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Ayala A, Llanes A, Lleonart R, Restrepo CM. Advances in Leishmania Vaccines: Current Development and Future Prospects. Pathogens 2024; 13:812. [PMID: 39339003 PMCID: PMC11435054 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13090812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania. As approved human vaccines are not available, treatment and prevention rely heavily on toxic chemotherapeutic agents, which face increasing resistance problems. The development of effective vaccines against human leishmaniasis is of utmost importance for the control of the disease. Strategies that have been considered for this purpose range from whole-killed and attenuated parasites to recombinant proteins and DNA vaccines. The ideal vaccine must be safe and effective, ensuring lasting immunity through a robust IL-12-driven Th1 adaptive immune response. Despite some success and years of effort, human vaccine trials have encountered difficulties in conferring durable protection against Leishmania, a problem that may be attributed to the parasite's antigenic diversity and the intricate nature of the host's immune response. The aim of this review is to provide a thorough overview of recent advances in Leishmania vaccine development, ranging from initial trials to recent achievements, such as the ChAd63-KH DNA vaccine, which underscores the potential for effective control of leishmaniasis through continued research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreina Ayala
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama
| | - Alejandro Llanes
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), Panama City 0801, Panama
| | - Ricardo Lleonart
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), Panama City 0801, Panama
| | - Carlos M Restrepo
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), Panama City 0801, Panama
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Mahapatra B, Singh A, Banerjee A, Sirohi S, Singh S, Dubey VK, Singh RK. A squalene oil emulsified MPL-A and anti-CD200/CD300a antibodies adjuvanted whole-killed Leishmania vaccine provides durable immunity against L. donovani parasites. Vaccine 2024; 42:126373. [PMID: 39288578 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Antigenic inefficacy to induce robust immune responses and durable memory are major causes of constantly failing prophylactic approaches in leishmaniasis. Here, we determine the potential of a standardized whole-killed Leishmania vaccine (Leishvacc) adjuvanted with anti-CD200 and anti-CD300a antibodies, either alone or with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL-SE) emulsified in squalene oil, in restoring the compromised antigen presenting abilities of dendritic cells (DCs), effector properties of CD4+T cells and providing protection against Leishmania donovani parasites. In animals vaccinated with antibodies adjuvanted vaccines, either alone or with MPL-SE, the antigen presenting abilities of CD11c+ DCs against Leishmania antigens, measured in terms of CD80, CD86, MHC-I, and MHC-II surface receptors and intracellular IL-12 were found enhanced than non-adjuvanted vaccine. We observed more proliferative and pro-inflammatory cytokines i.e. IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-23, and IL-12 producing CD4+T cells in antibodies/MPL-SE adjuvanted vaccinated animals further suggesting that this approach helps antigen activated CD4+T cells to acquire pro-inflammatory cytokines producing abilities. In antibodies, either alone or with MPL-SE, vaccinated animals, the number of CD4+ central memory T cells and their longevity were found significantly enhanced that further evidenced the impact of this vaccination approach in inducing long term protective immunity. The animals, receiving antibodies adjuvanted vaccines, either alone or with MPL-SE, exhibited excellent protection against virulent parasites by restricting their growth, which correlated with the significantly reduced parasitemia, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly, along with fewer numbers of liver granulomas. Our findings provide an insight to a new immunoprophylactic approach against visceral leishmaniasis, which not only satisfies the safety criteria, but also provides a robust immunogenic response with remarkable potential for parasites control. However, further in-depth investigations are needed to ascertain its ability in inducing long-lasting immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baishakhi Mahapatra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Arpita Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Shruti Sirohi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Samer Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vikash K Dubey
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Torres-Dias L, Souza RS, Moreira JCA, Paggi DDO, do Amaral JB, Bachi ALL, Augusto L, Shio MT. Synthetic hemozoin as a nanocarrier for cross-presentation. Immunobiology 2024; 229:152837. [PMID: 39089130 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2024.152837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
It is known that conventional antigen presentation involves phagocytosis of antigens followed by its internalization in endocytic compartments and presentation of epitopes through MHC class II molecules for CD4 T cells. However, since 1976 a cross-presentation pathway has been studied, in which CD8 T cells are activated via MHC class I with antigens acquired through phagocytosis or endocytosis by dendritic cells (DCs). Among some important molecules involved in the cross-presentation, the C-type lectin receptor of the Dectin-1 cluster (CLECs), particularly the CLEC9A receptor, not only is expressed in dendritic cells but also presents a pivotal role in this context. In special, CLEC12A has been highlighted as a malaria pigment hemozoin (HZ) receptor. During Plasmodium infection, hemozoin crystals defend the parasite against heme toxicity within erythrocytes, as well as the released native HZ elicits pro-inflammatory responses and can induce cross-presentation. Particularly, this crystal can be synthesized from hematin anhydride and mimics the native form, and the gaps generated between the nanocrystal domains during its synthesis allow for substance coupling followed by its coating. Therefore, this study aimed to assess whether synthetic hemozoin (sHz) or hematin anhydride could be a nanocarrier and promote cross-presentation in dendritic cells. Firstly, it was verified that sHz can carry coated and coupled antigens, the compounds can associate to LAMP1-positive vesicles and decrease overall intracellular pH, which can potentially enhance the cross-presentation of ovalbumin and Leishmania infantum antigens. Thus, this study adds important data in the molecular intricacies of antigen presentation by showing not only the sHz immunomodulatory properties but also its potential applications as an antigen carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Torres-Dias
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Science, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jônatas Bussador do Amaral
- ENT Research Lab. Department of Otorhinolaryngology -Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Augusto
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology. University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, United States of America
| | - Marina Tiemi Shio
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Science, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo, Brazil.
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Fowler EA, Farias Amorim C, Mostacada K, Yan A, Amorim Sacramento L, Stanco RA, Hales ED, Varkey A, Zong W, Wu GD, de Oliveira CI, Collins PL, Novais FO. Neutrophil-mediated hypoxia drives pathogenic CD8+ T cell responses in cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e177992. [PMID: 38833303 PMCID: PMC11245163 DOI: 10.1172/jci177992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania parasites exhibits a wide range of clinical manifestations. Although parasites influence disease severity, cytolytic CD8+ T cell responses mediate disease. Although these responses originate in the lymph node, we found that expression of the cytolytic effector molecule granzyme B was restricted to lesional CD8+ T cells in Leishmania-infected mice, suggesting that local cues within inflamed skin induced cytolytic function. Expression of Blimp-1 (Prdm1), a transcription factor necessary for cytolytic CD8+ T cell differentiation, was driven by hypoxia within the inflamed skin. Hypoxia was further enhanced by the recruitment of neutrophils that consumed oxygen to produce ROS and ultimately increased the hypoxic state and granzyme B expression in CD8+ T cells. Importantly, lesions from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis exhibited hypoxia transcription signatures that correlated with the presence of neutrophils. Thus, targeting hypoxia-driven signals that support local differentiation of cytolytic CD8+ T cells may improve the prognosis for patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, as well as for other inflammatory skin diseases in which cytolytic CD8+ T cells contribute to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Fowler
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Klauss Mostacada
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Allison Yan
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Rae A. Stanco
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily D.S. Hales
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Aditi Varkey
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Wenjing Zong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gary D. Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Camila I. de Oliveira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Patrick L. Collins
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Fernanda O. Novais
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Fowler EA, Amorim CF, Mostacada K, Yan A, Sacramento LA, Stanco RA, Hales EDS, Varkey A, Zong W, Wu GD, de Oliveira CI, Collins PL, Novais FO. Pathogenic CD8 T cell responses are driven by neutrophil-mediated hypoxia in cutaneous leishmaniasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.18.562926. [PMID: 37904953 PMCID: PMC10614852 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.18.562926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania parasites exhibits a wide range of clinical manifestations. Although parasites influence disease severity, cytolytic CD8 T cell responses mediate disease. While these responses originate in the lymph node, we find that expression of the cytolytic effector molecule granzyme B is restricted to lesional CD8 T cells in Leishmania - infected mice, suggesting that local cues within inflamed skin induce cytolytic function. Expression of Blimp-1 ( Prdm1 ), a transcription factor necessary for cytolytic CD8 T cell differentiation, is driven by hypoxia within the inflamed skin. Hypoxia is further enhanced by the recruitment of neutrophils that consume oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species, ultimately increasing granzyme B expression in CD8 T cells. Importantly, lesions from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients exhibit hypoxia transcription signatures that correlate with the presence of neutrophils. Thus, targeting hypoxia-driven signals that support local differentiation of cytolytic CD8 T cells may improve the prognosis for patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, as well as other inflammatory skin diseases where cytolytic CD8 T cells contribute to pathogenesis.
