1
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Zang JL, Gibson D, Zheng AM, Shi W, Gillies JP, Stein C, Drerup CM, DeSantis ME. CCSer2 gates dynein activity at the cell periphery. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.13.598865. [PMID: 38915497 PMCID: PMC11195223 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.13.598865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 (dynein) is a microtubule-associated, minus end-directed motor that traffics hundreds of different cargos. Dynein must discriminate between cargos and traffic them at the appropriate time from the correct cellular region. How dynein's trafficking activity is regulated in time or cellular space remains poorly understood. Here, we identify CCSer2 as the first known protein to gate dynein activity in the spatial dimension. CCSer2 promotes the migration of developing zebrafish primordium cells and of cultured human cells by facilitating the trafficking of cargos that are acted on by cortically localized dynein. CCSer2 inhibits the interaction between dynein and its regulator Ndel1 exclusively at the cell periphery, resulting in localized dynein activation. Our findings suggest that the spatial specificity of dynein is achieved by the localization of proteins that disinhibit Ndel1. We propose that CCSer2 defines a broader class of proteins that activate dynein in distinct microenvironments via Ndel1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana L Zang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Daytan Gibson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ann-Marie Zheng
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Wanjing Shi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - John P Gillies
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Chris Stein
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Catherine M Drerup
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Morgan E DeSantis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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2
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Toscano E, Cimmino E, Pennacchio FA, Riccio P, Poli A, Liu YJ, Maiuri P, Sepe L, Paolella G. Methods and computational tools to study eukaryotic cell migration in vitro. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1385991. [PMID: 38887515 PMCID: PMC11180820 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1385991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular movement is essential for many vital biological functions where it plays a pivotal role both at the single cell level, such as during division or differentiation, and at the macroscopic level within tissues, where coordinated migration is crucial for proper morphogenesis. It also has an impact on various pathological processes, one for all, cancer spreading. Cell migration is a complex phenomenon and diverse experimental methods have been developed aimed at dissecting and analysing its distinct facets independently. In parallel, corresponding analytical procedures and tools have been devised to gain deep insight and interpret experimental results. Here we review established experimental techniques designed to investigate specific aspects of cell migration and present a broad collection of historical as well as cutting-edge computational tools used in quantitative analysis of cell motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Toscano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Cimmino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio A. Pennacchio
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrizia Riccio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Yan-Jun Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Paolo Maiuri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Leandra Sepe
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Paolella
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
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3
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Kroll J, Renkawitz J. Principles of organelle positioning in motile and non-motile cells. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:2172-2187. [PMID: 38627564 PMCID: PMC11094012 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells are equipped with asymmetrically localised and functionally specialised components, including cytoskeletal structures and organelles. Positioning these components to specific intracellular locations in an asymmetric manner is critical for their functionality and affects processes like immune responses, tissue maintenance, muscle functionality, and neurobiology. Here, we provide an overview of strategies to actively move, position, and anchor organelles to specific locations. By conceptualizing the cytoskeletal forces and the organelle-to-cytoskeleton connectivity, we present a framework of active positioning of both membrane-enclosed and membrane-less organelles. Using this framework, we discuss how different principles of force generation and organelle anchorage are utilised by different cells, such as mesenchymal and amoeboid cells, and how the microenvironment influences the plasticity of organelle positioning. Given that motile cells face the challenge of coordinating the positioning of their content with cellular motion, we particularly focus on principles of organelle positioning during migration. In this context, we discuss novel findings on organelle positioning by anchorage-independent mechanisms and their advantages and disadvantages in motile as well as stationary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Kroll
- Biomedical Center, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Renkawitz
- Biomedical Center, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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4
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Heyn JCJ, Rädler JO, Falcke M. Mesenchymal cell migration on one-dimensional micropatterns. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1352279. [PMID: 38694822 PMCID: PMC11062138 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1352279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantitative studies of mesenchymal cell motion are important to elucidate cytoskeleton function and mechanisms of cell migration. To this end, confinement of cell motion to one dimension (1D) significantly simplifies the problem of cell shape in experimental and theoretical investigations. Here we review 1D migration assays employing micro-fabricated lanes and reflect on the advantages of such platforms. Data are analyzed using biophysical models of cell migration that reproduce the rich scenario of morphodynamic behavior found in 1D. We describe basic model assumptions and model behavior. It appears that mechanical models explain the occurrence of universal relations conserved across different cell lines such as the adhesion-velocity relation and the universal correlation between speed and persistence (UCSP). We highlight the unique opportunity of reproducible and standardized 1D assays to validate theory based on statistical measures from large data of trajectories and discuss the potential of experimental settings embedding controlled perturbations to probe response in migratory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C. J. Heyn
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim O. Rädler
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Falcke
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Brückner DB, Broedersz CP. Learning dynamical models of single and collective cell migration: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2024; 87:056601. [PMID: 38518358 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad36d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Single and collective cell migration are fundamental processes critical for physiological phenomena ranging from embryonic development and immune response to wound healing and cancer metastasis. To understand cell migration from a physical perspective, a broad variety of models for the underlying physical mechanisms that govern cell motility have been developed. A key challenge in the development of such models is how to connect them to experimental observations, which often exhibit complex stochastic behaviours. In this review, we discuss recent advances in data-driven theoretical approaches that directly connect with experimental data to infer dynamical models of stochastic cell migration. Leveraging advances in nanofabrication, image analysis, and tracking technology, experimental studies now provide unprecedented large datasets on cellular dynamics. In parallel, theoretical efforts have been directed towards integrating such datasets into physical models from the single cell to the tissue scale with the aim of conceptualising the emergent behaviour of cells. We first review how this inference problem has been addressed in both freely migrating and confined cells. Next, we discuss why these dynamics typically take the form of underdamped stochastic equations of motion, and how such equations can be inferred from data. We then review applications of data-driven inference and machine learning approaches to heterogeneity in cell behaviour, subcellular degrees of freedom, and to the collective dynamics of multicellular systems. Across these applications, we emphasise how data-driven methods can be integrated with physical active matter models of migrating cells, and help reveal how underlying molecular mechanisms control cell behaviour. Together, these data-driven approaches are a promising avenue for building physical models of cell migration directly from experimental data, and for providing conceptual links between different length-scales of description.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Brückner
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Chase P Broedersz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Theresienstr. 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany
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6
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Feng X, Molteni H, Gregory M, Lanza J, Polsani N, Gupta I, Wyetzner R, Hawkins MB, Holmes G, Hopyan S, Harris MP, Atit RP. Apical expansion of calvarial osteoblasts and suture patency is dependent on fibronectin cues. Development 2024; 151:dev202371. [PMID: 38602508 PMCID: PMC11165720 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The skull roof, or calvaria, is comprised of interlocking plates of bones that encase the brain. Separating these bones are fibrous sutures that permit growth. Currently, we do not understand the instructions for directional growth of the calvaria, a process which is error-prone and can lead to skeletal deficiencies or premature suture fusion (craniosynostosis, CS). Here, we identify graded expression of fibronectin (FN1) in the mouse embryonic cranial mesenchyme (CM) that precedes the apical expansion of calvaria. Conditional deletion of Fn1 or Wasl leads to diminished frontal bone expansion by altering cell shape and focal actin enrichment, respectively, suggesting defective migration of calvarial progenitors. Interestingly, Fn1 mutants have premature fusion of coronal sutures. Consistently, syndromic forms of CS in humans exhibit dysregulated FN1 expression, and we also find FN1 expression altered in a mouse CS model of Apert syndrome. These data support a model of FN1 as a directional substrate for calvarial osteoblast migration that may be a common mechanism underlying many cranial disorders of disparate genetic etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Feng
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Helen Molteni
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Megan Gregory
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jennifer Lanza
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nikaya Polsani
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Isha Gupta
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rachel Wyetzner
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - M. Brent Hawkins
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Greg Holmes
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Kids, Toronto ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Matthew P. Harris
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Radhika P. Atit
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences and Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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7
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Savulescu AF, Peton N, Oosthuizen D, Hazra R, Rousseau RP, Mhlanga MM, Coussens AK. Quantifying spatial dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of human macrophages using microfabricated patterns. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100640. [PMID: 37963461 PMCID: PMC10694489 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages provide a first line of defense against invading pathogens, including the leading cause of bacterial mortality, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). A challenge for quantitative characterization of host-pathogen processes in differentially polarized primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) is their heterogeneous morphology. Here, we describe the use of microfabricated patterns that constrain the size and shape of cells, mimicking the physiological spatial confinement cells experience in tissues, to quantitatively characterize interactions during and after phagocytosis at the single-cell level at high resolution. Comparing pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) MDMs, we find interferon-γ stimulation increases the phagocytic contraction, while contraction and bacterial uptake decrease following silencing of phagocytosis regulator NHLRC2 or bacterial surface lipid removal. We identify host organelle position alterations within infected MDMs and differences in Mtb subcellular localization in line with M1 and M2 cellular polarity. Our approach can be adapted to study other host-pathogen interactions and coupled with downstream automated analytical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca F Savulescu
- Division of Chemical, Systems, & Synthetic Biology, Institute for Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.
