451
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Torino F, Bonmassar E, Bonmassar L, De Vecchis L, Barnabei A, Zuppi C, Capoluongo E, Aquino A. Circulating tumor cells in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 39:759-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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452
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Zhou J, Kasper S, Papautsky I. Enhanced size-dependent trapping of particles using microvortices. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2013; 15:10.1007/s10404-013-1176-y. [PMID: 24187531 PMCID: PMC3810988 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-013-1176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Inertial microfluidics has been attracting considerable interest for size-based separation of particles and cells. The inertial forces can be manipulated by expanding the microchannel geometry, leading to formation of microvortices which selectively isolate and trap particles or cells from a mixture. In this work, we aim to enhance our understanding of particle trapping in such microvortices by developing a model of selective particle trapping. Design and operational parameters including flow conditions, size of the trapping region, and target particle concentration are explored to elucidate their influence on trapping behavior. Our results show that the size dependence of trapping is characterized by a threshold Reynolds number, which governs the selective entry of particles into microvortices from the main flow. We show that concentration enhancement on the order of 100,000× and isolation of targets at concentrations in the 1/mL is possible. Ultimately, the insights gained from our systematic investigation suggest optimization solutions that enhance device performance (efficiency, size selectivity, and yield) and are applicable to selective isolation and trapping of large rare cells as well as other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- BioMicroSystems Lab, School of Electronic and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati
| | - Susan Kasper
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati
| | - Ian Papautsky
- BioMicroSystems Lab, School of Electronic and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati
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453
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Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of novel TiO2/CdS nanocomposites for sensitive assays of cancer cells. Anal Biochem 2013; 442:34-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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454
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Mitchell MJ, King MR. Physical biology in cancer. 3. The role of cell glycocalyx in vascular transport of circulating tumor cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 306:C89-97. [PMID: 24133067 PMCID: PMC3919988 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00285.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood are known to adhere to the luminal surface of the microvasculature via receptor-mediated adhesion, which contributes to the spread of cancer metastasis to anatomically distant organs. Such interactions between ligands on CTCs and endothelial cell-bound surface receptors are sensitive to receptor-ligand distances at the nanoscale. The sugar-rich coating expressed on the surface of CTCs and endothelial cells, known as the glycocalyx, serves as a physical structure that can control the spacing and, thus, the availability of such receptor-ligand interactions. The cancer cell glycocalyx can also regulate the ability of therapeutic ligands to bind to CTCs in the bloodstream. Here, we review the role of cell glycocalyx on the adhesion and therapeutic treatment of CTCs in the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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455
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Phillips KG, Kuhn P, McCarty OJT. Physical biology in cancer. 2. The physical biology of circulating tumor cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 306:C80-8. [PMID: 24133063 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00294.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The identification, isolation, and characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) promises to enhance our understanding of the evolution of cancer in humans. CTCs provide a window into the hematogenous, or "fluid phase," of cancer, underlying the metastatic transition in which a locally contained tumor spreads to other locations in the body through the bloodstream. With the development of sensitive and specific CTC identification and isolation methodologies, the role of CTCs in clinical diagnostics, disease surveillance, and the physical basis of metastasis continues to be established. This review focuses on the quantification of the basic biophysical properties of CTCs and the use of these metrics to understand the hematogenous dissemination of these enigmatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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456
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Zhao M, Nelson WC, Wei B, Schiro PG, Hakimi BM, Johnson ES, Anand RK, Gyurkey GS, White LM, Whiting SH, Coveler AL, Chiu DT. New generation of ensemble-decision aliquot ranking based on simplified microfluidic components for large-capacity trapping of circulating tumor cells. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9671-7. [PMID: 24087951 DOI: 10.1021/ac401985r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ensemble-decision aliquot ranking (eDAR) is a sensitive and high-throughput method to analyze circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from peripheral blood. Here, we report the next generation of eDAR, where we designed and optimized a new hydrodynamic switching scheme for the active sorting step in eDAR, which provided fast cell sorting with an improved reproducibility and stability. The microfluidic chip was also simplified by incorporating a functional area for subsequent purification using microslits fabricated by standard lithography method. Using the reported second generation of eDAR, we were able to analyze 1 mL of whole-blood samples in 12.5 min, with a 95% recovery and a zero false positive rate (n = 15).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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457
