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Nussinov R, Yavuz BR, Jang H. Single cell spatial biology over developmental time can decipher pediatric brain pathologies. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 199:106597. [PMID: 38992777 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Pediatric low grade brain tumors and neurodevelopmental disorders share proteins, signaling pathways, and networks. They also share germline mutations and an impaired prenatal differentiation origin. They may differ in the timing of the events and proliferation. We suggest that their pivotal distinct, albeit partially overlapping, outcomes relate to the cell states, which depend on their spatial location, and timing of gene expression during brain development. These attributes are crucial as the brain develops sequentially, and single-cell spatial organization influences cell state, thus function. Our underlying premise is that the root cause in neurodevelopmental disorders and pediatric tumors is impaired prenatal differentiation. Data related to pediatric brain tumors, neurodevelopmental disorders, brain cell (sub)types, locations, and timing of expression in the developing brain are scant. However, emerging single cell technologies, including transcriptomic, spatial biology, spatial high-resolution imaging performed over the brain developmental time, could be transformational in deciphering brain pathologies thereby pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Bengi Ruken Yavuz
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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2
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Casacuberta-Serra S, González-Larreategui Í, Capitán-Leo D, Soucek L. MYC and KRAS cooperation: from historical challenges to therapeutic opportunities in cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:205. [PMID: 39164274 PMCID: PMC11336233 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
RAS and MYC rank amongst the most commonly altered oncogenes in cancer, with RAS being the most frequently mutated and MYC the most amplified. The cooperative interplay between RAS and MYC constitutes a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, profoundly influencing tumor development. Together and individually, these two oncogenes regulate most, if not all, hallmarks of cancer, including cell death escape, replicative immortality, tumor-associated angiogenesis, cell invasion and metastasis, metabolic adaptation, and immune evasion. Due to their frequent alteration and role in tumorigenesis, MYC and RAS emerge as highly appealing targets in cancer therapy. However, due to their complex nature, both oncogenes have been long considered "undruggable" and, until recently, no drugs directly targeting them had reached the clinic. This review aims to shed light on their complex partnership, with special attention to their active collaboration in fostering an immunosuppressive milieu and driving immunotherapeutic resistance in cancer. Within this review, we also present an update on the different inhibitors targeting RAS and MYC currently undergoing clinical trials, along with their clinical outcomes and the different combination strategies being explored to overcome drug resistance. This recent clinical development suggests a paradigm shift in the long-standing belief of RAS and MYC "undruggability", hinting at a new era in their therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Íñigo González-Larreategui
- Models of cancer therapies Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Cellex Centre, Hospital University Vall d'Hebron Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Capitán-Leo
- Models of cancer therapies Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Cellex Centre, Hospital University Vall d'Hebron Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Soucek
- Peptomyc S.L., Barcelona, Spain.
- Models of cancer therapies Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Cellex Centre, Hospital University Vall d'Hebron Campus, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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3
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Bu Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Li L, Yan L, Wang Y, Zhao S. Ras promotes germline stem cell division in Drosophila ovaries. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:1205-1216. [PMID: 39029459 PMCID: PMC11368681 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The Ras family genes are proto-oncogenes that are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans. In Drosophila, RasV12 is a constitutively activated form of the Ras oncoprotein, and its function in cell-cycle progression is context dependent. However, how it influences the cell cycle of female germline stem cells (GSCs) still remains unknown. Using both wild-type GSCs and bam mutant GSC-like cells as model systems, here we determined that RasV12 overexpression promotes GSC division, not growth, opposite to that in somatic wing disc cells. Ras performs this function through activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. This signaling is activated specifically in the M phase of mitotic germ cells, including both wild-type GSCs and bam mutant GSC-like cells. Furthermore, RasV12 overexpression triggers polyploid nurse cells to die through inducing mitotic stress. Given the similarities between Drosophila and mammalian GSCs, we propose that the Ras/MAPK signaling also promotes mammalian GSC division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenan Bu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhong Yan
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuejia Wang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaowei Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China.
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Keller CR, Martinez SR, Keltz A, Chen M, Li W. Lactate Oxidase Disrupts Lactate-Activated RAS and PI3K Oncogenic Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2817. [PMID: 39199589 PMCID: PMC11353192 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16162817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
LOX was recently shown to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth. The mechanism of this inhibition, however, has been exclusively attributed to LOX depletion of TME lactate, a cancer cell energy source, and production of H2O2, an oxidative stressor. We report that TME lactate triggers the assembly of the lactate receptor hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1)-associated protein complex, which includes GRB2, SOS1, KRAS, GAB1, and PI3K, for the activation of both the RAS and the PI3K oncogenic signaling pathways in breast cancer (BCa) cells. LOX treatment decreased the levels of the proteins in the protein complex via induction of their proteasomal degradation. In addition, LOX inhibited lactate-stimulated expression of the lactate transporters MCT1 and MCT4. Our data suggest that HCAR1 activation by lactate is crucial for the assembly and function of the RAS and PI3K signaling nexus. Shutting down lactate signaling by disrupting this nexus could be detrimental to cancer cells. HCAR1 is therefore a promising target for the control of the RAS and the PI3K signaling required for BCa progression. Thus, our study provides insights into lactate signaling regulation of cancer progression and extends our understanding of LOX's functional mechanisms that are fundamental for exploring its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler R. Keller
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Steve R. Martinez
- Department of Surgery, The Everett Clinic, Part of Optum, Everett, WA 98201, USA
- Providence Regional Cancer Partnership, Providence Regional Medical Center, Everett, WA 98201, USA
- Department of Medical Education and Clinical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Alexys Keltz
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
- Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA 99004, USA
| | - Michelle Chen
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
- Ferris High School, Spokane, WA 99223, USA
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
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Yu Y, Zhang C, Sun Q, Baral S, Ding J, Zhao F, Yao Q, Gao S, Liu B, Wang D. Retinol Binding Protein 4 Serves as a Potential Tumor Biomarker and Promotes Malignant Behavior in Gastric Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2024; 16:891-908. [PMID: 39072342 PMCID: PMC11283833 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s480337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is a highly phenotypically heterogeneous disease and is caused by a combination of factors. Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is a member of a family of lipid transport proteins that are involved in the transport of substances between cells and play a crucial role in a variety of cancers. However, the expression and role of RBP4 in GC remain unknown. Methods In this study, we explored the expression, prognostic significance, immune microenvironment, drug responsiveness and function of associated signaling pathways of RBP4 in GC using web-based bioinformatics tools. Immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative PCR were utilized to analyze the tissue and cell expression levels of RBP4. CCK-8, colony formation, EDU incorporation, wound healing and transwell assays were applied to demonstrate the effect of RBP4 on GC cell function. Flow cytometric detection of apoptosis after RBP4 knockdown. Nude mice xenograft model elucidates the role of RBP4 for GC in vivo. Related proteins of the RAS signaling pathway were analyzed by employing Western blot assays. Results RBP4 is highly expressed in GC. RBP4 is closely associated with patient survival and sensitivity to a wide range of antitumor agents. Knockdown of RBP4 promoted apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation, invasion and migration. RBP4 promotes GC tumorigenesis in vivo. Finally, RBP4 modulates the RAS/RAF/ERK axis. Conclusion RBP4 may promote gastric carcinogenesis and development through the RAS/RAF/ERK axis and is expected to be a novel target for GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Yu
- The Yangzhou School of Clinical Medicine of Dalian Medical University, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
- General Surgery Institute of Yangzhou, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Transformation of Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenkai Zhang
- General Surgery Institute of Yangzhou, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Transformation of Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiannan Sun
- General Surgery Institute of Yangzhou, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Transformation of Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
- Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shantanu Baral
- General Surgery Institute of Yangzhou, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Transformation of Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianyue Ding
- General Surgery Institute of Yangzhou, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Transformation of Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fanyu Zhao
- General Surgery Institute of Yangzhou, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Transformation of Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Yao
- General Surgery Institute of Yangzhou, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Transformation of Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuyang Gao
- General Surgery Institute of Yangzhou, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Transformation of Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- General Surgery Institute of Yangzhou, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Transformation of Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
- Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daorong Wang
- The Yangzhou School of Clinical Medicine of Dalian Medical University, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
- General Surgery Institute of Yangzhou, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Transformation of Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
- Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
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Son J, Zhang Y, Lin H, Mirallas O, Alvarez Ballesteros P, Nardo M, Clark N, Hillman RT, Campbell E, Holla V, Johnson AM, Biter AB, Yuan Y, Cobb LP, Gershenson DM, Jazaeri AA, Lu KH, Soliman PT, Westin SN, Euscher ED, Lawson BC, Yang RK, Meric-Bernstam F, Hong DS. Clinical and Genomic Landscape of RAS Mutations in Gynecologic Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:2986-2995. [PMID: 38687597 PMCID: PMC11250057 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to describe RAS mutations in gynecologic cancers as they relate to clinicopathologic and genomic features, survival, and therapeutic implications. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Gynecologic cancers with available somatic molecular profiling data at our institution between February 2010 and August 2022 were included and grouped by RAS mutation status. Overall survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and multivariable analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS Of 3,328 gynecologic cancers, 523 (15.7%) showed any RAS mutation. Patients with RAS-mutated tumors were younger (57 vs. 60 years nonmutated), had a higher prevalence of endometriosis (27.3% vs. 16.9%), and lower grades (grade 1/2, 43.2% vs. 8.1%, all P < 0.0001). The highest prevalence of KRAS mutation was in mesonephric-like endometrial (100%, n = 9/9), mesonephric-like ovarian (83.3%, n = 5/6), mucinous ovarian (60.4%), and low-grade serous ovarian (44.4%) cancers. After adjustment for age, cancer type, and grade, RAS mutation was associated with worse overall survival [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.3; P = 0.001]. Specific mutations were in KRAS (13.5%), NRAS (2.0%), and HRAS (0.51%), most commonly KRAS G12D (28.4%) and G12V (26.1%). Common co-mutations were PIK3CA (30.9%), PTEN (28.8%), ARID1A (28.0%), and TP53 (27.9%), of which 64.7% were actionable. RAS + MAPK pathway-targeted therapies were administered to 62 patients with RAS-mutated cancers. While overall survival was significantly higher with therapy [8.4 years [(95% confidence interval (CI), 5.5-12.0) vs. 5.5 years (95% CI, 4.6-6.6); HR = 0.67; P = 0.031], this effect did not persist in multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS RAS mutations in gynecologic cancers have a distinct histopathologic distribution and may impact overall survival. PIK3CA, PTEN, and ARID1A are potentially actionable co-alterations. RAS pathway-targeted therapy should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Son
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yingao Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Heather Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Oriol Mirallas
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Pablo Alvarez Ballesteros
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mirella Nardo
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Natalie Clark
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - R Tyler Hillman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Erick Campbell
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Vijaykumar Holla
- Khalifa Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Amber M Johnson
- Khalifa Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Amadeo B Biter
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lauren P Cobb
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David M Gershenson
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Amir A Jazaeri
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Karen H Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Pamela T Soliman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shannon N Westin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Elizabeth D Euscher