| | - Nashied Peton
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Delia Oosthuizen
- Division of Chemical, Systems, & Synthetic Biology, Institute for Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Rudranil Hazra
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Robert P Rousseau
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Musa M Mhlanga
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Epigenomics & Single Cell Biophysics Group, Department of Cell Biology, FNWI, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Anna K Coussens
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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8
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Legátová A, Pelantová M, Rösel D, Brábek J, Škarková A. The emerging role of microtubules in invasion plasticity. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1118171. [PMID: 36860323 PMCID: PMC9969133 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1118171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to switch between different invasive modes during metastasis, also known as invasion plasticity, is an important characteristic of tumor cells that makes them able to resist treatment targeted to a particular invasion mode. Due to the rapid changes in cell morphology during the transition between mesenchymal and amoeboid invasion, it is evident that this process requires remodeling of the cytoskeleton. Although the role of the actin cytoskeleton in cell invasion and plasticity is already quite well described, the contribution of microtubules is not yet fully clarified. It is not easy to infer whether destabilization of microtubules leads to higher invasiveness or the opposite since the complex microtubular network acts differently in diverse invasive modes. While mesenchymal migration typically requires microtubules at the leading edge of migrating cells to stabilize protrusions and form adhesive structures, amoeboid invasion is possible even in the absence of long, stable microtubules, albeit there are also cases of amoeboid cells where microtubules contribute to effective migration. Moreover, complex crosstalk of microtubules with other cytoskeletal networks participates in invasion regulation. Altogether, microtubules play an important role in tumor cell plasticity and can be therefore targeted to affect not only cell proliferation but also invasive properties of migrating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Legátová
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), Vestec u Prahy, Czechia
| | - Markéta Pelantová
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), Vestec u Prahy, Czechia
| | - Daniel Rösel
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), Vestec u Prahy, Czechia
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), Vestec u Prahy, Czechia
| | - Aneta Škarková
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), Vestec u Prahy, Czechia,*Correspondence: Aneta Škarková,
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9
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Confined environments induce polarized paraspeckle condensates. Commun Biol 2023; 6:145. [PMID: 36737664 PMCID: PMC9898560 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells experience confinement as they navigate the tumour microenvironment during metastasis. Recent studies have revealed that the nucleus can function as a 'ruler' for measuring physical confinement via membrane tension, allowing for compression-sensitive changes in migration. Cell nuclei contain many nuclear bodies that form when their components phase separate and condense within permissive local regions within the nucleus. However, how sub-nuclear organisation and phase separation changes with cell confinement and compression is largely unknown. Here we focus on paraspeckles, stress-responsive subnuclear bodies that form by phase separation around the long non-coding RNA NEAT1. As cells entered moderate confinement, a significant increase in paraspeckle number and size was observed compared to unconfined cells. Paraspeckle polarization bias towards the leading edge was also observed in confinement, correlating with regions of euchromatin. Increasing paraspeckle abundance resulted in increases in confined migration likelihood, speed, and directionality, as well as an enhancement of paraspeckle polarization towards the leading edge. This polarization of paraspeckle condensates may play a key role in regulating confined migration and invasion in cancer cells, and illustrates the utility of microchannel-based assays for identifying phenomena not observed on 2D or 3D bulk substrates.
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10
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Feng X, Molteni H, Gregory M, Lanza J, Polsani N, Wyetzner R, Hawkins MB, Holmes G, Hopyan S, Harris MP, Atit RP. Apical expansion of calvarial osteoblasts and suture patency is dependent on graded fibronectin cues. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.16.524278. [PMID: 36711975 PMCID: PMC9882209 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.16.524278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The skull roof, or calvaria, is comprised of interlocking plates of bone. Premature suture fusion (craniosynostosis, CS) or persistent fontanelles are common defects in calvarial development. Although some of the genetic causes of these disorders are known, we lack an understanding of the instructions directing the growth and migration of progenitors of these bones, which may affect the suture patency. Here, we identify graded expression of Fibronectin (FN1) protein in the mouse embryonic cranial mesenchyme (CM) that precedes the apical expansion of calvarial osteoblasts. Syndromic forms of CS exhibit dysregulated FN1 expression, and we find FN1 expression is altered in a mouse CS model as well. Conditional deletion of Fn1 in CM causes diminished frontal bone expansion by altering cell polarity and shape. To address how osteoprogenitors interact with the observed FN1 prepattern, we conditionally ablate Wasl/N-Wasp to disrupt F-actin junctions in migrating cells, impacting lamellipodia and cell-matrix interaction. Neural crest-targeted deletion of Wasl results in a diminished actin network and reduced expansion of frontal bone primordia similar to conditional Fn1 mutants. Interestingly, defective calvaria formation in both the Fn1 and Wasl mutants occurs without a significant change in proliferation, survival, or osteogenesis. Finally, we find that CM-restricted Fn1 deletion leads to premature fusion of coronal sutures. These data support a model of FN1 as a directional substrate for calvarial osteoblast migration that may be a common mechanism underlying many cranial disorders of disparate genetic etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Feng
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland Ohio, USA
| | - Helen Molteni
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland Ohio, USA
| | - Megan Gregory
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer Lanza
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland Ohio, USA
| | - Nikaya Polsani
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland Ohio, USA
| | - Rachel Wyetzner
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland Ohio, USA
| | - M Brent Hawkins
- Dept of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Dept. of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Greg Holmes
- Dept. of _Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Dept. of Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Kids, Toronto, Canada
| | - Matthew P Harris
- Dept of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Dept. of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Radhika P Atit
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland Ohio, USA
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11
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Moore RE, Pop S, Alleyne C, Clarke JDW. Microtubules are not required to generate a nascent axon in embryonic spinal neurons
in vivo. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e52493. [DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Moore
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London UK
| | - Sînziana Pop
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London UK
- The Francis Crick Institute London UK
| | - Caché Alleyne
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London UK
| | - Jonathan D W Clarke
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London UK
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12
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Klaus A, Clapes T, Yvernogeau L, Basu S, Weijts B, Maas J, Smal I, Galjart N, Robin C. CLASP2 safeguards hematopoietic stem cell properties during mouse and fish development. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110957. [PMID: 35705037 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) express a large variety of cell surface receptors that are associated with acquisition of self-renewal and multipotent properties. Correct expression of these receptors depends on a delicate balance between cell surface trafficking, recycling, and degradation and is controlled by the microtubule network and Golgi apparatus, whose roles have hardly been explored during embryonic/fetal hematopoiesis. Here we show that, in the absence of CLASP2, a microtubule-associated protein, the overall production of HSCs is reduced, and the produced HSCs fail to self-renew and maintain their stemness throughout mouse and zebrafish development. This phenotype can be attributed to decreased cell surface expression of the hematopoietic receptor c-Kit, which originates from increased lysosomal degradation in combination with a reduction in trafficking to the plasma membrane. A dysfunctional Golgi apparatus in CLASP2-deficient HSCs seems to be the underlying cause of the c-Kit expression and signaling imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Klaus
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Clapes
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Laurent Yvernogeau
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sreya Basu
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Weijts
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Maas
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ihor Smal
- Theme Biomedical Sciences and Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Galjart
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Catherine Robin
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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13
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Pasapera AM, Heissler SM, Eto M, Nishimura Y, Fischer RS, Thiam HR, Waterman CM. MARK2 regulates directed cell migration through modulation of myosin II contractility and focal adhesion organization. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2704-2718.e6. [PMID: 35594862 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell migration during metastasis is mediated by a highly polarized cytoskeleton. MARK2 and its invertebrate homolog Par1B are kinases that regulate the microtubule cytoskeleton to mediate polarization of neurons in mammals and embryos in invertebrates. However, the role of MARK2 in cancer cell migration is unclear. Using osteosarcoma cells, we found that in addition to its known localizations on microtubules and the plasma membrane, MARK2 also associates with the actomyosin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions. Cells depleted of MARK proteins demonstrated that MARK2 promotes phosphorylation of both myosin II and the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit MYPT1 to synergistically drive myosin II contractility and stress fiber formation in cells. Studies with isolated proteins showed that MARK2 directly phosphorylates myosin II regulatory light chain, while its effects on MYPT1 phosphorylation are indirect. Using a mutant lacking the membrane-binding domain, we found that membrane association is required for focal adhesion targeting of MARK2, where it specifically enhances cell protrusion by promoting FAK phosphorylation and formation of focal adhesions oriented in the direction of migration to mediate directionally persistent cell motility. Together, our results define MARK2 as a master regulator of the actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeletal systems and focal adhesions to mediate directional cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Pasapera
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, South Drive, Room 4537, MSC 8019, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah M Heissler
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, South Drive, Room 4537, MSC 8019, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 W. 9th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Masumi Eto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Yukako Nishimura
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, South Drive, Room 4537, MSC 8019, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Division of Developmental Physiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Robert S Fischer