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Kamande J, Hupert M, Witek M, Wang H, Torphy R, Dharmasiri U, Njoroge S, Jackson J, Aufforth R, Snavely A, Yeh J, Soper S. Modular microsystem for the isolation, enumeration, and phenotyping of circulating tumor cells in patients with pancreatic cancer. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9092-100. [PMID: 23947293 PMCID: PMC3832346 DOI: 10.1021/ac401720k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we discuss the development and clinical use of a thermoplastic modular microsystem for the high-throughput analysis of CTCs directly from whole blood. The modular system offers some innovative features that address challenges currently associated with many CTC platforms; it can exhaustively process 7.5 mL of blood in less than 45 min with recoveries >90%. In addition, the system automates the postselection CTC processing steps and thus, significantly reduces assay turnaround time (from selection to enumeration <1.5 h as compared to >8 h for many reported CTC platforms). The system is composed of 3 functional modules including (i) a thermoplastic CTC selection module composed of high aspect ratio (30 μm × 150 μm) channels containing anti-EpCAM antibodies that is scalable in terms of throughput by employing channel numbers ranging from 50 to 320; the channel number is user selected to accommodate the volume of blood that must be processed; (ii) an impedance sensor module for label-less CTC counting; and (iii) a staining and imaging module for the placement of released cells into a 2D array within a common imaging plane for phenotypic identification. To demonstrate the utility of this system, blood samples from patients with local resectable and metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) were analyzed. We demonstrate the ability to select EpCAM positive CTCs from PDAC patients in high purity (>86%) and with excellent yields (mean = 53 CTCs per mL for metastatic PDAC patients) using our modular system. In addition, we demonstrate the ability to detect CTCs in PDAC patients with local resectable disease (mean = 11 CTCs per mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- J.W. Kamande
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-1804, USA
| | - M.L. Hupert
- BioFluidica, LLC, c/o Carolina Kick-Start, 321 Bondurant Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, 152 MacNider Hall Campus Box 7575 Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7575, USA
| | - M.A. Witek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, 152 MacNider Hall Campus Box 7575 Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7575, USA
| | - H. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, 152 MacNider Hall Campus Box 7575 Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7575, USA
| | - R.J. Torphy
- University of North Carolina, School of Medicine Chapel Hill, 321 S Columbia St, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - U. Dharmasiri
- BioFluidica, LLC, c/o Carolina Kick-Start, 321 Bondurant Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - S.K. Njoroge
- BioFluidica, LLC, c/o Carolina Kick-Start, 321 Bondurant Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - J.M. Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Campus Box 3290, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - R.D. Aufforth
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 170 Manning Dr., Chapel Hill, NC
| | - A. Snavely
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, 101 Manning Dr., Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - J.J. Yeh
- University of North Carolina, School of Medicine Chapel Hill, 321 S Columbia St, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 170 Manning Dr., Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, 101 Manning Dr., Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - S.A. Soper
- BioFluidica, LLC, c/o Carolina Kick-Start, 321 Bondurant Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, 152 MacNider Hall Campus Box 7575 Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7575, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Campus Box 3290, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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458
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Microfluidic chip-based technologies: emerging platforms for cancer diagnosis. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:76. [PMID: 24070124 PMCID: PMC3849190 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of early and personalized diagnostic protocols is considered the most promising avenue to decrease mortality from cancer and improve outcome. The emerging microfluidic-based analyzing platforms hold high promises to fulfill high-throughput and high-precision screening with reduced equipment cost and low analysis time, as compared to traditional bulky counterparts in bench-top laboratories. This article overviewed the potential applications of microfluidic technologies for detection and monitoring of cancer through nucleic acid and protein biomarker analysis. The implications of the technologies in cancer cytology that can provide functional personalized diagnosis were highlighted. Finally, the future niches for using microfluidic-based systems in tumor screening were briefly discussed.