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Fiuza JA, Gannavaram S, Gaze ST, de Ornellas LG, Alves ÉA, Ismail N, Nakhasi HL, Correa-Oliveira R. Deletion of MIF gene from live attenuated LdCen -/- parasites enhances protective CD4 + T cell immunity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7362. [PMID: 37147351 PMCID: PMC10163264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with live attenuated Leishmania parasites such as centrin deleted Leishmania donovani (LdCen-/-) against visceral leishmaniasis has been reported extensively. The protection induced by LdCen-/- parasites was mediated by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. While the host immune mediators of protection are known, parasite determinants that affect the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations remain unknown. Parasite encoded inflammatory cytokine MIF has been shown to modulate the T cell differentiation characteristics by altering the inflammation induced apoptosis during contraction phase in experimental infections with Leishmania or Plasmodium. Neutralization of parasite encoded MIF either by antibodies or gene deletion conferred protection in Plasmodium and Leishmania studies. We investigated if the immunogenicity and protection induced by LdCen-/- parasites is affected by deleting MIF genes from this vaccine strain. Our results showed that LdCen-/-MIF-/- immunized group presented higher percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ central memory T cells, increased CD8+ T cell proliferation after challenge compared to LdCen-/- immunization. LdCen-/-MIF-/- immunized group presented elevated production of IFN-γ+ and TNF-α+ CD4+ T cells concomitant with a reduced parasite load in spleen and liver compared to LdCen-/-group following challenge with L. infantum. Our results demonstrate the role of parasite induced factors involved in protection and long-term immunity of vaccines against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Araújo Fiuza
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Group, René Rachou Institute (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Soraya Torres Gaze
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Group, René Rachou Institute (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Érica Alessandra Alves
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Group, René Rachou Institute (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nevien Ismail
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Hira Lal Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Group, René Rachou Institute (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Anand A, Singh R, Saini S, Mahapatra B, Singh A, Singh S, Singh RK. Leishmania donovani induces CD300a expression to dampen effector properties of CD11c + dendritic and antigen activated CD8 + T cells. Acta Trop 2023; 239:106826. [PMID: 36610528 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are an important regiment of adaptive immunity that play a decisive role in elimination of many species of Leishmania parasite from the host. In visceral leishmaniasis, caused by L. donovani, the loss of CD8+ T cells function has been found associated with augmented pathogenesis. The factors determining CD8+ T cells activation and function against Leishmania antigens are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of an immune inhibitory receptor, CD300a, on the effector properties of dendritic cells and CD8+ T cells. We observed that the Leishmania regulates the effectors function of CD8+ T cells by increasing CD300a expression on CD11c+ dendritic cells. The abrogation of CD300a signaling in parasites infected animals induced CD8+ T cell abilities to produce IFN-γ, TNF-α and also helped them to acquire desired multifunctionality. The CD300a receptor blocking also enhanced the number of CD8+ T cells memory phenotypes at the early days of infection, suggesting its potential beneficial role in vaccine induced immunity. We also observed significantly enhanced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the spleen of CD300a blocked infected animals with concomitant reduced spleen parasite load. Additionally, the abrogation of CD300a signals in the infected animals helped in establishing Th1 type protective humoral immunity with significantly elevated levels of IgG2a antibodies. Since CD8+ T cells are an important determinant of vaccine induced immunity against leishmaniasis, the findings corroborate the potential of CD300a in vaccine induced immunity and thus require further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Anand
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rajan Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Shashi Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Baishakhi Mahapatra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Samer Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Beyzay F, Zavaran Hosseini A, Hazrati A, Karimi M, Soudi S. Autophagy induced macrophages by α-alumina(α-AL2O3) conjugated cysteine peptidase, enhances the cytotoxic activity of CD8 + T lymphocytes against Leishmania major. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2023; 13:393-403. [PMID: 37736336 PMCID: PMC10509742 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2023.25282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Induction of a protective immune response against Leishmania major requires the activation of both TH1 and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Because L. major is an intra-phagosomal parasite, its antigens do not have access to MHC-I. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of cysteine peptidase A (CPA)/cysteine peptidase B (CPB) conjugated to α-AL2O3 on autophagy induction in L. major infected macrophages and subsequent activation of cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes. Methods Recombinant CPA and CPB of L. major were produced in expression vectors and purified. Aldehyde functionalized α-AL2O3 were conjugated to hydrazine-modified CPA/CPB by a chemical bond was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The High efficient internalization of α-AL2O3 conjugated CPA/CPB to macrophages was confirmed using a fluorescence microscope and flowcytometry. Induction of the acidic autophagosome and LC3 conversion in macrophages was determined by acridine orange (AO) staining and western blot. Autophagy-activated macrophages were used for CD8+ T cell priming. Cytotoxic activity of the primed CD8+ T cell against L. major infected macrophages was measured using apoptosis assay. Results α-AL2O3 conjugated CPA/CPB enhances macrophages antigen uptake and increases acidic vacuole formation and LC-3I to LC-3II conversion. Co-culture of autophagy-activated macrophages with CD8+ T cells augmented CD8+ T cells priming and proliferation more than in other study groups. These primed CD8+ T cells induce significant apoptotic death of L. major infected macrophages compared with non-primed CD8+ T cells. Conclusion α-AL2O3 nanoparticles enhance the cross-presentation of L. major antigens to CD8+ T cells by inducing autophagy. This finding supports the positive role of autophagy and encourages the use of α-AL2O3 in vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Beyzay
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Zavaran Hosseini
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hazrati
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhdeh Karimi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Soudi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Tamai M, Yamazaki Y, Ito T, Nakagawa S, Nakamura Y. Pathogenic role of the staphylococcal accessory gene regulator quorum sensing system in atopic dermatitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1178650. [PMID: 37124047 PMCID: PMC10140505 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1178650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is home to various bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, collectively referred to as the skin microbiota. Patients with certain skin diseases reportedly have unique skin "dysbiosis," a condition involving imbalanced microbiota, suggesting that dysbiosis in the skin may be either causal or a consequence of specific skin diseases. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common allergic skin disease that affects 15-20% of children and 2-10% of adults worldwide. Both intrinsic genetic factors, such as susceptibility to type 2 inflammation or skin barrier dysfunction, and extrinsic environmental factors, such as air pollen and skin microbiota, contribute to AD. Staphylococcus aureus, which does not often colonize the skin of healthy individuals, is commonly identified in the lesional skin of patients with AD and is correlated with the disease flare. However, the role of S. aureus in the pathogenesis of AD has not been elucidated. Here, we discuss the pathological behavior of S. aureus, focusing on accessory gene regulator (Agr) quorum sensing, which is a fundamental bacterial cell-to-cell interaction mechanism that affects the behavior of S. aureus and other members of the microbial community. Importantly, beyond bacteria-bacteria interactions, the Agr quorum sensing system also regulates various virulence factors, which induce type 2 and IL-17-dependent skin inflammation in the host. Furthermore, the colonization of Agr-positive S. aureus in early life accelerates the development of pediatric AD. Finally, we aim to highlight the current efforts to establish novel therapeutic methods to ameliorate or prevent AD through Agr-targeted intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Tamai
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuriko Yamazaki
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Cutaneous Allergy and Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yuumi Nakamura, ; Yuriko Yamazaki,
| | - Tomoka Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seitaro Nakagawa
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yuumi Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Cutaneous Allergy and Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yuumi Nakamura, ; Yuriko Yamazaki,
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Alizadeh Z, Omidnia P, Altalbawy FMA, Gabr GA, Obaid RF, Rostami N, Aslani S, Heidari A, Mohammadi H. Unraveling the role of natural killer cells in leishmaniasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109596. [PMID: 36700775 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are known as frontline responders that are efficient in combating several maladies as well as leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania spp. As such they are being investigated to be used for adoptive transfer therapy and vaccine. In spite of the lack of antigen-specific receptors at their surface, NK cells can selectively recognize pathogens, accomplished by the activation of the receptors on the NK cell surface and also as the result of their effector functions. Activation of NK cells can occur through interaction between TLR-2 expressed on NK cells and. LPG of Leishmania parasites. In addition, NK cell activation can occur by cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ and IL-12) that also lead to producing cytokines and chemokines and lysis of target cells. This review summarizes several evidences that support NK cells activation for controlling leishmaniasis and the potentially lucrative roles of NK cells during leishmaniasis. Furthermore, we discuss strategies of Leishmania parasites in inhibiting NK cell functions. Leishmania LPG can utilizes TLR2 to evade host-immune responses. Also, Leishmania GP63 can directly binds to NK cells and modulates NK cell phenotype. Finally, this review analyzes the potentialities to harness NK cells effectiveness in therapy regimens and vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Alizadeh
- Department of Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farag M A Altalbawy
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), University of Cairo, Giza 12613, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, University College of Duba, University of Tabuk, Duba 71911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal A Gabr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rasha Fadhel Obaid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Narges Rostami
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliehsan Heidari
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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Kashif M, Hira SK, Manna PP. Immunoinformatics based design and prediction of proteome-wide killer cell epitopes of Leishmania donovani: Potential application in vaccine development. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:10578-10591. [PMID: 34219625 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1945495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite several extensive and exhaustive efforts, search for potential therapy against leishmaniasis has not made much progress. In the present work, we have employed mining strategy to screen Leishmania donovani proteome for identification of promising vaccine candidate. We have screened 21 potential antigenic proteins from 7960 total protein of L. donovani, based on the presence of signal peptide, GPI anchor, antigenicity prediction and substractive proteomic approach. Secondly, we have also performed comprehensive immunogenic epitope prediction from the screened 21 proteins, using IEDB-AR tools. Out of the 21 antigenic proteins, we obtained 11 immunogenic epitopes from 9 proteins. The final results revealed that four predicted epitopes namely; YPAFAALVF, VAVAATVAY, AAAPTEAAL and MYPLVAVVF, have significantly better binding potential with respective alleles and could elicits immune responses. Docking analysis using PATCHDOCK server and molecular dynamic simulation using GROMACS revealed the potential of the sequences as immunogenic epitopes. In silico studies also suggested that the epitopes occupied almost same binding cleft with the respective alleles, when compared with the reference peptides. It is also suggested from the molecular dynamic simulation data that the peptides were intact in the pocket for longer periods of time. Our study was designed to select MHC class I restricted epitopes for the activation of CD8 T cells using immunoinformatics for the prediction of probable vaccine candidate against L. donovani parasites. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kashif
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Hira
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhhaman, India
| | - Partha Pratim Manna
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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12
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Evaluation of calpain T-cell epitopes as vaccine candidates against experimental Leishmania major infection: a pilot study. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:3275-3285. [PMID: 36102970 PMCID: PMC9471026 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Saha S, Vashishtha S, Kundu B, Ghosh M. In-silico design of an immunoinformatics based multi-epitope vaccine against Leishmania donovani. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 23:319. [PMID: 35931960 PMCID: PMC9354309 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-04816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a fatal vector-borne parasitic disorder occurring mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. VL falls under the category of neglected tropical diseases with growing drug resistance and lacking a licensed vaccine. Conventional vaccine synthesis techniques are often very laborious and challenging. With the advancement of bioinformatics and its application in immunology, it is now more convenient to design multi-epitope vaccines comprising predicted immuno-dominant epitopes of multiple antigenic proteins. We have chosen four antigenic proteins of Leishmania donovani and identified their T-cell and B-cell epitopes, utilizing those for in-silico chimeric vaccine designing. The various physicochemical characteristics of the vaccine have been explored and the tertiary structure of the chimeric construct is predicted to perform docking studies and molecular dynamics simulations. RESULTS The vaccine construct is generated by joining the epitopes with specific linkers. The predicted tertiary structure of the vaccine has been found to be valid and docking studies reveal the construct shows a high affinity towards the TLR-4 receptor. Population coverage analysis shows the vaccine can be effective on the majority of the world population. In-silico immune simulation studies confirms the vaccine to raise a pro-inflammatory response with the proliferation of activated T and B cells. In-silico codon optimization and cloning of the vaccine nucleic acid sequence have also been achieved in the pET28a vector. CONCLUSION The above bioinformatics data support that the construct may act as a potential vaccine. Further wet lab synthesis of the vaccine and in vivo works has to be undertaken in animal model to confirm vaccine potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, 713209, India
| | - Shubham Vashishtha
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Bishwajit Kundu
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Monidipa Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, 713209, India.
