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Kohle F, Schroeter M. Neuronal trafficking as a key to functional recovery in immune-mediated neuropathies. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2331-2332. [PMID: 38526260 PMCID: PMC11090439 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kohle
- Department of Neurology, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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2
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Neto S, Reis A, Pinheiro M, Ferreira M, Neves V, Castanho TC, Santos N, Rodrigues AJ, Sousa N, Santos MAS, Moura GR. Unveiling the molecular landscape of cognitive aging: insights from polygenic risk scores, DNA methylation, and gene expression. Hum Genomics 2024; 18:75. [PMID: 38956648 PMCID: PMC11221141 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging represents a significant risk factor for the occurrence of cerebral small vessel disease, associated with white matter (WM) lesions, and to age-related cognitive alterations, though the precise mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the impact of polygenic risk scores (PRS) for WM integrity, together with age-related DNA methylation, and gene expression alterations, on cognitive aging in a cross-sectional healthy aging cohort. The PRSs were calculated using genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers of WM integrity, including WM hyperintensities, fractional anisotropy (FA), and mean diffusivity (MD). These scores were utilized to predict age-related cognitive changes and evaluate their correlation with structural brain changes, which distinguish individuals with higher and lower cognitive scores. To reduce the dimensionality of the data and identify age-related DNA methylation and transcriptomic alterations, Sparse Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (sPLS-DA) was used. Subsequently, a canonical correlation algorithm was used to integrate the three types of omics data (PRS, DNA methylation, and gene expression data) and identify an individual "omics" signature that distinguishes subjects with varying cognitive profiles. RESULTS We found a positive association between MD-PRS and long-term memory, as well as a correlation between MD-PRS and structural brain changes, effectively discriminating between individuals with lower and higher memory scores. Furthermore, we observed an enrichment of polygenic signals in genes related to both vascular and non-vascular factors. Age-related alterations in DNA methylation and gene expression indicated dysregulation of critical molecular features and signaling pathways involved in aging and lifespan regulation. The integration of multi-omics data underscored the involvement of synaptic dysfunction, axonal degeneration, microtubule organization, and glycosylation in the process of cognitive aging. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide valuable insights into the biological mechanisms underlying the association between WM coherence and cognitive aging. Additionally, they highlight how age-associated DNA methylation and gene expression changes contribute to cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Neto
- Institute for Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Andreia Reis
- Institute for Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Miguel Pinheiro
- Institute for Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Ferreira
- Institute for Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vasco Neves
- Institute for Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Teresa Costa Castanho
- ICVS - School of Medicine, Campus Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center - Braga (2CA-B), Braga, Portugal
| | - Nadine Santos
- ICVS - School of Medicine, Campus Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center - Braga (2CA-B), Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana João Rodrigues
- ICVS - School of Medicine, Campus Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center - Braga (2CA-B), Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- ICVS - School of Medicine, Campus Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center - Braga (2CA-B), Braga, Portugal
- P5 Medical Center, Braga, Portugal
| | - Manuel A S Santos
- Institute for Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Aging, MIA-Portugal, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Largo 2, 3º, 3000-370, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gabriela R Moura
- Institute for Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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3
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Affrald R J, Narayan S. A review: oligodendrocytes in neuronal axonal conduction and methods for enhancing their performance. Int J Neurosci 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38850232 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2024.2362200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review explores the vital role of oligodendrocytes in axon myelination and efficient neuronal transmission and the impact of dysfunction resulting from neurotransmitter deficiencies related disorders. Furthermore, the review also provides insight into the potential of bionanotechnology for addressing neurodegenerative diseases by targeting oligodendrocytes. METHODS A review of literature in the field was conducted using Google scholar. Systematic searches were performed to identify relevant studies and reviews addressing the role of oligodendrocytes in neural function, the influence of neurotransmitters on oligodendrocyte differentiation, and the potential of nanotechnology-based strategies for targeted therapy of oligodendrocytes. RESULTS This review indicates the mechanisms underlying oligodendrocyte differentiation and the influence of neurotransmitters on this process. The importance of action potentials and neurotransmission in neural function and the susceptibility of damaged nerve axons to ischemic or toxic damage is provided in detail. The potential of bionanotechnology for targeting neurodegenerative diseases using nanotechnology-based strategies, including polymeric, lipid-based, inorganic, organic, and biomimetic nanoparticles, suggests better management of neurodegenerative disorders. CONCLUSION While nanotechnology-based biomaterials show promise for targeted oligodendrocyte therapy in addressing neurodegenerative disorders linked to oligodendrocyte dysfunction, encapsulating neuroprotective agents within nanoparticles offers additional advantages. Nano-based delivery systems effectively protect drugs from degradation and prolong their therapeutic effects, holding promise in overcoming the blood-brain barrier by facilitating drug transport. However, a multifaceted approach is essential to enhance oligodendrocyte differentiation, promote myelin repair, and facilitate myelin dynamics with reduced toxicity. Further research is needed to elucidate the optimal therapeutic approaches and enhance patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jino Affrald R
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shoba Narayan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamilnadu, India
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4
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Yang Y, He Z, Wu S. Ursolic acid alleviates paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy through PPARγ activation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 484:116883. [PMID: 38437959 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) reduces the overall quality of life and leads to interruption of chemotherapy. Ursolic acid, a triterpenoid naturally which presents in fruit peels and in many herbs and spices, can function as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist, and has been widely used as an herbal medicine with a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect. METHODS We used a phenotypic drug screening approach to identify ursolic acid as a potential neuroprotective drug in vitro and in vivo and carried out additional biochemical experiments to identify its mechanism of action. RESULTS Our study demonstrated that ursolic acid reduced neurotoxicity and cell apoptosis induced by pacilitaxel, resulting in an improvement of CIPN. Moreover, we explored the potential mechanisms of ursolic acid on CIPN. As a result, ursolic acid inhibited CHOP (C/EBP Homologous Protein) expression, indicating the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress suppression, and regulating CHOP related apoptosis regulator (the Bcl2 family) to reverse pacilitaxel induced apoptosis. Moreover, we showed that the therapeutic effect of ursolic acid on the pacilitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy is PPARγ dependent. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the present study suggests ursolic acid has potential as a new PPARγ agonist targeting ER stress-related apoptotic pathways to ameliorate pacilitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathic pain and nerve injury, providing new clinical therapeutic method for CIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Yang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Zhongzheng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mini-invasive Neurosurgery and Translational Medical Center, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710003, China
| | - Shuangchan Wu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shaanxi 710072, China; Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China.
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5
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Salem D, Fecek RJ. Role of microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1) in bipolar disorder pathophysiology and potential in lithium therapeutic mechanism. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:221. [PMID: 37353479 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) are life-long disorders that account for significant morbidity in afflicted patients. The etiology of BPAD is complex, combining genetic and environmental factors to increase the risk of disease. Genetic studies have pointed toward cytoskeletal dysfunction as a potential molecular mechanism through which BPAD may arise and have implicated proteins that regulate the cytoskeleton as risk factors. Microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1) is a giant cytoskeletal crosslinking protein that can coordinate the different aspects of the mammalian cytoskeleton with a wide variety of actions. In this review, we seek to highlight the functions of MACF1 in the nervous system and the molecular mechanisms leading to BPAD pathogenesis. We also offer a brief perspective on MACF1 and the role it may be playing in lithium's mechanism of action in treating BPAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Salem
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Seton Hill, Department of Microbiology, Greensburg, USA
- University of Maryland Medical Center/Sheppard Pratt Psychiatry Residency Program, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ronald J Fecek
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Seton Hill, Department of Microbiology, Greensburg, USA.