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, South Drive, Room 4537, MSC 8019, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hawa R Thiam
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, South Drive, Room 4537, MSC 8019, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, South Drive, Room 4537, MSC 8019, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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14
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Vaidžiulytė K, Macé AS, Battistella A, Beng W, Schauer K, Coppey M. Persistent cell migration emerges from a coupling between protrusion dynamics and polarized trafficking. eLife 2022; 11:69229. [PMID: 35302488 PMCID: PMC8963884 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Migrating cells present a variety of paths, from random to highly directional ones. While random movement can be explained by basal intrinsic activity, persistent movement requires stable polarization. Here, we quantitatively address emergence of persistent migration in (hTERT)–immortalizedRPE1 (retinal pigment epithelial) cells over long timescales. By live cell imaging and dynamic micropatterning, we demonstrate that the Nucleus-Golgi axis aligns with direction of migration leading to efficient cell movement. We show that polarized trafficking is directed toward protrusions with a 20-min delay, and that migration becomes random after disrupting internal cell organization. Eventually, we prove that localized optogenetic Cdc42 activation orients the Nucleus-Golgi axis. Our work suggests that polarized trafficking stabilizes the protrusive activity of the cell, while protrusive activity orients this polarity axis, leading to persistent cell migration. Using a minimal physical model, we show that this feedback is sufficient to recapitulate the quantitative properties of cell migration in the timescale of hours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kristine Schauer
- Tumor Cell Dynamics Unit, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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15
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Vignes H, Vagena-Pantoula C, Prakash M, Fukui H, Norden C, Mochizuki N, Jug F, Vermot J. Extracellular mechanical forces drive endocardial cell volume decrease during zebrafish cardiac valve morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2022; 57:598-609.e5. [PMID: 35245444 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Organ morphogenesis involves dynamic changes of tissue properties while cells adapt to their mechanical environment through mechanosensitive pathways. How mechanical cues influence cell behaviors during morphogenesis remains unclear. Here, we studied the formation of the zebrafish atrioventricular canal (AVC) where cardiac valves develop. We show that the AVC forms within a zone of tissue convergence associated with the increased activation of the actomyosin meshwork and cell-orientation changes. We demonstrate that tissue convergence occurs with a reduction of cell volume triggered by mechanical forces and the mechanosensitive channel TRPP2/TRPV4. Finally, we show that the extracellular matrix component hyaluronic acid controls cell volume changes. Together, our data suggest that multiple force-sensitive signaling pathways converge to modulate cell volume. We conclude that cell volume reduction is a key cellular feature activated by mechanotransduction during cardiovascular morphogenesis. This work further identifies how mechanical forces and extracellular matrix influence tissue remodeling in developing organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Vignes
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1258 and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Mangal Prakash
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hajime Fukui
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Caren Norden
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Florian Jug
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Fondazione Human Technopole, Milan, Italy
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1258 and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Illkirch, France; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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16
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Mascanzoni F, Iannitti R, Colanzi A. Functional Coordination among the Golgi Complex, the Centrosome and the Microtubule Cytoskeleton during the Cell Cycle. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030354. [PMID: 35159164 PMCID: PMC8834581 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi complex of mammalian cells is organized in a ribbon-like structure often closely associated with the centrosome during interphase. Conversely, the Golgi complex assumes a fragmented and dispersed configuration away from the centrosome during mitosis. The structure of the Golgi complex and the relative position to the centrosome are dynamically regulated by microtubules. Many pieces of evidence reveal that this microtubule-mediated dynamic association between the Golgi complex and centrosome is of functional significance in cell polarization and division. Here, we summarize findings indicating how the Golgi complex and the centrosome cooperate in organizing the microtubule network for the directional protein transport and centrosome positioning required for cell polarization and regulating fundamental cell division processes.
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17
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Hellicar J, Stevenson NL, Stephens DJ, Lowe M. Supply chain logistics - the role of the Golgi complex in extracellular matrix production and maintenance. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:273996. [PMID: 35023559 PMCID: PMC8767278 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomechanical and biochemical properties of connective tissues are determined by the composition and quality of their extracellular matrix. This, in turn, is highly dependent on the function and organisation of the secretory pathway. The Golgi complex plays a vital role in directing matrix output by co-ordinating the post-translational modification and proteolytic processing of matrix components prior to their secretion. These modifications have broad impacts on the secretion and subsequent assembly of matrix components, as well as their function in the extracellular environment. In this Review, we highlight the role of the Golgi in the formation of an adaptable, healthy matrix, with a focus on proteoglycan and procollagen secretion as example cargoes. We then discuss the impact of Golgi dysfunction on connective tissue in the context of human disease and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hellicar
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673
| | - Nicola L Stevenson
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David J Stephens
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Martin Lowe
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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18
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Nastały P, Maiuri P. Cellular Polarity Transmission to the Nucleus. Results Probl Cell Differ 2022; 70:597-606. [PMID: 36348123 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06573-6_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polarity is an intrinsic and fundamental property of unicellular organisms and, as well, of single cells in multicellular ones. It can be defined as asymmetric cell organization that is self-reinforced and maintained by appropriate signaling. While cellular polarity is widely studied at the membrane and cytoplasmic level, if and how it is transmitted to the nucleus is still a matter of research and discussion. However, there is growing evidence of polarity transmission from the cell to the nucleus. In this chapter, we discuss recent reports on nuclear polarity and involvement of potential molecular players including emerin, nesprins, and nuclear F-actin which may play a significant role in establishment of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Nastały
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Experimental Oncology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Paolo Maiuri
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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19
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Bui S, Mejia I, Díaz B, Wang Y. Adaptation of the Golgi Apparatus in Cancer Cell Invasion and Metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:806482. [PMID: 34957124 PMCID: PMC8703019 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.806482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus plays a central role in normal cell physiology by promoting cell survival, facilitating proliferation, and enabling cell-cell communication and migration. These roles are partially mediated by well-known Golgi functions, including post-translational modifications, lipid biosynthesis, intracellular trafficking, and protein secretion. In addition, accumulating evidence indicates that the Golgi plays a critical role in sensing and integrating external and internal cues to promote cellular homeostasis. Indeed, the unique structure of the mammalian Golgi can be fine-tuned to adapt different Golgi functions to specific cellular needs. This is particularly relevant in the context of cancer, where unrestrained proliferation and aberrant survival and migration increase the demands in Golgi functions, as well as the need for Golgi-dependent sensing and adaptation to intrinsic and extrinsic stressors. Here, we review and discuss current understanding of how the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus is influenced by oncogenic transformation, and how this adaptation may facilitate cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bui
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Isabel Mejia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Hematology and Oncology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Begoña Díaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Hematology and Oncology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,David Geffen School of Medicine and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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20
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Donati A, Anselme I, Schneider-Maunoury S, Vesque C. Planar polarization of cilia in the zebrafish floor-plate involves Par3-mediated posterior localization of highly motile basal bodies. Development 2021; 148:269080. [PMID: 34104942 DOI: 10.1242/dev.196386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cilia, whether motile or primary, often display an off-center planar localization within the apical cell surface. This form of planar cell polarity (PCP) involves the asymmetric positioning of the ciliary basal body (BB). Using the monociliated epithelium of the embryonic zebrafish floor-plate, we investigated the dynamics and mechanisms of BB polarization by live imaging. BBs were highly motile, making back-and-forth movements along the antero-posterior (AP) axis and contacting both the anterior and posterior membranes. Contacts exclusively occurred at junctional Par3 patches and were often preceded by membrane digitations extending towards the BB, suggesting focused cortical pulling forces. Accordingly, BBs and Par3 patches were linked by dynamic microtubules. Later, BBs became less motile and eventually settled at posterior apical junctions enriched in Par3. BB posterior positioning followed Par3 posterior enrichment and was impaired upon Par3 depletion or disorganization of Par3 patches. In the PCP mutant vangl2, BBs were still motile but displayed poorly oriented membrane contacts that correlated with Par3 patch fragmentation and lateral spreading. Thus, we propose an unexpected function for posterior Par3 enrichment in controlling BB positioning downstream of the PCP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Donati
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, INSERM U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Unit, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Anselme
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, INSERM U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Unit, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Schneider-Maunoury
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, INSERM U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Unit, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christine Vesque
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, INSERM U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Unit, 75005 Paris, France
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21