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14
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Sghaier RM, Benhnini F, Guerfali FZ, Attia H, Bali A, Zaatour A, Mkannez G, Gharbi A, Belhaj-Hamida N, Dridi H, Ben-Salah A, Dellagi K, Laouini D. Healed Lesions of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused By Leishmania major Do Not Shelter Persistent Residual Parasites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:839216. [PMID: 35967864 PMCID: PMC9363604 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.839216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In human cutaneous leishmaniasis (HCL) caused by Leishmania (L.) major, the cutaneous lesions heal spontaneously and induce a Th1-type immunity that confers solid protection against reinfection. The same holds true for the experimental leishmaniasis induced by L. major in C57BL/6 mice where residual parasites persist after spontaneous clinical cure and induce sustainable memory immune responses and resistance to reinfection. Whether residual parasites also persist in scars of cured HCL caused by L. major is still unknown. Cutaneous scars from 53 volunteers with healed HCL caused by L. major were biopsied and the tissue sample homogenates were analyzed for residual parasites by four methods: i) microscope detection of amastigotes, ii) parasite culture by inoculation on biphasic medium, iii) inoculation of tissue exctracts to the footpad of BALB/c mice, an inbred strain highly susceptible to L. major, and iv) amplification of parasite kDNA by a highly sensitive real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Our results show that the scars of healed lesions of HCL caused by L. major do not contain detectable residual parasites, suggesting that this form likely induces a sterile cure at least within the scars. This feature contrasts with other Leishmania species causing chronic, diffuse, or recidivating forms of leishmaniasis where parasites do persist in healed lesions. The possibility that alternative mechanisms to parasite persistence are needed to boost and maintain long-term immunity to L. major, should be taken into consideration in vaccine development against L. major infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabiaa M. Sghaier
- LR16IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
- Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fouad Benhnini
- LR16IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
- Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Z. Guerfali
- LR16IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
- Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hanène Attia
- LR16IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
- Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aymen Bali
- LR16IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
- Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amor Zaatour
- LR16IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
- Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Service of Medical Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Ghada Mkannez
- LR16IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
- Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Adel Gharbi
- LR16IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
- Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Service of Medical Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Nabil Belhaj-Hamida
- LR16IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
- Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Service of Medical Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Hichem Dridi
- LR16IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
- Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Service of Medical Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Afif Ben-Salah
- LR16IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
- Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Service of Medical Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Koussay Dellagi
- LR16IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
- Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Dhafer Laouini
- LR16IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
- Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- *Correspondence: Dhafer Laouini, ;
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15
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Regulatory role of Transcription factor-EB (TFEB) in parasite control through alteration of antigen presentation in visceral leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 2022; 239:108286. [PMID: 35660529 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, an obligate intracellular parasite, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis is known to subvert the host immune system for its own survival. Although the precise mechanism is still unknown, emerging evidences indicate that L. donovani efficiently suppress MHC I mediated antigen presentation, rendering inadequate CD8+T cell activation and weakening host defense against parasite. The role of transcription factor EB (TFEB) was recognized in modulating antigen presentation besides its role in lysosomal biogenesis and function. Here, we investigated the regulatory role of TFEB in the modulation of presentation of Leishmania antigen in host tissue. Our results showed an increased expression of TFEB after Leishmania infection both in vitro and in vivo and there was a decrease in the expression of Th-1 cytokine IFNγ along with MHC class I and CD8+T cells indicating attenuation of cell mediated immunity and possibly MHC I restricted antigen presentation. Silencing of TFEB resulted in increased expression of IFNγ and MHC I along with increased CD8+T cells population without any significant change in CD4+T cell number. We also observed a decreased parasite burden in TFEB silenced condition which indicates enhanced parasite clearance by alteration of immunological response possibly through induction of presentation of Leishmania antigen through MHC I. The present study explains the role of TFEB silencing in parasite clearance through regulating the antigen presentation of Leishmania antigen thereby promises to formulate a potential therapeutic strategy against visceral leishmaniasis.
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16
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VAMP3 and VAMP8 regulate the development and functionality of parasitophorous vacuoles housing Leishmania amazonensis. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0018321. [PMID: 35130453 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00183-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To colonize mammalian phagocytic cells, the parasite Leishmania remodels phagosomes into parasitophorous vacuoles that can be either tight-fitting individual or communal. The molecular and cellular bases underlying the biogenesis and functionality of these two types of vacuoles are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the contribution of host cell Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor Attachment protein REceptor proteins to the expansion and functionality of communal vacuoles as well as on the replication of the parasite. The differential recruitment patterns of Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor Attachment protein REceptor to communal vacuoles harboring L. amazonensis and to individual vacuoles housing L. major led us to further investigate the roles of VAMP3 and VAMP8 in the interaction of Leishmania with its host cell. We show that whereas VAMP8 contributes to optimal expansion of communal vacuoles, VAMP3 negatively regulates L. amazonensis replication, vacuole size, as well as antigen cross-presentation. In contrast, neither proteins has an impact on the fate of L. major. Collectively, our data support a role for both VAMP3 and VAMP8 in the development and functionality of L. amazonensis-harboring communal parasitophorous vacuoles.
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17
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Carvalho Cabral P, Tekade K, Stegeman SK, Olivier M, Cermakian N. The involvement of host circadian clocks in the regulation of the immune response to parasitic infections in mammals. Parasite Immunol 2021; 44:e12903. [PMID: 34964129 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are recurring variations of physiology with a period of ~24 hours, generated by circadian clocks located throughout the body. Studies have shown a circadian regulation of many aspects of immunity. Immune cells have intrinsic clock mechanisms, and innate and adaptive immune responses - such as leukocyte migration, magnitude of inflammation, cytokine production and cell differentiation - are under circadian control. This circadian regulation has consequences for infections including parasitic infections. In the context of Leishmania infection, the circadian clock within host immune cells modulates the magnitude of the infection and the inflammatory response triggered by the parasite. As for malaria, rhythms within the immune system were shown to impact the developmental cycles of Plasmodium parasites within red blood cells. Further, host circadian rhythms impact infections by multicellular parasites; for example, infection with helminth Trichuris muris shows different kinetics of worm expulsion depending on time of day of infection, a variation that depends on the dendritic cell clock. Although the research on the circadian control of immunity in the context of parasitic infections is in its infancy, the research reviewed here suggests a crucial involvement of host circadian rhythms in immunity on the development and progression of parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimaya Tekade
- Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Sophia K Stegeman
- Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
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18
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da Costa KM, Marques da Fonseca L, dos Reis JS, Santos MARDC, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L, Freire-de-Lima L. Trypanosoma cruzi trans-Sialidase as a Potential Vaccine Target Against Chagas Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:768450. [PMID: 34765570 PMCID: PMC8576188 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.768450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas' disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, described in the early 20th century by the Brazilian physician Dr. Carlos Chagas. There was a great amount of research devoted to diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the disease. One of the most important discoveries made since then, impacting the understanding of how the parasite interacts with the host's immune system, was the description of trans-sialidase. It is an unique enzyme, capable of masking the parasite's presence from the host, while at the same time dampening the activation of CD8+ T cells, the most important components of the immune response. Since the description of Chagas' disease in 1909, extensive research has identified important events in the disease in order to understand the biochemical mechanism that modulates T. cruzi-host cell interactions and the ability of the parasite to ensure its survival. The importance of the trans-sialidase enzyme brought life to many studies for the design of diagnostic tests, drugs and vaccines. While many groups have been prolific, such efforts have encountered problems, among them: the fact that while T. cruzi have many genes that are unique to the parasite, it relies on multiple copies of them and the difficulty in providing epitopes that result in effective and robust immune responses. In this review, we aim to convey the importance of trans-sialidase as well as to provide a history, including the initial failures and the most promising successes in the chasing of a working vaccine for a disease that is endemic in many tropical countries, including Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli Monteiro da Costa
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Lucia Mendonça-Previato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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19
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Elmahallawy EK, Alkhaldi AAM, Saleh AA. Host immune response against leishmaniasis and parasite persistence strategies: A review and assessment of recent research. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111671. [PMID: 33957562 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a neglected parasitic disease caused by a unicellular protozoan of the genus Leishmania, is transmitted through the bite of a female sandfly. The disease remains a major public health problem and is linked to tropical and subtropical regions, with an endemic picture in several regions, including East Africa, the Mediterranean basin and South America. The different causative species display a diversity of clinical presentations; therefore, the immunological data on leishmaniasis are both scarce and controversial for the different forms and infecting species of the parasite. The present review highlights the main immune parameters associated with leishmaniasis that might contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenicity of the parasite and the clinical outcomes of the disease. Our aim was to provide a concise overview of the immunobiology of the disease and the factors that influence it, as this knowledge may be helpful in developing novel chemotherapeutic and vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt.