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Barrett C Lawson
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard K Yang
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David S Hong
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Pappert FA, Kolbe D, Dubin A, Roth O. The effect of parental age on the quantity and quality of offspring in Syngnathus typhle, a species with male pregnancy. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13755. [PMID: 39027687 PMCID: PMC11254578 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Parental age impacts offspring quantity and quality. Most prior research focused on maternal age. Since in most organisms the mother produces the costly eggs plus provides all or most parental care, it is difficult to distinguish maternal effects mediated via the egg from later maternal care. Here, we addressed the effects of parental age on offspring in Syngnathus typhle, a pipefish with male pregnancy. The divide between one parent producing the eggs and the second parent being the exclusive provider of parental care facilitates a distinction between the effects of parental age on egg quality versus parental age on early development. We fully reciprocally crossed young and old mothers and young and old fathers and assessed impact of parental age combination on offspring number, offspring size, and offspring gene expression patterns. Neither parental combination significantly influenced offspring size or male gestation duration; however, they influenced the number of offspring. Paternal, but not maternal, age strongly affected the offspring gene expression. Offspring from old fathers exhibited substantial changes in the expression of genes related to cell cycle regulation, protein synthesis, DNA repair, and neurogenesis. Our findings thus highlight the importance of gestation, as opposed to gamete production, in shaping the parental contribution to offspring development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya Adele Pappert
- Marine Evolutionary BiologyZoological Institute, Christian‐Albrechts‐Universität KielKielGermany
- Evolutionary Ecology of Marine FishesHelmholtz‐Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR)KielGermany
| | - Daniel Kolbe
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (IKMB)Christian‐Albrechts‐Universität KielKielGermany
| | - Arseny Dubin
- Marine Evolutionary BiologyZoological Institute, Christian‐Albrechts‐Universität KielKielGermany
| | - Olivia Roth
- Marine Evolutionary BiologyZoological Institute, Christian‐Albrechts‐Universität KielKielGermany
- Evolutionary Ecology of Marine FishesHelmholtz‐Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR)KielGermany
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8
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Smith SF, Islam AFMT, Alimukhamedov S, Weiss ET, Charest PG. Molecular determinants of Ras-mTORC2 signaling. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107423. [PMID: 38815864 PMCID: PMC11255897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent research has identified the mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 (mTORC2) as a conserved direct effector of Ras proteins. While previous studies suggested the involvement of the Switch I (SWI) effector domain of Ras in binding mTORC2 components, the regulation of the Ras-mTORC2 pathway is not entirely understood. In Dictyostelium, mTORC2 is selectively activated by the Ras protein RasC, and the RasC-mTORC2 pathway then mediates chemotaxis to cAMP and cellular aggregation by regulating the actin cytoskeleton and promoting cAMP signal relay. Here, we investigated the role of specific residues in RasC's SWI, C-terminal allosteric domain, and hypervariable region (HVR) related to mTORC2 activation. Interestingly, our results suggest that RasC SWI residue A31, which was previously implicated in RasC-mediated aggregation, regulates RasC's specific activation by the Aimless RasGEF. On the other hand, our investigation identified a crucial role for RasC SWI residue T36, with secondary contributions from E38 and allosteric domain residues. Finally, we found that conserved basic residues and the adjacent prenylation site in the HVR, which are crucial for RasC's membrane localization, are essential for RasC-mTORC2 pathway activation by allowing for both RasC's own cAMP-induced activation and its subsequent activation of mTORC2. Therefore, our findings revealed new determinants of RasC-mTORC2 pathway specificity in Dictyostelium, contributing to a deeper understanding of Ras signaling regulation in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - A F M Tariqul Islam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Ethan T Weiss
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Pascale G Charest
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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9
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Ordóñez-Rubiano EG, Rincón-Arias N, Espinosa S, Shelton WJ, Salazar AF, Cómbita A, Baldoncini M, Luzzi S, Payán-Gómez C, Gómez- Amarillo DF, Hakim F, Patiño-Gómez JG, Parra- Medina R. The potential of miRNA-based approaches in glioblastoma: An update in current advances and future perspectives. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2024; 7:100193. [PMID: 39055532 PMCID: PMC11268206 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2024.100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant central nervous system tumor. The emerging field of epigenetics stands out as particularly promising. Notably, the discovery of micro RNAs (miRNAs) has paved the way for advancements in diagnosing, treating, and prognosticating patients with brain tumors. We aim to provide an overview of the emergence of miRNAs in GBM and their potential role in the multifaceted management of this disease. We discuss the current state of the art regarding miRNAs and GBM. We performed a narrative review using the MEDLINE/PUBMED database to retrieve peer-reviewed articles related to the use of miRNA approaches for the treatment of GBMs. MiRNAs are intrinsic non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression mainly through post-transcriptional mechanisms. The deregulation of some of these molecules is related to the pathogenesis of GBM. The inclusion of molecular characterization for the diagnosis of brain tumors and the advent of less-invasive diagnostic methods such as liquid biopsies, highlights the potential of these molecules as biomarkers for guiding the management of brain tumors such as GBM. Importantly, there is a need for more studies to better examine the application of these novel molecules. The constantly changing characterization and approach to the diagnosis and management of brain tumors broaden the possibilities for the molecular inclusion of novel epigenetic molecules, such as miRNAs, for a better understanding of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar G. Ordóñez-Rubiano
- School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de La Salud, Hospital de San José – Sociedad de Cirugía de Bogotá, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nicolás Rincón-Arias
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de La Salud, Hospital de San José – Sociedad de Cirugía de Bogotá, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Sebastian Espinosa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de La Salud, Hospital de San José – Sociedad de Cirugía de Bogotá, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | | | | | - Alba Cómbita
- School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Microbiology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Matías Baldoncini
- School of Medicine, Laboratory of Microsurgical Neuroanatomy, Second Chair of Gross Anatomy, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hospital San Fernando, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sabino Luzzi
- Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - César Payán-Gómez
- Dirección Académica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede de La Paz, La Paz, Colombia
| | | | - Fernando Hakim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Javier G. Patiño-Gómez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de La Salud, Hospital de San José – Sociedad de Cirugía de Bogotá, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Rafael Parra- Medina
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
- Research Institute, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de La Salud (FUCS), Hospital de San José – Sociedad de Cirugía de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
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10
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Tardito S, Matis S, Zocchi MR, Benelli R, Poggi A. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Targeting in Colorectal Carcinoma: Antibodies and Patient-Derived Organoids as a Smart Model to Study Therapy Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7131. [PMID: 39000238 PMCID: PMC11241078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Therefore, the need for new therapeutic strategies is still a challenge. Surgery and chemotherapy represent the first-line interventions; nevertheless, the prognosis for metastatic CRC (mCRC) patients remains unacceptable. An important step towards targeted therapy came from the inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway, by the anti-EGFR antibody, Cetuximab, or by specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Cetuximab, a mouse-human chimeric monoclonal antibody (mAb), binds to the extracellular domain of EGFR thus impairing EGFR-mediated signaling and reducing cell proliferation. TKI can affect the EGFR biochemical pathway at different steps along the signaling cascade. Apart from Cetuximab, other anti-EGFR mAbs have been developed, such as Panitumumab. Both antibodies have been approved for the treatment of KRAS-NRAS wild type mCRC, alone or in combination with chemotherapy. These antibodies display strong differences in activating the host immune system against CRC, due to their different immunoglobulin isotypes. Although anti-EGFR antibodies are efficient, drug resistance occurs with high frequency. Resistant tumor cell populations can either already be present before therapy or develop later by biochemical adaptations or new genomic mutations in the EGFR pathway. Numerous efforts have been made to improve the efficacy of the anti-EGFR mAbs or to find new agents that are able to block downstream EGFR signaling cascade molecules. Indeed, we examined the importance of analyzing the anti-EGFR antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) developed to overcome resistance and/or stimulate the tumor host's immunity against CRC growth. Also, patient-derived CRC organoid cultures represent a useful and feasible in vitro model to study tumor behavior and therapy response. Organoids can reflect tumor genetic heterogeneity found in the tissue of origin, representing a unique tool for personalized medicine. Thus, CRC-derived organoid cultures are a smart model for studying the tumor microenvironment and for the preclinical assay of anti-EGFR drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Tardito
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA;
| | - Serena Matis
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRRCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Maria Raffaella Zocchi
- Department of Immunology, Transplant and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Roberto Benelli
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRRCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Poggi
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRRCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
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11
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Wolfe AR, Feng H, Zuniga O, Rodrigues H, Eldridge DE, Yang L, Shen C, Williams TM. RAS-RAF-miR-296-3p signaling axis increases Rad18 expression to augment radioresistance in pancreatic and thyroid cancers. Cancer Lett 2024; 591:216873. [PMID: 38604313 PMCID: PMC11132429 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Oncogenic RAS and RAF signaling has been implicated in contributing to radioresistance in pancreatic and thyroid cancers. In this study, we sought to better clarify molecular mechanisms contributing to this effect. We discovered that miRNA 296-3p (miR-296-3p) is significantly correlated with radiosensitivity in a panel of pancreatic cancer cells, and miR-296-3p is highly expressed in normal cells, but low in cancer cell lines. Elevated expression of miR-296-3p increases radiosensitization while decreasing the expression of the DNA repair enzyme RAD18 in both pancreatic and thyroid cancer cells. RAD18 is overexpressed in both pancreatic and thyroid tumors compared to matched normal controls, and high expression of RAD18 in tumors is associated with poor prognostic features. Modulating the expression of mutant KRAS in pancreatic cancer cells or mutant BRAF in thyroid cancer cells demonstrates a tight regulation of RAD18 expression in both cancer types. Depletion of RAD18 results in DNA damage and radiation-induced cell death. Importantly, RAD18 depletion in combination with radiotherapy results in marked and sustained tumor regression in KRAS mutant pancreatic cancer orthotopic tumors and BRAF mutant thyroid heterotopic tumors. Overall, our findings identify a novel coordinated RAS/RAF-miR-296-3p-RAD18 signaling network in pancreatic and thyroid cancer cells, which leads to enhanced radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Wolfe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Haihua Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Oscar Zuniga
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Henrique Rodrigues
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Daniel E Eldridge
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Linlin Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Changxian Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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12
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Nguyen NT, Sennoune SR, Dharmalingam-Nandagopal G, Sivaprakasam S, Bhutia YD, Ganapathy V. Impact of Oncogenic Changes in p53 and KRAS on Macropinocytosis and Ferroptosis in Colon Cancer Cells and Anticancer Efficacy of Niclosamide with Differential Effects on These Two Processes. Cells 2024; 13:951. [PMID: 38891084 PMCID: PMC11171492 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in p53 and KRAS are seen in most cases of colon cancer. The impact of these mutations on signaling pathways related to cancer growth has been studied in depth, but relatively less is known on their effects on amino acid transporters in cancer cells. This represents a significant knowledge gap because amino acid nutrition in cancer cells profoundly influences macropinocytosis and ferroptosis, two processes with opposing effects on tumor growth. Here, we used isogenic colon cancer cell lines to investigate the effects of p53 deletion and KRAS activation on two amino acid transporters relevant to macropinocytosis (SLC38A5) and ferroptosis (SLC7A11). Our studies show that the predominant effect of p53 deletion is to induce SLC7A11 with the resultant potentiation of antioxidant machinery and protection of cancer cells from ferroptosis, whereas KRAS activation induces not only SLC7A11 but also SLC38A5, thus offering protection from ferroptosis as well as improving amino acid nutrition in cancer cells via accelerated macropinocytosis. Niclosamide, an FDA-approved anti-helminthic, blocks the functions of SLC7A11 and SLC38A5, thus inducing ferroptosis and suppressing macropinocytosis, with the resultant effective reversal of tumor-promoting actions of oncogenic changes in p53 and KRAS. These findings underscore the potential of this drug in colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (N.T.N.); (S.R.S.); (G.D.-N.); (S.S.); (Y.D.B.)
