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Li R, Wang J, Fu X, Li Z, Chen Y, Ye M, Guo H. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of major components of Qiye Shen'an tablet by UPLC Q-TOF/MS and UPLC-TQS-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 246:116216. [PMID: 38772204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The Qiye Shen'an tablet is formulated using total saponins extracted from Notoginseng stems and leaves. At present, the study on its chemical composition remains scarce and the quality control indicators are limited, which seriously hindering the effective quality control and clinical research. Hence, this study aims to comprehensively identify and characterize the Qiye Shen'an tablet while controlling its main component contents. To achieve a comprehensive understanding of this tablet, an ultra-high performance liquid coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) method was employed for its separation and characterization. Through the analysis of 99 batches of Qiye Shen'an tablet produced by 9 enterprises, the characteristic quantitative components were further obtained. A total of 113 compounds were characterized and identified, among which 17 representative compounds were selected, and the ultra-high performance liquid-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-TQS-MS/MS) method was established for further quantitative determination. It has been successfully applied to the content determination of 99 batches of Qiye Shen'an tablet, and a new quality control method is being formed. This study provides a new method for chemical spectrum analysis and determination of labeled compounds of Qiye Shen'an tablet, and lays a solid foundation for further study of potential active ingredients and comprehensive quality evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xintong Fu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yougen Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Min Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hongzhu Guo
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing, China.
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2
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Wu L, Bai L, Dai W, Wu Y, Xi P, Zhang J, Zheng L. Ginsenoside Rg3: A Review of its Anticancer Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Applications. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:869-884. [PMID: 38441023 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266283661240226052054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has a long history of treating various diseases and is increasingly being recognized as a complementary therapy for cancer. A promising natural compound extracted from the Chinese herb ginseng is ginsenoside Rg3, which has demonstrated significant anticancer effects. It has been tested in a variety of cancers and tumors and has proven to be effective in suppressing cancer. OBJECTIVES This work covers various aspects of the role of ginsenoside Rg3 in cancer treatment, including its biological functions, key pathways, epigenetics, and potential for combination therapies, all of which have been extensively researched and elucidated. The study aims to provide a reference for future research on ginsenoside Rg3 as an anticancer agent and a support for the potential application of ginsenoside Rg3 in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lin Bai
- Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenshu Dai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Frontier Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaping Wu
- Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Pengjun Xi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jie Zhang
- Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lily Zheng
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan Province, China
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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3
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Wang X, Ding M, Zhao H, Zhou M, Lu X, Sun Y, Zhang Q, Zhao Y, Wang R. Stereospecificity of Ginsenoside AD-1 and AD-2 Showed Anticancer Activity via Inducing Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Reactive Oxygen Species Mediate Cell Apoptosis. Molecules 2023; 28:6698. [PMID: 37764474 PMCID: PMC10536438 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the anti-cancer activity and molecular mechanisms of the isomers of AD-1 and AD-2 (20(R)-AD-1, 20(R)-AD-2, 20(S)-AD-1 and 20(S)-AD-2) were investigated. The results indicated that all of the four compounds obviously suppressed the viability of various cancer cells, and the anti-cancer activity of 20(R)-AD-1 and 20(R)-AD-2 was significantly better than 20(S)-AD-1 and 20(S)-AD-2, especially for gastric cancer cells (BGC-803). Then, the differences in the anti-cancer mechanisms of the isomers were investigated. The data showed that 20(R)-AD-1 and 20(R)-AD-2 induced apoptosis and decreased MMP, up-regulated the expression of cytochrome C in cytosol, transferred Bax to the mitochondria, suppressed oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis and stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Apoptosis can be attenuated by the reactive oxygen species scavenger N-acetylcysteine. However, 20(S)-AD-1 and 20(S)-AD-2 barely exhibited the same results. The results indicated that 20(R)-AD-1 and 20(R)-AD-2 suppressed cellular energy metabolism and caused apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway, which ROS generation was probably involved in. Above all, the data support the development of 20(R)-AD-1 and 20(R)-AD-2 as potential agents for human gastric carcinoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xude Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China;
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China;
| | - Meng Ding
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Cangzhou Normal University, Cangzhou 061000, China;
| | - Hong Zhao
- China College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China; (H.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Mengru Zhou
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China;
| | - Xuan Lu
- China College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China; (H.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Qinggao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China;
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China;
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China;
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China;
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4
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Ye XW, Li CS, Zhang HX, Li Q, Cheng SQ, Wen J, Wang X, Ren HM, Xia LJ, Wang XX, Xu XF, Li XR. Saponins of ginseng products: a review of their transformation in processing. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1177819. [PMID: 37188270 PMCID: PMC10175582 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1177819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary processed product of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (P. ginseng) is red ginseng. As technology advances, new products of red ginseng have arisen. Red ginseng products, e.g., traditional red ginseng, sun ginseng, black ginseng, fermented red ginseng, and puffed red ginseng, are commonly used in herbal medicine. Ginsenosides are the major secondary metabolites of P. ginseng. The constituents of P. ginseng are significantly changed during processing, and several pharmacological activities of red ginseng products are dramatically increased compared to white ginseng. In this paper, we aimed to review the ginsenosides and pharmacological activities of various red ginseng products, the transformation law of ginsenosides in processing, and some clinical trials of red ginseng products. This article will help to highlight the diverse pharmacological properties of red ginseng products and aid in the future development of red ginseng industrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Wen Ye
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Shuai Li
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Xia Zhang
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shui-Qing Cheng
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wen
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Min Ren
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liang-Jing Xia
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Xing Wang
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Fang Xu
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Fang Xu, ; Xiang-Ri Li,
| | - Xiang-Ri Li
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Fang Xu, ; Xiang-Ri Li,
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5
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Zuo Z, Jia J, Li H, Shi R, Wang D, Zeng KW, Nie H, Wang XG, Liu W, Li M, Feng Y, Wang XB. Adjuvant effects of Chinese medicinal tonics on gastric, liver, and colorectal cancers—OMICs-based contributions to understanding their mechanism of action. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:986765. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.986765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric, liver, and colorectal cancers belong to gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, one of the most threatening diseases in the world. The tonics class in Chinese medicines plays a critical role in antigastrointestinal cancer as adjuvants. However, it is a challenge to study the effects and underlying mechanisms of tonics due to their multiple components and multiple targets; OMICs were introduced to facilitate the investigation of the complex mixture of tonics. In this review, the online databases PubMed, ProQuest, Web of Knowledge, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chongqing VIP, and Wanfang were retrieved from 1 January 2011 to 31 May 2022, in an aim to summarize and discuss the research progress of the effects and, especially, the underlying mechanisms of tonics for antigastrointestinal cancers via OMICs. The results showed that through the combination of OMICs and other technologies, tonics have been used for gastrointestinal cancer by targeting cancer hallmarks, enhancing body resistance to carcinogenesis, enhancing therapeutic effects, and/or decreasing side effects. In conclusion, tonics may play a promising role in gastric, liver, and colorectal cancers as adjuvants and can be well investigated via the combination of OMICs and other technologies, which deserves further study.