| | | | - Amira A Saleh
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zgazig, Egypt
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20
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Novais FO, Amorim CF, Scott P. Host-Directed Therapies for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660183. [PMID: 33841444 PMCID: PMC8032888 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis exhibits a wide spectrum of clinical presentations from self-resolving infections to severe chronic disease. Anti-parasitic drugs are often ineffective in the most severe forms of the disease, and in some cases the magnitude of the disease can result from an uncontrolled inflammatory response rather than unrestrained parasite replication. In these patients, host-directed therapies offer a novel approach to improve clinical outcome. Importantly, there are many anti-inflammatory drugs with known safety and efficacy profiles that are currently used for other inflammatory diseases and are readily available to be used for leishmaniasis. However, since leishmaniasis consists of a wide range of clinical entities, mediated by a diverse group of leishmanial species, host-directed therapies will need to be tailored for specific types of leishmaniasis. There is now substantial evidence that host-directed therapies are likely to be beneficial beyond autoimmune diseases and cancer and thus should be an important component in the armamentarium to modulate the severity of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda O Novais
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Camila Farias Amorim
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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21
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de Freitas E Silva R, von Stebut E. Unraveling the Role of Immune Checkpoints in Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:620144. [PMID: 33776999 PMCID: PMC7990902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.620144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis are Neglected Tropical Diseases affecting millions of people every year in at least 98 countries and is one of the major unsolved world health issues. Leishmania is a parasitic protozoa which are transmitted by infected sandflies and in the host they mainly infect macrophages. Immunity elicited against those parasites is complex and immune checkpoints play a key role regulating its function. T cell receptors and their respective ligands, such as PD-1, CTLA-4, CD200, CD40, OX40, HVEM, LIGHT, 2B4 and TIM-3 have been characterized for their role in regulating adaptive immunity against different pathogens. However, the exact role those receptors perform during Leishmania infections remains to be better determined. This article addresses the key role immune checkpoints play during Leishmania infections, the limiting factors and translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esther von Stebut
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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22
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Shermeh AS, Zahedifard F, Habibzadeh S, Taheri T, Rafati S, Seyed N. Evaluation of protection induced by in vitro maturated BMDCs presenting CD8 + T cell stimulating peptides after a heterologous vaccination regimen in BALB/c model against Leishmania major. Exp Parasitol 2021; 223:108082. [PMID: 33581108 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex vector-borne disease mediated by Leishmania parasite and a strong and long-lasting CD4+ Th1 and CD8+-T cell immunity is required to control the infection. Thus far multivalent subunit vaccines have met this requirement more promisingly. However several full protein sequences cannot be easily arranged in one construct. Instead, new emerging immune-informatics based epitope formulations surpass this restriction. Herein, we aimed to examine the protective potential of a dendritic cell based vaccine presenting epitopes to CD8+ and CD4+-T cells in combination with DNA vaccine encoding the same epitopes against murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. Immature DCs were loaded with epitopes (selected from parasite proteome) in vitro with or without CpG oligonucleotides and were used to immunize BALB/c mice. Peptide coding DNA was used to boost the system and immunological responses were evaluated after Leishmania (L.) major infectious challenge. The pre-challenge response to included epitopes was Th1 polarized which potentially lowered the infection at early time points post-challenge but not at later weeks. Collectively, DC prime-DNA boost was found to be a promising approach for Th1 polarization however the constituent epitopes undoubtedly make a significant contribution in the protection outcome of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Sadeghi Shermeh
- Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Zahedifard
- Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Habibzadeh
- Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Taheri
- Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Rafati
- Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Seyed
- Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Graham AL. Naturalizing mouse models for immunology. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:111-117. [PMID: 33495644 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-00857-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory mice have provided invaluable insight into mammalian immune systems. Yet the immune phenotypes of mice bred and maintained in conventional laboratory conditions often differ from the immune phenotypes of wild mammals. Recent work to naturalize the environmental experience of inbred laboratory mice-to take them where the wild things are (to borrow a phrase from Maurice Sendak), via approaches such as construction of exposure histories, provision of fecal transplants or surrogate mothering by wild mice, and rewilding-is poised to expand understanding, complementing genetic and phylogenetic research on how natural selection has shaped mammalian immune systems while improving the translational potential of mouse research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Graham
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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24
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Understanding the immune responses involved in mediating protection or immunopathology during leishmaniasis. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:297-311. [PMID: 33449103 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) transmitted by the sand fly and is a major public health problem worldwide. Infections caused by Leishmania clinically manifest as a wide range of diseases, such as cutaneous (CL), diffuse cutaneous (DCL), mucosal (MCL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The host innate and adaptative immune responses play critical roles in the defense against leishmaniasis. However, Leishmania parasites also manipulate the host immune response for their survival and replication. In addition, other factors such as sand fly salivary proteins and microbiota also promote disease susceptibility and parasite spread by modulating local immune response. Thus, a complex interplay between parasite, sand fly and the host immunity governs disease severity and outcome. In this review, we discuss the host immune response during Leishmania infection and highlight the factors associated with resistance or susceptibility.
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Khouili SC, Cook ECL, Hernández-García E, Martínez-López M, Conde-Garrosa R, Iborra S. SHP-1 Regulates Antigen Cross-Presentation and Is Exploited by Leishmania to Evade Immunity. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108468. [PMID: 33264612 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens have evolved strategies to evade detection by cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTLs). Here, we ask whether Leishmania parasites trigger the SHP-1-FcRγ chain inhibitory axis to dampen antigen cross-presentation in dendritic cells expressing the C-type lectin receptor Mincle. We find increased cross-priming of CTLs in Leishmania-infected mice deficient for Mincle or with a selective loss of SHP-1 in CD11c+ cells. The latter also shows improved cross-presentation of cell-associated viral antigens. CTL activation in vitro reveals increased MHC class I-peptide complex expression in Mincle- or SHP-1-deficient CD11c+ cells. Neuraminidase treatment also boosts cross-presentation, suggesting that Leishmania triggers SHP-1-associated sialic-acid-binding receptors. Mechanistically, enhanced antigen processing correlates with reduced endosomal acidification in the absence of SHP-1. Finally, we demonstrate that SHP-1 inhibition improves CD11c+ cell-based vaccination against the parasite. Thus, SHP-1-mediated impairment of cross-presentation can be exploited by pathogens to evade CTLs, and SHP-1 inhibition improves CTL responses during vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía C Khouili
- Immunobiology Lab, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma C L Cook
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Hernández-García
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Martínez-López
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Brasília, 1400-038 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ruth Conde-Garrosa
- Immunobiology Lab, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Iborra
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Cytokine saga in visceral leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2020; 147:155322. [PMID: 33127259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In humans, infection with Leishmania manifests into a spectrum of diseases. The manifestation of the diseases depend on the resultant evasion of the parasite to immune responses namely by macrophages, which is an exclusive host of Leishmania. The B cells valiantly mount antibody responses, however, to no avail as the Leishmania parasites occupy the intracellular niches of the macrophages and subvert the immune response. Extensive studies have been documented on the role of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in protection and counter survival strategies of the parasites leading to downregulation of CMI. The present review attempts to discuss the cytokines in progression or resolution of visceral form of leishmaniasis or kala-azar, predominantly affecting the Indian subcontinent. The components/cytokine(s) responsible for the regulation of the critical balance of T helper cells and their subsets have been discussed in the perspective. Therefore, any strategy involving the treatment of visceral leishmania (VL) needs to consider the balance and regulation of T cell function.
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27
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Poudel B, Yorek MS, Mazgaeen L, Brown SA, Kanneganti TD, Gurung P. Acute IL-4 Governs Pathogenic T Cell Responses during Leishmania major Infection. Immunohorizons 2020; 4:546-560. [PMID: 32948646 PMCID: PMC7640617 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. infection is a global health problem affecting more than 2 million people every year with 300 million at risk worldwide. It is well established that a dominant Th1 response (IFN-γ, a hallmark Th1 cytokine) provides resistance, whereas a dominant Th2 response (IL-4, a hallmark Th2 cytokine) confers susceptibility during infection. Given the important role of IL-4 during L. major infection, we used IL-4-neutralizing Abs to investigate the cellular and molecular events regulated by IL-4 signaling. As previously published, neutralization of IL-4 in L. major-infected BALB/c mice (a Leishmania susceptible strain) provided protection when compared with control L. major-infected BALB/c mice. Despite this protection, IFN-γ production by T cells was dramatically reduced. Temporal neutralization of IL-4 revealed that acute IL-4 produced within the first days of infection is critical for not only programming IL-4-producing Th2 CD4+ T cells, but for promoting IFN-γ produced by CD8+ T cells. Mechanistically, IL-4 signaling enhances anti-CD3-induced Tbet and IFN-γ expression in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Given the pathogenic role of IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells, our data suggest that IL-4 promotes cutaneous leishmaniasis pathology by not only promoting Th2 immune responses but also pathogenic CD8+ T cell responses. Our studies open new research grounds to investigate the unsuspected role of IL-4 in regulating both Th1 and Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barun Poudel
- Iowa Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Matthew S Yorek
- Iowa Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Lalita Mazgaeen
- Iowa Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Scott A Brown
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | | | - Prajwal Gurung
- Iowa Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and.,Center for Immunology and Immune Based Disease, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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28
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Herrera L, Llanes A, Álvarez J, Degracia K, Restrepo CM, Rivera R, Stephens DE, Dang HT, Larionov OV, Lleonart R, Fernández PL. Antileishmanial activity of a new chloroquine analog in an animal model of Leishmania panamensis infection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2020; 14:56-61. [PMID: 32950020 PMCID: PMC7502791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania panamensis is a relevant causative agent of tegumentary leishmaniasis in several Latin American countries. Available antileishmanial drugs have several limitations including relatively high toxicity, difficult administration, high production costs and the emergence of resistance in circulating strains. Therefore, the identification of new molecules as potential therapeutics for leishmaniasis is of great relevance. Here, we developed a murine model of L. panamensis infection and evaluated the effect of a new compound in vivo. After treatment of animals with the compound, we observed a significant reduction of inflammation and parasite load at the inoculation site, in a dose-dependent manner. We observed a reduction in IL-10 production by popliteal lymph nodes cells of infected mice. These results pave the way for future evaluation of this compound as a potential antileishmanial drug or as a suitable scaffold for lead optimization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizzi Herrera
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Edificio 208, Ciudad del Saber, Apartado 0843-01103, Panama, 0801, Panama; Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522510, India
| | - Alejandro Llanes
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Edificio 208, Ciudad del Saber, Apartado 0843-01103, Panama, 0801, Panama; Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522510, India
| | - Jennifer Álvarez
- Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad de Panamá. Panama, 0801, Panama
| | - Kissy Degracia
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Dr. William C. Gorgas, Universidad Latina de Panama, 0801, Panama
| | - Carlos M Restrepo
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Edificio 208, Ciudad del Saber, Apartado 0843-01103, Panama, 0801, Panama
| | - Rene Rivera
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Edificio 208, Ciudad del Saber, Apartado 0843-01103, Panama, 0801, Panama
| | - David E Stephens
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, United States
| | - Hang T Dang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, United States
| | - Oleg V Larionov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, United States
| | - Ricardo Lleonart
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Edificio 208, Ciudad del Saber, Apartado 0843-01103, Panama, 0801, Panama
| | - Patricia L Fernández
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Edificio 208, Ciudad del Saber, Apartado 0843-01103, Panama, 0801, Panama.