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13
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Yasue S, Ozeki M, Nozawa A, Endo S, Ohnishi H. Changes in cell morphology and function induced by the NRAS Q61R mutation in lymphatic endothelial cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0289187. [PMID: 38809881 PMCID: PMC11135733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, a low-level somatic mutation in the NRAS gene (c.182 A > G, Q61R) was identified in various specimens from patients with kaposiform lymphangiomatosis. However, it is unknown how these low-frequency mutated cells can affect the characterization and surrounding environment of their lesions. To understand the pathogenesis and association of these gene abnormalities, we established NRASQ61R mutated lymphatic endothelial cells transfected with lentivirus vector and undertook morphological and functional characterization, protein expression profiling, and metabolome analysis. NRASQ61R human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells showed poor tube formation, a low proliferation rate, and high migration ability, with an increase in the ratio of mutated cells. An analysis of signaling pathways showed inactivation of the PIK3/AKT/mTOR pathway and hyperactivation of the RAS/MAPK/ERK pathway, which was improved by MAPK kinase (MEK) inhibitor treatment. This study shows the theoretical circumstances induced in vitro by NRASQ61R-mutated cells in the affected lesions of kaposiform lymphangiomatosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Yasue
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Michio Ozeki
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akifumi Nozawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Saori Endo
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ohnishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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14
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Damianou A, Liang Z, Lassen F, Vendrell I, Vere G, Hester S, Charles PD, Pinto-Fernandez A, Santos A, Fischer R, Kessler BM. Oncogenic mutations of KRAS modulate its turnover by the CUL3/LZTR1 E3 ligase complex. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302245. [PMID: 38453365 PMCID: PMC10921066 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
KRAS is a proto-oncogene encoding a small GTPase. Mutations contribute to ∼30% of human solid tumours, including lung adenocarcinoma, pancreatic, and colorectal carcinomas. Most KRAS activating mutations interfere with GTP hydrolysis, essential for its role as a molecular switch, leading to alterations in their molecular environment and oncogenic signalling. However, the precise signalling cascades these mutations affect are poorly understood. Here, APEX2 proximity labelling was used to profile the molecular environment of WT, G12D, G13D, and Q61H-activating KRAS mutants under starvation and stimulation conditions. Through quantitative proteomics, we demonstrate the presence of known KRAS interactors, including ARAF and LZTR1, which are differentially captured by WT and KRAS mutants. Notably, the KRAS mutations G12D, G13D, and Q61H abrogate their association with LZTR1, thereby affecting turnover. Elucidating the implications of LZTR1-mediated regulation of KRAS protein levels in cancer may offer insights into therapeutic strategies targeting KRAS-driven malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Damianou
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zhu Liang
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frederik Lassen
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Iolanda Vendrell
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Svenja Hester
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip D Charles
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adan Pinto-Fernandez
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alberto Santos
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Center for Health Data Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roman Fischer
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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15
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van der Heijden EMDL, Lefevre L, Gossner A, Tzelos T, Connelley TK, Hassan MA. Comparative transcriptional analysis identifies genes associated with the attenuation of Theileria parva infected cells after long-term in vitro culture. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8976. [PMID: 38637584 PMCID: PMC11026401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Autologous administration of attenuated Theileria parva-infected cells induces immunity to T. parva in cattle. The mechanism of attenuation, however, is largely unknown. Here, we used RNA sequencing of pathogenic and attenuated T. parva-infected T-cells to elucidate the transcriptional changes underpinning attenuation. We observed differential expression of several host genes, including TRAIL, PD-1, TGF-β and granzymes that are known to regulate inflammation and proliferation of infected cells. Importantly, many genes linked with the attenuation of the related T. annulata-infected cells were not dysregulated in this study. Furthermore, known T. parva antigens were not dysregulated in attenuated relative to pathogenic cells, indicating that attenuation is not due to enhanced immunogenicity. Overall this study suggests that attenuation is driven by a decrease in proliferation and restoration of the inflammatory profile of T. parva-infected cells. Additionally, it provides a foundation for future mechanistic studies of the attenuation phenotype in Theileria-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M D L van der Heijden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anton Gossner
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas Tzelos
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Timothy K Connelley
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Musa A Hassan
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK.
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16
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Park SY, Gowda Saralamma VV, Nale SD, Kim CJ, Jo YS, Baig MH, Cho J. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of purine and pyrimidine-based KRAS G12D inhibitors: Towards potential anticancer therapy. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28495. [PMID: 38617914 PMCID: PMC11015380 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic RAS mutations, commonly observed in human tumors, affect approximately 30% of cancer cases and pose a significant challenge for effective cancer treatment. Current strategies to inhibit the KRAS G12D mutation have shown limited success, emphasizing the urgent need for new therapeutic approaches. In this study, we designed and synthesized several purine and pyrimidine analogs as inhibitors for the KRAS G12D mutation. Our synthesized compounds demonstrated potent anticancer activity against cell lines with the KRAS G12D mutation, effectively impeding their growth. They also exhibited low toxicity in normal cells, indicating their selective action against cancer cells harboring the KRAS G12D mutation. Notably, the lead compound, PU1-1 induced the programmed cell death of KRAS G12D-mutated cells and reduced the levels of active KRAS and its downstream signaling proteins. Moreover, PU1-1 significantly shrunk the tumor size in a pancreatic xenograft model induced by the KRAS G12D mutation, further validating its potential as a therapeutic agent. These findings highlight the potential of purine-based KRAS G12D inhibitors as candidates for targeted cancer therapy. However, further exploration and optimization of these compounds are essential to meet the unmet clinical needs of patients with KRAS-mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Youn Park
- College of Pharmacy and Drug Information Research Institute, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Venu Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, 211 Eonju-Ro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Sagar Dattatraya Nale
- BNJBiopharma, 2nd Floor Memorial Hall, 85, Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Joong Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Seong Jo
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, 211 Eonju-Ro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Hassan Baig
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, 211 Eonju-Ro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - JungHwan Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Drug Information Research Institute, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
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17
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Khan C, Rusan NM. Using Drosophila to uncover the role of organismal physiology and the tumor microenvironment in cancer. Trends Cancer 2024; 10:289-311. [PMID: 38350736 PMCID: PMC11008779 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis causes over 90% of cancer patient fatalities. Poor prognosis is determined by tumor type, the tumor microenvironment (TME), organ-specific biology, and animal physiology. While model organisms do not fully mimic the complexity of humans, many processes can be studied efficiently owing to the ease of genetic, developmental, and cell biology studies. For decades, Drosophila has been instrumental in identifying basic mechanisms controlling tumor growth and metastasis. The ability to generate clonal populations of distinct genotypes in otherwise wild-type animals makes Drosophila a powerful system to study tumor-host interactions at the local and global scales. This review discusses advancements in tumor biology, highlighting the strength of Drosophila for modeling TMEs and systemic responses in driving tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali Khan
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Nasser M Rusan
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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18
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Wu J, Li X, Wu C, Wang Y, Zhang J. Current advances and development strategies of targeting son of sevenless 1 (SOS1) in drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116282. [PMID: 38430853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The Son of Sevenless 1 (SOS1) guanine nucleotide exchange factor, prevalent across eukaryotic species, plays a pivotal role in facilitating the attachment of RAS protein to GTP, thereby regulating the activation of intracellular RAS proteins. This regulation is part of a feedback mechanism involving SOS1, which allows both activators and inhibitors of SOS1 to exert control over downstream signaling pathways, demonstrating potential anti-tumor effects. Predominantly, small molecule modulators that target SOS1 focus on a hydrophobic pocket within the CDC25 protein domain. The effectiveness of these modulators largely depends on their ability to interact with specific amino acids, notably Phe890 and Tyr884. This interaction is crucial for influencing the protein-protein interaction (PPI) between RAS and the catalytic domain of SOS1. Currently, most small molecule modulators targeting SOS1 are in the preclinical research phase, with a few advancing to clinical trials. This progression raises safety concerns, making the assurance of drug safety a primary consideration alongside the enhancement of efficacy in the development of SOS1 modulators. This review encapsulates recent advancements in the chemical categorization of SOS1 inhibitors and activators. It delves into the evolution of small molecule modulation targeting SOS1 and offers perspectives on the design of future generations of selective SOS1 small molecule modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-system and Multimorbidity Laboratory and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengyong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-system and Multimorbidity Laboratory and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-system and Multimorbidity Laboratory and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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19
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Shang Y, Fu S, Hao Q, Ying H, Wang J, Shen T. Multiple medicinal chemistry strategies of targeting KRAS: State-of-the art and future directions. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107092. [PMID: 38271825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene and drives the development and progression of malignancies, most notably non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLS), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). However, KRAS proteins have maintained the reputation of being "undruggable" due to the lack of suitable deep pockets on its surface. One major milestone for KRAS inhibition was the discovery of the covalent inhibitors bond to the allosteric switch-II pocket of the KRASG12C protein. To date, the FDA has approved two KRASG12C inhibitors, sotorasib and adagrasib, for the treatment of patients with KRASG12C-driven cancers. Researchers have paid close attention to the development of inhibitors for other KRAS mutations and upstream regulatory factors. The KRAS targeted drug discovery has entered a state of rapid development. This article has aimed to present the current state of the art of drug development in the KRAS field. We systematically summarize recent advances in the discovery and optimization processes of direct KRAS inhibitors (including KRASG12C, KRASG12D, KRASG12A and KRASG12R inhibitors), indirect KRAS inhibitors (SOS1 and SHP2 inhibitors), pan-KRAS inhibitors, as well as proteolysis-targetingchimeras degrades and molecular chaperone modulators from the perspective of medicinal chemistry. We also discuss the current challenges and opportunities of KRAS inhibition and hope to shed light on future KRAS drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanguo Shang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengnan Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingjing Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Tao Shen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