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6
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Kohle F, Ackfeld R, Hommen F, Klein I, Svačina MKR, Schneider C, Fink GR, Barham M, Vilchez D, Lehmann HC. Kinesin-5 inhibition improves neural regeneration in experimental autoimmune neuritis. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:139. [PMID: 37296476 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02822-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune neuropathies can result in long-term disability and incomplete recovery, despite adequate first-line therapy. Kinesin-5 inhibition was shown to accelerate neurite outgrowth in different preclinical studies. Here, we evaluated the potential neuro-regenerative effects of the small molecule kinesin-5 inhibitor monastrol in a rodent model of acute autoimmune neuropathies, experimental autoimmune neuritis. METHODS Experimental autoimmune neuritis was induced in Lewis rats with the neurogenic P2-peptide. At the beginning of the recovery phase at day 18, the animals were treated with 1 mg/kg monastrol or sham and observed until day 30 post-immunisation. Electrophysiological and histological analysis for markers of inflammation and remyelination of the sciatic nerve were performed. Neuromuscular junctions of the tibialis anterior muscles were analysed for reinnervation. We further treated human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived secondary motor neurons with monastrol in different concentrations and performed a neurite outgrowth assay. RESULTS Treatment with monastrol enhanced functional and histological recovery in experimental autoimmune neuritis. Motor nerve conduction velocity at day 30 in the treated animals was comparable to pre-neuritis values. Monastrol-treated animals showed partially reinnervated or intact neuromuscular junctions. A significant and dose-dependent accelerated neurite outgrowth was observed after kinesin-5 inhibition as a possible mode of action. CONCLUSION Pharmacological kinesin-5 inhibition improves the functional outcome in experimental autoimmune neuritis through accelerated motor neurite outgrowth and histological recovery. This approach could be of interest to improve the outcome of autoimmune neuropathy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kohle
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Robin Ackfeld
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Franziska Hommen
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ines Klein
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin K R Svačina
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Schneider
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Cognitive Neuroscience, Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Mohammed Barham
- Department II of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Vilchez
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Helmar C Lehmann
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Leverkusen, Leverkusen, Germany
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7
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Shared pathophysiology: Understanding stroke and Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2022; 218:107306. [PMID: 35636382 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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8
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Autoimmune Effect of Antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061141. [PMID: 35746613 PMCID: PMC9228376 DOI: 10.3390/v14061141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is continuing to spread around the world and drastically affect our daily life. New strains appear, and the severity of the course of the disease itself seems to be decreasing, but even people who have been ill on an outpatient basis suffer post-COVID consequences. Partly, it is associated with the autoimmune reactions, so debates about the development of new vaccines and the need for vaccination/revaccination continue. In this study we performed an analysis of the antibody response of patients with COVID-19 to linear and conformational epitopes of viral proteins using ELISA, chip array and western blot with analysis of correlations between antibody titer, disease severity, and complications. We have shown that the presence of IgG antibodies to the nucleoprotein can deteriorate the course of the disease, induce multiple direct COVID-19 symptoms, and contribute to long-term post-covid symptoms. We analyzed the cross reactivity of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 with own human proteins and showed that antibodies to the nucleocapsid protein can bind to human proteins. In accordance with the possibility of HLA presentation, the main possible targets of the autoantibodies were identified. People with HLA alleles A01:01; A26:01; B39:01; B15:01 are most susceptible to the development of autoimmune processes after COVID-19.
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Higgs VE, Das RM. Establishing neuronal polarity: microtubule regulation during neurite initiation. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 1:kvac007. [PMID: 38596701 PMCID: PMC10913830 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The initiation of nascent projections, or neurites, from the neuronal cell body is the first stage in the formation of axons and dendrites, and thus a critical step in the establishment of neuronal architecture and nervous system development. Neurite formation relies on the polarized remodelling of microtubules, which dynamically direct and reinforce cell shape, and provide tracks for cargo transport and force generation. Within neurons, microtubule behaviour and structure are tightly controlled by an array of regulatory factors. Although microtubule regulation in the later stages of axon development is relatively well understood, how microtubules are regulated during neurite initiation is rarely examined. Here, we discuss how factors that direct microtubule growth, remodelling, stability and positioning influence neurite formation. In addition, we consider microtubule organization by the centrosome and modulation by the actin and intermediate filament networks to provide an up-to-date picture of this vital stage in neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Higgs
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Raman M Das
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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10
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Voelzmann A, Sanchez-Soriano N. Drosophila Primary Neuronal Cultures as a Useful Cellular Model to Study and Image Axonal Transport. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2431:429-449. [PMID: 35412291 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1990-2_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of primary neuronal cultures generated from Drosophila tissue provides a powerful model for studies of transport mechanisms. Cultured fly neurons provide similarly detailed subcellular resolution and applicability of pharmacology or fluorescent dyes as mammalian primary neurons. As an experimental advantage for the mechanistic dissection of transport, fly primary neurons can be combined with the fast and highly efficient combinatorial genetics of Drosophila, and genetic tools for the manipulation of virtually every fly gene are readily available. This strategy can be performed in parallel to in vivo transport studies to address relevance of any findings. Here we will describe the generation of primary neuronal cultures from Drosophila embryos and larvae, the use of external fluorescent dyes and genetic tools to label cargo, and the key strategies for live imaging and subsequent analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Voelzmann
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Natalia Sanchez-Soriano
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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11
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α-Fodrin in Cytoskeletal Organization and the Activity of Certain Key Microtubule Kinesins. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050750. [PMID: 34067543 PMCID: PMC8156673 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical cytoskeletal proteins are significant in controlling various cellular mechanisms such as migration, cell adhesion, intercellular attachment, cellular signaling, exo- and endocytosis and plasma membrane integrity, stability and flexibility. Our earlier studies involving in vitro and ex vivo approaches led us to identify certain undiscovered characteristics of α-fodrin, a prominent cortical protein. The conventional functions attributed to this protein mainly support the plasma membrane. In the present study, we utilized a global protein expression analysis approach to detect underexplored functions of this protein. We report that downregulation of α-fodrin in glioblastoma cells, U-251 MG, results in upregulation of genes affecting the regulation of the cytoskeleton, cell cycle and apoptosis. Interestingly, certain key microtubule kinesins such as KIF23, KIF2B and KIF3C are downregulated upon α-fodrin depletion, as validated by real-time PCR studies.
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12
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Wen Z, Zhang Y, Lin Z, Shi K, Jiu Y. Cytoskeleton-a crucial key in host cell for coronavirus infection. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 12:968-979. [PMID: 32717049 PMCID: PMC7454755 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging coronavirus (CoV) pandemic is threatening the public health all over the world. Cytoskeleton is an intricate network involved in controlling cell shape, cargo transport, signal transduction, and cell division. Infection biology studies have illuminated essential roles for cytoskeleton in mediating the outcome of host‒virus interactions. In this review, we discuss the dynamic interactions between actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments, and CoVs. In one round of viral life cycle, CoVs surf along filopodia on the host membrane to the entry sites, utilize specific intermediate filament protein as co-receptor to enter target cells, hijack microtubules for transportation to replication and assembly sites, and promote actin filaments polymerization to provide forces for egress. During CoV infection, disruption of host cytoskeleton homeostasis and modification state is tightly connected to pathological processes, such as defective cytokinesis, demyelinating, cilia loss, and neuron necrosis. There are increasing mechanistic studies on cytoskeleton upon CoV infection, such as viral protein‒cytoskeleton interaction, changes in the expression and post-translation modification, related signaling pathways, and incorporation with other host factors. Collectively, these insights provide new concepts for fundamental virology and the control of CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Wen
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhekai Lin
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kun Shi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Yaming Jiu
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Calkins DJ. Adaptive responses to neurodegenerative stress in glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 84:100953. [PMID: 33640464 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma causes loss of vision through degeneration of the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projection to the brain. The disease is characterized by sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP) conveyed at the optic nerve head, through which RGC axons pass unmyelinated to form the optic nerve. From this point, a pathogenic triumvirate comprising inflammatory, oxidative, and metabolic stress influence both proximal structures in the retina and distal structures in the optic projection. This review focuses on metabolic stress and how the optic projection may compensate through novel adaptive mechanisms to protect excitatory signaling to the brain. In the retina and proximal nerve head, the unmyelinated RGC axon segment is energy-inefficient, which leads to increased demand for adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) at the risk of vulnerability to Ca2+-related metabolic and oxidative pressure. This vulnerability may underlie the bidirectional nature of progression. However, recent evidence highlights that the optic projection in glaucoma is not passive but rather demonstrates adaptive processes that may push back against neurodegeneration. In the retina, even as synaptic and dendritic pruning ensues, early progression involves enhanced excitability of RGCs. Enhancement involves depolarization of the resting membrane potential and increased response to light, independent of RGC morphological type. This response is axogenic, arising from increased levels and translocation of voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV) in the unmyelinated segment. During this same early period, large-scale networks of gap-junction coupled astrocytes redistribute metabolic resources to the optic projection stressed by elevated IOP to slow loss of axon function. This redistribution may reflect more local remodeling, as astrocyte processes respond to focal metabolic duress by boosting glycogen turnover in response to axonal activity in an effort to promote survival of the healthiest axons. Both enhanced excitability and metabolic redistribution are transient, indicating that the same adaptive mechanisms that apparently serve to slow progression ultimately may be too expensive for the system to sustain over longer periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Calkins
- The Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave S, AA7100 Medical Center North Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA.