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29
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Ikeogu NM, Akaluka GN, Edechi CA, Salako ES, Onyilagha C, Barazandeh AF, Uzonna JE. Leishmania Immunity: Advancing Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1201. [PMID: 32784615 PMCID: PMC7465679 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases still constitute a major global health problem affecting billions of people around the world. These diseases are capable of becoming chronic and result in high morbidity and mortality. Worldwide, millions of people die each year from parasitic diseases, with the bulk of those deaths resulting from parasitic protozoan infections. Leishmaniasis, which is a disease caused by over 20 species of the protozoan parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania, is an important neglected disease. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 12 million people are currently infected in about 98 countries and about 2 million new cases occur yearly, resulting in about 50,000 deaths each year. Current treatment methods for leishmaniasis are not very effective and often have significant side effects. In this review, we discussed host immunity to leishmaniasis, various treatment options currently being utilized, and the progress of both immunotherapy and vaccine development strategies used so far in leishmaniasis. We concluded with insights into what the future holds toward the fight against this debilitating parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nnamdi M. Ikeogu
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (G.N.A.); (E.S.S.); (C.O.); (A.F.B.)
| | - Gloria N. Akaluka
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (G.N.A.); (E.S.S.); (C.O.); (A.F.B.)
| | - Chidalu A. Edechi
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada;
| | - Enitan S. Salako
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (G.N.A.); (E.S.S.); (C.O.); (A.F.B.)
| | - Chukwunonso Onyilagha
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (G.N.A.); (E.S.S.); (C.O.); (A.F.B.)
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Aida F. Barazandeh
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (G.N.A.); (E.S.S.); (C.O.); (A.F.B.)
| | - Jude E. Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (G.N.A.); (E.S.S.); (C.O.); (A.F.B.)
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30
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Lecoeur H, Rosazza T, Kokou K, Varet H, Coppée JY, Lari A, Commère PH, Weil R, Meng G, Milon G, Späth GF, Prina E. Leishmania amazonensis Subverts the Transcription Factor Landscape in Dendritic Cells to Avoid Inflammasome Activation and Stall Maturation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1098. [PMID: 32582184 PMCID: PMC7295916 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites are the causative agents of human leishmaniases. They infect professional phagocytes of their mammalian hosts, including dendritic cells (DCs) that are essential for the initiation of adaptive immune responses. These immune functions strictly depend on the DC's capacity to differentiate from immature, antigen-capturing cells to mature, antigen-presenting cells—a process accompanied by profound changes in cellular phenotype and expression profile. Only little is known on how intracellular Leishmania affects this important process and DC transcriptional regulation. Here, we investigate these important open questions analyzing phenotypic, cytokine profile and transcriptomic changes in murine, immature bone marrow-derived DCs (iBMDCs) infected with antibody-opsonized and non-opsonized Leishmania amazonensis (L.am) amastigotes. DCs infected by non-opsonized amastigotes remained phenotypically immature whereas those infected by opsonized parasites displayed a semi-mature phenotype. The low frequency of infected DCs in culture led us to use DsRed2-transgenic parasites allowing for the enrichment of infected BMDCs by FACS. Sorted infected DCs were then subjected to transcriptomic analyses using Affymetrix GeneChip technology. Independent of parasite opsonization, Leishmania infection induced expression of genes related to key DC processes involved in MHC Class I-restricted antigen presentation and alternative NF-κB activation. DCs infected by non-opsonized parasites maintained an immature phenotype and showed a small but significant down-regulation of gene expression related to pro-inflammatory TLR signaling, the canonical NF-kB pathway and the NLRP3 inflammasome. This transcriptomic profile was further enhanced in DCs infected with opsonized parasites that displayed a semi-mature phenotype despite absence of inflammasome activation. This paradoxical DC phenotype represents a Leishmania-specific signature, which to our knowledge has not been observed with other opsonized infectious agents. In conclusion, systems-analyses of our transcriptomics data uncovered important and previously unappreciated changes in the DC transcription factor landscape, thus revealing a novel Leishmania immune subversion strategy directly acting on transcriptional control of gene expression. Our data raise important questions on the dynamic and reciprocal interplay between trans-acting and epigenetic regulators in establishing permissive conditions for intracellular Leishmania infection and polarization of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Lecoeur
- Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Département des Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs, Paris, France.,Pasteur Institute of Shanghai, Innate Immunity Unit, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Pasteur International Unit "Inflammation and Leishmania Infection", Paris, France
| | - Thibault Rosazza
- Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Département des Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs, Paris, France.,Pasteur International Unit "Inflammation and Leishmania Infection", Paris, France
| | - Kossiwa Kokou
- Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Département des Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs, Paris, France.,Pasteur Institute of Shanghai, Innate Immunity Unit, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Pasteur International Unit "Inflammation and Leishmania Infection", Paris, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - Département Biologie Computationnelle, Institut Pasteur, USR 3756 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Coppée
- Institut Pasteur - Transcriptome and Epigenome Platform - Biomics Pole - C2RT, Paris, France
| | - Arezou Lari
- Systems Biomedicine Unit, Institut Pasteur of Iran, Teheran, Iran
| | | | - Robert Weil
- Sorbonne Universités, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm, UMR1135), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, ERL8255), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses CIMI, Paris, France
| | - Guangxun Meng
- Pasteur Institute of Shanghai, Innate Immunity Unit, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Pasteur International Unit "Inflammation and Leishmania Infection", Paris, France
| | - Genevieve Milon
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Département des Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs, Paris, France
| | - Gerald F Späth
- Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Département des Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs, Paris, France.,Pasteur International Unit "Inflammation and Leishmania Infection", Paris, France
| | - Eric Prina
- Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Département des Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs, Paris, France.,Pasteur International Unit "Inflammation and Leishmania Infection", Paris, France
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31
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Caner A, Sadıqova A, Erdoğan A, Namlıses D, Nalbantsoy A, Oltulu F, Toz S, Yiğittürk G, Ozkök E, Gunduz C, Ozbel Y, Haydaroğlu A. Targeting of antitumor ımmune responses with live-attenuated Leishmania strains in breast cancer model. Breast Cancer 2020; 27:1082-1095. [PMID: 32472473 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-020-01112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide and most of the therapeutic approaches are relatively ineffective in eliminating cancer especially due to drug resistance. As an alternative, therapy with live microorganisms can induce a robust proinflammatory and anti-cancer immune response in the microenvironment of the tumor. In the present study, we aimed to establish a model for taking the advantages of immune responses against intracellular protozoan parasites for cancer treatment. METHODS Leishmania infantum and L. tropica were used in our study as agents of visceral and cutaneous forms of the infection, respectively. After establishing 4T1 breast cancer in mice groups, live-attenuated L. infantum (At-Li) and live-attenuated L. tropica (At-Lt) treatments were performed and results were evaluated according to tumor volume, immune markers and histological examination. RESULTS Live-attenuated Leishmania strains regressed 4T1-breast cancer in mice and are nonpathogenic, and these strains induce an immune response against 4T1 breast cancer. It is shown that At-Lt is found to be more effective than At-Li in breast cancer treatment using different methods included in the study as analyses of immune parameters, and histopathological examination in tumor tissue besides spleen cells. The tumor grew more slowly by the immune-stimulant effect of live-attenuated Leishmania parasites. CONCLUSION This promising therapy should be investigated for optimization in further studies with different cancer types and L. tropica may be designed to express antigens to enhance tumor antigen-specific responses, which may further improve efficacy and immune memory development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Caner
- Departments of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Basic Oncology, Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey. .,Department of Parasitology, Ege University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Aygül Sadıqova
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Alper Erdoğan
- Department of Basic Oncology, Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Dünya Namlıses
- Department of Basic Oncology, Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayse Nalbantsoy
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatih Oltulu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Seray Toz
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gürkan Yiğittürk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Emel Ozkök
- Department of Pathology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cumhur Gunduz
- Department of Medical Biology, Ege University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Ozbel
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayfer Haydaroğlu
- Department of Basic Oncology, Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
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32
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Batista ICA, Quinan BR, Rocha Alves ÉA, Jangola STG, Oliveira ES, Colombarolli SG, Ferreira JGG, Rocha ESDO, Kroon EG, de Assis RR, de Oliveira JG, Fiuza JA, Calzavara-Silva CE. Design and production of dengue virus chimeric proteins useful for developing tetravalent vaccines. Vaccine 2020; 38:2005-2015. [PMID: 31982262 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a Flavivirus estimated to cause 390 million infections/year. Currently, there is no anti-viral specific treatment for dengue, and efficient DENV vector control is still unfeasible. Here, we designed and produced chimeric proteins containing potential immunogenic epitopes from the four DENV serotypes in an attempt to further compose safer, balanced tetravalent dengue vaccines. For this, South American DENV isolate sequences were downloaded from the NCBI/Virus Variation/Dengue virus databases and intraserotype-aligned to generate four consensuses. Four homologous DENV sequences were retrieved using BLAST and then interserotype-aligned. In parallel, sequences were subjected to linear B epitope prediction analysis. Regions of the envelope and NS1 proteins that are highly homologous among the four DENV serotypes, non-conserved antigenic regions and the most antigenic epitopes found in the C, prM, E and NS1 DENV proteins were used to construct 11 chimeric peptides. Genes encoding the chimeric proteins were commercially synthesized, and proteins were expressed, purified by affinity chromatography and further subjected to ELISA assays using sera from individuals infected with DENVs 1, 2, 3 or 4. As a proof-of-concept, the chimeric EnvEpII protein was selected to immunize BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice strains. The immunization with EnvEpII protein associated with aluminum induced an increased number of T CD4+ and CD8+ cells, high production of IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies, and increased levels of IL-2 and IL-17 cytokines, in both mouse strains. Because the EnvEpII protein associated with aluminum induced an efficient cellular response by stimulating the production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-17 and induced a robust humoral response in mice, we conclude that it resembles an efficient specific response against DENV infection. Although further experiments are required, our results indicate that epitope selection by bioinformatic tools is efficient to create recombinant proteins that can be used as candidates for the development of vaccines against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Cristina Andrade Batista
- Grupo de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, IRR, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Bárbara Resende Quinan
- Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 110 Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil.
| | - Érica Alessandra Rocha Alves
- Grupo de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, IRR, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Soraya Torres Gaze Jangola
- Grupo de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, IRR, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Eneida Santos Oliveira
- Grupo de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, IRR, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Stella Garcia Colombarolli
- Grupo de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, IRR, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Gomes Goulart Ferreira
- Grupo de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, IRR, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, ICB, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Ramiro de Assis
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology, University of California Irvine, USA.