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459
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Nadal R, Lorente JA, Rosell R, Serrano MJ. Relevance of molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer in the era of targeted therapies. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2013; 13:295-307. [PMID: 23570407 DOI: 10.1586/erm.13.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Development in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) technologies represents a valuable tool for the better understanding of tumor biology. The clinical relevance of CTCs as a prognostic factor is well established both in metastatic and early-stage breast cancer patients. The eradication or decrease of CTCs following treatment is associated with improved clinical outcomes. Because of the availability of novel cancer treatments that specifically target tumor cells underlying signaling pathways, molecular characterization of CTCs has strong potential to translate into personalized treatments. A handful of studies have explored relevant markers such as the estrogen and progesterone receptor, HER2 and EGF receptor. However, there is not a single validation of a molecular marker in CTCs that provides prognostic information or predicts response to cancer therapies. This review describes the latest results on the characterization of breast cancer CTCs with a focus on CTC biology and implications in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Nadal
- Hospital de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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460
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Kim MS, Kim J, Lee W, Cho SJ, Oh JM, Lee JY, Baek S, Kim YJ, Sim TS, Lee HJ, Jung GE, Kim SI, Park JM, Oh JH, Gurel O, Lee SS, Lee JG. A trachea-inspired bifurcated microfilter capturing viable circulating tumor cells via altered biophysical properties as measured by atomic force microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:3103-3110. [PMID: 23401221 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), though exceedingly rare in the blood, are nonetheless becoming increasingly important in cancer diagnostics. Despite this keen interest and the growing number of potential clinical applications, there has been limited success in developing a CTC isolation platform that simultaneously optimizes recovery rates, purity, and cell compatibility. Herein, a novel tracheal carina-inspired bifurcated (TRAB) microfilter system is reported, which uses an optimal filter gap size satisfying both 100% theoretical recovery rate and purity, as determined by biomechanical analysis and fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulations. Biomechanical properties are also used to clearly discriminate between cancer cells and leukocytes, whereby cancer cells are selectively bound to melamine microbeads, which increase the size and stiffness of these cells. Nanoindentation experiments are conducted to measure the stiffness of leukocytes as compared to the microbead-conjugated cancer cells, with these parameters then being used in FSI analyses to optimize the filter gap size. The simulation results show that given a flow rate of 100 μL min(-1), an 8 μm filter gap optimizes the recovery rate and purity. MCF-7 breast cancer cells with solid microbeads are spiked into 3 mL of whole blood and, by using this flow rate along with the optimized microfilter dimensions, the cell mixture passes through the TRAB filter, which achieves a recovery rate of 93% and purity of 59%. Regarding cell compatibility, it is verified that the isolation procedure does not adversely affect cell viability, thus also confirming that the re-collected cancer cells can be cultured for up to 8 days. This work demonstrates a CTC isolation technology platform that optimizes high recovery rates and cell purity while also providing a framework for functional cell studies, potentially enabling even more sensitive and specific cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseok S Kim
- POCT In Vitro Diagnostics Group, R&D Solution Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), San 14, Nongseo-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
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461
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Li J, Yin ZF. Molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells and individualized cancer diagnosis and therapy. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:2679-2684. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i26.2679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of cancer cells involved in oncogenesis and metastasis has always been the key factor that impedes tumor diagnosis and treatment (especially traditional chemotherapies). In recent years, molecular characterization of tumors and accordingly implementation of individualized treatment targeting specific molecular markers have become a hotspot for cancer research. As a link between the primary tumor and metastases, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) provide a window into tumor biology and the metastatic cascade. With their real-time, non-invasive and repeatable access, CTCs are excellent resources of tumor specimens. Molecular characterization of CTCs is of great significance for tumor molecular analysis and individualized treatment. Here we review the recent progress in molecular characterization of CTCs and individualized cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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462
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El-Heliebi A, Kroneis T, Zöhrer E, Haybaeck J, Fischereder K, Kampel-Kettner K, Zigeuner R, Pock H, Riedl R, Stauber R, Geigl JB, Huppertz B, Sedlmayr P, Lackner C. Are morphological criteria sufficient for the identification of circulating tumor cells in renal cancer? J Transl Med 2013; 11:214. [PMID: 24044779 PMCID: PMC3848446 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Single circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or circulating tumor microemboli (CTMs) are potential biomarkers of renal cell cancer (RCC), however studies of CTCs/CTMs in RCC are limited. In this pilot study we aimed to evaluate a novel blood filtration technique suited for cytomorphological classification, immunocytochemical and molecular characterization of filtered, so called circulating non-hematologic cells (CNHCs) - putative CTCs/CTMs - in patients with RCC. Methods Blood of 40 patients with renal tumors was subjected to ScreenCell® filtration. CNHCs were classified according to cytomorphological criteria. Immunocytochemical analysis was performed with antibodies against CD45, CD31 and carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX, a RCC marker). DNA of selected CNHCs and respective primary tumors was analysed by array-CGH. Results CNHC-clusters with malignant or uncertain malignant cytomorphological features - putative CTMs - were negative for CD45, positive for CD31, while only 6% were CAIX positive. Array-CGH revealed that 83% of malignant and uncertain malignant cells did represent with a balanced genome whereas 17% presented genomic DNA imbalances which did not match the aberrations of the primary tumors. Putative single CTCs were negative for CD45, 33% were positive for CD31 and 56% were positive for CAIX. Conclusions The majority of CNHC-clusters, putative CTMs, retrieved by ScreenCell® filtration may be of endothelial origin. Morphological criteria seem to be insufficient to distinguish malignant from non-malignant cells in renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin El-Heliebi
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 25, Graz, 8036, Austria.