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14
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Shafiq M, Zafar S, Younas N, Noor A, Puig B, Altmeppen HC, Schmitz M, Matschke J, Ferrer I, Glatzel M, Zerr I. Prion protein oligomers cause neuronal cytoskeletal damage in rapidly progressive Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:11. [PMID: 33618749 PMCID: PMC7898440 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-density oligomers of the prion protein (HDPs) have previously been identified in brain tissues of patients with rapidly progressive Alzheimer’s disease (rpAD). The current investigation aims at identifying interacting partners of HDPs in the rpAD brains to unravel the pathological involvement of HDPs in the rapid progression. Methods HDPs from the frontal cortex tissues of rpAD brains were isolated using sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Proteins interacting with HDPs were identified by co-immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry. Further verifications were carried out using proteomic tools, immunoblotting, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results We identified rpAD-specific HDP-interactors, including the growth arrest specific 2-like 2 protein (G2L2). Intriguingly, rpAD-specific disturbances were found in the localization of G2L2 and its associated proteins i.e., the end binding protein 1, α-tubulin, and β-actin. Discussion The results show the involvement of HDPs in the destabilization of the neuronal actin/tubulin infrastructure. We consider this disturbance to be a contributing factor for the rapid progression in rpAD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13024-021-00422-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Shafiq
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saima Zafar
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany. .,Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Department, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Neelam Younas
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Aneeqa Noor
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Clemens Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jakob Matschke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institut de Neuropatologica, Servei Anatomia Patològica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Feixa LLarga sn, 08907, Hospitalet de LLobregat, CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
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15
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Qu Y, Hahn I, Lees M, Parkin J, Voelzmann A, Dorey K, Rathbone A, Friel CT, Allan VJ, Okenve-Ramos P, Sanchez-Soriano N, Prokop A. Efa6 protects axons and regulates their growth and branching by inhibiting microtubule polymerisation at the cortex. eLife 2019; 8:e50319. [PMID: 31718774 PMCID: PMC6884004 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical collapse factors affect microtubule (MT) dynamics at the plasma membrane. They play important roles in neurons, as suggested by inhibition of axon growth and regeneration through the ARF activator Efa6 in C. elegans, and by neurodevelopmental disorders linked to the mammalian kinesin Kif21A. How cortical collapse factors influence axon growth is little understood. Here we studied them, focussing on the function of Drosophila Efa6 in experimentally and genetically amenable fly neurons. First, we show that Drosophila Efa6 can inhibit MTs directly without interacting molecules via an N-terminal 18 amino acid motif (MT elimination domain/MTED) that binds tubulin and inhibits microtubule growth in vitro and cells. If N-terminal MTED-containing fragments are in the cytoplasm they abolish entire microtubule networks of mouse fibroblasts and whole axons of fly neurons. Full-length Efa6 is membrane-attached, hence primarily blocks MTs in the periphery of fibroblasts, and explorative MTs that have left axonal bundles in neurons. Accordingly, loss of Efa6 causes an increase of explorative MTs: in growth cones they enhance axon growth, in axon shafts they cause excessive branching, as well as atrophy through perturbations of MT bundles. Efa6 over-expression causes the opposite phenotypes. Taken together, our work conceptually links molecular and sub-cellular functions of cortical collapse factors to axon growth regulation and reveals new roles in axon branching and in the prevention of axonal atrophy. Furthermore, the MTED delivers a promising tool that can be used to inhibit MTs in a compartmentalised fashion when fusing it to specifically localising protein domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qu
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Ines Hahn
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Meredith Lees
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Jill Parkin
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - André Voelzmann
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Karel Dorey
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Alex Rathbone
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesThe University of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Claire T Friel
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesThe University of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Victoria J Allan
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Pilar Okenve-Ramos
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology,Institute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Natalia Sanchez-Soriano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology,Institute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
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16
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Hahn I, Voelzmann A, Liew YT, Costa-Gomes B, Prokop A. The model of local axon homeostasis - explaining the role and regulation of microtubule bundles in axon maintenance and pathology. Neural Dev 2019; 14:11. [PMID: 31706327 PMCID: PMC6842214 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-019-0134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Axons are the slender, cable-like, up to meter-long projections of neurons that electrically wire our brains and bodies. In spite of their challenging morphology, they usually need to be maintained for an organism's lifetime. This makes them key lesion sites in pathological processes of ageing, injury and neurodegeneration. The morphology and physiology of axons crucially depends on the parallel bundles of microtubules (MTs), running all along to serve as their structural backbones and highways for life-sustaining cargo transport and organelle dynamics. Understanding how these bundles are formed and then maintained will provide important explanations for axon biology and pathology. Currently, much is known about MTs and the proteins that bind and regulate them, but very little about how these factors functionally integrate to regulate axon biology. As an attempt to bridge between molecular mechanisms and their cellular relevance, we explain here the model of local axon homeostasis, based on our own experiments in Drosophila and published data primarily from vertebrates/mammals as well as C. elegans. The model proposes that (1) the physical forces imposed by motor protein-driven transport and dynamics in the confined axonal space, are a life-sustaining necessity, but pose a strong bias for MT bundles to become disorganised. (2) To counterbalance this risk, MT-binding and -regulating proteins of different classes work together to maintain and protect MT bundles as necessary transport highways. Loss of balance between these two fundamental processes can explain the development of axonopathies, in particular those linking to MT-regulating proteins, motors and transport defects. With this perspective in mind, we hope that more researchers incorporate MTs into their work, thus enhancing our chances of deciphering the complex regulatory networks that underpin axon biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Hahn
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - André Voelzmann
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - Yu-Ting Liew
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - Beatriz Costa-Gomes
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK.