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van der Putten C, Buskermolen ABC, Werner M, Brouwer HFM, Bartels PAA, Dankers PYW, Bouten CVC, Kurniawan NA. Protein Micropatterning in 2.5D: An Approach to Investigate Cellular Responses in Multi-Cue Environments. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:25589-25598. [PMID: 34032413 PMCID: PMC8193632 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular microenvironment is an important regulator of cell functions. Numerous structural cues present in the cellular microenvironment, such as ligand distribution and substrate topography, have been shown to influence cell behavior. However, the roles of these cues are often studied individually using simplified, single-cue platforms that lack the complexity of the three-dimensional, multi-cue environment cells encounter in vivo. Developing ways to bridge this gap, while still allowing mechanistic investigation into the cellular response, represents a critical step to advance the field. Here, we present a new approach to address this need by combining optics-based protein patterning and lithography-based substrate microfabrication, which enables high-throughput investigation of complex cellular environments. Using a contactless and maskless UV-projection system, we created patterns of extracellular proteins (resembling contact-guidance cues) on a two-and-a-half-dimensional (2.5D) cell culture chip containing a library of well-defined microstructures (resembling topographical cues). As a first step, we optimized experimental parameters of the patterning protocol for the patterning of protein matrixes on planar and non-planar (2.5D cell culture chip) substrates and tested the technique with adherent cells (human bone marrow stromal cells). Next, we fine-tuned protein incubation conditions for two different vascular-derived human cell types (myofibroblasts and umbilical vein endothelial cells) and quantified the orientation response of these cells on the 2.5D, physiologically relevant multi-cue environments. On concave, patterned structures (curvatures between κ = 1/2500 and κ = 1/125 μm-1), both cell types predominantly oriented in the direction of the contact-guidance pattern. In contrast, for human myofibroblasts on micropatterned convex substrates with higher curvatures (κ ≥ 1/1000 μm-1), the majority of cells aligned along the longitudinal direction of the 2.5D features, indicating that these cells followed the structural cues from the substrate curvature instead. These findings exemplify the potential of this approach for systematic investigation of cellular responses to multiple microenvironmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cas van der Putten
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Antonetta B. C. Buskermolen
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maike Werner
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah F. M. Brouwer
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A. A. Bartels
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Y. W. Dankers
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn V. C. Bouten
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas A. Kurniawan
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- . Phone: +31-40-2472347
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22
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Saito K, Mori M, Kambara N, Ohta Y. FilGAP, a GAP protein for Rac, regulates front-rear polarity and tumor cell migration through the ECM. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21508. [PMID: 33710706 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002155r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Migrating tumor cells are characterized by a sustained front-rear asymmetry, with a front enriched in filamentous actin, which is induced by Rho small GTPase Rac. Regulation of Rac activity by its regulators should be required for effective motility. Here, we show that FilGAP, a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Rac, controls front-rear polarity and contributes to maintain effective tumor cell migration through the extracellular matrix (ECM). Overexpression of FilGAP in breast cancer cells induced polarized morphology and led to increased migration speed in collagen matrices, while depletion of FilGAP impaired the cell polarity and migration. FilGAP localizes to the cell front through its pleckstrin-homology (PH) domain in a phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3)-dependent manner and appears to inactivate Rac at its site. We found that the affinity of PH domain to PIP3 is critically involved in the maintenance of cell polarity. Moreover, small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6), which binds to the FilGAP PH domain, also regulates FilGAP-mediated cell polarity and migration of breast cancer cells. We propose that FilGAP regulates front-rear polarity through its PIP3 and Arf6 binding in tumor cell migration through the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Saito
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Mamiko Mori
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Norito Kambara
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ohta
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
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23
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Jimenez AJ, Schaeffer A, De Pascalis C, Letort G, Vianay B, Bornens M, Piel M, Blanchoin L, Théry M. Acto-myosin network geometry defines centrosome position. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1206-1220.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Luo CY, Natividad RJ, Lalli ML, Asthagiri AR. Multivariate relationships among nucleus and Golgi properties during fibrillar migration are robust to and unchanged by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239188. [PMID: 32946467 PMCID: PMC7500656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and maturation of a fibrillar tumor microenvironment play important roles in breast cancer progression. A better understanding of how these events promote cancer cell migration and invasion could help identify new strategies to curb metastasis. The nucleus and Golgi affect migration in a microenvironment-dependent manner. Nucleus size and mechanics influence the ability of a cell to squeeze through confined tumor microenvironments. Golgi positioning determines front-rear polarity necessary for migration. While the roles of individual attributes of nucleus and Golgi in migration are being clarified, how their manifold features are inter-related and work together remains to be understood at a systems level. Here, to elucidate relationships among nucleus and Golgi properties, we quantified twelve morphological and positional properties of these organelles during fibrillar migration of human mammary epithelial cells. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced the twelve-dimensional space of measured properties to three principal components that capture 75% of the variations in organelle features. Unexpectedly, nucleus and Golgi properties that co-varied in a PCA model built with data from untreated cells were largely similar to co-variations identified using data from TGFβ-treated cells. Thus, while TGFβ-mediated EMT significantly alters gene expression and motile phenotype, it did not significantly affect the relationships among nucleus size, aspect ratio and orientation with migration direction and among Golgi size and nucleus-Golgi separation distance. Indeed, in a combined PCA model incorporating data from untreated and TGFβ-treated cells, scores of individual cells occupy overlapping regions in principal component space, indicating that TGFβ-mediated EMT does not promote a unique “Golgi-nucleus phenotype” during fibrillar migration. These results suggest that migration along spatially-confined fiber-like tracks employs a conserved nucleus-Golgi arrangement that is independent of EMT state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Y. Luo
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Natividad
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Mark L. Lalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Anand R. Asthagiri
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Polysaccharides from Gracilaria lemaneiformis promote the HaCaT keratinocytes wound healing by polarised and directional cell migration. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 241:116310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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26
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Hartmann J, Wong M, Gallo E, Gilmour D. An image-based data-driven analysis of cellular architecture in a developing tissue. eLife 2020; 9:e55913. [PMID: 32501214 PMCID: PMC7274788 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative microscopy is becoming increasingly crucial in efforts to disentangle the complexity of organogenesis, yet adoption of the potent new toolbox provided by modern data science has been slow, primarily because it is often not directly applicable to developmental imaging data. We tackle this issue with a newly developed algorithm that uses point cloud-based morphometry to unpack the rich information encoded in 3D image data into a straightforward numerical representation. This enabled us to employ data science tools, including machine learning, to analyze and integrate cell morphology, intracellular organization, gene expression and annotated contextual knowledge. We apply these techniques to construct and explore a quantitative atlas of cellular architecture for the zebrafish posterior lateral line primordium, an experimentally tractable model of complex self-organized organogenesis. In doing so, we are able to retrieve both previously established and novel biologically relevant patterns, demonstrating the potential of our data-driven approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hartmann
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Mie Wong
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich (UZH)ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Elisa Gallo
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)HeidelbergGermany
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich (UZH)ZurichSwitzerland
- Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of BiosciencesHeidelbergGermany
| | - Darren Gilmour
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich (UZH)ZurichSwitzerland
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Burakov AV, Nadezhdina ES. Centering and Shifting of Centrosomes in Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E1351. [PMID: 32485978 PMCID: PMC7348834 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes have a nonrandom localization in the cells: either they occupy the centroid of the zone free of the actomyosin cortex or they are shifted to the edge of the cell, where their presence is justified from a functional point of view, for example, to organize additional microtubules or primary cilia. This review discusses centrosome placement options in cultured and in situ cells. It has been proven that the central arrangement of centrosomes is due mainly to the pulling microtubules forces developed by dynein located on the cell cortex and intracellular vesicles. The pushing forces from dynamic microtubules and actomyosin also contribute, although the molecular mechanisms of their action have not yet been elucidated. Centrosomal displacement is caused by external cues, depending on signaling, and is drawn through the redistribution of dynein, the asymmetrization of microtubules through the capture of their plus ends, and the redistribution of actomyosin, which, in turn, is associated with basal-apical cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V. Burakov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elena S. Nadezhdina
- Institute of Protein Research of Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia
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28
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Abstract
Directed cell migration is critical for embryogenesis and organ development, wound healing and the immune response. Microtubules are dynamic polymers that control directional migration through a number of coordinated processes: microtubules are the tracks for long-distance intracellular transport, crucial for delivery of new membrane components and signalling molecules to the leading edge of a migrating cell and the recycling of adhesion receptors. Microtubules act as force generators and compressive elements to support sustained cell protrusions. The assembly and disassembly of microtubules is coupled to Rho GTPase signalling, thereby controlling actin polymerisation, myosin-driven contractility and the turnover of cellular adhesions locally. Cross-talk of actin and microtubule dynamics is mediated through a number of common binding proteins and regulators. Furthermore, cortical microtubule capture sites are physically linked to focal adhesions, facilitating the delivery of secretory vesicles and efficient cross-talk. Here we summarise the diverse functions of microtubules during cell migration, aiming to show how they contribute to the spatially and temporally coordinated sequence of events that permit efficient, directional and persistent migration.