| | - Jaquelline Germano de Oliveira
- Grupo de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, IRR, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Jacqueline Araújo Fiuza
- Grupo de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, IRR, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Eduardo Calzavara-Silva
- Grupo de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, IRR, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Bordbar A, Bagheri KP, Ebrahimi S, Parvizi P. Bioinformatics analyses of immunogenic T-cell epitopes of LeIF and PpSP15 proteins from Leishmania major and sand fly saliva used as model antigens for the design of a multi-epitope vaccine to control leishmaniasis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104189. [PMID: 31931259 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites belonging to 20 Leishmania species. This infectious disease is transmitted by bites of infected phlebotomine sandflies, and is widespread in 97 countries throughout the world. No preventive or effective vaccine has been developed yet. In this study, diverse computational methods were integrated to calculate evolutionary divergence, immunogenicity, IFN-γ production, epitope conservancy, and population coverage of protein fusion models of LeIF-SP15 namely SaLeish. Immunogenicity of LeIF of Leishmania species and SP15 of sandfly saliva has not been investigated in-silico in fusion form. A complete set of 9-mer MHC class I and 15-mer MHC class II peptides were identified with a high affinity for the antigenic epitopes of SaLeish inducing specific responses of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells from BALB/c and human. Our preferred approach was determining truncated fragment of SaLeish rather than a whole length bearing the capacity to trigger specific immune response. Phylogenetic analysis showed that LeIF protein is under balancing selection and is conserved between different Leishmania species. Selected SaLeish model contained 19 and 35 antigenic peptides for MHC class I and II, respectively, with strong binding affinity to both highly frequent HLA-I and HLA-II alleles. Analysis of class I CTL epitopes showed that promiscuous peptides of KSLKADIRK, MSCIPHCKY, LQAGVIVAV, and YQYYGFVAM have greater affinity to interact with HLA-A*01:01, HLA-A*02 (03, 06), HLA-A*30:02, HLA-B*40:01, and HLA-B*52:01 molecules. Population coverage with a range of 78-85% confirmed SaLeish-Model4 as an appropriate vaccine candidate among Persian, South Asia, Europe, and North America population. Also, predicted antigenic epitopes of AKPEIRTFSNVLIKY, TRVQDDLRKLQAGVI, and VALFSATMPEEVLEL corresponding to MHC class II were found to provide strong ability to produce IFNγ toward TH(1)-biased-DTH responses. Findings of the current investigation warrant the future experimental assessment of promising SaLeish prophylaxis vaccine that is capable to enhance both innate and specific cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bordbar
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kamran Pooshang Bagheri
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab., Biotechnology Dept., Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Ebrahimi
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Parvizi
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Singh B, Bhushan Chauhan S, Kumar R, Singh SS, Ng S, Amante F, de Labastida Rivera F, Singh OP, Rai M, Nylen S, Sundar S, Engwerda C. A molecular signature for CD8 + T cells from visceral leishmaniasis patients. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12669. [PMID: 31494954 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T-cell function is compromised in chronic diseases such as visceral leishmaniasis (VL). However, little is known about the changes in gene expression that cause CD8+ T-cell dysfunction during VL. We used targeted transcriptional profiling of peripheral blood CD8+ T cells from VL patients pre- and post-anti-parasitic drug treatment, and compared them with the same cell population from healthy endemic controls to assess their activation, differentiation and functional status during disease. We found a predominance of downregulated immune genes in CD8+ T cells from VL patients. However, genes encoding several notable immune checkpoint molecules, including LAG-3, TIM-3 and CTLA-4, cytolytic molecules, such as granzymes A, B and H and perforin, as well as SOCS3, STAT1, JAK2 and JAK3 cytokine signalling genes were found to be increasingly expressed by VL patient CD8+ T cells. Additional studies confirmed increased expression of the inhibitory receptors LAG3 and TIM3 on VL patient CD8+ T cells, thereby identifying these molecules as potential targets to improve antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Chauhan
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Siddharth Sankar Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Susanna Ng
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fiona Amante
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Om Prakash Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Madhukar Rai
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Christian Engwerda
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Antonia AL, Gibbs KD, Trahair ED, Pittman KJ, Martin AT, Schott BH, Smith JS, Rajagopal S, Thompson JW, Reinhardt RL, Ko DC. Pathogen Evasion of Chemokine Response Through Suppression of CXCL10. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:280. [PMID: 31440475 PMCID: PMC6693555 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Clearance of intracellular pathogens, such as Leishmania (L.) major, depends on an immune response with well-regulated cytokine signaling. Here we describe a pathogen-mediated mechanism of evading CXCL10, a chemokine with diverse antimicrobial functions, including T cell recruitment. Infection with L. major in a human monocyte cell line induced robust CXCL10 transcription without increasing extracellular CXCL10 protein concentrations. We found that this transcriptionally independent suppression of CXCL10 is mediated by the virulence factor and protease, glycoprotein-63 (gp63). Specifically, GP63 cleaves CXCL10 after amino acid A81 at the base of a C-terminal alpha-helix. Cytokine cleavage by GP63 demonstrated specificity, as GP63 cleaved CXCL10 and its homologs, which all bind the CXCR3 receptor, but not distantly related chemokines, such as CXCL8 and CCL22. Further characterization demonstrated that CXCL10 cleavage activity by GP63 was produced by both extracellular promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. Crucially, CXCL10 cleavage impaired T cell chemotaxis in vitro, indicating that cleaved CXCL10 cannot signal through CXCR3. Ultimately, we propose CXCL10 suppression is a convergent mechanism of immune evasion, as Salmonella enterica and Chlamydia trachomatis also suppress CXCL10. This commonality suggests that counteracting CXCL10 suppression may provide a generalizable therapeutic strategy against intracellular pathogens. Importance Leishmaniasis, an infectious disease that annually affects over one million people, is caused by intracellular parasites that have evolved to evade the host's attempts to eliminate the parasite. Cutaneous leishmaniasis results in disfiguring skin lesions if the host immune system does not appropriately respond to infection. A family of molecules called chemokines coordinate recruitment of the immune cells required to eliminate infection. Here, we demonstrate a novel mechanism that Leishmania (L.) spp. employ to suppress host chemokines: a Leishmania-encoded protease cleaves chemokines known to recruit T cells that fight off infection. We observe that other common human intracellular pathogens, including Chlamydia trachomatis and Salmonella enterica, reduce levels of the same chemokines, suggesting a strong selective pressure to avoid this component of the immune response. Our study provides new insights into how intracellular pathogens interact with the host immune response to enhance pathogen survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro L. Antonia
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kyle D. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Esme D. Trahair
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kelly J. Pittman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Amelia T. Martin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Benjamin H. Schott
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - J. Will Thompson
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Richard Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Dennis C. Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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36
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Demars A, Lison A, Machelart A, Van Vyve M, Potemberg G, Vanderwinden JM, De Bolle X, Letesson JJ, Muraille E. Route of Infection Strongly Impacts the Host-Pathogen Relationship. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1589. [PMID: 31354728 PMCID: PMC6637429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated vaccines play a key role in the control of many human and animal pathogens. Their rational development is usually helped by identification of the reservoir of infection, the lymphoid subpopulations associated with protective immunity as well as the virulence genes involved in pathogen persistence. Here, we compared the course of Brucella melitensis infection in C57BL/6 mice infected via intraperitoneal (i.p.), intranasal (i.n.) and intradermal (i.d.) route and demonstrated that the route of infection strongly impacts all of these parameters. Following i.p. and i.n. infection, most infected cells observed in the spleen or lung were F4/80+ myeloid cells. In striking contrast, infected Ly6G+ neutrophils and CD140a+ fibroblasts were also observed in the skin after i.d. infection. The virB operon encoding for the type IV secretion system is considered essential to deflecting vacuolar trafficking in phagocytic cells and allows Brucella to multiply and persist. Unexpectedly, the ΔvirB Brucella strain, which does not persist in the lung after i.n. infection, persists longer in skin tissues than the wild strain after i.d. infection. While the CD4+ T cell-mediated Th1 response is indispensable to controlling the Brucella challenge in the i.p. model, it is dispensable for the control of Brucella in the i.d. and i.n. models. Similarly, B cells are indispensable in the i.p. and i.d. models but dispensable in the i.n. model. γδ+ T cells appear able to compensate for the absence of αβ+ T cells in the i.d. model but not in the other models. Taken together, our results demonstrate the crucial importance of the route of infection for the host pathogen relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Demars
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, NARILIS, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Aurore Lison
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, NARILIS, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Machelart
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, NARILIS, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Margaux Van Vyve
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, NARILIS, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Georges Potemberg
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, NARILIS, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Xavier De Bolle
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, NARILIS, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Jean-Jacques Letesson
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, NARILIS, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Eric Muraille
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, NARILIS, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
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37
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Akya A, Farasat A, Ghadiri K, Rostamian M. Identification of HLA-I restricted epitopes in six vaccine candidates of Leishmania tropica using immunoinformatics and molecular dynamics simulation approaches. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:103953. [PMID: 31284043 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In spite of numerous studies on vaccination for various species of Leishmania, research on the development of an effective vaccine for L. tropica is very scarce. In silico epitope prediction is a new way to survey the best vaccine candidates. Here, we predicted the best epitopes of six L. tropica antigens with vaccine capability against this pathogen, using highly frequent HLA-I alleles. Based on the frequent HLA alleles, the protein sequences were screened individually using four different MHC prediction applications, namely SYFPEITHI, ProPredI, BIMAS, and IEDB. Several in silico assays including clustering, human similarity exclusion, epitope conservancy prediction, investigating in experimental records, immunogenicity prediction, and prediction of population coverage were performed to narrow the results and to find the best epitopes. The selected epitopes and their restricted HLA-I alleles were docked and the final epitopes with the lowest binding energy (the highest binding affinity) were chosen. Finally, the stability and the binding properties of the best epitope-HLA-I combinations were analyzed using molecular dynamics simulation studies. We found ten potential peptides with strong binding affinity to highly frequent HLA-I alleles that can be further evaluated as vaccine targets against L. tropica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Akya
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Farasat
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Keyghobad Ghadiri
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mosayeb Rostamian
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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38