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17
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Developmental exposure to nonylphenol induced rat axonal injury in vivo and in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2673-2687. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02536-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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Castora FJ. Mitochondrial function and abnormalities implicated in the pathogenesis of ASD. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 92:83-108. [PMID: 30599156 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the powerhouse that generate over 90% of the ATP produced in cells. In addition to its role in energy production, the mitochondrion also plays a major role in carbohydrate, fatty acid, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, programmed cell death (apoptosis), generation of and protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS), immune response, regulation of intracellular calcium ion levels and even maintenance of gut microbiota. With its essential role in bio-energetic as well as non-energetic biological processes, it is not surprising that proper cellular, tissue and organ function is dependent upon proper mitochondrial function. Accordingly, mitochondrial dysfunction has been shown to be directly linked to a variety of medical disorders, particularly neuromuscular disorders and increasing evidence has linked mitochondrial dysfunction to neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Rett Syndrome (RS) and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Over the last 40 years there has been a dramatic increase in the diagnosis of ASD and, more recently, an increasing body of evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in ASD development. In this review, the latest evidence linking mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormalities in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to the pathogenesis of autism will be presented. This review will also summarize the results of several recent `approaches used for improving mitochondrial function that may lead to new therapeutic approaches to managing and/or treating ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Castora
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA; Department of Neurology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
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19
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Slater PG, Cammarata GM, Samuelson AG, Magee A, Hu Y, Lowery LA. XMAP215 promotes microtubule-F-actin interactions to regulate growth cone microtubules during axon guidance in Xenopus laevis. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.224311. [PMID: 30890650 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.224311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been established that neuronal growth cone navigation depends on changes in microtubule (MT) and F-actin architecture downstream of guidance cues. However, the mechanisms by which MTs and F-actin are dually coordinated remain a fundamentally unresolved question. Here, we report that the well-characterized MT polymerase, XMAP215 (also known as CKAP5), plays an important role in mediating MT-F-actin interaction within the growth cone. We demonstrate that XMAP215 regulates MT-F-actin alignment through its N-terminal TOG 1-5 domains. Additionally, we show that XMAP215 directly binds to F-actin in vitro and co-localizes with F-actin in the growth cone periphery. We also find that XMAP215 is required for regulation of growth cone morphology and response to the guidance cue, Ephrin A5. Our findings provide the first strong evidence that XMAP215 coordinates MT and F-actin interaction in vivo We suggest a model in which XMAP215 regulates MT extension along F-actin bundles into the growth cone periphery and that these interactions may be important to control cytoskeletal dynamics downstream of guidance cues. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G Slater
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | | | | | - Alexandra Magee
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Yuhan Hu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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20
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Abstract
Mutations causing dysfunction of the tubulins and microtubule-associated proteins, otherwise known as tubulinopathies, are a group of recently described entities, that lead to complex brain malformations. An understanding of the fundamental principles of operation of the cytoskeleton and compounds in particular microtubules, actin, and microtubule-associated proteins, can assist in the interpretation of the imaging findings of tubulinopathies. Somewhat consistent morphological imaging patterns have been described in tubulinopathies such as dysmorphic basal ganglia-the hallmark (found in 75% of cases), callosal dysgenesis, cerebellar hypoplasia/dysplasia, and cortical malformations, most notably lissencephaly. Recognizing the common imaging phenotypes present in tubulinopathies can prove invaluable in directing the genetic workup for a patient with brain malformations.
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21
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Chaytow H, Huang YT, Gillingwater TH, Faller KME. The role of survival motor neuron protein (SMN) in protein homeostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3877-3894. [PMID: 29872871 PMCID: PMC6182345 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ever since loss of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein was identified as the direct cause of the childhood inherited neurodegenerative disorder spinal muscular atrophy, significant efforts have been made to reveal the molecular functions of this ubiquitously expressed protein. Resulting research demonstrated that SMN plays important roles in multiple fundamental cellular homeostatic pathways, including a well-characterised role in the assembly of the spliceosome and biogenesis of ribonucleoproteins. More recent studies have shown that SMN is also involved in other housekeeping processes, including mRNA trafficking and local translation, cytoskeletal dynamics, endocytosis and autophagy. Moreover, SMN has been shown to influence mitochondria and bioenergetic pathways as well as regulate function of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In this review, we summarise these diverse functions of SMN, confirming its key role in maintenance of the homeostatic environment of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Chaytow
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Kiterie M E Faller
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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22
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Pearce SP, Heil M, Jensen OE, Jones GW, Prokop A. Curvature-Sensitive Kinesin Binding Can Explain Microtubule Ring Formation and Reveals Chaotic Dynamics in a Mathematical Model. Bull Math Biol 2018; 80:3002-3022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11538-018-0505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Johnson SA, Spollen WG, Manshack LK, Bivens NJ, Givan SA, Rosenfeld CS. Hypothalamic transcriptomic alterations in male and female California mice ( Peromyscus californicus) developmentally exposed to bisphenol A or ethinyl estradiol. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/3/e13133. [PMID: 28196854 PMCID: PMC5309579 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine‐disrupting chemical (EDC) prevalent in many household items. Rodent models and human epidemiological studies have linked this chemical to neurobehavior impairments. In California mice, developmental exposure to BPA results in sociosexual disorders at adulthood, including communication and biparental care deficits, behaviors that are primarily regulated by the hypothalamus. Thus, we sought to examine the transcriptomic profile in this brain region of juvenile male and female California mice offspring exposed from periconception through lactation to BPA or ethinyl estradiol (EE, estrogen present in birth control pills and considered a positive estrogen control for BPA studies). Two weeks prior to breeding, P0 females were fed a control diet, or this diet supplemented with 50 mg BPA/kg feed weight or 0.1 ppb EE, and continued on the diets through lactation. At weaning, brains from male and female offspring were collected, hypothalamic RNA isolated, and RNA‐seq analysis performed. Results indicate that BPA and EE groups clustered separately from controls with BPA and EE exposure leading to unique set of signature gene profiles. Kcnd3 was downregulated in the hypothalamus of BPA‐ and EE‐exposed females, whereas Tbl2, Topors, Kif3a, and Phactr2 were upregulated in these groups. Comparison of transcripts differentially expressed in BPA and EE groups revealed significant enrichment of gene ontology terms associated with microtubule‐based processes. Current results show that perinatal exposure to BPA or EE can result in several transcriptomic alterations, including those associated with microtubule functions, in the hypothalamus of California mice. It remains to be determined whether these genes mediate BPA‐induced behavioral disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Johnson
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - William G Spollen
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Informatics Research Core Facility University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Lindsey K Manshack
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Nathan J Bivens
- DNA Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Scott A Givan
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri .,Informatics Research Core Facility University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri .,Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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24
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Papandréou MJ, Leterrier C. The functional architecture of axonal actin. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 91:151-159. [PMID: 29758267 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton builds and supports the complex architecture of neurons. It orchestrates the specification, growth, and compartmentation of the axon: axon initial segment, axonal shaft, presynapses. The cytoskeleton must then maintain this intricate architecture for the whole life of its host, but also drive its adaptation to new network demands and changing physiological conditions. Microtubules are readily visible inside axon shafts by electron microscopy, whereas axonal actin study has long been focused on dynamic structures of the axon such as growth cones. Super-resolution microscopy and live-cell imaging have recently revealed new actin-based structures in mature axons: rings, hotspots and trails. This has caused renewed interest for axonal actin, with efforts underway to understand the precise organization and cellular functions of these assemblies. Actin is also present in presynapses, where its arrangement is still poorly defined, and its functions vigorously debated. Here we review the organization of axonal actin, focusing on recent advances and current questions in this rejuvenated field.