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Lu X, Jin J, Wu Y, Liu X, Liang X, Lin J, Sun Q, Qin J, Zhang W, Luan X. Progress in RAS-targeted therapeutic strategies: From small molecule inhibitors to proteolysis targeting chimeras. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:812-832. [PMID: 38009264 DOI: 10.1002/med.21993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
As a widely considerable target in chemical biology and pharmacological research, rat sarcoma (RAS) gene mutations play a critical driving factor in several fatal cancers. Despite the great progress of RAS subtype-specific inhibitors, rapid acquired drug resistance could limit their further clinical applications. Proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) has emerged as a powerful tool to handle "undruggable" targets and exhibited significant therapeutic benefit for the combat of drug resistance. Owing to unique molecular mechanism and binding kinetics, PROTAC is expected to become a feasible strategy to break the bottleneck of classical RAS inhibitors. This review aims to discuss the current advances of RAS inhibitors and especially focus on PROTAC strategy targeting RAS mutations and their downstream effectors for relevant cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Lu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinmei Jin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Wu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Liang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Lin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangjiang Qin
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Luan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Li Y, Gong Y, Zhou Y, Xiao Y, Huang W, Zhou Q, Tu Y, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Dai L, Sun Q. STK19 is a DNA/RNA-binding protein critical for DNA damage repair and cell proliferation. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202301090. [PMID: 38252411 PMCID: PMC10806857 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202301090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
STK19 was originally identified as a manganese-dependent serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, but its function has been highly debated. Here, the crystal structure of STK19 revealed that it does not contain a kinase domain, but three intimately packed winged helix (WH) domains. The third WH domain mediated homodimerization and double-stranded DNA binding, both being important for its nuclear localization. STK19 participated in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) and mismatch repair (MMR) pathways by recruiting damage repair factors such as RPA2 and PCNA. STK19 also bound double-stranded RNA through the DNA-binding interface and regulated the expression levels of many mRNAs. Furthermore, STK19 knockdown cells exhibited very slow cell proliferation, which cannot be rescued by dimerization or DNA-binding mutants. Therefore, this work concludes that STK19 is highly unlikely to be a kinase but a DNA/RNA-binding protein critical for DNA damage repair (DDR) and cell proliferation. To prevent further confusions, we renamed this protein as TWH19 (Tandem Winged Helix protein formerly known as STK19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanqiu Gong
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Department of General Practice, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuzhou Xiao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenxin Huang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Department of General Practice, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingxiang Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
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22
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Hassan RT, Al Hassawi B, Alkazzaz M. The Clinicopathological Correlation of KRAS Mutation and PTEN Expression Status in Primary and Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma. Cureus 2024; 16:e53884. [PMID: 38465160 PMCID: PMC10924830 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) research has identified a consistent loss of PTEN expression in both primary tumors and metastasis, highlighting its potential role in this disease. However, the impact of PTEN on downstream proteins of KRAS mutation, namely p-AKT, p-ERK, and p65 (NFkB), remains unknown. This study aims to explore the inhibitory effect of PTEN on KRAS downstream proteins and its correlation with pathological features in CRC patients. METHODS From January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2021, 86 CRC cases were collected from governmental and private laboratories in the Duhok province. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were obtained, and the study involved histopathological analysis, immunohistochemistry of PTEN, AKT, ERK, and P65 markers, and molecular analysis of the KRAS gene. RESULTS Among the 86 cases, there were 46 males (53.5%) and 40 females (46.5%), with an equal distribution between right colon and left colon/rectum. Tumors larger than 5cm were observed in 47 cases, predominantly displaying a polypoid or ulcerated growth pattern. Most cases were moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas, with stages II and III being the most prevalent 31 cases (36%) and 34 cases (39.5%) respectively. Significant associations were found between PTEN, ERK expressions, and tumor location in the right colon (P=0.031 and P=0.009 respectively). Tumor size correlated with P65 expression (P=0.042). KRAS mutation showed a positive relationship with the type of tumor growth (P=0.035). Tumor grade increased with KRAS mutations (P=0.043). PTEN expression correlated significantly with ERK and AKT markers (P=0.018 and 0.035 respectively). P65 exhibited an association with KRAS mutation (P=0.034). CONCLUSION The study revealed PTEN expression in association with the inhibition of AKT and ERK, and the absence of KRAS gene mutation. Conversely, PTEN is not expressed with the positively reactive P65 and the presence of KRAS mutation. This study contributes valuable insights into the complex interplay between PTEN expression, KRAS mutation, and downstream signaling pathways in CRC. It suggests potential avenues for further research and therapeutic strategies in the context of CRC treatment.
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Nussinov R, Jang H. Direct K-Ras Inhibitors to Treat Cancers: Progress, New Insights, and Approaches to Treat Resistance. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 64:231-253. [PMID: 37524384 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-022823-113946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we discuss approaches to K-Ras inhibition and drug resistance scenarios. A breakthrough offered a covalent drug against K-RasG12C. Subsequent innovations harnessed same-allele drug combinations, as well as cotargeting K-RasG12C with a companion drug to upstream regulators or downstream kinases. However, primary, adaptive, and acquired resistance inevitably emerge. The preexisting mutation load can explain how even exceedingly rare mutations with unobservable effects can promote drug resistance, seeding growth of insensitive cell clones, and proliferation. Statistics confirm the expectation that most resistance-related mutations are in cis, pointing to the high probability of cooperative, same-allele effects. In addition to targeted Ras inhibitors and drug combinations, bifunctional molecules and innovative tri-complex inhibitors to target Ras mutants are also under development. Since the identities and potential contributions of preexisting and evolving mutations are unknown, selecting a pharmacologic combination is taxing. Collectively, our broad review outlines considerations and provides new insights into pharmacology and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA;
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA;
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Kumar V, Chunchagatta Lakshman PK, Prasad TK, Manjunath K, Bairy S, Vasu AS, Ganavi B, Jasti S, Kamariah N. Target-based drug discovery: Applications of fluorescence techniques in high throughput and fragment-based screening. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23864. [PMID: 38226204 PMCID: PMC10788520 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Target-based discovery of first-in-class therapeutics demands an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying human diseases. Precise measurements of cellular and biochemical activities are critical to gain mechanistic knowledge of biomolecules and their altered function in disease conditions. Such measurements enable the development of intervention strategies for preventing or treating diseases by modulation of desired molecular processes. Fluorescence-based techniques are routinely employed for accurate and robust measurements of in-vitro activity of molecular targets and for discovering novel chemical molecules that modulate the activity of molecular targets. In the current review, the authors focus on the applications of fluorescence-based high throughput screening (HTS) and fragment-based ligand discovery (FBLD) techniques such as fluorescence polarization (FP), Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence thermal shift assay (FTSA) and microscale thermophoresis (MST) for the discovery of chemical probe to exploring target's role in disease biology and ultimately, serve as a foundation for drug discovery. Some recent advancements in these techniques for compound library screening against important classes of drug targets, such as G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and GTPases, as well as phosphorylation- and acetylation-mediated protein-protein interactions, are discussed. Overall, this review presents a landscape of how these techniques paved the way for the discovery of small-molecule modulators and biologics against these targets for therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thazhe Kootteri Prasad
- Centre for Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, inStem & NCBS, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Kavyashree Manjunath
- Centre for Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, inStem & NCBS, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Sneha Bairy
- Centre for Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, inStem & NCBS, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Akshaya S. Vasu
- Centre for Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, inStem & NCBS, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - B. Ganavi
- Centre for Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, inStem & NCBS, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Subbarao Jasti
- Centre for Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, inStem & NCBS, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Neelagandan Kamariah
- Centre for Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, inStem & NCBS, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
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25
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Strakhova R, Smith MJ. Profiling Complex RAS-Effector Interactions Using NMR Spectroscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2797:195-209. [PMID: 38570461 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3822-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Knowledge of how effectors interact with RAS GTPases is key to understanding how these switch-like proteins function in cells. Effectors bind specifically to GTP-loaded RAS using RAS association (RA) or RAS binding domains (RBDs) that show wide-ranging affinities and thermodynamic characteristics. Both normal development and RAS-induced tumorigenesis depend on multiple distinct effector proteins that are frequently co-expressed and co-localized, suggesting an antagonistic nature to signaling whereby multiple proteins compete for a limited pool of activated GTPase. NMR spectroscopy offers a powerful approach to multiplex effectors and/or regulatory enzymes and quantifies their interaction with RAS, expanding our biophysical and systems-level understanding of RAS signaling in a more integrated and physiologically relevant setting. Here we describe a method to directly quantitate GTPase binding to competing effectors, using wild-type KRAS complex with ARAF and PLCε1 as a model. Unlabeled RBD/RA domains are added simultaneously to isotopically labeled RAS, and peak intensities at chemical shifts characteristic of individually bound domains provide quantitation. Similar competition-based assays can be run with small molecule interactors, GEF/GAP domains, or regulatory enzymes that drive posttranslational modifications. Such efforts bring in vitro interaction experiments in line with more complex cellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Strakhova
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Matthew J Smith
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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26
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Ye X. Quantitative Membrane Proteomics for Discovery of Actionable Drug Targets at the Surface of RAS-Driven Human Cancer Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2823:27-46. [PMID: 39052212 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3922-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