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463
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Lee HJ, Cho HY, Oh JH, Namkoong K, Lee JG, Park JM, Lee SS, Huh N, Choi JW. Simultaneous capture and in situ analysis of circulating tumor cells using multiple hybrid nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 47:508-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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464
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Esmaeilsabzali H, Beischlag TV, Cox ME, Parameswaran AM, Park EJ. Detection and isolation of circulating tumor cells: principles and methods. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1063-84. [PMID: 23999357 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to improve the clinical management of several cancers include finding better methods for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). However, detection and isolation of CTCs from the blood circulation is not a trivial task given their scarcity and the lack of reliable markers to identify these cells. With a variety of emerging technologies, a thorough review of the exploited principles and techniques as well as the trends observed in the development of these technologies can assist researchers to recognize the potential improvements and alternative approaches. To help better understand the related biological concepts, a simplified framework explaining cancer formation and its spread to other organs as well as how CTCs contribute to this process has been presented first. Then, based on their basic working-principles, the existing methods for detection and isolation of CTCs have been classified and reviewed as nucleic acid-based, physical properties-based and antibody-based methods. The review of literature suggests that antibody-based methods, particularly in conjunction with a microfluidic lab-on-a-chip setting, offer the highest overall performance for detection and isolation of CTCs. Further biological and engineering-related research is required to improve the existing methods. These include finding more specific markers for CTCs as well as enhancing the throughput, sensitivity, and analytic functionality of current devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Esmaeilsabzali
- School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, 250-13450 102nd Avenue, Surrey, V3T 0A3, BC, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, BC, Canada; School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, BC, Canada
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465
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Heitzer E, Auer M, Ulz P, Geigl JB, Speicher MR. Circulating tumor cells and DNA as liquid biopsies. Genome Med 2013; 5:73. [PMID: 23998943 PMCID: PMC3979149 DOI: 10.1186/gm477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For cancer patients, the current approach to prognosis relies on clinicopathological staging, but usually this provides little information about the individual response to treatment. Therefore, there is a tremendous need for protein and genetic biomarkers with predictive and prognostic information. As biomarkers are identified, the serial monitoring of tumor genotypes, which are instable and prone to changes under selection pressure, is becoming increasingly possible. To this end, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) shed from primary and metastatic cancers may allow the non-invasive analysis of the evolution of tumor genomes during treatment and disease progression through 'liquid biopsies'. Here we review recent progress in the identification of CTCs among thousands of other cells in the blood and new high-resolution approaches, including recent microfluidic platforms, for dissecting the genomes of CTCs and obtaining functional data. We also discuss new ctDNA-based approaches, which may become a powerful alternative to CTC analysis. Together, these approaches provide novel biological insights into the process of metastasis and may elucidate signaling pathways involved in cell invasiveness and metastatic competence. In medicine these liquid biopsies may emerge to be powerful predictive and prognostic biomarkers and could therefore be instrumental for areas such as precision or personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Heitzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Auer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Ulz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jochen B Geigl
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael R Speicher
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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466
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Bao H, Burke PA, Huang J, Chen X, Brohawn PZ, Yao Y, Lechleider RJ, Sikorski RS, Buzoianu M, Zhang J, Shi X, Richman LK, LaVallee TM. Circulating tumor cells: application as a biomarker for molecular characterization and predictor of survival in an all-comer solid tumor phase I clinical study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58557. [PMID: 23990866 PMCID: PMC3749129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Clinical development of cancer drugs has a low success rate. Prognostic and predictive biomarkers using minimally invasive approaches hold promise for increasing the probability of success by enabling disease characterization, patient selection and early detection of drug treatment effect. Enumeration and molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTC) may address some of these needs, and thus were evaluated for utility in a Phase I solid tumor clinical study. Experimental Design Blood samples for CTC analysis were obtained from 24 cancer patients in a multi-center all-comer Phase I study of MEDI-575, a novel anti-PDGFRα antibody. Samples were taken at screening and analyzed for enumeration of CTC using the CellSearch® platform and for molecular characterization using a novel quantitative RT-PCR assay. Results Fifty-nine percent of the patients showed at least 1 CTC per 7.5 ml of blood at baseline. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with 0 CTCs at baseline were longer than PFS and Os for patients with 1-3 and >3 CTCs (8.8 versus 1.4 and 1.3 months PFS, P = 0.02; 9.0 vs 7.4 and 3.5 months OS, P = 0.20, respectively). Patients with 0 CTC showed a greater percentage of stable disease than the other 2 groups with 1-3 and >3 CTCs (57% vs 29% and 0%). The multimarker qRT-PCR method detected CTC in 40% of the patients, and 80% of these patients were positive for pre-selected drug target genes. Conclusion CTC enumeration of patients in an all-comer study is feasible and may allow for patient stratification for PFS and Os to evaluate the clinical response of investigational agents. Gene expression profiling of isolated CTC may provide a means for molecular characterization of selected tumor targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Bao
- Department of Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patricia A. Burke
- Department of Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- Department of Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaoru Chen
- Department of Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Philip Z. Brohawn
- Department of Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yihong Yao
- Department of Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Lechleider
- Formerly at Clinical Development, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Sikorski
- Clinical Development, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Manuela Buzoianu
- Formerly at Clinical Development, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jianliang Zhang
- Clinical Development, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaoqing Shi
- Department of Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura K. Richman
- Department of Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Theresa M. LaVallee
- Department of Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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467
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Guo J, Pui TS, Ban YL, Rahman ARA, Kang Y. Electrokinetic Analysis of Cell Translocation in Low-Cost Microfluidic Cytometry for Tumor Cell Detection and Enumeration. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2013; 60:3269-75. [PMID: 23955693 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2013.2278014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Conventional Coulter counters have been introduced as an important tool in biological cell assays since several decades ago. Recently, the emerging portable Coulter counter has demonstrated its merits in point of care diagnostics, such as on chip detection and enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTC). The working principle is based on the cell translocation time and amplitude of electrical current change that the cell induces. In this paper, we provide an analysis of a Coulter counter that evaluates the hydrodynamic and electrokinetic properties of polystyrene microparticles in a microfluidic channel. The hydrodynamic force and electrokinetic force are concurrently analyzed to determine the translocation time and the electrical current pulses induced by the particles. Finally, we characterize the chip performance for CTC detection. The experimental results validate the numerical analysis of the microfluidic chip. The presented model can provide critical insight and guidance for developing micro-Coulter counter for point of care prognosis.
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468
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Mizuno M, Yamada M, Mitamura R, Ike K, Toyama K, Seki M. Magnetophoresis-Integrated Hydrodynamic Filtration System for Size- and Surface Marker-Based Two-Dimensional Cell Sorting. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7666-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303336f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Mizuno
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology,
Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Masumi Yamada
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology,
Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Mitamura
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology,
Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kohei Ike
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology,
Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kaori Toyama
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology,
Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Minoru Seki
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology,
Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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469
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Huang YY, Hoshino K, Chen P, Wu CH, Lane N, Huebschman M, Liu H, Sokolov K, Uhr JW, Frenkel EP, Zhang X. Immunomagnetic nanoscreening of circulating tumor cells with a motion controlled microfluidic system. Biomed Microdevices 2013; 15:673-681. [PMID: 23109037 PMCID: PMC3584207 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-012-9718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Combining the power of immunomagnetic assay and microfluidic microchip operations, we successfully detected rare CTCs from clinical blood samples. The microfluidic system is operated in a flip-flop mode, where a computer-controlled rotational holder with an array of microfluidic chips inverts the microchannels. We have demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally that the direction of red blood cell (RBC) sedimentation with regards to the magnetic force required for cell separation is important for capture efficiency, throughput, and purity. The flip-flop operation reduces the stagnation of RBCs and non-specific binding on the capture surface by alternating the direction of the magnetic field with respect to gravity. The developed immunomagnetic microchip-based screening system exhibits high capture rates (more than 90%) for SkBr3, PC3, and Colo205 cell lines in spiked screening experiments and successfully isolates CTCs from patient blood samples. The proposed motion controlled microchip-based immunomagnetic system shows great promise as a clinical tool for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yen Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, University Station, C0800, Austin, TX, 78712-0238, USA