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6
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Ni B, Song X, Shi B, Wang J, Sun Q, Wang X, Xu M, Cao L, Zhu G, Li J. Research progress of ginseng in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1036498. [PMID: 36313365 PMCID: PMC9603756 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1036498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become one of the major causes of human death. Several anticancer drugs are available; howeve their use and efficacy are limited by the toxic side effects and drug resistance caused by their continuous application. Many natural products have antitumor effects with low toxicity and fewer adverse effects. Moreover, they play an important role in enhancing the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents, reducing toxic side effects, and reversing chemoresistance. Consequently, natural drugs are being applied as potential therapeutic options in the field of antitumor treatment. As natural medicinal plants, some components of ginseng have been shown to have excellent efficacy and a good safety profile for cancer treatment. The pharmacological activities and possible mechanisms of action of ginseng have been identified. Its broad range of pharmacological activities includes antitumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-stress, anti-fibrotic, central nervous system modulating, cardioprotective, and immune-enhancing effects. Numerous studies have also shown that throuth multiple pathways, ginseng and its active ingredients exert antitumor effects on gastrointestinal (GI) tract tumors, such as esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers. Herein, we introduced the main components of ginseng, including ginsenosides, polysaccharides, and sterols, etc., and reviewed the mechanism of action and research progress of ginseng in the treatment of various GI tumors. Futhermore, the pathways of action of the main components of ginseng are discussed in depth to promote the clinical development and application of ginseng in the field of anti-GI tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyi Ni
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotong Song
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bolun Shi
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Qianhui Sun
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmiao Wang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Manman Xu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luchang Cao
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jie Li
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Li,
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7
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Zhao L, Zhang Y, Li Y, Li C, Shi K, Zhang K, Liu N. Therapeutic effects of ginseng and ginsenosides on colorectal cancer. Food Funct 2022; 13:6450-6466. [PMID: 35661189 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00899h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common malignant diseases with high morbidity and mortality rates. Ginseng and its major extracts, ginsenosides, have been used in medical fields for thousands of years. In particular, their huge anti-cancer potential has drawn a great deal of attention in recent years. There is a large body of evidence that has shown that ginseng and its extracts could significantly inhibit tumor development and progression by suppressing cell proliferation, tumor growth, invasion and metastasis, inducing tumor cell apoptosis, regulating tumor-associated immune responses, and improving the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy. Notably, different subtypes of ginsenosides, even those extracted from the same ginseng, have exhibited distinct anti-cancer functions through different mechanisms. Over the past few years, a large number of studies have focused on how ginseng or various ginsenosides influence CRC development. Therefore, the roles and the potential of ginseng and ginsenosides in the treatment of CRC are summarized in this review. In addition, the biochemical properties of ginseng and ginsenosides are also briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxian Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China.
| | - Yueming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yajuan Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China.
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China.
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8
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Ji D, Fleig A, Horgen FD, Feng ZP, Sun HS. Modulators of TRPM7 and its potential as a drug target for brain tumours. Cell Calcium 2021; 101:102521. [PMID: 34953296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
TRPM7 is a non-selective divalent cation channel with an alpha-kinase domain. Corresponding with its broad expression, TRPM7 has a role in a wide range of cell functions, including proliferation, migration, and survival. Growing evidence shows that TRPM7 is also aberrantly expressed in various cancers, including brain cancers. Because ion channels have widespread tissue distribution and result in extensive physiological consequences when dysfunctional, these proteins can be compelling drug targets. In fact, ion channels comprise the third-largest drug target type, following enzymes and receptors. Literature has shown that suppression of TRPM7 results in inhibition of migration, invasion, and proliferation in several human brain tumours. Therefore, TRPM7 presents a potential target for therapeutic brain tumour interventions. This article reviews current literature on TRPM7 as a potential drug target in the context of brain tumours and provides an overview of various selective and non-selective modulators of the channel relevant to pharmacology, oncology, and ion channel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Ji
- Department of Surgery, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8; Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Andrea Fleig
- Center for Biomedical Research at The Queen's Medical Center and John A. Burns School of Medicine and Cancer Center at the University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - F David Horgen
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Surgery, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8; Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8; Department of Pharmacology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8; Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2.
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9
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Simultaneous quantification and ADME prediction of AD-1 and its eight metabolites in rat feces, and screening of PARP-1 inhibitors through molecular docking. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Liu W, Zhang SX, Ai B, Pan HF, Zhang D, Jiang Y, Hu LH, Sun LL, Chen ZS, Lin LZ. Ginsenoside Rg3 Promotes Cell Growth Through Activation of mTORC1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:730309. [PMID: 34589493 PMCID: PMC8473834 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.730309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg3 is a steroidal saponin isolated from Panax ginseng. Previous studies have shown that Rg3 treatment downregulates the activity of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity and inhibits the growth of cancer cells. However, the inhibitory effect of Rg3 on cancer cells is associated with high concentrations of Rg3 that are difficult to achieve in vivo. The human cervix adenocarcinoma HeLa cells were treated with Rg3. The protein levels of AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα), protein kinase B(Akt), ribosomal S6 protein(S6), and Erk were determined by immunoblotting analyses. We used a fluorescent probe to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in living cells. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was examined by the Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer. The content of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was measured by ATPlite kit and Mitotracker was applied to detect the mitochondria. We showed that at lower concentrations, Rg3 activates mTORC1 independent of AKT and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Rg3 promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and function, increases the oxygen consumption of mitochondria and the content of ATP. This effect is in contrast to that of high concentrations of Rg3, which inhibits cell growth. These findings demonstrate a pro-growth activity of Rg3 that acts through mTORC1 and mitochondrial biogenesis and suggest a dose-dependent effect of Rg3 on tumor cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Integrative Cancer Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Bo Ai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua-Feng Pan
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lei-Hao Hu
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Integrative Cancer Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Ling Sun
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Integrative Cancer Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Institute for Biotechnology, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Li-Zhu Lin
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Integrative Cancer Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Kim KT, Cho DW, Yang MJ, Kim DH, Shin SH, Hwang JH, Woo DH, Shin DG, Seo JH, Yang YS, Han SC. Thirteen-week oral toxicity study of fermented ginseng, GBCK25, in Sprague-Dawley rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 118:104812. [PMID: 33122046 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is commonly used in Asia as a medicinal herb. In particular, fermented ginseng, GBCK25, has been recently developed to increase ginsenoside absorption. It also has other beneficial biological effects such as hemodynamic and anti-inflammation functions. Here, we investigated the potential toxicity of GBCK25 in Sprague-Dawley rats following 13 weeks of GBCK25 treatment by oral gavage at doses of 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg/day and reversible toxic effects over a 4-week recovery phase. Ten male and female rats per group were randomly allocated to the main toxicology groups and five male and female rats per group were allocated to the 0 and 1000 mg/kg/day recovery groups, respectively. There was no mortality; significant clinical toxicity or microscopic findings; and changes in body weight, food consumption, hematological parameters, serum biochemistry, or absolute and relative organ weights in any of the groups. In conclusion, there were no toxicological changes upon repeated oral gavage of GBCK25 at doses of 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg/day in Sprague-Dawley rats over 13 weeks. The no-observed-adverse-effect level of GBCK25 was 1000 mg/kg/day in both sexes of Sprague-Dawley rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Tai Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeollabuk-Do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Wan Cho
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeollabuk-Do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Yang
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeollabuk-Do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hee Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeollabuk-Do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyuk Shin
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeollabuk-Do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Hwang
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeollabuk-Do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ho Woo
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Dong Gyu Shin
- Research & Development Center of GENERAL BIO Co., Ltd, 254, Yongtusan-ro, Songdong-myeon, Namwon City, Jeollabuk-Do, 55793, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Seo
- Research & Development Center of GENERAL BIO Co., Ltd, 254, Yongtusan-ro, Songdong-myeon, Namwon City, Jeollabuk-Do, 55793, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Yang
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeollabuk-Do, 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su-Cheol Han
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeollabuk-Do, 56212, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Yao YY, Ling EA, Lu D. Microglia mediated neuroinflammation - signaling regulation and therapeutic considerations with special reference to some natural compounds. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:1229-1250. [PMID: 32662061 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a central role in multiple neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), cerebral ischemic injury etc. In this connection, microglia, the key players in the central nervous system, mediate the inflammatory response process. In brain injuries, activated microglia can clear the cellular debris and invading pathogens and release neurotrophic factors; however, prolonged microglia activation may cause neuronal death through excessive release of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of microglia activation to design an effective therapeutic strategy to alleviate neuronal injury. Recent studies have shown that some natural compounds and herbal extracts possess anti-inflammatory properties that may suppress microglial activation and ameliorate neuroinflammation and hence are neuroprotective. In this review, we will update some of the common signaling pathways that regulate microglia activation. Among the various signaling pathways, the Notch-1, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) have been reported to exacerbate microglia mediated neuroinflammation that is implicated in different neuropathological diseases. The search for natural compounds or agents, specifically those derived from natural herbal extracts such as Gastrodin, scutellarin, RG1 etc. has been the focus of many of our recent studies because they have been found to regulate microglia activation. The pharmacological effects of these agents and their potential mechanisms for regulating microglia activation are systematically reviewed here for a fuller understanding of their biochemical action and therapeutic potential for treatment of microglia mediated neuropathological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Yi Yao