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29
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Role of the nuclear membrane protein Emerin in front-rear polarity of the nucleus. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2122. [PMID: 32358486 PMCID: PMC7195445 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity refers to the intrinsic asymmetry of cells, including the orientation of the cytoskeleton. It affects cell shape and structure as well as the distribution of proteins and organelles. In migratory cells, front-rear polarity is essential and dictates movement direction. While the link between the cytoskeleton and nucleus is well-studied, we aim to investigate if front-rear polarity can be transmitted to the nucleus. We show that the knock-down of emerin, an integral protein of the nuclear envelope, abolishes preferential localization of several nuclear proteins. We propose that the frontally biased localization of the endoplasmic reticulum, through which emerin reaches the nuclear envelope, is sufficient to generate its observed bias. In primary emerin-deficient myoblasts, its expression partially rescues the polarity of the nucleus. Our results demonstrate that front-rear cell polarity is transmitted to the nucleus and that emerin is an important determinant of nuclear polarity. During cell migration, cells are polarized with distinct front vs. rear regions but whether and how polarity is transmitted to the nucleus is unclear. Here the authors show that frontally-biased endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear membrane protein Emerin contribute to front-rear nuclear cell polarity.
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30
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Fink A, Brückner DB, Schreiber C, Röttgermann PJF, Broedersz CP, Rädler JO. Area and Geometry Dependence of Cell Migration in Asymmetric Two-State Micropatterns. Biophys J 2020; 118:552-564. [PMID: 31864660 PMCID: PMC7002917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.11.3389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microstructured surfaces provide a unique framework to probe cell migration and cytoskeletal dynamics in a standardized manner. Here, we report on the steady-state occupancy probability of cells in asymmetric two-state microstructures that consist of two fibronectin-coated adhesion sites connected by a thin guidance cue. In these dumbbell-like structures, cells transition between the two sites in a repeated and stochastic manner, and average dwell times in the respective microenvironments are determined from the cell trajectories. We study the dynamics of human breast carcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231) in these microstructures as a function of area, shape, and orientation of the adhesion sites. On square adhesive sites with different areas, we find that the occupancy probability ratio is directly proportional to the ratio of corresponding adhesion site areas. These asymmetries are well captured by a simple model for the stochastic nonlinear dynamics of the cells, which reveals generic features of the motion. Sites of equal area but different shape lead to equal occupancy if shapes are isotropic (e.g., squared or circular). In contrast, an asymmetry in the occupancy is induced by anisotropic shapes like rhombi, triangles, or rectangles that enable motion in the direction perpendicular to the transition axis. Analysis of the two-dimensional motion of cells between two rectangles with orthogonal orientation suggests that cellular transition rates depend on the cell polarization induced by anisotropic micropatterns. Taken together, our results illustrate how two-state micropatterns provide a dynamic migration assay with distinct dwell times and relative cell occupancy as readouts, which may be useful to probe cell-microenvironment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Fink
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - David B Brückner
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany; Arnold-Sommerfeld-Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Christoph Schreiber
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Peter J F Röttgermann
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Chase P Broedersz
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany; Arnold-Sommerfeld-Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Joachim O Rädler
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany.
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31
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Fructuoso M, Legrand M, Mousson A, Steffan T, Vauchelles R, De Mey J, Sick E, Rondé P, Dujardin D. FAK regulates dynein localisation and cell polarity in migrating mouse fibroblasts. Biol Cell 2020; 112:53-72. [PMID: 31859373 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201900041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblasts executing directional migration position their centrosome, and their Golgi apparatus, in front of the nucleus towards the cell leading edge. Centrosome positioning relative to the nucleus has been associated to mechanical forces exerted on the centrosome by the microtubule-dependent molecular motor cytoplasmic dynein 1, and to nuclear movements such as rearward displacement and rotation events. Dynein has been proposed to regulate the position of the centrosome by exerting pulling forces on microtubules from the cell leading edge, where the motor is enriched during migration. However, the mechanism explaining how dynein acts at the front of the cells has not been elucidated. RESULTS We present here results showing that the protein Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) interacts with dynein and regulates the enrichment of the dynein/dynactin complex at focal adhesions at the cell the leading edge of migrating fibroblasts. This suggests that focal adhesions provide anchoring sites for dynein during the polarisation process. In support of this, we present evidence indicating that the interaction between FAK and dynein, which is regulated by the phosphorylation of FAK on its Ser732 residue, is required for proper centrosome positioning. Our results further show that the polarisation of the centrosome can occur independently of nuclear movements. Although FAK regulates both nuclear and centrosome motilities, downregulating the interaction between FAK and dynein affects only the nuclear independent polarisation of the centrosome. CONCLUSIONS Our work highlights the role of FAK as a key player in the regulation of several aspects of cell polarity. We thus propose a model in which the transient localisation of dynein with focal adhesions provides a tuneable mechanism to bias dynein traction forces on microtubules allowing proper centrosome positioning in front of the nucleus. SIGNIFICANCE We unravel here a new role for the cancer therapeutic target FAK in the regulation of cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fructuoso
- Migration, invasion and microenvironnement, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7021 CNRS, LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,ICM Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CNRS UMR7225, INSERM U1127, UPMC, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marlène Legrand
- Migration, invasion and microenvironnement, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7021 CNRS, LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Antoine Mousson
- Migration, invasion and microenvironnement, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7021 CNRS, LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Tania Steffan
- Migration, invasion and microenvironnement, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7021 CNRS, LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Romain Vauchelles
- Migration, invasion and microenvironnement, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7021 CNRS, LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jan De Mey
- Migration, invasion and microenvironnement, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7021 CNRS, LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Emilie Sick
- Migration, invasion and microenvironnement, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7021 CNRS, LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Philippe Rondé
- Migration, invasion and microenvironnement, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7021 CNRS, LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Denis Dujardin
- Migration, invasion and microenvironnement, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7021 CNRS, LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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32
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Wang C, Wang J, Fu D, Yan Q, Pang D, Zhang Z. Topography guiding the accelerated and persistently directional cell migration induced by vaccinia virus. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Vaidžiulytė K, Coppey M, Schauer K. Intracellular organization in cell polarity - placing organelles into the polarity loop. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/24/jcs230995. [PMID: 31836687 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.230995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have investigated the processes that support polarity establishment and maintenance in cells. On the one hand, polarity complexes at the cell cortex and their downstream signaling pathways have been assigned as major regulators of polarity. On the other hand, intracellular organelles and their polarized trafficking routes have emerged as important components of polarity. In this Review, we argue that rather than trying to identify the prime 'culprit', now it is time to consider all these players as a collective. We highlight that understanding the intimate coordination between the polarized cell cortex and the intracellular compass that is defined by organelle positioning is essential to capture the concept of polarity. After briefly reviewing how polarity emerges from a dynamic maintenance of cellular asymmetries, we highlight how intracellular organelles and their associated trafficking routes provide diverse feedback for dynamic cell polarity maintenance. We argue that the asymmetric organelle compass is an indispensable element of the polarity network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotryna Vaidžiulytė
- Cell Biology and Cancer Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris 75005, France.,Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris 75005, France.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France