With the advent of promising lung cancer immunotherapies targeting proteins at the cell surface of RAS-driven human cancers, the mass spectrometry (MS)-based surfaceomics remains a feasible strategy for therapeutic target discovery. This chapter describes a protocol for discovery of druggable protein targets at the surface of RAS-driven human cancer cells. This method relies on bottom-up MS-based quantitative surfaceomics that employs in parallel, targeted hydrazide-based cell-surface glycoproteomics and global shotgun membrane proteomics to enable unbiased quantitative profiling of thousands of cell surface membrane proteins. A large-scale molecular map of the KRASG12V surface was attained, resulting in confident detection and quantitation of more than 500 cell surface membrane proteins that were found to be unique or upregulated at the surface of cells harboring the KRASG12V mutant. A multistep bioinformatic progression revealed a subset of unique and/or significantly upregulated proteins as priority drug targets selected for orthogonal cross-validation using immunofluorescence, structured illumination microscopy, and western blotting. Among cross-validated targets, CUB domain containing protein 1 (CDCP1) and basigin (BSG-CD147) were selected as leading targets due to their involvement in cell adhesion and migration, consistent with the KRASG12V malignant phenotype as revealed by scanning electron microscopy and phenotypic cancer cell assays. Follow-up studies confirmed CDCP1 as an actionable therapeutic target, resulting in development of recombinant antibodies capable of killing KRAS-transformed cancer cells in preclinical setting. The present MS-based surfaceomics workflow represents a powerful drug target discovery platform that enables development of innovative immunotherapeutics (e.g., antibody drug conjugate against CDCP1) for attacking oncogenic RAS-driven cancers at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Ye
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
- NCI RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
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27
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Hajjo R, Sabbah DA, Bardaweel SK, Zhong HA. Targeting the EGFR/RAS/RAF signaling pathway in anticancer research: a recent update on inhibitor design and clinical trials (2020-2023). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2024; 34:51-69. [PMID: 38450537 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2024.2327307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent years have seen significant strides in drug developmenttargeting the EGFR/RAS/RAF signaling pathway which is critical forcell growth and proliferation. Protein-protein interaction networksamong EGFR, RAS, and RAF proteins offer insights for drug discovery. This review discusses the drug design and development efforts ofinhibitors targeting these proteins over the past 3 years, detailingtheir structures, selectivity, efficacy, and combination therapy.Strategies to combat drug resistance and minimize toxicities areexplored, along with future research directions. AREA COVERED This review encompasses clinical trials and patents on EGFR, KRAS,and BRAF inhibitors from 2020 to 2023, including advancements indesign and synthesis of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) forprotein degradation. EXPERT OPINION To tackle drug resistance, designing allosteric fourth-generationEGFR inhibitors is vital. Covalent, allosteric, or combinationaltherapies, along with PROTAC degraders, are key methods to addressresistance and toxicity in KRAS and BRAF inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Hajjo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Board Member, National Center for Epidemics and Communicable Disease Control (JCDC), Amman, Jordan
| | - Dima A Sabbah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sanaa K Bardaweel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Haizhen A Zhong
- DSC 309, Department of Chemistry, The University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
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Bhadhadhara K, Jani V, Koulgi S, Sonavane U, Joshi R. Studying early structural changes in SOS1 mediated KRAS activation mechanism. Curr Res Struct Biol 2023; 7:100115. [PMID: 38188543 PMCID: PMC10765296 DOI: 10.1016/j.crstbi.2023.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
KRAS activation is known to be modulated by a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), namely, Son of Sevenless1 (SOS1). SOS1 facilitates the exchange of GDP to GTP thereby leading to activation of KRAS. The binding of GDP/GTP to KRAS at the REM/allosteric site of SOS1 regulates the activation of KRAS at CDC25/catalytic site by facilitating its exchange. Different aspects of the allosteric activation of KRAS through SOS1 are still being explored. To understand the SOS1 mediated activation of KRAS, molecular dynamics simulations for a total of nine SOS1 complexes (KRAS-SOS1-KRAS) were performed. These nine systems comprised different combinations of KRAS-bound nucleotides (GTP/GDP) at REM and CDC25 sites of SOS1. Various conformational and thermodynamic parameters were analyzed for these simulation systems. MMPBSA free energy analysis revealed that binding at CDC25 site of SOS1 was significantly low for GDP-bound KRAS as compared to that of GTP-bound KRAS. It was observed that presence of either GDP/GTP bound KRAS at the REM site of SOS1 affected the activation related changes in the KRAS present at CDC25 site. The conformational changes at the catalytic site of SOS1 resulting from GDP/GTP-bound KRAS at the allosteric changes may hint at KRAS activation through different pathways (slow/fast/rare). The allosteric effect on activation of KRAS at CDC25 site may be due to conformations adopted by switch-I, switch-II, beta2 regions of KRAS at REM site. The effect of structural rearrangements occurring at allosteric KRAS may have led to increased interactions between SOS1 and KRAS at both the sites. The SOS1 residues involved in these important interactions with KRAS at the REM site were R694, S732 and K735. Whereas the ones interacting with KRAS at CDC25 site were S807, W809 and K814. This may suggest the crucial role of these residues in guiding the allosteric activation of KRAS at CDC25 site. The conformational shifts observed in the switch-I, switch-II and alpha3 regions of KRAS at CDC25 site may be attributed to be a part of allosteric activation. The binding affinities, interacting residues and conformational dynamics may provide an insight into development of inhibitors targeting the SOS1 mediated KRAS activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Bhadhadhara
- High Performance Computing-Medical & Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Innovation Park, Panchawati, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Vinod Jani
- High Performance Computing-Medical & Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Innovation Park, Panchawati, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Shruti Koulgi
- High Performance Computing-Medical & Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Innovation Park, Panchawati, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Uddhavesh Sonavane
- High Performance Computing-Medical & Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Innovation Park, Panchawati, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Rajendra Joshi
- High Performance Computing-Medical & Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Innovation Park, Panchawati, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
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Valdes Angues R, Perea Bustos Y. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and the Multi-Hit Hypothesis of Oncogenesis. Cureus 2023; 15:e50703. [PMID: 38234925 PMCID: PMC10792266 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex and dynamic disease. The "hallmarks of cancer" were proposed by Hanahan and Weinberg (2000) as a group of biological competencies that human cells attain as they progress from normalcy to neoplastic transformation. These competencies include self-sufficiency in proliferative signaling, insensitivity to growth-suppressive signals and immune surveillance, the ability to evade cell death, enabling replicative immortality, reprogramming energy metabolism, inducing angiogenesis, and activating tissue invasion and metastasis. Underlying these competencies are genome instability, which expedites their acquisition, and inflammation, which fosters their function(s). Additionally, cancer exhibits another dimension of complexity: a heterogeneous repertoire of infiltrating and resident host cells, secreted factors, and extracellular matrix, known as the tumor microenvironment, that through a dynamic and reciprocal relationship with cancer cells supports immortality, local invasion, and metastatic dissemination. This staggering intricacy calls for caution when advising all people with cancer (or a previous history of cancer) to receive the COVID-19 primary vaccine series plus additional booster doses. Moreover, because these patients were not included in the pivotal clinical trials, considerable uncertainty remains regarding vaccine efficacy, safety, and the risk of interactions with anticancer therapies, which could reduce the value and innocuity of either medical treatment. After reviewing the available literature, we are particularly concerned that certain COVID-19 vaccines may generate a pro-tumorigenic milieu (i.e., a specific environment that could lead to neoplastic transformation) that predisposes some (stable) oncologic patients and survivors to cancer progression, recurrence, and/or metastasis. This hypothesis is based on biological plausibility and fulfillment of the multi-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis (i.e., induction of lymphopenia and inflammation, downregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression, activation of oncogenic cascades, sequestration of tumor suppressor proteins, dysregulation of the RNA-G quadruplex-protein binding system, alteration of type I interferon responses, unsilencing of retrotransposable elements, etc.) together with growing evidence and safety reports filed to Vaccine Adverse Effects Report System (VAERS) suggesting that some cancer patients experienced disease exacerbation or recurrence following COVID-19 vaccination. In light of the above and because some of these concerns (i.e., alteration of oncogenic pathways, promotion of inflammatory cascades, and dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system) also apply to cancer patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, we encourage the scientific and medical community to urgently evaluate the impact of both COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccination on cancer biology and tumor registries, adjusting public health recommendations accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Valdes Angues
- Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland, USA
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30
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Werner AN, Kumar AI, Charest PG. CRISPR-mediated reversion of oncogenic KRAS mutation results in increased proliferation and reveals independent roles of Ras and mTORC2 in the migration of A549 lung cancer cells. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar128. [PMID: 37729017 PMCID: PMC10848948 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-05-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the RAS oncogene has been extensively studied, new aspects concerning its role and regulation in normal biology and cancer continue to be discovered. Recently, others and we have shown that the mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 (mTORC2) is a Ras effector in Dictyostelium and mammalian cells. mTORC2 plays evolutionarily conserved roles in cell survival and migration and has been linked to tumorigenesis. Because RAS is often mutated in lung cancer, we investigated whether a Ras-mTORC2 pathway contributes to enhancing the migration of lung cancer cells expressing oncogenic Ras. We used A549 cells and CRISPR/Cas9 to revert the cells' KRAS G12S mutation to wild-type and establish A549 revertant (REV) cell lines, which we then used to evaluate the Ras-mediated regulation of mTORC2 and cell migration. Interestingly, our results suggest that K-Ras and mTORC2 promote A549 cell migration but as part of different pathways and independently of Ras's mutational status. Moreover, further characterization of the A549REV cells revealed that loss of mutant K-Ras expression for the wild-type protein leads to an increase in cell growth and proliferation, suggesting that the A549 cells have low KRAS-mutant dependency and that recovering expression of wild-type K-Ras protein increases these cells tumorigenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N. Werner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Avani I. Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Pascale G. Charest
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85721
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Chakraborty J, Chakraborty S, Chakraborty S, Narayan MN. Entanglement of MAPK pathways with gene expression and its omnipresence in the etiology for cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2023; 1866:194988. [PMID: 37739217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2023.194988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) is one of the most well characterized cellular signaling pathways that controls fundamental cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. These cellular functions are consequences of transcription of regulatory genes that are influenced and regulated by the MAP-Kinase signaling cascade. MAP kinase components such as Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) sense external cues or ligands and transmit these signals via multiple protein complexes such as RAS-RAF, MEK, and ERKs and eventually modulate the transcription factors inside the nucleus to induce transcription and other regulatory functions. Aberrant activation, dysregulation of this signaling pathway, and genetic alterations in any of these components results in the developmental disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Over the years, the MAPK pathway has been a prime pharmacological target, to treat complex human disorders that are genetically linked such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The current review re-visits the mechanism of MAPK pathways in gene expression regulation. Further, a current update on the progress of the mechanistic understanding of MAPK components is discussed from a disease perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Chakraborty
- Institute for Advancing Health through Agriculture, Texas A&M Agrilife, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sayan Chakraborty
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Sohag Chakraborty
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Mahesh N Narayan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, El Paso, TX, USA.