- Technology Transfer Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Eng-Ang Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Young Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Di Lu
- Technology Transfer Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
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13
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De Wang X, Li T, Li Y, Yuan WH, Zhao YQ. 2-Pyrazine-PPD, a novel dammarane derivative, showed anticancer activity by reactive oxygen species-mediate apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in gastric cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173211. [PMID: 32464194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
20 (R)-Dammarane-3β, 12β, 20, 25-tetrol (25-OH-PPD), a ginsenoside, was derived from Panax ginseng (C. A. Meyer) and inhibited growth of several cancer cell lines. To improve the anti-cancer activity, we introduced the pyrazine ring to 25-OH-PPD and obtained the compound 20(R)-[2,3-β]-Pyrazine-dammarane-12β,20,25-triol (2-Pyrazine-PPD). we evaluated the anti-cancer activity of 2-Pyrazine-PPD and investigated the main anti-cancer mechanisms of 2-Pyrazine-PPD in gastric cancer cells. We found that 2-Pyrazine-PPD remarkably suppressed the proliferation of gastric cancer cells in a concentration-dependent, and showed little toxicity to the normal cell (human gastric epithelial cell line-GES-1). Further study indicated that 2-Pyrazine-PPD induced apoptosis by mitochondria pathway in BGC-803 cancer cells, and activated unfolded protein response and the protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK)/Eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2α (eIF-2α)/Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) axis, the expression level of the protein C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), the marker of endoplasmic reticulum stress, and the apoptosis inducing by 2-Pyrazine-PPD can partly be inhibited by siRNA-mediated knockdown of CHOP. Moreover, the production of reactive oxygen species was remarkably up-regulated in BGC-803 cancer cells treated with 2-Pyrazine-PPD. N-acetylcysteine (NAC, a reactive oxygen species scavenger) can attenuate 2-Pyrazine-PPD-induced apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Taken together, we suggested that 2-Pyrazine-PPD exhibited remarkable anti-cancer activity by reactive oxygen species-mediate cell apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in gastric cancer cells. Our results uncovered the mechanism of 2-Pyrazine-PPD as a promising anti-tumor candidate for gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu De Wang
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceurical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceurical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceurical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Wei Hui Yuan
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceurical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Yu Qing Zhao
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceurical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
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14
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A 26-week 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 oral toxicity study in Beagle dogs. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 110:104522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Gao H, Liang D, Li C, Xu G, Jiang M, Li H, Yin J, Song Y. 2-Deoxy-Rh2: A novel ginsenoside derivative, as dual-targeting anti-cancer agent via regulating apoptosis and glycolysis. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 124:109891. [PMID: 31991384 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
20(S)-Rh2 is a ginsenoside isolated from Panax ginseng, which exhibits anti-cancer activities on various human cancer cells. A novel 20(S)-Rh2 derivative, 2-Deoxy-Rh2 was synthesized and hybridized with protopanaxadiol and 2-deoxy-glucose in an attempt to enhance the anticancer activity. Through screening the antitumor effect against various cell lines by MTT assay, 2-Deoxy-Rh2 especially resulted in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent inhibition of viability in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Multiple methods were used to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms of 2-Deoxy-Rh2 as a potent anti-cancer agent. In MCF-7 cells, 2-Deoxy-Rh2 triggered apoptosis, stimulated ROS production and disrupted normal mitochondrial membrane potential. Meantime, 2-Deoxy-Rh2 eff ;ectively suppressed the glucose uptake capabilities and intracellular ATP production. The cellular oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) were significantly decreased in response to 2-Deoxy-Rh2, which were carried out to assess the overall glycolytic flux and mitochondrial respiration. Docking studies and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to verify the binding mode of 2-DG and 2-Deoxy-Rh2 with hexokinase II, with results showing that 2-Deoxy-Rh2 could easily fit into the similar active site of 2-DG, finally binding to hexokinase II to suppress glycolysis. Taken together, the results suggest that 2-Deoxy-Rh2 exhibited remarkable anticancer activity based on regulating mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, dampening glycolysis and inhibiting mitochondrial respiration, which support development of 2-Deoxy-Rh2 as a potential agent for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Di Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Chenchen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Guoxing Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Mengnan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Heng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Jianyuan Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China.
| | - Yanqing Song
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China.
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16
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Huang LL, Tang M, Du QQ, Liu CX, Yan C, Yang JL, Li Y. The effects and mechanisms of a biosynthetic ginsenoside 3β,12β-Di-O-Glc-PPD on non-small cell lung cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:7375-7385. [PMID: 31571900 PMCID: PMC6750213 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s217039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A biosynthetic ginsenoside, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-12-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-dammar-24-ene-3β, 12β, 20S-triol (C3C12PPD), showed antitumor activity against many tumor cells in vitro, especially had better anti-lung cancer activity than Rg3 in vitro and in vivo. However, the effects and molecular mechanisms of C3C12PPD on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain unclear. According to previous studies, we hypothesized ginsenoside C3C12PPD could inhibit the tumor growth of NSCLC by targeting proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. Methods A thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay (MTT) was performed to evaluate cell viability. Additionally, Transwell and tube formation assays were conducted to analyze cell migration and angiogenesis. The Lewis and A549 tumor xenograft experiments were also performed to investigate the effects of C3C12PPD on tumor growth in vivo, Western blotting and IHC assay were performed to analyze protein expression. Results C3C12PPD could effectively inhibit the proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells, and tube formation of EA.hy926 cell. Ginsenoside C3C12PPD suppressed Lewis and A549 tumor growth in vivo without obvious side effects on body weight and the hematology index. In addition, the Western blot analysis revealed that the effects of C3C12PPD on lung cancer were mediated by inhibiting Raf/MEK/ERK, AKT/mTOR and AKT/GSK-3β/β-Catenin signaling pathways. Finally, C3C12PPD could significantly inhibit the proliferation index and vessel number in Lewis xenograft tumors analyzed by IHC. Conclusion The results of the present study suggest that ginsenoside C3C12PPD may serve as a potential therapeutic candidate compound against NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Qian Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Xia Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ling Yang
- Department of Biosynthesis, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
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17
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Wang XD, Sun YY, Qu FZ, Su GY, Zhao YQ. 4-XL-PPD, a novel ginsenoside derivative, as potential therapeutic agents for gastric cancer shows anti-cancer activity via inducing cell apoptosis medicated generation of reactive oxygen species and inhibiting migratory and invasive. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:108589. [PMID: 31382131 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(20R)-Dammarane-3β, 12β, 20, 25-tetrol (25-OH-PPD) is a ginsenoside isolated from Panax ginseng (C. A. Meyer). Previous research shows that the compound exhibits anti-cancer activities on many human cancer cell lines. In an attempt to enhance 25-OH-PPD activity, some derivatives were synthesized. Through screening of the derivative compounds for anti-cancer activity against gastric carcinoma cells, 12β-O-(L-Chloracetyl)-dammar-20(22)-ene-3β, 25-diol (4-XL-PPD) was selected as a strong anti-cancer agent. In this study, the anti-cancer mechanisms of 4-XL-PPD were investigated. The results showed that compound 4-XL-PPD resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of cells viability in gastric cancer cells, without affecting the viability of normal cell (human gastric epithelial cell line-GES-1). In BGC-803 cancer cells, 4-XL-PPD triggered apoptosis, and stimulated reactive oxygen species production. Apoptosis can be attenuated by the reactive oxygen species scavenger N-acetylcysteine. Meantime, 4-XL-PPD effectively suppressed the migratory and invasive capabilities of BGC-803 cancer cell and inhibited the expression levels of proteins associated with migratory and invasive capabilities (MMP-2, MMP-9, E-cadherin and CD34). All the results suggest that 4-XL-PPD exhibited remarkable anticancer activity base on inducing apoptosis via generating reactive oxygen species and inhibiting migratory and invasive, which support development of 4-XL-PPD as a potential agent for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu De Wang
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceurical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Yuan Yuan Sun
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceurical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Fan Zhi Qu
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceurical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Guang Yue Su
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceurical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
| | - Yu Qing Zhao
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceurical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
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18
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Won HJ, Kim HI, Park T, Kim H, Jo K, Jeon H, Ha SJ, Hyun JM, Jeong A, Kim JS, Park YJ, Eo YH, Lee J. Non-clinical pharmacokinetic behavior of ginsenosides. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:354-360. [PMID: 31308806 PMCID: PMC6606970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the major active ingredients of ginseng and other plants of the genus Panax, have been used as natural medicines in the East for a long time; in addition, their popularity in the West has increased owing to their various beneficial pharmacological effects. There is therefore a wealth of literature regarding the pharmacological effects of ginsenosides. In contrast, there are few comprehensive studies that investigate their pharmacokinetic behaviors. This is because ginseng contains the complicated mixture of herbal materials as well as thousands of constituents with complex chemical properties, and ginsenosides undergo multiple biotransformation processes after administration. This is a significant issue as pharmacokinetic studies provide crucial data regarding the efficacy and safety of compounds. Moreover, there have been many difficulties in the development of the optimal dosage regimens of ginsenosides and the evaluation of their interactions with other drugs. Therefore, this review details the pharmacokinetic properties and profiles of ginsenosides determined in various animal models administered through different routes of administration. Such information is valuable for designing specialized delivery systems and determining optimal dosing strategies for ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Joong Won