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Sadlova J, Vojtkova B, Hrncirova K, Lestinova T, Spitzova T, Becvar T, Votypka J, Bates P, Volf P. Host competence of African rodents Arvicanthis neumanni, A. niloticus and Mastomys natalensis for Leishmania major. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2019; 8:118-126. [PMID: 30740304 PMCID: PMC6356118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major is a typical zoonosis circulating in rodents. In Sub-Saharan Africa the reservoirs remain to be identified, although L. major has been detected in several rodent species including members of the genera Arvicanthis and Mastomys. However, differentiation of true reservoir hosts from incidental hosts requires in-depth studies both in the field and in the laboratory, with the best method for testing the infectiousness of hosts to biting vectors being xenodiagnosis. Here we studied experimental infections of three L. major strains in Arvicanthis neumanni, A. niloticus and Mastomys natalensis; the infections were initiated either with sand fly-derived or with culture-derived Leishmania promastigotes. Inoculated rodents were monitored for several months and tested by xenodiagnoses for their infectiousness to Phlebotomus duboscqi, the natural vector of L. major in Sub-Saharan Africa. The distribution and load of parasites were determined post mortem using qPCR from the blood, skin and viscera samples. The attractiveness of Arvicanthis and Mastomys to P. duboscqi was tested by pair-wise comparisons. Three L. major strains used significantly differed in infectivity: the Middle Eastern strain infected a low proportion of rodents, while two Sub-Saharan isolates (LV109, LV110) infected a high percentage of animals and LV110 also produced higher parasite loads in all host species. All three rodent species maintained parasites of the LV109 strain for 20-25 weeks and were able to infect P. duboscqi without apparent health complications: infected animals showed only temporary swellings or changes of pigmentation at the site of inoculation. However, the higher infection rates, more generalized distribution of parasites and longer infectiousness period to sand flies in M. natalensis suggest that this species plays the more important reservoir role in the life cycle of L. major in Sub-Saharan Africa. Arvicanthis species may serve as potential reservoirs in seasons/periods of low abundance of Mastomys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Sadlova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Vojtkova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Hrncirova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Lestinova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tatiana Spitzova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Becvar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Votypka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Paul Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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39
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Tibúrcio R, Nunes S, Nunes I, Rosa Ampuero M, Silva IB, Lima R, Machado Tavares N, Brodskyn C. Molecular Aspects of Dendritic Cell Activation in Leishmaniasis: An Immunobiological View. Front Immunol 2019; 10:227. [PMID: 30873156 PMCID: PMC6401646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are a diverse group of leukocytes responsible for bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Despite their functional versatility, DCs exist primarily in two basic functional states: immature and mature. A large body of evidence suggests that upon interactions with pathogens, DCs undergo intricate cellular processes that culminate in their activation, which is paramount to the orchestration of effective immune responses against Leishmania parasites. Herein we offer a concise review of the emerging hallmarks of DCs activation in leishmaniasis as well as a comprehensive discussion of the following underlying molecular events: DC-Leishmania interaction, antigen uptake, costimulatory molecule expression, parasite ability to affect DC migration, antigen presentation, metabolic reprogramming, and epigenetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Tibúrcio
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Sara Nunes
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ivanéia Nunes
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rosa Ampuero
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Icaro Bonyek Silva
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Reinan Lima
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Natalia Machado Tavares
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) iii Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Brodskyn
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) iii Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
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40
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Boussoffara T, Chelif S, Ben Ahmed M, Mokni M, Ben Salah A, Dellagi K, Louzir H. Immunity Against Leishmania major Infection: Parasite-Specific Granzyme B Induction as a Correlate of Protection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:397. [PMID: 30483482 PMCID: PMC6243638 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) caused by Leishmania (L.) major infection is characterized by different clinical presentations which depend in part on the host factors. In attempt to investigate the impact of the host's immune response in the outcome of the disease, we conducted a prospective study of 453 individuals living in endemic foci of L. major transmission in Central Tunisia. Several factors were assessed at the baseline including (i) the presence of typical scars of ZCL, (ii) in vivo hypersensitivity reaction to leishmanin, and (iii) the in vitro release of granzyme B (Grz B) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in response to stimulation with live L. major promastigotes. After one season of parasite's transmission, repeated clinical examinations allowed us to diagnose the new emerging ZCL cases. Heterogeneity was observed in terms of number of lesions developed by each individual as well as their size and spontaneous outcome, which led us to establish the parameter “severity of the disease.” The efficacy of the presence of typical ZCL scar, the leishmanin skin test (LST) positive reactivity and the high levels of Grz B (≥2 ng/ml), in the protection against the development of ZCL were 29, 15, and 22%, respectively. However, these factors were more efficient against development of intermediate or severe forms of ZCL. Levels of Grz B >2 ng/ml showed the best efficacy of protection (equals to 72.8%) against development of these forms of ZCL. The association of such parameter with the positivity of the LST exhibited a better efficacy (equals to 83.6%). In conclusion, our results support the involvement of Leishmania-specific cytotoxic cellular immune response in host protection against Leishmania-infection. This factor could be of great interest in monitoring the success of vaccination against human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thouraya Boussoffara
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sadok Chelif
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Melika Ben Ahmed
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mourad Mokni
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital La Rabta, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Afif Ben Salah
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Koussay Dellagi
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hechmi Louzir
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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41
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Ribeiro PA, Dias DS, Novais MV, Lage DP, Tavares GS, Mendonça DV, Oliveira JS, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Roatt BM, Duarte MC, Menezes-Souza D, Ludolf F, Tavares CA, Oliveira MC, Coelho EA. A Leishmania hypothetical protein-containing liposome-based formulation is highly immunogenic and induces protection against visceral leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2018; 111:131-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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42
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Dikhit MR, Das S, Mahantesh V, Kumar A, Singh AK, Dehury B, Rout AK, Ali V, Sahoo GC, Topno RK, Pandey K, Das VNR, Bimal S, Das P. The potential HLA Class I-restricted epitopes derived from LeIF and TSA of Leishmania donovani evoke anti-leishmania CD8+ T lymphocyte response. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14175. [PMID: 30242172 PMCID: PMC6154976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore new protective measure against visceral leishmaniasis, reverse vaccinology approach was employed to identify key immunogenic regions which can mediate long-term immunity. In-depth computational analysis revealed nine promiscuous epitopes which can possibly be presented by 46 human leukocyte antigen, thereby broadening the worldwide population up to 94.16%. This is of reasonable significance that most of the epitopes shared 100% sequence homology with other Leishmania species and could evoke a common pattern of protective immune response. Transporter associated with antigen processing binding affinity, molecular docking approach followed by dynamics simulation and human leukocyte antigen stabilization assay suggested that the best five optimal set of epitopes bind in between α1 and α2 binding groove with sufficient affinity and stability which allows the translocation of intact epitope to the cell surface. Fascinatingly, the human leukocyte antigen stabilization assay exhibited a modest correlation with the positive immunogenicity score predicted by class I pMHC immunogenicity predictor. A support for this notion came from ELISA and FACS analysis where the epitopes as a cocktail induced CD8+ IFN-γ and Granzyme B levels significantly in treated visceral leishmaniasis subject which suggests the immunogenic ability of the selected epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Ranjan Dikhit
- BioMedical Informatics Division, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India.,Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Sushmita Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, 801507, Bihar, India
| | - Vijaya Mahantesh
- Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Singh
- Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- BioMedical Informatics Centre, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Ajaya Kumar Rout
- Biotechnology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Vahab Ali
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Ganesh Chandra Sahoo
- BioMedical Informatics Division, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Roshan Kamal Topno
- Department of Epidemiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - V N R Das
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Sanjiva Bimal
- Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India.
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Agallou M, Pantazi E, Tsiftsaki E, Toubanaki DK, Gaitanaki C, Smirlis D, Karagouni E. Induction of protective cellular immune responses against experimental visceral leishmaniasis mediated by dendritic cells pulsed with the N-terminal domain of Leishmania infantum elongation factor-2 and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. Mol Immunol 2018; 103:7-20. [PMID: 30173073 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania elongation factor 2 (EF-2) has been previously identified as a TH1-stimulatory protein. In this study, we assayed the protective potential of the N-terminal domain of EF-2 (N-LiEF-2, 1-357 aa) that has been predicted to contain several overlapping MHC class I and II-restricted epitopes injected in the form of dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccine. Ex vivo pulsing of DCs with the recombinant N-LiEF-2 domain along with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) resulted in their functional differentiation. BALB/c vaccinated with CpG-triggered DCs pulsed with N-LiEF-2 were found to be the most immune-reactive in terms of induction of DTH responses, increased T cell proliferation and IL-2 production. Moreover, vaccination induced antigen-specific TH1 type immune response as evidenced by increased IFN-γ and TNFα levels followed by a significant increase of nitrite (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in splenocyte cultures. Vaccinated mice showed a pronounced decrease in parasite load in spleen and liver when challenged with L. infantum, increased expression of Stat1 and Tbx21 mRNA transcripts versus reduced expression of Foxp3 transcripts and were able to produce significantly elevated levels of IL-2, IFN-γ and TNFα but not IL-10 compared to non-vaccinated mice. Both antigen and parasite-specific CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells contributed to the IFN-γ production indicating that both subtypes contribute to the resistance to infection and correlated with robust nitrite generation, critical in controlling Leishmania infection. Together, these findings demonstrated the immunogenic as well as protective potential of the N-terminal domain of Leishmania EF-2 when given with CpG-triggered DCs representing a basis for the development of rationalized vaccine against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Agallou
- Laboratory of Parasite Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Pantazi
- Laboratory of Parasite Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 115 21 Athens, Greece; Department of Animal and Human Physiology, School of Biology, University of Athens, University Campus, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Elisavet Tsiftsaki
- Laboratory of Parasite Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 115 21 Athens, Greece; Department of Animal and Human Physiology, School of Biology, University of Athens, University Campus, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra K Toubanaki
- Laboratory of Parasite Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - Catherine Gaitanaki
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, School of Biology, University of Athens, University Campus, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Despina Smirlis
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - Evdokia Karagouni
- Laboratory of Parasite Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 115 21 Athens, Greece.