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Clark GJ. K-RAS Is…Complicated. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5480. [PMID: 38001740 PMCID: PMC10670387 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There is little argument that the K-RAS onco-protein is the most important single oncoprotein in human cancer [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey J Clark
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Rm 417, CTRB, 505 S. Hancock St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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33
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Manea M, Apostol D, Constantinescu I. A MicroRNA-Based Method for High-Viremia Detection-A New Approach on a Romanian Lot of Chronically Infected Patients with Hepatitis B Virus. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3425. [PMID: 37998561 PMCID: PMC10670501 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13223425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The HBV (hepatitis B virus) infection is intended for elimination, but evaluating patients is both costly and insufficiently applied in several countries. An expensive analysis in Romania is HBV-DNA quantification, with a limited prognostic potential. Our study intended to find new predictors for high viremia in HBV patients, using molecules involved in the multiple assessment of various HBV complications, such as microRNAs. A total of 61 subjects (48 patients with chronic HBV infection and 13 healthy subjects) were generally evaluated. Using a RT-PCR method, with a 2-ΔΔCT algorithm, we detected the expressions of miR-122 and miR-146a in 33 subjects. MiR-21 was the internal control. The results were analyzed with the R 4.2.2. software. Kruskal-Wallis's comparisons, Spearman correlations, and several logistic regression methods were applied. The median age of the patients was over 40 years. Without microRNAs, we could not obtain a good prediction formula. The combination of miR-122 and age proved to be the best prediction method for high viremia, with an AUC of 0.827, and a sensitivity of 89.5%. This is the first study which included age and miR-122 as independent predictors for high viremia in Romanian HBV-positive patients. MiR-122 is a new potential biomarker in the evaluation of Romanian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Manea
- Deparment of Immunology and Transplant Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dimitri Apostol
- Deparment of Immunology and Transplant Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ileana Constantinescu
- Deparment of Immunology and Transplant Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Centre of Immunogenetics and Virology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
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Ephraim R, Fraser S, Devereaux J, Stavely R, Feehan J, Eri R, Nurgali K, Apostolopoulos V. Differential Gene Expression of Checkpoint Markers and Cancer Markers in Mouse Models of Spontaneous Chronic Colitis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4793. [PMID: 37835487 PMCID: PMC10571700 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of checkpoint markers in cancer cells aids in immune escape. The identification of checkpoint markers and early cancer markers is of utmost importance to gain clarity regarding the relationship between colitis and progressive inflammation leading to cancer. Herein, the gene expression levels of checkpoint makers, cancer-related pathways, and cancer genes in colon tissues of mouse models of chronic colitis (Winnie and Winnie-Prolapse mice) using next-generation sequencing are determined. Winnie mice are a result of a Muc2 missense mutation. The identification of such genes and their subsequent expression and role at the protein level would enable novel markers for the early diagnosis of cancer in IBD patients. The differentially expressed genes in the colonic transcriptome were analysed based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway. The expression of several oncogenes is associated with the severity of IBD, with Winnie-Prolapse mice expressing a large number of key genes associated with development of cancer. This research presents a number of new targets to evaluate for the development of biomarkers and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Ephraim
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (R.E.); (S.F.); (J.D.); (J.F.); (K.N.)
| | - Sarah Fraser
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (R.E.); (S.F.); (J.D.); (J.F.); (K.N.)
| | - Jeannie Devereaux
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (R.E.); (S.F.); (J.D.); (J.F.); (K.N.)
| | - Rhian Stavely
- Pediatric Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Jack Feehan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (R.E.); (S.F.); (J.D.); (J.F.); (K.N.)
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- STEM/School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia;
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (R.E.); (S.F.); (J.D.); (J.F.); (K.N.)
- Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (R.E.); (S.F.); (J.D.); (J.F.); (K.N.)
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
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Chokeshaiusaha K, Sananmuang T, Puthier D, Nguyen C. Cross-species analysis of differential transcript usage in humans and chickens with fatty liver disease. Vet World 2023; 16:1964-1973. [PMID: 37859957 PMCID: PMC10583885 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1964-1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Fatty liver disease is a common condition, characterized by excess fat accumulation in the liver. It can contribute to more severe liver-related health issues, making it a critical concern in avian and human medicine. Apart from modifying the gene expression of liver cells, the disease also alters the expression of specific transcript isoforms, which might serve as new biological markers for both species. This study aimed to identify cross-species genes displaying differential expressions in their transcript isoforms in humans and chickens with fatty liver disease. Materials and Methods We performed differential gene expression and differential transcript usage (DTU) analyses on messenger RNA datasets from the livers of both chickens and humans with fatty liver disease. Using appropriate cross-species gene identification methods, we reviewed the acquired candidate genes and their transcript isoforms to determine their potential role in fatty liver disease's pathogenesis. Results We identified seven genes - ALG5, BRD7, DIABLO, RSU1, SFXN5, STIMATE, TJP3, and VDAC2 - and their corresponding transcript isoforms as potential candidates (false discovery rate ≤0.05). Our findings showed that these genes most likely contribute to fatty disease development and progression. Conclusion This study successfully identified novel human-chicken DTU genes in fatty liver disease. Further research is encouraged to verify the functions and regulations of these transcript isoforms as potential diagnostic markers for fatty liver disease in humans and chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj Chokeshaiusaha
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-OK, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Thanida Sananmuang
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-OK, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Denis Puthier
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, UMR 1090, TAGC, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Nguyen
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, UMR 1090, TAGC, Marseille, France
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Wang J, Al-Majid D, Brenner JC, Smith JD. Mutant HRas Signaling and Rationale for Use of Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Target Oncol 2023; 18:643-655. [PMID: 37665491 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-023-00993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are often associated with poor outcomes, due at least in part to the limited number of treatment options available for those patients who develop recurrent and/or metastatic disease (R/M HNSCC). Even with the recent validation and approval of immunotherapies in the first-line setting for these patients, the need for the development of new and alternative precision medicine strategies with survival benefit is clear. Oncogenic alterations in the HRAS (Harvey rat sarcoma virus) proto-oncogene are seen in approximately 4-8% of R/M HNSCC tumors. Recently, several preclinical and clinical advancements have been made in the implementation of small-molecule inhibitors that block post-translational farnesylation of HRas, thereby abrogating its downstream oncogenic activity. In this review, we focus on the biology of wild-type and mutant HRas signaling in HNSCC, and rationale for use and outcomes of farnesyltransferase inhibitors in patients with HRAS-mutant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Dana Al-Majid
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, MSRB III 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - J Chad Brenner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, MSRB III 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Joshua D Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, MSRB III 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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37
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Muthusamy M, Ramani P, Arumugam P. Effect of Harvey Rat Sarcoma Virus Mutation in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Its Influence on Different Populations: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e45505. [PMID: 37868370 PMCID: PMC10584992 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The information for protein synthesis is given by the genes. These proteins are responsible for controlling functions like cell growth, differentiation, cell maturation, and cell death. In the case of genetic mutations, the protein functions get disturbed leading to a drastic shift in the normal physiological functions of cell growth, differentiation, and proliferation, making the normal cell cancerous. The Harvey rat sarcoma virus (HRAS) gene is an oncogene that belongs to the rat sarcoma virus (RAS) family. HRAS gene provides the instructions for making the HRAS protein that plays an important role in regulating cell division and when the HRAS gene gets mutated it gets involved in initiating cancer. HRAS mutation has been frequently noted in head and neck cancers; however, the mechanism of HRAS mutation involved in the initiation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) still remains unexplored. An elaborate systematic literature search was done in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. It was found that the Ras-dependent mutations affect the involved upstream and downstream components of the Ras-Raf-MAPK (rat sarcoma virus-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma-mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway deregulating the signal leading to tumorigenesis. The Ras mutation can affect the Ras-Raf-MAPK pathway at different stages. The disease caused is based on the frequency of the HRAS mutation and it can lead to diverse cellular outcomes as it is mainly associated with cell division, differentiation, growth, survival, and the cell cycle. The crosstalk between the signaling pathways is controlled by the signaling molecules resulting in the creation of molecular networks. The balance of these molecular networks is very important to determine the cellular outcome. This systematic review inspects the molecular network of HRAS and its vital role in carcinogenesis. It is aimed at exploring and summarizing the contributions of the HRAS mutation involved in the pathogenesis of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pratibha Ramani
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Paramasivam Arumugam
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, IND
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38
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Nelson N, Jigo R, Clark GJ. BRCA1 and NORE1A Form a Her2/Ras Regulated Tumor Suppressor Complex Modulating Senescence. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4133. [PMID: 37627161 PMCID: PMC10452424 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 is a tumor suppressor with a complex mode of action. Hereditary mutations in BRCA1 predispose carriers to breast cancer, and spontaneous breast cancers often exhibit defects in BRCA1 expression. However, haploinsufficiency or suppression of BRCA1 expression leads to defects in DNA repair, which can induce DNA damage responses, leading to senescence. Activating mutation or overexpression of the Her2 oncoprotein are also frequent drivers of breast cancer. Yet, over-activation of Her2, working through the RAS oncoprotein, can also induce senescence. It is thought that additional defects in the p53 and Rb tumor suppressor machinery must occur in such tumors to allow an escape from senescence, thus permitting tumor development. Although BRCA1 mutant breast cancers are usually Her2 negative, a significant percentage of Her2 positive tumors also lose their expression of BRCA1. Such Her2+/BRCA1- tumors might be expected to have a particularly high senescence barrier to overcome. An important RAS senescence effector is the protein NORE1A, which can modulate both p53 and Rb. It is an essential senescence effector of the RAS oncoprotein, and it is often downregulated in breast tumors by promotor methylation. Here we show that NORE1A forms a Her2/RAS regulated, endogenous complex with BRCA1 at sites of replication fork arrest. Suppression of NORE1A blocks senescence induction caused by BRCA1 inactivation and Her2 activation. Thus, NORE1A forms a tumor suppressor complex with BRCA1. Its frequent epigenetic inactivation may facilitate the transformation of Her2+/BRCA1- mediated breast cancer by suppressing senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, US Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA
| | - Raphael Jigo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Geoffrey J. Clark
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Negrao MV, Araujo HA, Lamberti G, Cooper AJ, Akhave NS, Zhou T, Delasos L, Hicks JK, Aldea M, Minuti G, Hines J, Aredo JV, Dennis MJ, Chakrabarti T, Scott SC, Bironzo P, Scheffler M, Christopoulos P, Stenzinger A, Riess JW, Kim SY, Goldberg SB, Li M, Wang Q, Qing Y, Ni Y, Do MT, Lee R, Ricciuti B, Alessi JV, Wang J, Resuli B, Landi L, Tseng SC, Nishino M, Digumarthy SR, Rinsurongkawong W, kawong VR, Vaporciyan AA, Blumenschein GR, Zhang J, Owen DH, Blakely CM, Mountzios G, Shu CA, Bestvina CM, Garassino MC, Marrone KA, Gray JE, Patel SP, Cummings AL, Wakelee HA, Wolf J, Scagliotti GV, Cappuzzo F, Barlesi F, Patil PD, Drusbosky L, Gibbons DL, Meric-Bernstam F, Lee JJ, Heymach JV, Hong DS, Heist RS, Awad MM, Skoulidis F. Comutations and KRASG12C Inhibitor Efficacy in Advanced NSCLC. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:1556-1571. [PMID: 37068173 PMCID: PMC11024958 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Molecular modifiers of KRASG12C inhibitor (KRASG12Ci) efficacy in advanced KRASG12C-mutant NSCLC are poorly defined. In a large unbiased clinicogenomic analysis of 424 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we identified and validated coalterations in KEAP1, SMARCA4, and CDKN2A as major independent determinants of inferior clinical outcomes with KRASG12Ci monotherapy. Collectively, comutations in these three tumor suppressor genes segregated patients into distinct prognostic subgroups and captured ∼50% of those with early disease progression (progression-free survival ≤3 months) with KRASG12Ci. Pathway-level integration of less prevalent coalterations in functionally related genes nominated PI3K/AKT/MTOR pathway and additional baseline RAS gene alterations, including amplifications, as candidate drivers of inferior outcomes with KRASG12Ci, and revealed a possible association between defective DNA damage response/repair and improved KRASG12Ci efficacy. Our findings propose a framework for patient stratification and clinical outcome prediction in KRASG12C-mutant NSCLC that can inform rational selection and appropriate tailoring of emerging combination therapies. SIGNIFICANCE In this work, we identify co-occurring genomic alterations in KEAP1, SMARCA4, and CDKN2A as independent determinants of poor clinical outcomes with KRASG12Ci monotherapy in advanced NSCLC, and we propose a framework for patient stratification and treatment personalization based on the comutational status of individual tumors. See related commentary by Heng et al., p. 1513. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1501.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo V. Negrao
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Haniel A. Araujo
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Giuseppe Lamberti
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Neal S. Akhave
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Teng Zhou
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Lukas Delasos
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J. Kevin Hicks
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Mihaela Aldea
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
| | | | - Jacobi Hines
- University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Michael J. Dennis
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Turja Chakrabarti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susan C. Scott
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paolo Bironzo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Matthias Scheffler
- Department for Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Köln-Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Petros Christopoulos
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik and National Center for Tumor Diseases at Heidelberg University Hospital
| | | | - Jonathan W. Riess
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Mingjia Li
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University - James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yun Qing
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ying Ni
- Center for Immunotherapy & Precision Immuno-Oncology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Minh Truong Do
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Richard Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Biagio Ricciuti
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joao Victor Alessi
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Blerina Resuli
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Regina Elena”, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenza Landi
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Regina Elena”, Rome, Italy
| | - Shu-Chi Tseng
- Department of Radiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mizuki Nishino
- Department of Radiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Subba R. Digumarthy
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Waree Rinsurongkawong
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Vadeerat Rinsurong kawong
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Ara A. Vaporciyan
- Department Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - George R. Blumenschein
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Dwight H. Owen
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University - James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Collin M. Blakely
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Giannis Mountzios
- Fourth Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Trials Unit, Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Greece
| | - Catherine A. Shu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Kristen A. Marrone
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jhanelle E. Gray
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Sandip Pravin Patel
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Amy L. Cummings
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Juergen Wolf
- Department for Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Köln-Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Fabrice Barlesi
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Don L. Gibbons
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - J. Jack Lee
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John V. Heymach
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - David S. Hong
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Mark M. Awad
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ferdinandos Skoulidis
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
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Junk P, Kiel C. Structure-based prediction of Ras-effector binding affinities and design of "branchegetic" interface mutations. Structure 2023; 31:870-883.e5. [PMID: 37167973 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ras is a central cellular hub protein controlling multiple cell fates. How Ras interacts with a variety of potential effector proteins is relatively unexplored, with only some key effectors characterized in great detail. Here, we have used homology modeling based on X-ray and AlphaFold2 templates to build structural models for 54 Ras-effector complexes. These models were used to estimate binding affinities using a supervised learning regressor. Furthermore, we systematically introduced Ras "branch-pruning" (or branchegetic) mutations to identify 200 interface mutations that affect the binding energy with at least one of the model structures. The impacts of these branchegetic mutants were integrated into a mathematical model to assess the potential for rewiring interactions at the Ras hub on a systems level. These findings have provided a quantitative understanding of Ras-effector interfaces and their impact on systems properties of a key cellular hub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Junk
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Christina Kiel
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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41
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Tomazini A, Shifman JM. Targeting Ras with protein engineering. Oncotarget 2023; 14:672-687. [PMID: 37395750 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras proteins are small GTPases that regulate cell growth and division. Mutations in Ras genes are associated with many types of cancer, making them attractive targets for cancer therapy. Despite extensive efforts, targeting Ras proteins with small molecules has been extremely challenging due to Ras's mostly flat surface and lack of small molecule-binding cavities. These challenges were recently overcome by the development of the first covalent small-molecule anti-Ras drug, sotorasib, highlighting the efficacy of Ras inhibition as a therapeutic strategy. However, this drug exclusively inhibits the Ras G12C mutant, which is not a prevalent mutation in most cancer types. Unlike the G12C variant, other Ras oncogenic mutants lack reactive cysteines, rendering them unsuitable for targeting via the same strategy. Protein engineering has emerged as a promising method to target Ras, as engineered proteins have the ability to recognize various surfaces with high affinity and specificity. Over the past few years, scientists have engineered antibodies, natural Ras effectors, and novel binding domains to bind to Ras and counteract its carcinogenic activities via a variety of strategies. These include inhibiting Ras-effector interactions, disrupting Ras dimerization, interrupting Ras nucleotide exchange, stimulating Ras interaction with tumor suppressor genes, and promoting Ras degradation. In parallel, significant advancements have been made in intracellular protein delivery, enabling the delivery of the engineered anti-Ras agents into the cellular cytoplasm. These advances offer a promising path for targeting Ras proteins and other challenging drug targets, opening up new opportunities for drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilio Tomazini
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Julia M Shifman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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42
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Brown W, Wesalo J, Samanta S, Luo J, Caldwell SE, Tsang M, Deiters A. Genetically Encoded Aminocoumarin Lysine for Optical Control of Protein-Nucleotide Interactions in Zebrafish Embryos. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:1305-1314. [PMID: 37272594 PMCID: PMC10278064 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The strategic placement of unnatural amino acids into the active site of kinases and phosphatases has allowed for the generation of photocaged signaling proteins that offer spatiotemporal control over activation of these pathways through precise light exposure. However, deploying this technology to study cell signaling in the context of embryo development has been limited. The promise of optical control is especially useful in the early stages of an embryo where development is driven by tightly orchestrated signaling events. Here, we demonstrate light-induced activation of Protein Kinase A and a RASopathy mutant of NRAS in the zebrafish embryo using a new light-activated amino acid. We applied this approach to gain insight into the roles of these proteins in gastrulation and heart development and forge a path for further investigation of RASopathy mutant proteins in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wes Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Joshua Wesalo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Subhas Samanta
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ji Luo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Steven E. Caldwell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Michael Tsang
- Department
of Developmental Biology, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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43
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Liu C, Ye D, Yang H, Chen X, Su Z, Li X, Ding M, Liu Y. RAS-targeted cancer therapy: Advances in drugging specific mutations. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e285. [PMID: 37250144 PMCID: PMC10225044 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Rat sarcoma (RAS), as a frequently mutated oncogene, has been studied as an attractive target for treating RAS-driven cancers for over four decades. However, it is until the recent success of kirsten-RAS (KRAS)G12C inhibitor that RAS gets rid of the title "undruggable". It is worth noting that the therapeutic effect of KRASG12C inhibitors on different RAS allelic mutations or even different cancers with KRASG12C varies significantly. Thus, deep understanding of the characteristics of each allelic RAS mutation will be a prerequisite for developing new RAS inhibitors. In this review, the structural and biochemical features of different RAS mutations are summarized and compared. Besides, the pathological characteristics and treatment responses of different cancers carrying RAS mutations are listed based on clinical reports. In addition, the development of RAS inhibitors, either direct or indirect, that target the downstream components in RAS pathway is summarized as well. Hopefully, this review will broaden our knowledge on RAS-targeting strategies and trigger more intensive studies on exploiting new RAS allele-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Danyang Ye
- Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Hongliu Yang
- Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xu Chen
- Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Zhijun Su
- Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Mei Ding
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yonggang Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
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44