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Il Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongmin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kanghee Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Jun Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Hyun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry Management, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aeri Jeong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry Management, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Sik Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry Management, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Jin Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry Management, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Ho Eo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry Management, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry Management, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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19
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Xie J, Luo S, Mi H, Du Y, Bao G, Zhou J, Xi Y, Li C. Intake consumption of ginsenoside Rg3, profiling of selected cytokines, and development of rectal polyps. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:4059-4064. [PMID: 31190981 PMCID: PMC6511619 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s197097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rectal polyps is a major risk factor for rectal cancer. There is a need to explore a panel of preventive measures, as well as reliable biomarkers for screening of rectal polyps. Patients and methods: We conducted a case control study which aimed to explore the effects of regular consumption of ginsenoside Rg3, profiling of selected cytokines, and development of rectal polyps in a Chinese population. Results: Significantly higher levels of IL-4, MIP-1β, FasL, TGF-β1, and RANTES were detected in rectal polyp cases. Further, we found significant dose-response relationships between quartile-categorized levels of IL-4, MIP-1β, FasL, and TGF-β1, and risk of rectal polyps. The strongest associations for IL-4, MIP-1β, FasL, and TGF-β1 were observed for the highest quartile vs the lowest quartile with an OR of 1.78, 2.70, 1.49, and 2.36, respectively. Compared with non-Rg3 consumers, regular Rg3 consumers had a significantly lower risk of rectal polyps (OR =0.71; 95% CI: 0.55–0.92; P=0.009). We also found that Rg3 consumers had significantly lower levels of IL-4, MIP-1β, FasL, and TGF-β1 than non-Rg3 consumers, in both rectal polyp cases and healthy controls. Conclusion: These results indicate that regular consumption of Rg3 might prevent the occurrence of rectal polyps through decreasing the serum level of selected cytokines, including IL-4, MIP-1β, FasL, and TGF-β1. Further clinical trials and prospective cohort studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to validate the anti-inflammatory activity and the anti-tumorigenic role of Rg3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xie
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Anorectum, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shicheng Luo
- Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongying Mi
- Department of Pediatrics, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibin Du
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohong Bao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Anorectum, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Anorectum, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumei Xi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Anorectum, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650000, People's Republic of China
| | - Cichun Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Anorectum, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650000, People's Republic of China
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20
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Bian Y, An GJ, Kim K, Ngo T, Shin S, Bae ON, Lim KM, Chung JH. Ginsenoside Rg3, a component of ginseng, induces pro-thrombotic activity of erythrocytes via hemolysis-associated phosphatidylserine exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110553. [PMID: 31163221 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng and its active gradient, ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), are widely used for a variety of health benefits, but concerns over their misuses are increasing. Previously, it has been reported that Rg3 can cause hemolysis, but its health outcome remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that Rg3 could promote the procoagulant activity of erythrocytes through the process of hemolysis, ultimately leading to increased thrombosis. In freshly isolated human erythrocytes, Rg3 caused pore formation and fragmentation of the erythrocyte membrane. Confocal microscopy observation and flow cytometric analysis revealed that remnant erythrocyte fragments after the exposure to Rg3 expressed phosphatidylserine (PS), which can promote blood coagulation through providing assembly sites for coagulation complexes. Rat in vivo experiments further confirmed that intravenous administration of Rg3 produced PS-bearing erythrocyte debris and increased thrombosis. Collectively, we demonstrated that Rg3 could induce the procoagulant activity of erythrocytes by generating PS-bearing erythrocyte debris through hemolysis, which might provoke thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Bian
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Gwang-Jin An
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Keunyoung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Thien Ngo
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Sue Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boramae Hospital, Seoul, 156-707, South Korea.
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 426-791, South Korea.
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea.
| | - Jin-Ho Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
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21
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Metwaly AM, Lianlian Z, Luqi H, Deqiang D. Black Ginseng and Its Saponins: Preparation, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Effects. Molecules 2019; 24:E1856. [PMID: 31091790 PMCID: PMC6572638 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Black ginseng is a type of processed ginseng that is prepared from white or red ginseng by steaming and drying several times. This process causes extensive changes in types and amounts of secondary metabolites. The chief secondary metabolites in ginseng are ginsenosides (dammarane-type triterpene saponins), which transform into less polar ginsenosides in black ginseng by steaming. In addition, apparent changes happen to other secondary metabolites such as the increase in the contents of phenolic compounds, reducing sugars and acidic polysaccharides in addition to the decrease in concentrations of free amino acids and total polysaccharides. Furthermore, the presence of some Maillard reaction products like maltol was also engaged. These obvious chemical changes were associated with a noticeable superiority for black ginseng over white and red ginseng in most of the comparative biological studies. This review article is an attempt to illustrate different methods of preparation of black ginseng, major chemical changes of saponins and other constituents after steaming as well as the reported biological activities of black ginseng, its major saponins and other metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Metwaly
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life one Road, DD port, Dalian Economic and Technical Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt.
| | - Zhu Lianlian
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life one Road, DD port, Dalian Economic and Technical Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China.
| | - Huang Luqi
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Mennei South street, Dong-Cheng District, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Dou Deqiang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life one Road, DD port, Dalian Economic and Technical Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China.
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22
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Meng L, Ji R, Dong X, Xu X, Xin Y, Jiang X. Antitumor activity of ginsenoside Rg3 in melanoma through downregulation of the ERK and Akt pathways. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:2069-2079. [PMID: 31081060 PMCID: PMC6521931 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced metastatic melanoma is a malignant tumor for which there is currently no effective treatment due to resistance development. Ginsenoside Rg3, a saponin component extracted from ginseng roots, has been shown to reduce melanoma cell proliferation by decreasing histone deacetylase 3 and increasing p53 acetylation. The availability of data on the role of Rg3 in melanoma is currently extremely limited. The aim of the present study was to further investigate the effects of Rg3 on B16 melanoma cells and the underlying molecular events. The findings demonstrated that Rg3 suppressed the proliferation and DNA synthesis of B16 cells. Rg3 exposure induced tumor cell cycle arrest at the S phase and reduced the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Rg3 treatment also decreased metastasis of B16 cells in vitro and in vivo. The results indicated that this reduction was due to downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Moreover, Rg3 inhibited melanoma-induced angiogenesis, most likely by downregulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in B16 cells. Rg3 exposure decreased the expression of VEGF in B16 cells and the VEGF downregulation further suppressed angiogenesis by attenuating the proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells. Finally, the western blotting data demonstrated that Rg3 reduced the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (Akt) in vitro and in vivo. This result indicated that the antimelanoma effects of Rg3 may be mediated through suppression of ERK and Akt signaling. Further research is required to assess the value of Rg3 as a novel therapeutic strategy for melanoma in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbin Meng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Rui Ji
- Department of Biology, Valencia College, Orlando, FL 32825, USA
| | - Xiaoming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochun Xu
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ying Xin
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Zhang S, Xie J, Zhao L, Pei J, Su E, Xiao W, Wang Z. Cloning, overexpression and characterization of a thermostable β-xylosidase from Thermotoga petrophila and cooperated transformation of ginsenoside extract to ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 with a β-glucosidase. Bioorg Chem 2019; 85:159-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cheng Z, Xing D. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human oral squamous carcinoma cells by down-regulating miR-221. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 853:353-363. [PMID: 30928631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg3, isolated from the roots of Panax ginseng, has been found to exert anti-cancer activity on multiple human cancers. However, there is no any literature available about the effect of Rg3 on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study investigated the possible anti-cancer effects of Rg3 on OSCC, as well as the possible molecular mechanisms. In vitro, cell viability and proliferation were respectively detected by CCK-8 assay and BrdU assay. Cell apoptosis was detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI assay. Cell transfection was used to change the expression of miR-221 and TIMP3. qRT-PCR and western blotting were performed to measure the expression of molecules involving in cell apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, PI3K/AKT pathway and MAPK/ERK pathway. In vivo, OSCC orthotopic murine model was established and tumor volumes were measured. We found that Rg3 treatment inhibited viability, proliferation and EMT process of human OSCC SCC-9 and HSC-5 cells, but promoted cell apoptosis. miR-221 was highly expressed in OSCC tissues and cells. Rg3 reduced the expression of miR-221 in OSCC cells. Up-regulation of miR-221 abrogated the effects of Rg3 on SCC-9 and HSC-5 cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis and EMT process. TIMP3 was lowly expressed in OSCC tissues and cells, which was a direct target gene of miR-221. Rg3 inactivated PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways in SCC-9 cells by up-regulating TIMP3. In vivo, Rg3 reduced the tumor volume of OSCC orthotopic murine model. In conclusion, Rg3 exerted anti-cancer effects on OSCC might be via down-regulating miR-221, up-regulating TIMP3, and then inactivating PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Cheng
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China.