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25
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Ferrero H, Larrayoz IM, Gil-Bea FJ, Martínez A, Ramírez MJ. Adrenomedullin, a Novel Target for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8799-8814. [PMID: 29600350 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases represent a heterogeneous group of disorders whose common characteristic is the progressive degeneration of neuronal structure and function. Although much knowledge has been accumulated on the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases over the years, more efforts are needed to understand the processes that underlie these diseases and hence to propose new treatments. Adrenomedullin (AM) is a multifunctional peptide involved in vasodilation, hormone secretion, antimicrobial defense, cellular growth, and angiogenesis. In neurons, AM and related peptides are associated with some structural and functional cytoskeletal proteins that interfere with microtubule dynamics. Furthermore, AM may intervene in neuronal dysfunction through other mechanisms such as immune and inflammatory response, apoptosis, or calcium dyshomeostasis. Alterations in AM expression have been described in neurodegenerative processes such as Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia. This review addresses the current state of knowledge on AM and its possible implication in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Ferrero
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio M Larrayoz
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Francisco J Gil-Bea
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, CIBERNED, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Alfredo Martínez
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - María J Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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26
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Zheng C, Diaz-Cuadros M, Nguyen KCQ, Hall DH, Chalfie M. Distinct effects of tubulin isotype mutations on neurite growth in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2786-2801. [PMID: 28835377 PMCID: PMC5638583 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Different tubulin isotypes perform different functions in the regulation of microtubule (MT) structure and neurite growth, and missense mutations of tubulin genes have three types of distinct effects on MT stability and neurite growth. One α-tubulin isotype appears to induce relative instability due to the lack of potential posttranslational modification sites. Tubulins, the building block of microtubules (MTs), play a critical role in both supporting and regulating neurite growth. Eukaryotic genomes contain multiple tubulin isotypes, and their missense mutations cause a range of neurodevelopmental defects. Using the Caenorhabditis elegans touch receptor neurons, we analyzed the effects of 67 tubulin missense mutations on neurite growth. Three types of mutations emerged: 1) loss-of-function mutations, which cause mild defects in neurite growth; 2) antimorphic mutations, which map to the GTP binding site and intradimer and interdimer interfaces, significantly reduce MT stability, and cause severe neurite growth defects; and 3) neomorphic mutations, which map to the exterior surface, increase MT stability, and cause ectopic neurite growth. Structure-function analysis reveals a causal relationship between tubulin structure and MT stability. This stability affects neuronal morphogenesis. As part of this analysis, we engineered several disease-associated human tubulin mutations into C. elegans genes and examined their impact on neuronal development at the cellular level. We also discovered an α-tubulin (TBA-7) that appears to destabilize MTs. Loss of TBA-7 led to the formation of hyperstable MTs and the generation of ectopic neurites; the lack of potential sites for polyamination and polyglutamination on TBA-7 may be responsible for this destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaogu Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | | | - Ken C Q Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - David H Hall
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Martin Chalfie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
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27
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Sun W, Pei L, Liang Z. mRNA and Long Non-coding RNA Expression Profiles in Rats Reveal Inflammatory Features in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3199-3219. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2357-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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28
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Beecroft SJ, McLean CA, Delatycki MB, Koshy K, Yiu E, Haliloglu G, Orhan D, Lamont PJ, Davis MR, Laing NG, Ravenscroft G. Expanding the phenotypic spectrum associated with mutations of DYNC1H1. Neuromuscul Disord 2017; 27:607-615. [PMID: 28554554 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant mutations of DYNC1H1 cause a range of neurogenetic diseases, including mental retardation with cortical malformations, hereditary spastic paraplegia and spinal muscular atrophy. Using SNP array, linkage analysis and next generation sequencing, we identified two families and one isolated proband sharing a known spinal muscular atrophy, lower extremity predominant (SMALED) causing mutation DYNC1H1 c.1792C>T, p.Arg598Cys, and another family harbouring a c.2327C>T, p.Pro776Leu mutation. Here, we present a detailed clinical and pathological examination of these patients, and show that patients with DYNC1H1 mutations may present with a phenotype mimicking a congenital myopathy. We also highlight features that increase the phenotypic overlap with BICD2, which causes SMALED2. Serial muscle biopsies were available for several patients, spanning from infancy and early childhood to middle age. These provide a unique insight into the developmental and pathological origins of SMALED, suggesting in utero denervation with reinnervation by surrounding intact motor neurons and segmental anterior horn cell deficits. We characterise biopsy features that may make diagnosis of this condition easier in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Beecroft
- Neurogenetic Diseases Group Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; QEII Medical Centre, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Victorian Neuromuscular Laboratory, Alfred Health, Commercial Rd, Prahran, Vic. 3181, Australia
| | - Martin B Delatycki
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia; Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia
| | - Kurian Koshy
- Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tas. 7250, Australia
| | - Eppie Yiu
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia; Neurology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic. 3052, Australia
| | - Goknur Haliloglu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University Children's Hospital, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Diclehan Orhan
- Pediatric Pathology Unit, Hacettepe University Children's Hospital, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Phillipa J Lamont
- Neurogenetic Unit, Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital, Australia
| | - Mark R Davis
- Neurogenetic Unit, Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nigel G Laing
- Neurogenetic Diseases Group Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; QEII Medical Centre, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Neurogenetic Unit, Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Gianina Ravenscroft
- Neurogenetic Diseases Group Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; QEII Medical Centre, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
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Qu Y, Hahn I, Webb SED, Pearce SP, Prokop A. Periodic actin structures in neuronal axons are required to maintain microtubules. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 28:296-308. [PMID: 27881663 PMCID: PMC5231898 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-10-0727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila genetics is combined with high-resolution microscopy and a number of functional readouts to demonstrate key factors required for the presence of regularly spaced rings of cortical actin in axons. The data suggest important roles for the actin rings in microtubule regulation, most likely by sustaining their polymerization. Axons are cable-like neuronal processes wiring the nervous system. They contain parallel bundles of microtubules as structural backbones, surrounded by regularly spaced actin rings termed the periodic membrane skeleton (PMS). Despite being an evolutionarily conserved, ubiquitous, highly ordered feature of axons, the function of PMS is unknown. Here we studied PMS abundance, organization, and function, combining versatile Drosophila genetics with superresolution microscopy and various functional readouts. Analyses with 11 actin regulators and three actin-targeting drugs suggest that PMS contains short actin filaments that are depolymerization resistant and sensitive to spectrin, adducin, and nucleator deficiency, consistent with microscopy-derived models proposing PMS as specialized cortical actin. Upon actin removal, we observed gaps in microtubule bundles, reduced microtubule polymerization, and reduced axon numbers, suggesting a role of PMS in microtubule organization. These effects become strongly enhanced when carried out in neurons lacking the microtubule-stabilizing protein Short stop (Shot). Combining the aforementioned actin manipulations with Shot deficiency revealed a close correlation between PMS abundance and microtubule regulation, consistent with a model in which PMS-dependent microtubule polymerization contributes to their maintenance in axons. We discuss potential implications of this novel PMS function along axon shafts for axon maintenance and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qu
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Ines Hahn
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen E D Webb
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Pearce
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.,School of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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Jadhav AD, Wei L, Shi P. Compartmentalized Platforms for Neuro-Pharmacological Research. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:72-86. [PMID: 26813122 PMCID: PMC4787287 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150516000957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissociated primary neuronal cell culture remains an indispensable approach for neurobiology research in order to investigate basic mechanisms underlying diverse neuronal functions, drug screening and pharmacological investigation. Compartmentalization, a widely adopted technique since its emergence in 1970s enables spatial segregation of neuronal segments and detailed investigation that is otherwise limited with traditional culture methods. Although these compartmental chambers (e.g. Campenot chamber) have been proven valuable for the investigation of Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) neurons and to some extent within Central Nervous System (CNS) neurons, their utility has remained limited given the arduous manufacturing process, incompatibility with high-resolution optical imaging and limited throughput. The development in the area of microfabrication and microfluidics has enabled creation of next generation compartmentalized devices that are cheap, easy to manufacture, require reduced sample volumes, enable precise control over the cellular microenvironment both spatially as well as temporally, and permit highthroughput testing. In this review we briefly evaluate the various compartmentalization tools used for neurobiological research, and highlight application of the emerging microfluidic platforms towards in vitro single cell neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peng Shi
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR.