| | - Mathieu Coppey
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
| | - Kristine Schauer
- Cell Biology and Cancer Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
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34
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Sneider A, Hah J, Wirtz D, Kim DH. Recapitulation of molecular regulators of nuclear motion during cell migration. Cell Adh Migr 2019; 13:50-62. [PMID: 30261154 PMCID: PMC6527386 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2018.1506654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a highly orchestrated cellular event that involves physical interactions of diverse subcellular components. The nucleus as the largest and stiffest organelle in the cell not only maintains genetic functionality, but also actively changes its morphology and translocates through dynamic formation of nucleus-bound contractile stress fibers. Nuclear motion is an active and essential process for successful cell migration and nucleus self-repairs in response to compression and extension forces in complex cell microenvironment. This review recapitulates molecular regulators that are crucial for nuclear motility during cell migration and highlights recent advances in nuclear deformation-mediated rupture and repair processes in a migrating cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sneider
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jungwon Hah
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dong-Hwee Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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35
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Generation and regulation of microtubule network asymmetry to drive cell polarity. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:86-95. [PMID: 31739264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules control cell architecture by serving as a scaffold for intracellular transport, signaling, and organelle positioning. Microtubules are intrinsically polarized, and their orientation, density, and post-translational modifications both respond and contribute to cell polarity. Animal cells that can rapidly reorient their polarity axis, such as fibroblasts, immune cells, and cancer cells, contain radially organized microtubule arrays anchored at the centrosome and the Golgi apparatus, whereas stably polarized cells often acquire non-centrosomal microtubule networks attached to the cell cortex, nucleus, or other structures. Microtubule density, longevity, and post-translational modifications strongly depend on the dynamics of their plus ends. Factors controlling microtubule plus-end dynamics are often part of cortical assemblies that integrate cytoskeletal organization, cell adhesion, and secretion and are subject to microtubule-dependent feedback regulation. Finally, microtubules can mechanically contribute to cell asymmetry by promoting cell elongation, a property that might be important for cells with dense microtubule arrays growing in soft environments.
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36
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Mascanzoni F, Ayala I, Colanzi A. Organelle Inheritance Control of Mitotic Entry and Progression: Implications for Tissue Homeostasis and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:133. [PMID: 31396510 PMCID: PMC6664238 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi complex (GC), in addition to its well-known role in membrane traffic, is also actively involved in the regulation of mitotic entry and progression. In particular, during the G2 phase of the cell cycle, the Golgi ribbon is unlinked into isolated stacks. Importantly, this ribbon cleavage is required for G2/M transition, indicating that a "Golgi mitotic checkpoint" controls the correct segregation of this organelle. Then, during mitosis, the isolated Golgi stacks are disassembled, and this process is required for spindle formation. Moreover, recent evidence indicates that also proper mitotic segregation of other organelles, such as mitochondria, endosomes, and peroxisomes, is required for correct mitotic progression and/or spindle formation. Collectively, these observations imply that in addition to the control of chromosomes segregation, which is required to preserve the genetic information, the cells actively monitor the disassembly and redistribution of subcellular organelles in mitosis. Here, we provide an overview of the major structural reorganization of the GC and other organelles during G2/M transition and of their regulatory mechanisms, focusing on novel findings that have shed light on the basic processes that link organelle inheritance to mitotic progression and spindle formation, and discussing their implications for tissue homeostasis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonino Colanzi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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37
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Abstract
For over a century, the centrosome has been an organelle more easily tracked than understood, and the study of its peregrinations within the cell remains a chief underpinning of its functional investigation. Increasing attention and new approaches have been brought to bear on mechanisms that control centrosome localization in the context of cleavage plane determination, ciliogenesis, directional migration, and immunological synapse formation, among other cellular and developmental processes. The Golgi complex, often linked with the centrosome, presents a contrasting case of a pleiomorphic organelle for which functional studies advanced somewhat more rapidly than positional tracking. However, Golgi orientation and distribution has emerged as an area of considerable interest with respect to polarized cellular function. This chapter will review our current understanding of the mechanism and significance of the positioning of these organelles.
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38
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Wang WY, Pearson AT, Kutys ML, Choi CK, Wozniak MA, Baker BM, Chen CS. Extracellular matrix alignment dictates the organization of focal adhesions and directs uniaxial cell migration. APL Bioeng 2018; 2:046107. [PMID: 31069329 PMCID: PMC6481732 DOI: 10.1063/1.5052239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical features of the extracellular matrix (ECM) heavily influence cell migration strategies and efficiency. Migration in and on fibrous ECMs is of significant physiologic importance, but limitations in the ability to experimentally define the diameter, density, and alignment of native ECMs in vitro have hampered our understanding of how these properties affect this basic cell function. Here, we designed a high-throughput in vitro platform that models fibrous ECM as collections of lines of cell-adhesive fibronectin on a flat surface to eliminate effects of dimensionality and topography. Using a microcontact printing approach to orthogonally vary line alignment, density, and size, we determined each factor's individual influence on NIH3T3 fibroblast migration. High content imaging and statistical analyses revealed that ECM alignment is the most critical parameter in influencing cell morphology, polarization, and migratory behavior. Specifically, increasing ECM alignment led cells to adopt an elongated uniaxial morphology and migrate with enhanced speed and persistence. Intriguingly, migration speeds were tightly correlated with the organization of focal adhesions, where cells with the most aligned adhesions migrated fastest. Highly organized focal adhesions and associated actin stress fibers appeared to define the number and location of protrusive fronts, suggesting that ECM alignment influences active Rac1 localization. Utilizing a novel microcontact-printing approach that lacks confounding influences of substrate dimensionality, mechanics, or differences in the adhesive area, this work highlights the effect of ECM alignment on orchestrating the cytoskeletal machinery that governs directed uniaxial cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Y Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Alexander T Pearson
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | | | | | - Michele A Wozniak
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Brendon M Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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39
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Influence of multiscale and curved structures on the migration of stem cells. Biointerphases 2018; 13:06D408. [DOI: 10.1116/1.5042747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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40
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Natividad RJ, Lalli ML, Muthuswamy SK, Asthagiri AR. Golgi Stabilization, Not Its Front-Rear Bias, Is Associated with EMT-Enhanced Fibrillar Migration. Biophys J 2018; 115:2067-2077. [PMID: 30366626 PMCID: PMC6343588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and maturation of collagen fibrils in the tumor microenvironment play a significant role in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Confinement along fiber-like tracks enhances cell migration. To what extent and in what manner EMT further promotes migration in a microenvironment already conducive to migration is poorly understood. Here, we show that TGFβ-mediated EMT significantly enhances migration on fiber-like micropatterned tracks of collagen, doubling migration speed and tripling persistence relative to untreated mammary epithelial cells. Thus, cell-intrinsic EMT and extrinsic fibrillar tracks have nonredundant effects on motility. To better understand EMT-enhanced fibrillar migration, we investigated the regulation of Golgi positioning, which is involved in front-rear polarization and persistent cell migration. Confinement along fiber-like tracks has been reported to favor posterior Golgi positioning, whereas anterior positioning is observed during 2-day wound healing. Although EMT also regulates cell polarity, little is known about its effect on Golgi positioning. Here, we show that EMT induces a 2:1 rearward bias in Golgi positioning; however, positional bias explains less than 2% of single-cell variability in migration speed and persistence. Meanwhile, EMT significantly stabilizes Golgi positioning. Cells that enhance migration in response to TGFβ maintain Golgi position for 2- to 4-fold longer than nonresponsive counterparts irrespective of whether the Golgi is ahead or behind the nucleus. In fact, 28% of TGFβ-responsive cells exhibit a fully committed Golgi phenotype with the organelle either in the anterior or posterior position for over 90% of the time. Furthermore, single-cell differences in Golgi stability capture up to 18% of variations in migration speed. These results suggest a hypothesis that the Golgi may be part of a core physical scaffold that affects how cell-generated forces are distributed during migration. A stable scaffold would be expected to more consistently and therefore more productively distribute forces over time, leading to efficient migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Natividad