| | - Dayuan Xing
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China
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Li XF, Zhao GQ, Li LY. Ginsenoside impedes proliferation and induces apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells by down-regulating β-catenin. Cancer Biomark 2019; 24:395-404. [PMID: 30909183 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-182046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most commonly occurred primary bone malignancy with high incident rates among children and adolescents. In pharmacologic treatment, the drug ginsenoside has been shown to exert anticancer effects on several malignant diseases. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of ginsenoside on the apoptosis and proliferation of human OS MG-63 and Saos-2 cells by regulating the expression of β-catenin. METHODS Human OS MG-63 and Saos-2 cells were assigned into control group, and four groups with treatment by varying concentrations (12.5 μg/mL, 25 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL) of ginsenoside, respectively. Cell growth after treatment was observed through cell slides. The proliferation rate of MG-63 and Saos-2 cells in each group was detected by CCK-8. After cell transfection at 48 h, cell cycle and cell apoptosis were detected by FITC-Annexin V staining and flow cytometry. The protein and mRNA expressions of β-catenin, Cyclin D1, Bcl-2, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 were detected by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. RESULTS With increased exposure and concentration of ginsenoside, the cell density, total cell numbers and the absorbance of MG-63 and Saos-2 cells gradually decreased. FITC-Annexin V and FITC-Annexin V/PI staining demonstrated that the cell proportion at S phase decreased, whereas the total apoptotic rate of MG-63 and Saos-2 cells was increased. Furthermore, RT-qPCR and western blot analysis highlighted a gradual decrease in protein and mRNA expressions of β-catenin, Bcl-2 and Cyclin D1, while an elevation in those of Bax and cleaved caspase-3. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate that ginsenoside inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of human OS MG-63 and Saos-2 cells by reducing the expressions of β-catenin, Bcl-2 and Cyclin D1 and increasing the expression of Bax and cleaved caspase-3.
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Ginsenoside Rg3: Potential Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Indication in Metastatic Breast Cancer. MEDICINES 2019; 6:medicines6010017. [PMID: 30678106 PMCID: PMC6473622 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is still one of the most prevalent cancers and a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The key challenge with cancer treatment is the choice of the best therapeutic agents with the least possible toxicities on the patient. Recently, attention has been drawn to herbal compounds, in particular ginsenosides, extracted from the root of the Ginseng plant. In various studies, significant anti-cancer properties of ginsenosides have been reported in different cancers. The mode of action of ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) in in vitro and in vivo breast cancer models and its value as an anti-cancer treatment for breast cancer will be reviewed.
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Lu J, Wang L, Chen W, Wang Y, Zhen S, Chen H, Cheng J, Zhou Y, Li X, Zhao L. miR-603 targeted hexokinase-2 to inhibit the malignancy of ovarian cancer cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 661:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Semi-synthesis and anti-tumor activity of novel 25-OCH3-PPD derivatives incorporating aromatic moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:189-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Li X, Tsauo J, Geng C, Zhao H, Lei X, Li X. Ginsenoside Rg3 Decreases NHE1 Expression via Inhibiting EGF-EGFR-ERK1/2-HIF-1 α Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Novel Antitumor Mechanism. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:1915-1931. [PMID: 30525897 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Na + /H + exchanger 1 (NHE1) plays a vital role in the oncogenesis and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and has been regarded as a promising target for the treatment of HCC. Ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), a bioactive ginseng compound, is suggested to possess pleiotropic antitumor effects on HCC. However, the underlying mechanisms of Rg3 suppressing HCC remain unclear. In the present study, we uncovered a novel antitumor mechanism of Rg3 on HCC by decreasing NHE1 expression through in vivo and in vitro studies. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that epidermal growth factor (EGF) could dramatically upregulate NHE1 expression, while increasing the phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) level and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1 α) expression. In the presence of ERK1/2-specific inhibitor PD98059, EGF stimulated HIF-1 α and NHE1 expression was obviously blocked in addition, the presence of HIF-1 α -specific inhibitor 2-methoxyestradiol (2-MeOE2) blocked EGF stimulated NHE1 expression. Moreover, results from in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that Rg3 treatment markedly decreased the expression of EGF, EGF receptor (EGFR), phosphorylated ERK1/2 and HIF-1 α . Conclusively, these findings suggested that NHE1 was stimulated by EGF, and Rg3 could decrease NHE1 expression by integrally inhibiting EGF-EGFR-ERK1/2-HIF- α signal axis in HCC. Together, our evidence indicated that Rg3 was an effective multi-targets antitumor agent for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- * Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Jiaywei Tsauo
- ‡ Department of Interventional Therapy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P. R. China
| | - Chong Geng
- * Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - He Zhao
- ‡ Department of Interventional Therapy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P. R. China
| | - Xuelian Lei
- * Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Li
- † Institute of Interventional Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China.,‡ Department of Interventional Therapy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P. R. China
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Li C, Wang Z, Li G, Wang Z, Yang J, Li Y, Wang H, Jin H, Qiao J, Wang H, Tian J, Lee AW, Gao Y. Acute and repeated dose 26-week oral toxicity study of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in Kunming mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. J Ginseng Res 2018; 44:222-228. [PMID: 32148403 PMCID: PMC7031733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3 (C42H72O13), a natural triterpenoid saponin, is extracted from red ginseng. The increasing use of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 has raised product safety concerns. Methods In acute toxicity, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 was singly and orally administrated to Kunming mice and Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats at the maximum doses of 1600 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg, respectively. In the 26-week toxicity study, we used repeated oral administration of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in SD rats over 26 weeks at doses of 0, 20, 60, or 180 mg/kg. Moreover, a 4-week recovery period was scheduled to observe the persistence, delayed occurrence, and reversibility of toxic effects. Results The result of acute toxicity shows that oral administration of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 to mice and rats did not induce mortality or toxicity up to 1600 and 800 mg/kg, respectively. During a 26-week administration period and a 4-week withdrawal period (recovery period), there were no significant differences in clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, urinalysis parameters, biochemical and hematological values, or histopathological findings. Conclusion The mean oral lethal dose (LD50) of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3, in acute toxicity, is above 1600 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg in mice and rats, respectively. In a repeated-dose 26-week oral toxicity study, the no-observed-adverse-effect level for female and male SD rats was 180 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhezhe Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Guisheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- School of Life Science, Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Jianrong Yang
- School of Life Science, Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yanshen Li
- School of Life Science, Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- School of Life Science, Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Haizhu Jin
- Department of Food and Biological Engineering, Wenjing College of Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Junhua Qiao
- Yantai University Hospital, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Jingwei Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | | | - Yonglin Gao
- School of Life Science, Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, Yantai University, Yantai, China
- Corresponding author. School of Life Science, Yantai University, 30, Qingquan RD, Laishan District, Yantai, 264005, China.