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Voelzmann A, Hahn I, Pearce SP, Sánchez-Soriano N, Prokop A. A conceptual view at microtubule plus end dynamics in neuronal axons. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:226-237. [PMID: 27530065 PMCID: PMC5090033 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Axons are the cable-like protrusions of neurons which wire up the nervous system. Polar bundles of microtubules (MTs) constitute their structural backbones and are highways for life-sustaining transport between proximal cell bodies and distal synapses. Any morphogenetic changes of axons during development, plastic rearrangement, regeneration or degeneration depend on dynamic changes of these MT bundles. A key mechanism for implementing such changes is the coordinated polymerisation and depolymerisation at the plus ends of MTs within these bundles. To gain an understanding of how such regulation can be achieved at the cellular level, we provide here an integrated overview of the extensive knowledge we have about the molecular mechanisms regulating MT de/polymerisation. We first summarise insights gained from work in vitro, then describe the machinery which supplies the essential tubulin building blocks, the protein complexes associating with MT plus ends, and MT shaft-based mechanisms that influence plus end dynamics. We briefly summarise the contribution of MT plus end dynamics to important cellular functions in axons, and conclude by discussing the challenges and potential strategies of integrating the existing molecular knowledge into conceptual understanding at the level of axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Voelzmann
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ines Hahn
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon P Pearce
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; The University of Manchester, School of Mathematics, Alan Turing Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Natalia Sánchez-Soriano
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Andreas Prokop
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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Baas PW, Rao AN, Matamoros AJ, Leo L. Stability properties of neuronal microtubules. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:442-60. [PMID: 26887570 PMCID: PMC5541393 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neurons are terminally differentiated cells that use their microtubule arrays not for cell division but rather as architectural elements required for the elaboration of elongated axons and dendrites. In addition to acting as compression-bearing struts that provide for the shape of the neuron, microtubules also act as directional railways for organelle transport. The stability properties of neuronal microtubules are commonly discussed in the biomedical literature as crucial to the development and maintenance of the nervous system, and have recently gained attention as central to the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Drugs that affect microtubule stability are currently under investigation as potential therapies for disease and injury of the nervous system. There is often a lack of consistency, however, in how the issue of microtubule stability is discussed in the literature, and this can affect the design and interpretation of experiments as well as potential therapeutic regimens. Neuronal microtubules are considered to be more stable than microtubules in dividing cells. On average, this is true, but in addition to an abundant stable microtubule fraction in neurons, there is also an abundant labile microtubule fraction. Both are functionally important. Individual microtubules consist of domains that differ in their stability properties, and these domains can also differ markedly in their composition as well as how they interact with various microtubule-related proteins in the neuron. Myriad proteins and pathways have been discussed as potential contributors to microtubule stability in neurons. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Baas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Anand N Rao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew J Matamoros
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lanfranco Leo
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Voelzmann A, Okenve-Ramos P, Qu Y, Chojnowska-Monga M, del Caño-Espinel M, Prokop A, Sanchez-Soriano N. Tau and spectraplakins promote synapse formation and maintenance through Jun kinase and neuronal trafficking. eLife 2016; 5:e14694. [PMID: 27501441 PMCID: PMC4977155 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating synapse numbers during development and ageing are essential for normal brain function and closely linked to brain disorders including dementias. Using Drosophila, we demonstrate roles of the microtubule-associated protein Tau in regulating synapse numbers, thus unravelling an important cellular requirement of normal Tau. In this context, we find that Tau displays a strong functional overlap with microtubule-binding spectraplakins, establishing new links between two different neurodegenerative factors. Tau and the spectraplakin Short Stop act upstream of a three-step regulatory cascade ensuring adequate delivery of synaptic proteins. This cascade involves microtubule stability as the initial trigger, JNK signalling as the central mediator, and kinesin-3 mediated axonal transport as the key effector. This cascade acts during development (synapse formation) and ageing (synapse maintenance) alike. Therefore, our findings suggest novel explanations for intellectual disability in Tau deficient individuals, as well as early synapse loss in dementias including Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Voelzmann
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Okenve-Ramos
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yue Qu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Monika Chojnowska-Monga
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela del Caño-Espinel
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Sanchez-Soriano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Mino RE, Rogers SL, Risinger AL, Rohena C, Banerjee S, Bhat MA. Drosophila Ringmaker regulates microtubule stabilization and axonal extension during embryonic development. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3282-94. [PMID: 27422099 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.187294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal growth and targeting are fundamental to the organization of the nervous system, and require active engagement of the cytoskeleton. Polymerization and stabilization of axonal microtubules is central to axonal growth and maturation of neuronal connectivity. Studies have suggested that members of the tubulin polymerization promoting protein (TPPP, also known as P25α) family are involved in cellular process extension. However, no in vivo knockout data exists regarding its role in axonal growth during development. Here, we report the characterization of Ringmaker (Ringer; CG45057), the only Drosophila homolog of long p25α proteins. Immunohistochemical analyses indicate that Ringer expression is dynamically regulated in the embryonic central nervous system (CNS). ringer-null mutants show cell misplacement, and errors in axonal extension and targeting. Ultrastructural examination of ringer mutants revealed defective microtubule morphology and organization. Primary neuronal cultures of ringer mutants exhibit defective axonal extension, and Ringer expression in cells induced microtubule stabilization and bundling into rings. In vitro assays showed that Ringer directly affects tubulin, and promotes microtubule bundling and polymerization. Together, our studies uncover an essential function of Ringer in axonal extension and targeting through proper microtubule organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa E Mino
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas School of Medicine, Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Stephen L Rogers
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - April L Risinger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas School of Medicine, Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Cristina Rohena
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas School of Medicine, Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Swati Banerjee
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas School of Medicine, Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Manzoor A Bhat
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas School of Medicine, Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Abstract
The growth and migration of neurons require continuous remodelling of the neuronal cytoskeleton, providing a versatile cellular framework for force generation and guided movement, in addition to structural support. Actin filaments and microtubules are central to the dynamic action of the cytoskeleton and rapid advances in imaging technologies are enabling ever more detailed visualisation of the dynamic intracellular networks that they form. However, these filaments do not act individually and an expanding body of evidence emphasises the importance of actin-microtubule crosstalk in orchestrating cytoskeletal dynamics. Here, we summarise our current understanding of the structure and dynamics of actin and microtubules in isolation, before reviewing both the mechanisms and the molecular players involved in mediating actin-microtubule crosstalk in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte H Coles
- Laboratory for Axon Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Frank Bradke
- Laboratory for Axon Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany.
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Hertz DL, Owzar K, Lessans S, Wing C, Jiang C, Kelly WK, Patel J, Halabi S, Furukawa Y, Wheeler HE, Sibley AB, Lassiter C, Weisman L, Watson D, Krens SD, Mulkey F, Renn CL, Small EJ, Febbo PG, Shterev I, Kroetz DL, Friedman PN, Mahoney JF, Carducci MA, Kelley MJ, Nakamura Y, Kubo M, Dorsey SG, Dolan ME, Morris MJ, Ratain MJ, McLeod HL. Pharmacogenetic Discovery in CALGB (Alliance) 90401 and Mechanistic Validation of a VAC14 Polymorphism that Increases Risk of Docetaxel-Induced Neuropathy. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4890-4900. [PMID: 27143689 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Discovery of SNPs that predict a patient's risk of docetaxel-induced neuropathy would enable treatment individualization to maximize efficacy and avoid unnecessary toxicity. The objectives of this analysis were to discover SNPs associated with docetaxel-induced neuropathy and mechanistically validate these associations in preclinical models of drug-induced neuropathy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A genome-wide association study was conducted in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with docetaxel, prednisone and randomized to bevacizumab or placebo on CALGB 90401. SNPs were genotyped on the Illumina HumanHap610-Quad platform followed by rigorous quality control. The inference was conducted on the cumulative dose at occurrence of grade 3+ sensory neuropathy using a cause-specific hazard model that accounted for early treatment discontinuation. Genes with SNPs significantly associated with neuropathy were knocked down in cellular and mouse models of drug-induced neuropathy. RESULTS A total of 498,081 SNPs were analyzed in 623 Caucasian patients, 50 (8%) of whom experienced grade 3+ neuropathy. The 1,000 SNPs most associated with neuropathy clustered in relevant pathways including neuropathic pain and axonal guidance. An SNP in VAC14 (rs875858) surpassed genome-wide significance (P = 2.12 × 10-8, adjusted P = 5.88 × 10-7). siRNA knockdown of VAC14 in stem cell-derived peripheral neuronal cells increased docetaxel sensitivity as measured by decreased neurite processes (P = 0.0015) and branches (P < 0.0001). Prior to docetaxel treatment, VAC14 heterozygous mice had greater nociceptive sensitivity than wild-type litter mate controls (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS VAC14 should be prioritized for further validation of its potential role as a predictor of docetaxel-induced neuropathy and biomarker for treatment individualization. Clin Cancer Res; 22(19); 4890-900. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Hertz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan. UNC Institute for Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kouros Owzar
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina. Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sherrie Lessans
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Claudia Wing
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Chen Jiang
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Jai Patel
- UNC Institute for Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Susan Halabi
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina. Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yoichi Furukawa
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Cameron Lassiter
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lois Weisman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dorothy Watson
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Stefanie D Krens
- UNC Institute for Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Flora Mulkey
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Cynthia L Renn
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric J Small
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Ivo Shterev
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Deanna L Kroetz
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Paula N Friedman
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John F Mahoney
- Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Michael A Carducci
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael J Kelley
- Durham VA Medical Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Division of Clinical Genome Research, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- Lab for Genotyping Development, Riken Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Susan G Dorsey
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - M Eileen Dolan
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Mark J Ratain
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Howard L McLeod
- UNC Institute for Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Personalized Medicine Institute, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida.