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark L Lalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Senthil K Muthuswamy
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anand R Asthagiri
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
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41
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Kumar S, Das A, Sen S. Multicompartment cell-based modeling of confined migration: regulation by cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1599-1610. [PMID: 29718766 PMCID: PMC6080655 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-05-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Though cell and nuclear deformability are expected to influence efficiency of confined migration, their individual and collective influence on migration efficiency remains incompletely understood. In addition to cell intrinsic properties, the relevance of cell extrinsic factors on confined migration, if any, has not been adequately explored. Here we address these questions using a statistical mechanics-based stochastic modeling approach where cell/nuclear dimensions and their deformability are explicitly taken into consideration. In addition to demonstrating the importance of cell softness in sustaining confined migration, our results suggest that dynamic tuning of cell and nuclear properties at different stages of migration is essential for maximizing migration efficiency. Our simulations also implicate confinement shape and confinement history as two important cell extrinsic regulators of cell invasiveness. Together, our findings illustrate the strength of a multicompartment model in dissecting the contributions of multiple factors that collectively influence confined cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Alakesh Das
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Shamik Sen
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
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42
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Martin M, Veloso A, Wu J, Katrukha EA, Akhmanova A. Control of endothelial cell polarity and sprouting angiogenesis by non-centrosomal microtubules. eLife 2018; 7:33864. [PMID: 29547120 PMCID: PMC5898915 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules control different aspects of cell polarization. In cells with a radial microtubule system, a pivotal role in setting up asymmetry is attributed to the relative positioning of the centrosome and the nucleus. Here, we show that centrosome loss had no effect on the ability of endothelial cells to polarize and move in 2D and 3D environments. In contrast, non-centrosomal microtubules stabilized by the microtubule minus-end-binding protein CAMSAP2 were required for directional migration on 2D substrates and for the establishment of polarized cell morphology in soft 3D matrices. CAMSAP2 was also important for persistent endothelial cell sprouting during in vivo zebrafish vessel development. In the absence of CAMSAP2, cell polarization in 3D could be partly rescued by centrosome depletion, indicating that in these conditions the centrosome inhibited cell polarity. We propose that CAMSAP2-protected non-centrosomal microtubules are needed for establishing cell asymmetry by enabling microtubule enrichment in a single-cell protrusion. Networks of blood vessels grow like trees. Sprouts appear on existing vessels, stretching out to form new branches in a process called angiogenesis. The cells responsible are the same cells that line the finished vessels. These “endothelial cells” start the process by reorganizing themselves to face the direction of the new sprout, changing shape to become asymmetrical, and then they begin to migrate. Beneath the surface, a network of protein scaffolding supports each migrating cell. The scaffolding includes tube-like fibers called microtubules that extend towards the cell membrane and organize the inside of the cell. Destroying microtubules damages blood vessel formation, but their exact role remains unclear. A structure called the centrosome can organize microtubules within cells. The centrosome was generally believed to act like a compass, pointing in the direction that the cell will move. Microtubules can anchor to the centrosome, and this structure is thought to play an important role in cell migration. Yet, many microtubules organize without it; these microtubules instead are organized by a compartment of the cell called the Golgi apparatus and are stabilized by a protein named CAMSAP2. Martin et al. now report that removing the cells’ centrosomes did not affect cell migration, but getting rid of CAMSAP2 did. Analysis of cell shape and movement in cells grown in the laboratory and in living animals revealed that cells cannot become asymmetrical, or “polarize”, and migrate without CAMSAP2. In a two-dimensional wound-healing assay, a sheet of cells originally grown from the vessels of a human umbilical cord was scratched, and a microscope was then used to record the cell’s movement as they repaired the injury. Normally, the cells on either side move in a straight line using their microtubules, and though the process was not affected in cells without centrosomes, it was in those without CAMSAP2. Even more striking results were seen in three-dimensional assays. When the same blood vessel cells from human umbilical cords are grown as spheres inside collagen gels, they form sprouts as they would in the body. Without CAMSAP2, the cells could not organize their microtubules and they were unable to elongate in one direction and form stable sprouts. Lastly, depleting CAMSAP2 also prevented the normal formation of blood vessels in zebrafish embryos. Taken together, these findings change our understanding of how microtubules affect cell movement and how important the centrosome is for this process. Further work could have an impact on human health, not least in cancer research. Tumors need a good blood supply to grow, so understanding how to block blood vessel formation could lead to new treatments. Microtubules are already a target for cancer therapy, so future work could help to optimize the use of existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Martin
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Veloso
- Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,GIGA-Molecular Biology in Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jingchao Wu
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Madero-Pérez J, Fdez E, Fernández B, Lara Ordóñez AJ, Blanca Ramírez M, Gómez-Suaga P, Waschbüsch D, Lobbestael E, Baekelandt V, Nairn AC, Ruiz-Martínez J, Aiastui A, López de Munain A, Lis P, Comptdaer T, Taymans JM, Chartier-Harlin MC, Beilina A, Gonnelli A, Cookson MR, Greggio E, Hilfiker S. Parkinson disease-associated mutations in LRRK2 cause centrosomal defects via Rab8a phosphorylation. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:3. [PMID: 29357897 PMCID: PMC5778812 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in LRRK2 are a common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 interacts with and phosphorylates a subset of Rab proteins including Rab8a, a protein which has been implicated in various centrosome-related events. However, the cellular consequences of such phosphorylation remain elusive. METHODS Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells stably expressing wildtype or pathogenic LRRK2 were used to test for polarity defects in the context of centrosomal positioning. Centrosomal cohesion deficits were analyzed from transiently transfected HEK293T cells, as well as from two distinct peripheral cell types derived from LRRK2-PD patients. Kinase assays, coimmunoprecipitation and GTP binding/retention assays were used to address Rab8a phosphorylation by LRRK2 and its effects in vitro. Transient transfections and siRNA experiments were performed to probe for the implication of Rab8a and its phosphorylated form in the centrosomal deficits caused by pathogenic LRRK2. RESULTS Here, we show that pathogenic LRRK2 causes deficits in centrosomal positioning with effects on neurite outgrowth, cell polarization and directed migration. Pathogenic LRRK2 also causes deficits in centrosome cohesion which can be detected in peripheral cells derived from LRRK2-PD patients as compared to healthy controls, and which are reversed upon LRRK2 kinase inhibition. The centrosomal cohesion and polarity deficits can be mimicked when co-expressing wildtype LRRK2 with wildtype but not phospho-deficient Rab8a. The centrosomal defects induced by pathogenic LRRK2 are associated with a kinase activity-dependent increase in the centrosomal localization of phosphorylated Rab8a, and are prominently reduced upon RNAi of Rab8a. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a new function of LRRK2 mediated by Rab8a phosphorylation and related to various centrosomal defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Madero-Pérez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Fdez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Fernández
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio J Lara Ordóñez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Marian Blanca Ramírez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Patricia Gómez-Suaga
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Dieter Waschbüsch
- Department of Experimental Tumorbiology, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Evy Lobbestael
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Angus C Nairn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | | | - Ana Aiastui
- Cell Culture Platform and Division of Neurosciences, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Division of Neurosciences, Instituto Biodonostia-CIBERNED, San Sebastián, Spain.,Division of Neurosciences, Instituto Biodonostia-CIBERNED, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Pawel Lis
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Thomas Comptdaer
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Alexandria Beilina
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adriano Gonnelli
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain.