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Yu JS, Roh HS, Baek KH, Lee S, Kim S, So HM, Moon E, Pang C, Jang TS, Kim KH. Bioactivity-guided isolation of ginsenosides from Korean Red Ginseng with cytotoxic activity against human lung adenocarcinoma cells. J Ginseng Res 2018; 42:562-570. [PMID: 30337817 PMCID: PMC6190500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In this study, we used a bioactivity-guided isolation technique to identify constituents of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) with antiproliferative activity against human lung adenocarcinoma cells. METHODS Bioactivity-guided fractionation and preparative/semipreparative HPLC purification were used with LC/MS analysis to separate the bioactive constituents. Cell viability and apoptosis in human lung cancer cell lines (A549, H1264, H1299, and Calu-6) after treatment with KRG extract fractions and constituents thereof were assessed using the water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) assay and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, respectively. Caspase activation was assessed by detecting its surrogate marker, cleaved poly adenosine diphosphate (ADP-ribose) polymerase, using an immunoblot assay. The expression and subcellular localization of apoptosis-inducing factor were assessed using immunoblotting and immunofluorescence, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the KRG extract revealed that its ethyl acetate-soluble fraction exerts significant cytotoxic activity against all human lung cancer cell lines tested by inducing apoptosis. Chemical investigation of the ethyl acetatesoluble fraction led to the isolation of six ginsenosides, including ginsenoside Rb1 (1), ginsenoside Rb2 (2), ginsenoside Rc (3), ginsenoside Rd (4), ginsenoside Rg1 (5), and ginsenoside Rg3 (6). Among the isolated ginsenosides, ginsenoside Rg3 exhibited the most cytotoxic activity against all human lung cancer cell lines examined, with IC50 values ranging from 161.1 μM to 264.6 μM. The cytotoxicity of ginsenoside Rg3 was found to be mediated by induction of apoptosis in a caspase-independent manner. These findings provide experimental evidence for a novel biological activity of ginsenoside Rg3 against human lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sik Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Roh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Hyuck Baek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sil Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Min So
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Moon
- Charmzone R&D Center, Charmzone Co. LTD., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Su Jang
- Institute of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeong Chang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Gender-related differences in pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and excretion of 20(R)-25-methoxyl-dammarane-3β,12β,20-triol and its metabolite in rats and anti-ovarian cancer evaluation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 158:327-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ham J, Lee S, Lee H, Jeong D, Park S, Kim SJ. Genome-Wide Methylation Analysis Identifies NOX4 and KDM5A as Key Regulators in Inhibiting Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation by Ginsenoside Rg3. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:1333-1355. [PMID: 30149757 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg3 is a key metabolite of ginseng and is known to inhibit cancer cell growth. However, the epigenetics of CpG methylation and its regulatory mechanism have yet to be determined. Genome-wide methylation analysis of MCF-7 breast cancer cells treated with Rg3 was performed to identify epigenetically regulated genes and pathways. The effect of Rg3 on apoptosis and cell proliferation was examined by a colony formation assay and a dye-based cell proliferation assay. The association between methylation and gene expression was monitored by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Genome-wide methylation analysis identified the "cell morphology"-related pathway as the top network. Rg3 induced late stage apoptosis but inhibited cell proliferation up to 60%. Hypermethylated TRMT1L, PSMC6 and NOX4 were downregulated by Rg3, while hypomethylated ST3GAL4, RNLS and KDM5A were upregulated. In accordance, downregulation of NOX4 by siRNA abrogated the cell growth effect of Rg3, while the effect was opposite for KDM5A. Notably, breast cancer patients with a higher expression of NOX4 and KDM5A showed poor and good prognosis of survival, respectively. In conclusion, Rg3 deregulated tumor-related genes through alteration of the epigenetic methylation level leading to growth inhibition of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeon Ham
- 1 Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Seungyeon Lee
- 1 Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyunkyung Lee
- 1 Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Dawoon Jeong
- 1 Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sungbin Park
- 1 Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sun Jung Kim
- 1 Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
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Kuljittichanok D, Diskul-Na-Ayudthaya P, Weeraphan C, Chokchaichamnankit D, Chiablaem K, Lirdprapamongkol K, Svasti J, Srisomsap C. Effect of Derris scandens extract on a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:1943-1952. [PMID: 30034552 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains high in numerous countries, including Thailand. There are numerous different lines of HCC treatment; however, various side effects and the resistance of cancer cells during treatment remain issues. At present, traditionally used herb plants have been widely used as alternatives to cancer therapy. Derris scandens is a Thai traditional herb which is commonly found in Thailand and widely used as a traditional medicine for numerous different diseases. The cytotoxicity of D. scandens ethanolic extract on a HCC cell line (HCC-S102) was determined using an MTT assay. Following treatment with D. scandens ethanolic extract, the induction of apoptosis was determined by Annexin V and dead cell assays, and then confirmed by the upregulation of cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Furthermore, a proteomic approach was used in order to study protein alteration upon treatment with D. scandens ethanolic extract coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis for protein identification. The results suggested that D. scandens ethanolic extract resulted in cytotoxicity against HCC-S102 cells, as the half-maximal inhibitory concentration values were 36.0±1.0, 29.6±0.6, and 22.6±1.5 µg/ml at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. Apoptotic cells were induced following treatment with D. scandens. The comparative proteomic profiles of D. scandens ethanolic extract-treated and untreated cells revealed various protein targets for anticancer activity including heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) K, hnRNP A2/B1, stomatin-like 2 and GAPDH. In the present study, the anticancer activity of D. scandens ethanolic extract was demonstrated to affect the cell proliferation of HCC-S102 via an apoptotic pathway. The alteration in these proteins provides a better understanding of the mechanism of action of D. scandens, which may be a promising anticancer agent for the treatment of patients with HCC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Churat Weeraphan
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | | | - Khajeelak Chiablaem
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | | | - Jisnuson Svasti
- Applied Biological Sciences Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Chantragan Srisomsap
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
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Oh J, Yoon HJ, Jang JH, Kim DH, Surh YJ. The standardized Korean Red Ginseng extract and its ingredient ginsenoside Rg3 inhibit manifestation of breast cancer stem cell-like properties through modulation of self-renewal signaling. J Ginseng Res 2018; 43:421-430. [PMID: 31308814 PMCID: PMC6606826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ginsenoside Rg3, one of active components of red ginseng, has chemopreventive and anticancer potential. Cancer stem cells retain self-renewal properties which account for cancer recurrence and resistance to anticancer therapy. In our present study, we investigated whether the standardized Korean Red Ginseng extract (RGE) and Rg3 could modulate the manifestation of breast cancer stem cell–like features through regulation of self-renewal activity. Methods The effects of RGE and Rg3 on the proportion of CD44high/CD24low cells, as representative characteristics of stem-like breast cancer cells, were determined by flow cytometry. The mammosphere formation assay was performed to assess self-renewal capacities of breast cancer cells. Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity of MCF-7 mammospheres was measured by the ALDEFLUOR assay. The expression levels of Sox-2, Bmi-1, and P-Akt and the nuclear localization of hypoxia inducible factor-1α in MCF-7 mammospheres were verified by immunoblot analysis. Results Both RGE and Rg3 decreased the viability of breast cancer cells and significantly reduced the populations of CD44high/CD24low in MDA-MB-231 cells. RGE and Rg3 treatment attenuated the expression of Sox-2 and Bmi-1 by inhibiting the nuclear localization of hypoxia inducible factor-1α in MCF-7 mammospheres. Suppression of the manifestation of breast cancer stem cell–like properties by Rg3 was mediated through the blockade of Akt-mediated self-renewal signaling. Conclusion This study suggests that Rg3 has a therapeutic potential targeting breast cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Oh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Yoon
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Jang
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hee Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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20(S)-protopanaxadiol regio-selectively targets androgen receptor: anticancer effects in castration-resistant prostate tumors. Oncotarget 2018; 9:20965-20978. [PMID: 29765513 PMCID: PMC5940378 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We have explored the effects of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (aPPD), a naturally derived ginsenoside, against androgen receptor (AR) positive castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) xenograft tumors and have examined its interactions with AR. In silico docking studies for aPPD binding to AR, alongside transactivation bioassays and in vivo efficacy studies were carried out in the castration-resistant C4-2 xenograft model. Immunohistochemical (IHC) and Western blot analyses followed by evaluation of AR, apoptotic, cell cycle and proliferative markers in excised tumors was performed. The growth of established CRPC tumors was inhibited by 53% with aPPD and a corresponding decrease in serum PSA was seen compared to controls. The IHC data revealed that Ki-67 was significantly lower for aPPD treated tumors and was associated with elevated p21 and cleaved caspase-3 expression, compared to vehicle treatment. Furthermore, aPPD decreased AR protein expression in xenograft tumors, while significantly upregulating p27 and Bax protein levels. In vitro data supporting this suggests that aPPD binds to and significantly inhibits the N-terminal or the DNA binding domains of AR. The AR androgen binding site docking score for androgen (dihydrotestosterone) was −11.1, while that of aPPD was −7.1. The novel findings described herein indicate aPPD potently inhibits PCa in vivo partly via inhibition of a site on the AR N-terminal domain. This manifested as cell cycle arrest and concurrent induction of apoptosis via an increase in Bax, cleaved-caspase-3, p27 and p21 expression.