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Wojtyś W, Oroń M. How Driver Oncogenes Shape and Are Shaped by Alternative Splicing Mechanisms in Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15112918. [PMID: 37296881 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of RNA sequencing methods has allowed us to study and better understand the landscape of aberrant pre-mRNA splicing in tumors. Altered splicing patterns are observed in many different tumors and affect all hallmarks of cancer: growth signal independence, avoidance of apoptosis, unlimited proliferation, invasiveness, angiogenesis, and metabolism. In this review, we focus on the interplay between driver oncogenes and alternative splicing in cancer. On one hand, oncogenic proteins-mutant p53, CMYC, KRAS, or PI3K-modify the alternative splicing landscape by regulating expression, phosphorylation, and interaction of splicing factors with spliceosome components. Some splicing factors-SRSF1 and hnRNPA1-are also driver oncogenes. At the same time, aberrant splicing activates key oncogenes and oncogenic pathways: p53 oncogenic isoforms, the RAS-RAF-MAPK pathway, the PI3K-mTOR pathway, the EGF and FGF receptor families, and SRSF1 splicing factor. The ultimate goal of cancer research is a better diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients. In the final part of this review, we discuss present therapeutic opportunities and possible directions of further studies aiming to design therapies targeting alternative splicing mechanisms in the context of driver oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Wojtyś
- Laboratory of Human Disease Multiomics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Oroń
- Laboratory of Human Disease Multiomics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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45
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Ternet C, Junk P, Sevrin T, Catozzi S, Wåhlén E, Heldin J, Oliviero G, Wynne K, Kiel C. Analysis of context-specific KRAS-effector (sub)complexes in Caco-2 cells. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201670. [PMID: 36894174 PMCID: PMC9998658 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras is a key switch controlling cell behavior. In the GTP-bound form, Ras interacts with numerous effectors in a mutually exclusive manner, where individual Ras-effectors are likely part of larger cellular (sub)complexes. The molecular details of these (sub)complexes and their alteration in specific contexts are not understood. Focusing on KRAS, we performed affinity purification (AP)-mass spectrometry (MS) experiments of exogenously expressed FLAG-KRAS WT and three oncogenic mutants ("genetic contexts") in the human Caco-2 cell line, each exposed to 11 different culture media ("culture contexts") that mimic conditions relevant in the colon and colorectal cancer. We identified four effectors present in complex with KRAS in all genetic and growth contexts ("context-general effectors"). Seven effectors are found in KRAS complexes in only some contexts ("context-specific effectors"). Analyzing all interactors in complex with KRAS per condition, we find that the culture contexts had a larger impact on interaction rewiring than genetic contexts. We investigated how changes in the interactome impact functional outcomes and created a Shiny app for interactive visualization. We validated some of the functional differences in metabolism and proliferation. Finally, we used networks to evaluate how KRAS-effectors are involved in the modulation of functions by random walk analyses of effector-mediated (sub)complexes. Altogether, our work shows the impact of environmental contexts on network rewiring, which provides insights into tissue-specific signaling mechanisms. This may also explain why KRAS oncogenic mutants may be causing cancer only in specific tissues despite KRAS being expressed in most cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ternet
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Philipp Junk
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Thomas Sevrin
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Simona Catozzi
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Erik Wåhlén
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Heldin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giorgio Oliviero
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kieran Wynne
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Christina Kiel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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46
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Zhou X, Ji Y, Zhou J. Multiple Strategies to Develop Small Molecular KRAS Directly Bound Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083615. [PMID: 37110848 PMCID: PMC10146153 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS gene mutation is widespread in tumors and plays an important role in various malignancies. Targeting KRAS mutations is regarded as the "holy grail" of targeted cancer therapies. Recently, multiple strategies, including covalent binding strategy, targeted protein degradation strategy, targeting protein and protein interaction strategy, salt bridge strategy, and multivalent strategy, have been adopted to develop KRAS direct inhibitors for anti-cancer therapy. Various KRAS-directed inhibitors have been developed, including the FDA-approved drugs sotorasib and adagrasib, KRAS-G12D inhibitor MRTX1133, and KRAS-G12V inhibitor JAB-23000, etc. The different strategies greatly promote the development of KRAS inhibitors. Herein, the strategies are summarized, which would shed light on the drug discovery for both KRAS and other "undruggable" targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xile Zhou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yang Ji
- Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
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47
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Pham TV, Hsiao WY, Wang YT, Yeh SD, Wang SW. Protein S-palmitoylation regulates different stages of meiosis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201755. [PMID: 36650056 PMCID: PMC9845910 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational protein S-palmitoylation regulates the localization and function of its target proteins involved in diverse cellular processes including meiosis. In this study, we demonstrate that S-palmitoylation mediated by Erf2-Erf4 and Akr1 palmitoylacyltransferases is required at multiple meiotic stages in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe We find that S-palmitoylation by Erf2-Erf4 is required for Ras1 localization at the cell periphery to enrich at the cell conjugation site for mating pheromone response. In the absence of Erf2 or Erf4, mutant cells are sterile. A role of Akr1 S-palmitoylating the nuclear fusion protein Tht1 to function in karyogamy is identified. We demonstrate that S-palmitoylation stabilizes and localizes Tht1 to ER, interacting with Sey1 ER fusion GTPase for proper meiotic nuclear fusion. In akr1, tht1, or sey1 mutant, meiotic cells, haploid nuclei are unfused with subsequent chromosome segregation defects. Erf2-Erf4 has an additional substrate of the spore coat protein Isp3. In the absence of Erf2, Isp3 is mislocalized from the spore coat. Together, these results highlight the versatility of the cellular processes in which protein S-palmitoylation participates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Vy Pham
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yi Hsiao
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Dan Yeh
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Win Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Taiwan
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48
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Gao T, Yang X, Fujisawa M, Ohara T, Wang T, Tomonobu N, Sakaguchi M, Yoshimura T, Matsukawa A. SPRED2: A Novel Regulator of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Stemness in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054996. [PMID: 36902429 PMCID: PMC10003366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The downregulation of SPRED2, a negative regulator of the ERK1/2 pathway, was previously detected in human cancers; however, the biological consequence remains unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of SPRED2 loss on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell function. Human HCC cell lines, expressing various levels of SPRED2 and SPRED2 knockdown, increased ERK1/2 activation. SPRED2-knockout (KO)-HepG2 cells displayed an elongated spindle shape with increased cell migration/invasion and cadherin switching, with features of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). SPRED2-KO cells demonstrated a higher ability to form spheres and colonies, expressed higher levels of stemness markers and were more resistant to cisplatin. Interestingly, SPRED2-KO cells also expressed higher levels of the stem cell surface markers CD44 and CD90. When CD44+CD90+ and CD44-CD90- populations from WT cells were analyzed, a lower level of SPRED2 and higher levels of stem cell markers were detected in CD44+CD90+ cells. Further, endogenous SPRED2 expression decreased when WT cells were cultured in 3D, but was restored in 2D culture. Finally, the levels of SPRED2 in clinical HCC tissues were significantly lower than those in adjacent non-HCC tissues and were negatively associated with progression-free survival. Thus, the downregulation of SPRED2 in HCC promotes EMT and stemness through the activation of the ERK1/2 pathway, and leads to more malignant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Gao
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fujisawa
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ohara
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Nahoko Tomonobu
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sakaguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Teizo Yoshimura
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsukawa
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-86-235-7141
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49
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Zheng YC, Kang HQ, Wang B, Zhu YZ, Mamun MAA, Zhao LF, Nie HQ, Liu Y, Zhao LJ, Zhang XN, Gao MM, Jiang DD, Liu HM, Gao Y. Curriculum vitae of HDAC6 in solid tumors. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123219. [PMID: 36642357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is the only member of the HDAC family that resides primarily in the cytoplasm with two catalytic domains and a ubiquitin-binding domain. HDAC6 is highly expressed in various solid tumors and participates in a wide range of biological activities, including hormone receptors, the p53 signaling pathway, and the kinase cascade signaling pathway due to its unique structural foundation and abundant substrate types. Additionally, HDAC6 can function as an oncogenic factor in solid tumors, boosting tumor cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis, drug resistance, stemness, and lowering tumor cell immunogenicity, so assisting in carcinogenesis. Pan-HDAC inhibitors for cancer prevention are associated with potential cardiotoxicity in clinical investigations. It's interesting that HDAC6 silencing didn't cause any significant harm to normal cells. Currently, the use of HDAC6 specific inhibitors, individually or in combination, is among the most promising therapies in solid tumors. This review's objective is to give a general overview of the structure, biological functions, and mechanism of HDAC6 in solid tumor cells and in the immunological milieu and discuss the preclinical and clinical trials of selective HDAC6 inhibitors. These endeavors highlight that targeting HDAC6 could effectively kill tumor cells and enhance patients' immunity during solid tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hui-Qin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuan-Zai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - M A A Mamun
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Long-Fei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hai-Qian Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xiao-Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Mei-Mei Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Dan-Dan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Ya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
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50
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Rodriguez-Sevilla JJ, Adema V, Garcia-Manero G, Colla S. Emerging treatments for myelodysplastic syndromes: Biological rationales and clinical translation. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100940. [PMID: 36787738 PMCID: PMC9975331 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are a heterogeneous group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by myeloid dysplasia, peripheral blood cytopenias, and increased risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The standard of care for patients with MDS is hypomethylating agent (HMA)-based therapy; however, nearly 50% of patients have no response to the treatment. Patients with MDS in whom HMA therapy has failed have a dismal prognosis and no approved second-line therapy options, so enrollment in clinical trials of experimental agents represents these patients' only chance for improved outcomes. A better understanding of the molecular and biological mechanisms underpinning MDS pathogenesis has enabled the development of new agents that target molecular alterations, cell death regulators, signaling pathways, and immune regulatory proteins in MDS. Here, we review novel therapies for patients with MDS in whom HMA therapy has failed, with an emphasis on the biological rationale for these therapies' development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vera Adema
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guillermo Garcia-Manero
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Simona Colla
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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