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Vaarmann A, Mandel M, Zeb A, Wareski P, Liiv J, Kuum M, Antsov E, Liiv M, Cagalinec M, Choubey V, Kaasik A. Mitochondrial biogenesis is required for axonal growth. Development 2016; 143:1981-92. [PMID: 27122166 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During early development, neurons undergo complex morphological rearrangements to assemble into neuronal circuits and propagate signals. Rapid growth requires a large quantity of building materials, efficient intracellular transport and also a considerable amount of energy. To produce this energy, the neuron should first generate new mitochondria because the pre-existing mitochondria are unlikely to provide a sufficient acceleration in ATP production. Here, we demonstrate that mitochondrial biogenesis and ATP production are required for axonal growth and neuronal development in cultured rat cortical neurons. We also demonstrate that growth signals activating the CaMKKβ, LKB1-STRAD or TAK1 pathways also co-activate the AMPK-PGC-1α-NRF1 axis leading to the generation of new mitochondria to ensure energy for upcoming growth. In conclusion, our results suggest that neurons are capable of signalling for upcoming energy requirements. Earlier activation of mitochondrial biogenesis through these pathways will accelerate the generation of new mitochondria, thereby ensuring energy-producing capability for when other factors for axonal growth are synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Vaarmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Merle Mandel
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Akbar Zeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Przemyslaw Wareski
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Joanna Liiv
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Malle Kuum
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Eva Antsov
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Mailis Liiv
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Michal Cagalinec
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Vinay Choubey
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Allen Kaasik
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 51014, Estonia
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Eira J, Silva CS, Sousa MM, Liz MA. The cytoskeleton as a novel therapeutic target for old neurodegenerative disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 141:61-82. [PMID: 27095262 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytoskeleton defects, including alterations in microtubule stability, in axonal transport as well as in actin dynamics, have been characterized in several unrelated neurodegenerative conditions. These observations suggest that defects of cytoskeleton organization may be a common feature contributing to neurodegeneration. In line with this hypothesis, drugs targeting the cytoskeleton are currently being tested in animal models and in human clinical trials, showing promising effects. Drugs that modulate microtubule stability, inhibitors of posttranslational modifications of cytoskeletal components, specifically compounds affecting the levels of tubulin acetylation, and compounds targeting signaling molecules which regulate cytoskeleton dynamics, constitute the mostly addressed therapeutic interventions aiming at preventing cytoskeleton damage in neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we will discuss in a critical perspective the current knowledge on cytoskeleton damage pathways as well as therapeutic strategies designed to revert cytoskeleton-related defects mainly focusing on the following neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Eira
- Neurodegeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Santos Silva
- Neurodegeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Mendes Sousa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal; Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcia Almeida Liz
- Neurodegeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal.
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40
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Leo L, Yu W, Baas PW. Using siRNA to study microtubule-related proteins in cultured neurons. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 131:163-76. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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41
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Ververis A, Christodoulou A, Christoforou M, Kamilari C, Lederer CW, Santama N. A novel family of katanin-like 2 protein isoforms (KATNAL2), interacting with nucleotide-binding proteins Nubp1 and Nubp2, are key regulators of different MT-based processes in mammalian cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:163-84. [PMID: 26153462 PMCID: PMC11108477 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1980-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Katanins are microtubule (MT)-severing AAA proteins with high phylogenetic conservation throughout the eukaryotes. They have been functionally implicated in processes requiring MT remodeling, such as spindle assembly in mitosis and meiosis, assembly/disassembly of flagella and cilia and neuronal morphogenesis. Here, we uncover a novel family of katanin-like 2 proteins (KATNAL2) in mouse, consisting of five alternatively spliced isoforms encoded by the Katnal2 genomic locus. We further demonstrate that in vivo these isoforms are able to interact with themselves, with each other and moreover directly and independently with MRP/MinD-type P-loop NTPases Nubp1 and Nubp2, which are integral components of centrioles, negative regulators of ciliogenesis and implicated in centriole duplication in mammalian cells. We find KATNAL2 localized on interphase MTs, centrioles, mitotic spindle, midbody and the axoneme and basal body of sensory cilia in cultured murine cells. shRNAi of Katnal2 results in inefficient cytokinesis and severe phenotypes of enlarged cells and nuclei, increased numbers of centrioles and the manifestation of aberrant multipolar mitotic spindles, mitotic defects, chromosome bridges, multinuclearity, increased MT acetylation and an altered cell cycle pattern. Silencing or stable overexpression of KATNAL2 isoforms drastically reduces ciliogenesis. In conclusion, KATNAL2s are multitasking enzymes involved in the same cell type in critically important processes affecting cytokinesis, MT dynamics, and ciliogenesis and are also implicated in cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Ververis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, University Avenue 1, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andri Christodoulou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, University Avenue 1, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Christoforou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, University Avenue 1, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christina Kamilari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, University Avenue 1, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Niovi Santama
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, University Avenue 1, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Nulty J, Alsaffar M, Barry D. Radial glial cells organize the central nervous system via microtubule dependant processes. Brain Res 2015; 1625:171-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
The assembly of functional neural circuits requires the combined action of progressive and regressive events. Regressive events encompass a variety of inhibitory developmental processes, including axon and dendrite pruning, which facilitate the removal of exuberant neuronal connections. Most axon pruning involves the removal of axons that had already made synaptic connections; thus, axon pruning is tightly associated with synapse elimination. In many instances, these developmental processes are regulated by the interplay between neurons and glial cells that act instructively during neural remodeling. Owing to the importance of axon and dendritic pruning, these remodeling events require precise spatial and temporal control, and this is achieved by a range of distinct molecular mechanisms. Disruption of these mechanisms results in abnormal pruning, which has been linked to brain dysfunction. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of axon and dendritic pruning will be instrumental in advancing our knowledge of neural disease and mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Riccomagno
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
| | - Alex L Kolodkin
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205;
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DeBonis S, Neumann E, Skoufias DA. Self protein-protein interactions are involved in TPPP/p25 mediated microtubule bundling. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13242. [PMID: 26289831 PMCID: PMC4542545 DOI: 10.1038/srep13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TPPP/p25 is a microtubule-associated protein, detected in protein inclusions associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. Deletion analysis data show that TPPP/p25 has two microtubule binding sites, both located in intrinsically disordered domains, one at the N-terminal and the other in the C-terminal domain. In copolymerization assays the full-length protein exhibits microtubule stimulation and bundling activity. In contrast, at the same ratio relative to tubulin, truncated forms of TPPP/p25 exhibit either lower or no microtubule stimulation and no bundling activity, suggesting a cooperative phenomenon which is enhanced by the presence of the two binding sites. The binding characteristics of the N- and C-terminally truncated proteins to taxol-stabilized microtubules are similar to the full-length protein. However, the C-terminally truncated TPPP/p25 shows a lower Bmax for microtubule binding, suggesting that it may bind to a site of tubulin that is masked in microtubules. Bimolecular fluorescent complementation assays in cells expressing combinations of various TPPP/p25 fragments, but not that of the central folded domain, resulted in the generation of a fluorescence signal colocalized with perinuclear microtubule bundles insensitive to microtubule inhibitors. The data suggest that the central folded domain of TPPP/p25 following binding to microtubules can drive s homotypic protein-protein interactions leading to bundled microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore DeBonis