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Duan Z, Wei B, Deng J, Mi Y, Dong Y, Zhu C, Fu R, Qu L, Fan D. The anti-tumor effect of ginsenoside Rh4 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 499:482-487. [PMID: 29596831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a tremendous threat to humans in many countries, and thus we need to find safe and effective drugs for treatment. Ginsenoside Rh4 has been reported to be present in processed ginseng. However, few studies have focused on its anti-tumor activity. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of ginsenoside Rh4 on MCF-7 breast cancer cells and the pathways that promote apoptosis in vitro. To study the effect of ginsenoside Rh4 in vivo, xenograft models were randomly divided into 3 groups (the control group, 10 mg/kg/d Rh4, 20 mg/kg/d Rh4, n = 10 per group), the ginsenoside Rh4 injection method was i.p. The results showed that ginsenoside Rh4 effectively inhibited proliferation, arrested the cell cycle in S phase and induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by flow cytometry. Morphological changes caused by ginsenoside Rh4-induced apoptosis were also observed by Hoechst 33342 staining. Western-blot analyses indicated that the apoptosis-inducing effects of ginsenoside Rh4 were associated with the external pathway by decreasing Bcl-2, increasing Bax, and activating caspase-8, -3 and PARP. Moreover, ginsenoside Rh4 significantly inhibited the growth of MCF-7 tumor cells in vivo. These results suggested that ginsenoside Rh4 could be a potentially effective anti-tumor drug for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Duan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
| | - Bo Wei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
| | - Jianjun Deng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Yu Mi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Yangfang Dong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Rongzhan Fu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Linlin Qu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
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Zou M, Wang J, Gao J, Han H, Fang Y. Phosphoproteomic analysis of the antitumor effects of ginsenoside Rg3 in human breast cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:2889-2898. [PMID: 29435015 PMCID: PMC5778838 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of breast cancer has been increasing in China and the age of breast cancer onset is earlier compared with Western countries. Compounds commonly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) are an important source of anticancer drugs. Ginseng is one of the most common medicines used in TCM. Ginsenosides, which are saponins found in the ginseng plant, are the major active components responsible for the chemopreventive effects of ginseng in cancer. However, the mechanisms by which ginsenosides exert their anticancer effects remain elusive. The current study combined tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantification with titanium dioxide-based phosphopeptide enrichment to quantitatively analyze the changes in phosphoproteomes in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells that occur following treatment with the ginsenoside Rg3. A total of 5,140 phosphorylation sites on 2,041 phosphoproteins were quantified and it was demonstrated that the phosphorylation status of 13 sites were altered in MDA-MB-231 cells following treatment with Rg3. The perturbed phosphoproteins were: Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 7, elongation factor 2 (EEF2), HIRA-interacting protein 3, melanoma-associated antigen D2, myosin phosphatase Rho-interacting protein, probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MYCBP2, PRKC apoptosis WT1 regulator protein, protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 12A, E3 SUMO-protein ligase RanBP2, Septin-9, thymopoietin, and E3 UFM1-protein ligase 1. Western blotting confirmed that Rg3 increased the phosphorylation of EEF2 on Thr57 but did not alter the protein expression of EEF2 in MDA-MB-231 and HCC1143 cells. These ginsenoside Rg3-regulated proteins are involved in various biological processes, including protein synthesis, cell division and the inhibition of nuclear factor-κB signaling. The results of the present study revealed that Rg3 exerts its anticancer effects via a combination of different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjin Zou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Jidong Gao
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Infection Control, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
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Suvarna V, Murahari M, Khan T, Chaubey P, Sangave P. Phytochemicals and PI3K Inhibitors in Cancer-An Insight. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:916. [PMID: 29311925 PMCID: PMC5736021 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In today's world of modern medicine and novel therapies, cancer still remains to be one of the prime contributor to the death of people worldwide. The modern therapies improve condition of cancer patients and are effective in early stages of cancer but the advanced metastasized stage of cancer remains untreatable. Also most of the cancer therapies are expensive and are associated with adverse side effects. Thus, considering the current status of cancer treatment there is scope to search for efficient therapies which are cost-effective and are associated with lesser and milder side effects. Phytochemicals have been utilized for many decades to prevent and cure various ailments and current evidences indicate use of phytochemicals as an effective treatment for cancer. Hyperactivation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling cascades is a common phenomenon in most types of cancers. Thus, natural substances targeting PI3K pathway can be of great therapeutic potential in the treatment of cancer patients. This chapter summarizes the updated research on plant-derived substances targeting PI3K pathway and the current status of their preclinical studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanti Suvarna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Manikanta Murahari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Tabassum Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Pramila Chaubey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Preeti Sangave
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
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40
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Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits colorectal tumor growth via down-regulation of C/EBPβ/NF-κB signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1240-1245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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41
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Qu FZ, Zhao C, Cao JQ, Zhang Y, Zhao YQ. One-pot synthesis, anti-tumor evaluation and structure-activity relationships of novel 25-OCH 3-PPD derivatives. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1845-1849. [PMID: 30108895 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00358g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on the fact that 25-OCH3-PPD, a natural ginsengenin isolated from the leaves of Panax ginseng, is a promising lead compound, novel 25-OCH3-PPD derivatives were synthesized to find more potent anti-tumor agents by a simple and facile synthetic method. These derivatives were classified into three types and screened for their cytotoxic activities against seven human cancer cell lines. Compared with 25-OCH3-PPD, compounds a5, a7, b5 and b7 exhibited higher anti-tumor activities on all tested cell lines with almost 5-fold to 15-fold increases. In particular, compound a7 showed the greatest cytotoxic activity against α-2 cells (IC50 = 2.4 ± 0.4 μM). The preliminary study on the mechanisms indicated that compound a7 could induce α-2 cell apoptosis. Structure-activity relationships demonstrated that the carbon-carbon double bond at the C-20 position could enhance the antiproliferative activity. In conclusion, the novel derivatives a5, a7, b5 and b7 could be further studied as potential candidates for the treatment of cancer. This research provides a theoretical reference for the exploration of new antiproliferative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Zhi Qu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , People's Republic of China . ; ; Tel: +86 24 23986521
| | - Chen Zhao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , People's Republic of China . ; ; Tel: +86 24 23986521
| | - Jia-Qing Cao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , People's Republic of China . ; ; Tel: +86 24 23986521
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , People's Republic of China . ; ; Tel: +86 24 23986521
| | - Yu-Qing Zhao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , People's Republic of China . ; ; Tel: +86 24 23986521.,Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
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42
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Li J, Lu J, Ye Z, Han X, Zheng X, Hou H, Chen W, Li X, Zhao L. 20(S)-Rg3 blocked epithelial-mesenchymal transition through DNMT3A/miR-145/FSCN1 in ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:53375-53386. [PMID: 28881818 PMCID: PMC5581117 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one of the key mechanisms mediating cancer progression. MicroRNAs (miRs) are essential regulators of gene expression by suppressing translation or causing degradation of target mRNA. Growing evidence illustrates the crucial roles of miRs dysregulation in cancer development and progression. Here, we have found for the first time that the ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3, a pharmacologically active component of Panax ginseng, potently increases miR-145 expression by downregulating methyltransferase DNMT3A to attenuate the hypermethylation of the promoter region in the miR-145 precursor gene. Restoration of DNMT3A reverses the inhibitory effect of 20(S)-Rg3 on EMT. FSCN1 is verified as the target of miR-145 to suppress EMT in human ovarian cancer cells. The results from nude mouse xenograft models further demonstrate the suppressive effect of miR-145 on malignant progression of ovarian cancer. Taken together, our results show that 20(S)-Rg3 blocks EMT by targeting DNMT3A/miR-145/FSCN1 pathway in ovarian cancer cells, highlighting the potentiality of 20(S)-Rg3 to be used as a therapeutic agent for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiaojiao Lu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhongxue Ye
- Department of Gynecology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Xi Han
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xia Zheng
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huilian Hou
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xu Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Le Zhao