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44
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Autenrieth TJ, Frank SC, Greiner AM, Klumpp D, Richter B, Hauser M, Lee SI, Levine J, Bastmeyer M. Actomyosin contractility and RhoGTPases affect cell-polarity and directional migration during haptotaxis. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 8:1067-1078. [PMID: 27713970 DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00152a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although much is known about chemotaxis- induced by gradients of soluble chemical cues - the molecular mechanisms involved in haptotaxis (migration induced by substrate-bound protein gradients) are largely unknown. We used micropatterning to produce discontinuous gradients consisting of μm-sized fibronectin-dots arranged at constant lateral but continuously decreasing axial spacing. Parameters like gradient slope, protein concentration and size or shape of the fibronectin dots were modified to determine optimal conditions for directional cell migration in gradient patterns. We demonstrate that fibroblasts predominantly migrate uphill towards a higher fibronectin density in gradients with a dot size of 2 × 2 μm, a 2% and 6% slope, and a low fibronectin concentration of 1 μg ml-1. Increasing dot size to 3.5 × 3.5 μm resulted in stationary cells, whereas rectangular dots (2 × 3 μm) orientated perpendicular to the gradient axis preferentially induce lateral migration. During haptotaxis, the Golgi apparatus reorients to a posterior position between the nucleus and the trailing edge. Using pharmacological inhibitors, we demonstrate that actomyosin contractility and microtubule dynamics are a prerequisite for gradient recognition indicating that asymmetric intracellular forces are necessary to read the axis of adhesive gradients. In the haptotaxis signalling cascade, RhoA and Cdc42, and the atypical protein kinase C zeta (aPKCζ), but not Rac, are located upstream of actomyosin contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana J Autenrieth
- Zoological Institute, Department of Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. and DFG-Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany and Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Frank
- Zoological Institute, Department of Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. and Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alexandra M Greiner
- Zoological Institute, Department of Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Dominik Klumpp
- Zoological Institute, Department of Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Richter
- Zoological Institute, Department of Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. and Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mario Hauser
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Seong-Il Lee
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY, USA
| | - Joel Levine
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY, USA
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoological Institute, Department of Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. and DFG-Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany and Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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45
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Zhang J, Wang YL. Centrosome defines the rear of cells during mesenchymal migration. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3240-3251. [PMID: 28855377 PMCID: PMC5687026 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Taking advantage of the strong polarity of cells migrating along micropatterned lines, combined with computational modeling and microsurgery, we found that the centrosome must be localized toward the rear of a cell, likely for controlling the distribution of tail formation signals. This discovery clarifies a long-standing controversy in cell biology. The importance of centrosome in directional cell migration has long been recognized. However, the conventional view that centrosome determines cell’s front, based on its often-observed position in front of the nucleus, has been challenged by contradictory observations. Here we show that centrosome defines the rear instead of the front, using cells plated on micropatterned adhesive strips to facilitate directional migration. We found that centrosome is always located proximal to the future rear before polarity is established through symmetry breaking or reversed as the cell reaches a dead end. In addition, using microsurgery to alter the distance of centrosomes from cells’ ends, we show that centrosomal proximity is predictive of the placement of the rear. Removal of centrosome impairs directional cell migration, whereas the removal of nucleus alone makes no difference in most cells. Computer modeling under the framework of a local-enhancement/global-inhibition mechanism further demonstrates that positioning of rear retraction, mediated by signals concentrated near the centrosome, recapitulates all the experimental observations. Our results resolve a long-standing controversy and explain how cells use centrosome and microtubules to maintain directional migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Yu-Li Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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46
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Silverman E, Zhao J, Merriam JC, Nagasaki T. Intracellular Position of Centrioles and the Direction of Homeostatic Epithelial Cell Movements in the Mouse Cornea. J Histochem Cytochem 2017; 65:83-91. [PMID: 28117631 DOI: 10.1369/0022155416674718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal epithelial cells exhibit continuous centripetal movements at a rate of about 30 µm per day, but neither the driving force nor the mechanism that determines the direction of movements is known. To facilitate the investigation of homeostatic cell movement, we examined if the intracellular position of a centriole can be used as a directional marker of epithelial cell movements in the mouse cornea. A direction of cell movements was estimated in fixed specimens from a pattern of underlying subepithelial nerve fibers. Intracellular position of centrioles was determined by gamma-tubulin immunohistology and plotted in a narrow strip along the entire diameter of a cornea from limbus to limbus. When we determined the position of centrioles in the peripheral cornea where cell movements proceed generally along a radial path, about 55% of basal epithelial cells contained a centriole in the front half of a cell. However, in the central cornea where cells exhibit a spiral pattern of movements, centrioles were distributed randomly. These results suggest that centrioles tend to be positioned toward the direction of movement in corneal basal epithelial cells when they are moving centripetally at a steady rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Silverman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York (ES, JZ, JCM, TN)
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York (ES, JZ, JCM, TN)
| | - John C Merriam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York (ES, JZ, JCM, TN)
| | - Takayuki Nagasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York (ES, JZ, JCM, TN)
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47
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Burute M, Prioux M, Blin G, Truchet S, Letort G, Tseng Q, Bessy T, Lowell S, Young J, Filhol O, Théry M. Polarity Reversal by Centrosome Repositioning Primes Cell Scattering during Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Dev Cell 2017; 40:168-184. [PMID: 28041907 PMCID: PMC5497078 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cells lining the tissue periphery break up their cohesion to migrate within the tissue. This dramatic reorganization involves a poorly characterized reorientation of the apicobasal polarity of static epithelial cells into the front-rear polarity of migrating mesenchymal cells. To investigate the spatial coordination of intracellular reorganization with morphological changes, we monitored centrosome positioning during EMT in vivo, in developing mouse embryos and mammary gland, and in vitro, in cultured 3D cell aggregates and micropatterned cell doublets. In all conditions, centrosomes moved from their off-centered position next to intercellular junctions toward extracellular matrix adhesions on the opposite side of the nucleus, resulting in an effective internal polarity reversal. This move appeared to be supported by controlled microtubule network disassembly. Sequential release of cell confinement using dynamic micropatterns, and modulation of microtubule dynamics, confirmed that centrosome repositioning was responsible for further cell disengagement and scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila Burute
- CytoMorpho Lab, A2T, UMRS1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, INSERM/AP-HP/Université Paris Diderot, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France; CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, UMR5168, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INRA/CNRS/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France; CYTOO SA, 7 Parvis Louis Néel, 38040 Grenoble, France
| | - Magali Prioux
- CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, UMR5168, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INRA/CNRS/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Blin
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sandrine Truchet
- GABI, INRA/AgroParisTech/Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gaëlle Letort
- CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, UMR5168, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INRA/CNRS/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Qingzong Tseng
- CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, UMR5168, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INRA/CNRS/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Bessy
- CytoMorpho Lab, A2T, UMRS1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, INSERM/AP-HP/Université Paris Diderot, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Sally Lowell
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Joanne Young
- CYTOO SA, 7 Parvis Louis Néel, 38040 Grenoble, France
| | - Odile Filhol
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, UMRS1036, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INSERM/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Manuel Théry
- CytoMorpho Lab, A2T, UMRS1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, INSERM/AP-HP/Université Paris Diderot, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France; CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, UMR5168, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INRA/CNRS/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France.
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48
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Rathod ML, Pareek N, Agrawal S, Jaddivada S, Lee DW, Gundiah N. Engineered ridge and micropillar array detectors to quantify the directional migration of fibroblasts. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09068d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts align and show persistent migration on ridge-pillar micropatterned substrates. Traction forces vary along the polarized cell length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh L. Rathod
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 151-744
- South Korea
| | - Nikhil Pareek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - Suchi Agrawal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - Siddhartha Jaddivada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | | | - Namrata Gundiah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
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49
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Tanja Mierke C. Physical role of nuclear and cytoskeletal confinements in cell migration mode selection and switching. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2017.4.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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50
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Wang C, Xu N, Yang YJ, Wu QM, Pang DW, Zhang ZL. Enhanced directional cell migration induced by vaccinia virus on a microfluidic-based multi-shear cell migration assay platform. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:903-911. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00151g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An integrated mcirofluidic-based cell migration platform was developed to explore the vaccinia virus-induced cell migration in different shear stress environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Na Xu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Yu-Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Mei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
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