- Université de Grenoble Alpes, F-38044 Grenoble, France.,CNRS, F-38044 Grenoble, France.,CEA, IBS, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuelle Neumann
- Université de Grenoble Alpes, F-38044 Grenoble, France.,CNRS, F-38044 Grenoble, France.,CEA, IBS, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Dimitrios A Skoufias
- Université de Grenoble Alpes, F-38044 Grenoble, France.,CNRS, F-38044 Grenoble, France.,CEA, IBS, F-38044 Grenoble, France
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45
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46
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Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of filamentous protein polymers required for virtually all cellular processes. It consists of three major classes, filamentous actin (F-actin), intermediate filaments, and microtubules, all displaying characteristic structural properties, functions, cellular distributions, and sets of interacting regulatory proteins. One unique class of proteins, the spectraplakins, bind, regulate, and integrate the functions of all three classes of cytoskeleton proteins. Spectraplakins are giant, evolutionary conserved multidomain proteins (spanning up to 9000 aa) that are true members of the plakin, spectrin, and Gas2-like protein families. They have OMIM-listed disease links to epidermolysis bullosa and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. Their role in disease is likely underrepresented since studies in model animal systems have revealed critical roles in polarity, morphogenesis, differentiation and maintenance, migration, signaling, and intracellular trafficking in a variety of tissues. This enormous diversity of spectraplakin function is consistent with the numerous isoforms produced from single genomic loci that combine different sets of functional domains in distinct cellular contexts. To study the broad range of functions and complexity of these proteins, Drosophila is a powerful model. Thus, the fly spectraplakin Short stop (Shot) acts as an actin-microtubule linker and plays important roles in many developmental processes, which provide experimentally amenable and relevant contexts in which to study spectraplakin functions. For these studies, a versatile range of relevant experimental resources that facilitate genetics and transgenic approaches, highly refined genomics tools, and an impressive set of spectraplakin-specific genetic and molecular tools are readily available. Here, we use the example of Shot to illustrate how the various tools and strategies available for Drosophila can be employed to decipher and dissect cellular roles and molecular mechanisms of spectraplakins.
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Auer TO, Xiao T, Bercier V, Gebhardt C, Duroure K, Concordet JP, Wyart C, Suster M, Kawakami K, Wittbrodt J, Baier H, Del Bene F. Deletion of a kinesin I motor unmasks a mechanism of homeostatic branching control by neurotrophin-3. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26076409 PMCID: PMC4467164 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Development and function of highly polarized cells such as neurons depend on microtubule-associated intracellular transport, but little is known about contributions of specific molecular motors to the establishment of synaptic connections. In this study, we investigated the function of the Kinesin I heavy chain Kif5aa during retinotectal circuit formation in zebrafish. Targeted disruption of Kif5aa does not affect retinal ganglion cell differentiation, and retinal axons reach their topographically correct targets in the tectum, albeit with a delay. In vivo dynamic imaging showed that anterograde transport of mitochondria is impaired, as is synaptic transmission. Strikingly, disruption of presynaptic activity elicits upregulation of Neurotrophin-3 (Ntf3) in postsynaptic tectal cells. This in turn promotes exuberant branching of retinal axons by signaling through the TrkC receptor (Ntrk3). Thus, our study has uncovered an activity-dependent, retrograde signaling pathway that homeostatically controls axonal branching.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tong Xiao
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Paul Concordet
- Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, Inserm U 1154, CNRS, UMR 7196, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Claire Wyart
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Maximiliano Suster
- Neural Circuits and Behaviour Group, Uni Research AS High Technology Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Joachim Wittbrodt
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Herwig Baier
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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Bakos J, Bacova Z, Grant SG, Castejon AM, Ostatnikova D. Are Molecules Involved in Neuritogenesis and Axon Guidance Related to Autism Pathogenesis? Neuromolecular Med 2015; 17:297-304. [PMID: 25989848 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-015-8357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder is a heterogeneous disease, and numerous alterations of gene expression come into play to attempt to explain potential molecular and pathophysiological causes. Abnormalities of brain development and connectivity associated with alterations in cytoskeletal rearrangement, neuritogenesis and elongation of axons and dendrites might represent or contribute to the structural basis of autism pathology. Slit/Robo signaling regulates cytoskeletal remodeling related to axonal and dendritic branching. Components of its signaling pathway (ABL and Cdc42) are suspected to be molecular bases of alterations of normal development. The present review describes the most important mechanisms underlying neuritogenesis, axon pathfinding and the role of GTPases in neurite outgrowth, with special emphasis on alterations associated with autism spectrum disorders. On the basis of analysis of publicly available microarray data, potential biomarkers of autism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bakos
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, Bratislava, Slovakia,
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Kharitonenko KV, Bedoshvili YD, Likhoshway YV. Changes in the micro- and nanostructure of siliceous valves in the diatom Synedra acus under the effect of colchicine treatment at different stages of the cell cycle. J Struct Biol 2015; 190:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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50
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Beaven R, Dzhindzhev NS, Qu Y, Hahn I, Dajas-Bailador F, Ohkura H, Prokop A. Drosophila CLIP-190 and mammalian CLIP-170 display reduced microtubule plus end association in the nervous system. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1491-508. [PMID: 25694447 PMCID: PMC4395129 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-06-1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Usually, CLIPs promote microtubule growth by binding their plus ends. However, in neurons, mouse CLIP-170 and fly CLIP-190 are weak end binders, instead forming actin/myosin VI–dependent patches in the center of growth cones. Total CLIP-190 loss, even together with four other plus end binders, reveals no role in neuronal MT regulation. Axons act like cables, electrically wiring the nervous system. Polar bundles of microtubules (MTs) form their backbones and drive their growth. Plus end–tracking proteins (+TIPs) regulate MT growth dynamics and directionality at their plus ends. However, current knowledge about +TIP functions, mostly derived from work in vitro and in nonneuronal cells, may not necessarily apply to the very different context of axonal MTs. For example, the CLIP family of +TIPs are known MT polymerization promoters in nonneuronal cells. However, we show here that neither Drosophila CLIP-190 nor mammalian CLIP-170 is a prominent MT plus end tracker in neurons, which we propose is due to low plus end affinity of the CAP-Gly domain–containing N-terminus and intramolecular inhibition through the C-terminus. Instead, both CLIP-190 and CLIP-170 form F-actin–dependent patches in growth cones, mediated by binding of the coiled-coil domain to myosin-VI. Because our loss-of-function analyses in vivo and in culture failed to reveal axonal roles for CLIP-190, even in double-mutant combinations with four other +TIPs, we propose that CLIP-190 and -170 are not essential axon extension regulators. Our findings demonstrate that +TIP functions known from nonneuronal cells do not necessarily apply to the regulation of the very distinct MT networks in axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Beaven
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Nikola S Dzhindzhev
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom
| | - Yue Qu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Ines Hahn
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hiroyuki Ohkura
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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