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Liu T, Zhao L, Hou H, Ding L, Chen W, Li X. Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 suppresses ovarian cancer migration via hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha and nuclear factor-kappa B signals. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692225. [PMID: 28459376 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is believed to play a prominent role in the survival and developing progress of cancers. As a result, inhibiting α subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 represents an attractive strategy against tumor. Although hypoxia-inducible factor 1α is a hypoxia-regulated subunit, increasing evidence indicates that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α could stable expression under normoxic conditions, regulated by non-hypoxia-mediated mechanisms. However, there are few strategies to target hypoxia-inducible factor 1α under normoxic conditions. Here, we report that ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3, one of the main active ingredients in red ginseng, restrains hypoxia-inducible factor 1α expression under normal oxygen levels in human ovarian cancer cell lines, SKOV3 and 3AO, which leads to potently inhibits migration of ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo. 20(S)-Rg3 could decrease the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α by upregulation of prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 1 to promoting hypoxia-inducible factor 1α ubiquitin-proteasome degradation under normal oxygen levels. Furthermore, 20(S)-Rg3 could attenuate the expression of nuclear factor-κ B, which may be another possible mechanism for 20(S)-Rg3 to block ovarian cancer migration. Taken together, our study suggests that 20(S)-Rg3 is a strong inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, which may provide a novel agent for future treatments for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- 1 Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,2 Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the First Affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Le Zhao
- 3 Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huilian Hou
- 4 Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Ding
- 5 Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Chen
- 6 Center for Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xu Li
- 3 Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Zhou WX, Sun YY, Yuan WH, Zhao YQ. Water-soluble derivatives of 25-OCH 3-PPD and their anti-proliferative activities. Steroids 2017; 121:32-39. [PMID: 28322864 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
(20R)-25-Methoxyl-dammarane-3β,12β,20-triol (25-OCH3-PPD, AD-1) is a dammarane-type sapogenin showing anti-tumor potential. In the search for new anti-tumor agents with higher potency than our previously identified compound 25-OCH3-PPD, 11 novel sulfamic acid and diacid derivatives that could improve water solubility and contribute to good drug potency and pharmacokinetic profiles were designed and synthesized. Their in vitro anti-tumor activities in MCF-7, A-549, HCT-116, and BGC-823 cell lines and one normal cell line were tested by standard MTT assay. Results showed that compared with compound 25-OCH3-PPD, compounds 1, 4, and 5 exhibited higher cytotoxic activity on almost all cell lines, together with lower toxicity in the normal cell. In particular, compound 1 exhibited the best anti-tumor activity in the in vitro assays. The water solubility of 25-OCH3-PPD and its derivatives was tested and the results showed that the solubility of 25-OCH3-PPD sulfamic acid and diacid derivatives were better than that of 25-OCH3-PPD in water, which may provide valuable data for the research and development of new anti-tumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Xi Zhou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemical, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemical, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Wei-Hui Yuan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemical, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemical, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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45
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Wang XD, Sun YY, Zhao C, Qu FZ, Zhao YQ. 12-Chloracetyl-PPD, a novel dammarane derivative, shows anti-cancer activity via delay the progression of cell cycle G2/M phase and reactive oxygen species-mediate cell apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 798:49-56. [PMID: 28017829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
(20R)-Dammarane-3β, 12β, 20, 25-tetrol (25-OH-PPD) is a ginsenoside isolated from Panax ginseng (C. A. Meyer). This compound exhibits anti-cancer activities on many human cancer cell lines. In this study, we investigated anti-cancer mechanisms of 12β-O-(L-Chloracetyl)-dammar-20(22)-ene-3β,25-diol(12-Chloracetyl-PPD), a modified 25-OH-PPD. We found that compound 12-Chloracetyl-PPD resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of viability in prostate, breast, and gastric cancer cells, without affecting the viability of normal cell (human gastric epithelial cell line-GES-1, hair follicle dermal papilla cell line-HHDPC and rat myocardial cell line-H9C2). In MDA-MB-435 and C4-2B cancer cells, 12-Chloracetyl-PPD induced G2/M cell cycle arrest, down-regulated mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) expression, up-regulated p53 expression, triggered apoptosis, and stimulated reactive oxygen species production. Apoptosis can be attenuated by the reactive oxygen species scavenger N-acetylcysteine. Our results suggested that compound 12-Chloracetyl-PPD showed obvious anti-cancer activity based on delaying cell cycle arrest and inducing cell apoptosis by reactive oxygen species production, which supported development of 12-Chloracetyl-PPD as a potential agent for cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu De Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yuan Yuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Fan Zhi Qu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yu Qing Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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46
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Sulfamic and succinic acid derivatives of 25-OH-PPD and their activities to MCF-7, A-549, HCT-116, and BGC-823 cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1076-1080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Sun M, Ye Y, Xiao L, Duan X, Zhang Y, Zhang H. Anticancer effects of ginsenoside Rg3 (Review). Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:507-518. [PMID: 28098857 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a life-threatening disease with an alarmingly increased annual mortality rate globally. Although various therapies are employed for cancer, the final effect is not satisfactory. Chemotherapy is currently the most commonly used treatment option. However, the unsatisfactory efficacy, severe side-effects and drug resistance hinder the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. There is increasing evidence indicating that ginsenoside Rg3, a naturally occurring phytochemical, plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of cancer. The suggested mechanisms mainly include the induction of apoptosis, and the inhibition of proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis, as well as the promotion of immunity. In addition, ginsenoside Rg3 can be used as an adjuvant to conventional cancer therapies, improving the efficacy and/or reducing adverse effects via synergistic activities. Ginsenoside Rg3 may be a widely applied natural medicine against cancer. To date however, there is no systematic summary available of the anticancer effects of ginsenoside Rg3. Therefore, in this review, all available literature over the past 10 years was reviewed and discussed in order to facilitate further research of ginsenoside Rg3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Sun
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
| | - Ying Ye
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
| | - Ling Xiao
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
| | - Xinya Duan
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
| | - Yongming Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pudong New District Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
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48
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Park TY, Hong M, Sung H, Kim S, Suk KT. Effect of Korean Red Ginseng in chronic liver disease. J Ginseng Res 2017; 41:450-455. [PMID: 29021690 PMCID: PMC5628344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease, one of the most common diseases, typically arises from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, chronic viral hepatitis, or hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, there is a pressing need for improved treatment strategies. Korean Red Ginseng has been known to have positive effects on liver disease and liver function. In this paper, we summarize the current knowledge on the beneficial effects of Korean Red Ginseng on chronic liver disease, a condition encompassing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, chronic viral hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, as supported by experimental evaluation and clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Meegun Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hotaik Sung
- Department of Molecular and Cell Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sangyeol Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Tae Suk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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Xie Q, Wen H, Zhang Q, Zhou W, Lin X, Xie D, Liu Y. Inhibiting PI3K-AKt signaling pathway is involved in antitumor effects of ginsenoside Rg3 in lung cancer cell. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 85:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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50
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ginsenoside Rg3 via NF- κB Pathway in A549 Cells and Human Asthmatic Lung Tissue. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:7521601. [PMID: 28116321 PMCID: PMC5223042 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7521601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. There is limited information of the anti-inflammatory effects of Rg3 on inflamed lung cells and tissues. Therefore, we confirmed the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ginsenoside Rg3 in inflamed human airway epithelial cells (A549) and tissues whether Rg3 regulates nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activity. Methods. To induce the inflammation, IL-1β (10 ng/ml) was treated to A549 cells for 4 h. The effects of Rg3 on NF-κB activity and COX-2 expression were evaluated by western blotting analysis in both IL-1β-induced inflamed A549 cell and human asthmatic airway epithelial tissues. Using multiplex cytokines assay, the secretion levels of NF-κB-mediated cytokines/chemokines were measured. Result. Rg3 showed the significant inhibition of NF-κB activity thereby reduced COX-2 expression was determined in both IL-1β-induced inflamed A549 cell and human asthmatic airway epithelial tissues. In addition, among NF-κB-mediated cytokines, the secretion levels of IL-4, TNF-α, and eotaxin were significantly decreased by Rg3 in asthma tissues. Even though there was no significant difference, IL-6, IL-9, and IL-13 secretion showed a lower tendency compared to saline-treated human asthmatic airway epithelial tissues. Conclusion. The results from this study demonstrate the potential of Rg3 as an anti-inflammatory agent through regulating NF-κB activity and reducing the secretion of NF-κB-mediated cytokines/chemokines.
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