, UK.
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Ealy M, Chen W, Ryu GY, Yoon JG, Welling DB, Hansen M, Madan A, Smith RJH. Gene expression analysis of human otosclerotic stapedial footplates. Hear Res 2008; 240:80-6. [PMID: 18430532 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Otosclerosis is a complex disease that results in a common form of conductive hearing loss due to impaired mobility of the stapes. Stapedial motion becomes compromised secondary to invasion of otosclerotic foci into the stapedio-vestibular joint. Although environmental factors and genetic causes have been implicated in this process, the pathogenesis of otosclerosis remains poorly understood. To identify molecular contributors to otosclerosis we completed a microarray study of otosclerotic stapedial footplates. Stapes footplate samples from otosclerosis and control patients were used in the analysis. One-hundred-and-ten genes were found to be differentially expressed in otosclerosis samples. Ontological analysis of differentially expressed genes in otosclerosis provides evidence for the involvement of a number of pathways in the disease process that include interleukin signaling, inflammation and signal transduction, suggesting that aberrant regulation of these pathways leads to abnormal bone remodeling. Functional analyses of genes from this study will enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Ealy
- Molecular Otolaryngology Research Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology, Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, 200 Hawkins Drive - 21151 PFP, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Lehnerdt G, Unkel C, Metz KA, Jahnke K, Neumann A. Immunohistochemical evidence of BMP-2, -4 and -7 activity in otospongiosis. Acta Otolaryngol 2008; 128:13-7. [PMID: 17851943 DOI: 10.1080/00016480701299659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION This study is the first to show that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)-2, -4 and -7 play a role in active phase otosclerotic bone remodelling (otospongiosis). OBJECTIVES The role of BMPs in various tissue growth and repair mechanisms is an ongoing topic in the literature. BMP-2, -4 and -7 are known to be of major importance in bone formation and repair. Their role in otosclerotic bone transformation has not been analysed previously. The main goal of this study was to perform an immunohistological analysis of BMP-2, -4 and -7 in otoclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Parts of the stapedial footplates, collected during partial stapedectomies in 30 patients with clinical otosclerosis, were analysed for histological otosclerotic lesions after staining haematoxylin and eosin. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed using polyclonal IgG antibodies for BMP-2, -4 and -7, as well as biotinylated secondary antibodies, avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex reaction and alkaline phosphatase staining. RESULTS In all, 14 specimens contained otosclerosis; 3 of these were otospongiotic, 8 fibrotic, 2 sclerotic and 1 had both sclerotic and fibrotic lesions. Thus in total 14/30 specimens (47%) showed histological otosclerosis. Only the multiple osteoblasts and osteoclasts in those specimens exhibiting an otospongiotic phase showed distinct immunochemical staining for BMP-2, -4 and -7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goetz Lehnerdt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Thys M, Schrauwen I, Vanderstraeten K, Janssens K, Dieltjens N, Van Den Bogaert K, Fransen E, Chen W, Ealy M, Claustres M, Cremers CRWJ, Dhooge I, Declau F, Claes J, Van de Heyning P, Vincent R, Somers T, Offeciers E, Smith RJH, Van Camp G. The coding polymorphism T263I in TGF-β1 is associated with otosclerosis in two independent populations. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:2021-30. [PMID: 17588962 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Otosclerosis is a progressive hearing loss characterized by an abnormal bone homeostasis of the otic capsule that leads to stapes fixation. Although its etiology remains unknown, otosclerosis can be considered a complex disease. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) was chosen for a case-control association study, because of several non-genetic indications of involvement in otosclerosis. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis in a large Belgian-Dutch sample set gave significant results (P = 0.0044) for an amino acid changing SNP, T263I. Analysis of an independent French population replicated this association with SNP T263I (P = 0.00019). The results remained significant after multiple testing correction in both populations. Haplotype analysis and the results of an independent effect test using the weighted haplotype (WHAP) computer program in both populations were both compatible with SNP T263I being the only causal variant. The variant I263 is under-represented in otosclerosis patients and hence protective against the disease. Combining the data of both case-control groups for SNP T263I with a Mantel-Haenszel estimate of common odds ratios gave a very significant result (P = 9.2 x 10(-6)). Functional analysis of SNP T263I with a luciferase reporter assay showed that the protective variant I263 of TGF-beta1 is more active than the WT variant T263 (P = 1.6 x 10(-6)). On the basis of very low P-values, replication in an independent population and a functional effect of the protective variant, we conclude that TGF-beta1 influences the susceptibility for otosclerosis, and that the I263 variant is protective against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Thys
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Lehnerdt G, Metz KA, Trellakis S, Jahnke K, Neumann A. Signaling by way of type IB and II bone morphogenetic protein receptors regulates bone formation in otospongiosis. Laryngoscope 2007; 117:812-6. [PMID: 17473674 DOI: 10.1097/mlg.0b013e31803300a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The main goal of this study was to perform an immunohistologic analysis of bone morphogenetic protein receptors (BMPR) in otospongiosis. BACKGROUND BMP-2, -4, and -7 play an essential role in bone formation and repair. They do so as well in otosclerosis. It has been shown that these BMPs are traceable in osteocytes and osteoclasts in the active phase of otosclerosis (otospongiosis). The role of the different BMP receptors in otosclerotic bone transformation has not been previously analyzed. METHODS The posterior parts of the stapes footplates, collected during partial stapedectomies in 35 patients with clinical otosclerosis, were analyzed for histologic otosclerotic lesions after hematoxylin staining. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed using polyclonal immunoglobulin G antibodies for BMPR-IA, -IB, and -II, as well as biotinylated secondary antibodies, avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex reaction, and alkaline phosphatase staining with nitroblue-tetrazolium-chloride. RESULTS Seventeen of 35 (49%) specimens contained otosclerosis, but only 5 of these exhibited an otospongiotic phase. The abundant osteoblasts and osteoclasts in these cases showed distinct immunochemical staining for BMP-2, -4, and -7. In two cases, there could also be found an immense positive staining for BMPR-IB and modest staining for BMPR-II, whereas BMPR-1A always remained negative. CONCLUSION It was demonstrated for the first time that in otospongiosis, the actions of the BMPs are mediated through BMPR-IB and BMPR-II. To determine this role in detail, further investigations, especially for the phosphorylated Smad proteins within the BMP dependent mediator cascade, will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goetz Lehnerdt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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