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Conceição-Silva F, Leite-Silva J, Morgado FN. The Binomial Parasite-Host Immunity in the Healing Process and in Reactivation of Human Tegumentary Leishmaniasis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1308. [PMID: 29971054 PMCID: PMC6018218 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by different species of protozoa from the Leishmania genus. Classically, the disease can be classified into two main clinical forms: Visceral (VL) and Tegumentary (TL) leishmaniasis. TL is a skin/mucosal granulomatous disease that manifests mainly as cutaneous localized or disseminated ulcers, papules diffusely distributed, mucosal lesions or atypical lesions. Once the etiology of the infection is confirmed, treatment can take place, and different drugs can be administered. It has already been shown that, even when the scar is clinically evident, inflammation is still present in the native tissue, and the decrease of the inflammatory process occurs slowly during the 1st years after clinical healing. The maintenance of residual parasites in the scar tissue is also well documented. Therefore, it is no longer a surprise that, under some circumstances, therapeutic failure and/or lesion reactivation occurs. All over the years, an impressive amount of data on relapses, treatment resistance and lesion reactivation after healing has been collected, and several factors have been pointed out as having a role in the process. Different factors such as Leishmania species, parasite variability, Leishmania RNA virus 1, parasite load, parasite persistence, age, nutritional status, gender, co-morbidities, co-infection, pregnancy, immunosuppression, lesion duration, number and localization of lesions, drug metabolism, irregular treatment and individual host cellular immune response were described and discussed in the present review. Unfortunately, despite this amount of information, a conclusive understanding remains under construction. In addition, multifactorial influence cannot be discarded. In this context, knowing why leishmaniasis has been difficult to treat and control can help the development of new approaches, such as drugs and immunotherapy in order to improve healing maintenance. In this sense, we would like to highlight some of the findings that may influence the course of Leishmania infection and the therapeutic response, with an emphasis on TL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Conceição-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jessica Leite-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda N. Morgado
- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Martínez-López M, Soto M, Iborra S, Sancho D. Leishmania Hijacks Myeloid Cells for Immune Escape. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:883. [PMID: 29867798 PMCID: PMC5949370 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, a group of neglected tropical diseases whose clinical manifestations vary depending on the infectious Leishmania species but also on host factors. Recognition of the parasite by host myeloid immune cells is a key to trigger an effective Leishmania-specific immunity. However, the parasite is able to persist in host myeloid cells by evading, delaying and manipulating host immunity in order to escape host resistance and ensure its transmission. Neutrophils are first in infiltrating infection sites and could act either favoring or protecting against infection, depending on factors such as the genetic background of the host or the parasite species. Macrophages are the main host cells where the parasites grow and divide. However, macrophages are also the main effector population involved in parasite clearance. Parasite elimination by macrophages requires the priming and development of an effector Th1 adaptive immunity driven by specific subtypes of dendritic cells. Herein, we will provide a comprehensive outline of how myeloid cells regulate innate and adaptive immunity against Leishmania, and the mechanisms used by the parasites to promote their evasion and sabotage. Understanding the interactions between Leishmania and the host myeloid cells may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches and improved vaccination to leishmaniases, an important worldwide health problem in which current therapeutic or preventive approaches are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Martínez-López
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Carlos III", Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Soto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Iborra
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Carlos III", Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sancho
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Carlos III", Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Antigen cross-presentation is an adaptation of the cellular process of loading MHC-I molecules with endogenous peptides during their biosynthesis within the endoplasmic reticulum. Cross-presented peptides derive from internalized proteins, microbial pathogens, and transformed or dying cells. The physical separation of internalized cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum, where the machinery for assembling peptide-MHC-I complexes resides, poses a challenge. To solve this problem, deliberate rewiring of organelle communication within cells is necessary to prepare for cross-presentation, and different endocytic receptors and vesicular traffic patterns customize the emergent cross-presentation compartment to the nature of the peptide source. Three distinct pathways of vesicular traffic converge to form the ideal cross-presentation compartment, each regulated differently to supply a unique component that enables cross-presentation of a diverse repertoire of peptides. Delivery of centerpiece MHC-I molecules is the critical step regulated by microbe-sensitive Toll-like receptors. Defining the subcellular sources of MHC-I and identifying sites of peptide loading during cross-presentation remain key challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Magarian Blander
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; .,Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Novais FO, Wong AC, Villareal DO, Beiting DP, Scott P. CD8 + T Cells Lack Local Signals To Produce IFN-γ in the Skin during Leishmania Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1737-1745. [PMID: 29367210 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Resolution of leishmaniasis depends upon parasite control and limiting inflammation. CD4+ Th1 cells are required to control parasites, whereas CD8+ T cells play a dual role: they promote Th1 cell differentiation but can also increase inflammation at the site of infection as a consequence of cytolysis. Although CD8+ T cells taken from leishmanial lesions are cytolytic, in this study, we showed that only a few CD8+ T cells produced IFN-γ. Correspondingly, only low levels of IL-12 and/or IL-12 mRNA were present in lesions from infected mice, as well as patients. Addition of IL-12 increased IFN-γ production by CD8+ T cells isolated from leishmanial lesions, suggesting that a lack of IL-12 at the site of infection limits IFN-γ production by CD8+ T cells. To determine whether CD8+ T cells could promote resistance in vivo if IL-12 was present, we administered IL-12 to Leishmania-infected RAG mice reconstituted with CD8+ T cells. IL-12 treatment increased the ability of CD8+ T cells to make IFN-γ, but CD8+ T cells still failed to control the parasites. Furthermore, despite the ability of CD8+ T cells to promote immunity to secondary infections, we also found that CD8+ T cells from immune mice were unable to control Leishmania in RAG mice. Taken together, these results indicate that lesional CD8+ T cells fail to make IFN-γ because of a deficit in IL-12 but that, even with IL-12, CD8+ T cells are unable to control Leishmania in the absence of CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda O Novais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;and
| | - Andrea C Wong
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;and
| | - Daniel O Villareal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;and
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;and
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Linehan JL, Harrison OJ, Han SJ, Byrd AL, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Villarino AV, Sen SK, Shaik J, Smelkinson M, Tamoutounour S, Collins N, Bouladoux N, Dzutsev A, Rosshart SP, Arbuckle JH, Wang CR, Kristie TM, Rehermann B, Trinchieri G, Brenchley JM, O'Shea JJ, Belkaid Y. Non-classical Immunity Controls Microbiota Impact on Skin Immunity and Tissue Repair. Cell 2018; 172:784-796.e18. [PMID: 29358051 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian barrier surfaces are constitutively colonized by numerous microorganisms. We explored how the microbiota was sensed by the immune system and the defining properties of such responses. Here, we show that a skin commensal can induce T cell responses in a manner that is restricted to non-classical MHC class I molecules. These responses are uncoupled from inflammation and highly distinct from pathogen-induced cells. Commensal-specific T cells express a defined gene signature that is characterized by expression of effector genes together with immunoregulatory and tissue-repair signatures. As such, non-classical MHCI-restricted commensal-specific immune responses not only promoted protection to pathogens, but also accelerated skin wound closure. Thus, the microbiota can induce a highly physiological and pleiotropic form of adaptive immunity that couples antimicrobial function with tissue repair. Our work also reveals that non-classical MHC class I molecules, an evolutionarily ancient arm of the immune system, can promote homeostatic immunity to the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Linehan
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Oliver J Harrison
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seong-Ji Han
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Allyson L Byrd
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Shurjo K Sen
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jahangheer Shaik
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Margery Smelkinson
- Biological Imaging, Research Technology Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samira Tamoutounour
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas Collins
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicolas Bouladoux
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Microbiome Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amiran Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephan P Rosshart
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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49
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Lamin A/C augments Th1 differentiation and response against vaccinia virus and Leishmania major. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:9. [PMID: 29311549 PMCID: PMC5849043 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of naive CD4+ T-cells into functionally distinct T helper (Th) subsets is critical to immunity against pathogen infection. Little is known about the role of signals emanating from the nuclear envelope for T-cell differentiation. The nuclear envelope protein lamin A/C is induced in naive CD4+ T-cells upon antigen recognition and acts as a link between the nucleus and the plasma membrane during T-cell activation. Here we demonstrate that the absence of lamin A/C in naive T-cell reduces Th1 differentiation without affecting Th2 differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, Rag1−/− mice reconstituted with Lmna−/−CD4+CD25− T-cells and infected with vaccinia virus show weaker Th1 responses and viral removal than mice reconstituted with wild-type T-cells. Th1 responses and pathogen clearance upon Leishmania major infection were similarly diminished in mice lacking lamin A/C in the complete immune system or selectively in T-cells. Lamin A/C mediates Th1 polarization by a mechanism involving T-bet and IFNγ production. Our results reveal a novel role for lamin A/C as key regulator of Th1 differentiation in response to viral and intracellular parasite infections.
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50
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Llanes A, Restrepo CM, Lleonart R. VianniaTopes: a database of predicted immunogenic peptides for Leishmania (Viannia) species. Database (Oxford) 2018; 2018:5144431. [PMID: 30358842 PMCID: PMC6201054 DOI: 10.1093/database/bay111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania is a protozoan parasite causing several disease presentations collectively known as leishmaniasis. Pathogenic species of Leishmania are divided into two subgenera, L. (Leishmania) and L. (Viannia). Species belonging to the Viannia subgenus have only been reported in Central and South America. These species predominantly cause cutaneous leishmaniasis, but in some cases, parasites can migrate to the nasopharyngeal area and cause a highly disfiguring mucocutaneous presentation. Despite intensive efforts, no effective antileishmanial vaccine is available for use in humans, although a few candidates mainly designed for L. (Leishmania) species are now in clinical trials. After sequencing the genome of Leishmania panamensis, we noticed a high degree of sequence divergence among several orthologous proteins from both subgenera. Consequently, some of the previously published candidates may not work properly for species of the Viannia subgenus. To help in vaccine design, we predicted CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes in the theoretical proteomes of four strains belonging to the Viannia subgenus. Prediction was performed with at least two independent bioinformatics tools, using the most frequent human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II alleles in the affected geographic area. Although predictions resulted in millions of peptides, relatively few of them were predicted to bind to several MHC alleles and can therefore be considered promiscuous epitopes. Comparison of our results to previous applications to species of the Leishmania subgenus confirmed that approximately half of the reported candidates are not present in Viannia proteins with a threshold of 80% sequence similarity and coverage. However, our prediction methodology was able to predict 70-100% of the candidates that could be found in Viannia. All the prediction data generated in this study are publicly available in an interactive database called VianniaTopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Llanes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Ciudad del Saber, Panama City, Panama
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India
| | - Carlos Mario Restrepo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Ciudad del Saber, Panama City, Panama
| | - Ricardo Lleonart
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Ciudad del Saber, Panama City, Panama
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