| | - Kazunori Hoshino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, University Station, C0800, Austin, TX, 78712-0238, USA
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, University Station, C0800, Austin, TX, 78712-0238, USA
| | - Chung-Hsien Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, University Station, C0800, Austin, TX, 78712-0238, USA
| | - Nancy Lane
- Harold C. Simons Comprehensive Cancer Center of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard Dallas, TX, 7390-852, USA
| | - Michael Huebschman
- Harold C. Simons Comprehensive Cancer Center of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard Dallas, TX, 7390-852, USA
| | - Huaying Liu
- Harold C. Simons Comprehensive Cancer Center of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard Dallas, TX, 7390-852, USA
| | - Konstantin Sokolov
- Department of Imaging Physics, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan W. Uhr
- Harold C. Simons Comprehensive Cancer Center of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard Dallas, TX, 7390-852, USA
| | - Eugene P. Frenkel
- Harold C. Simons Comprehensive Cancer Center of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard Dallas, TX, 7390-852, USA
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, University Station, C0800, Austin, TX, 78712-0238, USA
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470
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Huang T, Jia CP, Jun-Yang, Sun WJ, Wang WT, Zhang HL, Cong H, Jing FX, Mao HJ, Jin QH, Zhang Z, Chen YJ, Li G, Mao GX, Zhao JL. Highly sensitive enumeration of circulating tumor cells in lung cancer patients using a size-based filtration microfluidic chip. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 51:213-8. [PMID: 23962709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral blood could serve as a surrogate marker for the diagnosis of cancer metastasis and for therapeutic evaluation. However, the separation and characterization of CTCs is technically challenging owing to the extremely low number of CTCs present. Here we developed a size-based and high-throughput microfluidic chip, which exploits filtration microchannels to isolate the relatively larger CTCs from the rest of the blood constituents. High isolation efficiency of our microfluidic chip was demonstrated with three lung cancer cell lines spiked in blood samples at an optimal flow rate of 0.4 mL/h. The average recovery rates of 96%, 95% and 92% were obtained for A549, SK-MES-1, and H446, respectively. To clinically validate the chip, we also employed it to isolate CTCs from 59 lung cancer patients. CTCs were detected in 96.7% of patients with the mean number of 18.6 cells/mL, which was significantly higher than normal controls (P<0.05). The work here indicates that the size-based microfluidic platform with the advantage of capturing tumor cells without reliance on cell surface expression markers can provide a novel, inexpensive and effective tool for CTC detection and evaluation of cancer status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology and the Science and Technology on Micro-system Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China; Department of Tumor Chemotherapy, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No. 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China; Department of Oncology, The People's Hospital of Chizhou, No. 3 Baiya Middle Road, Chizhou, Anhui 247100, China.
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471
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Essentials of circulating tumor cells for clinical research and practice. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 88:338-56. [PMID: 23830807 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The major cause of death due to cancer is its metastatic deposit in numerous tissues and organs. The metastatic process requires the migration of malignant cells from primary sites to distant environments. Even for tumors initially spreading through lymphatic vessels, hematogenous transport is the most common metastatic pathway. The detachment of cancer cells from a primary tumor into the blood stream is called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). As these cells circulate further in the bloodstream they are known as circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The CTC population is highly resilient, enabling the cells to colonize a foreign microenvironment. Alternatively, cancer stem cells (CSCs) may arise from differentiated cancer cells through EMT and an embryonic transdifferentiation process. The presence of CTCs/CSCs in blood seems to be a determining factor of metastasis. This paper reviews various methods of clinical cancer detection as well as the biology and molecular characterization of CTCs/CSCs. Our goal was to summarize clinical studies which used CTC/CSCs for prognosis in patients with breast, colorectal, prostate, lung, ovarian, and bladder cancer.
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472
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An observational study of circulating tumor cells and (18)F-FDG PET uptake in patients with treatment-naive non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67733. [PMID: 23861795 PMCID: PMC3702496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We investigated the relationship of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with tumor glucose metabolism as defined by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake since both have been associated with patient prognosis. Materials & Methods We performed a retrospective screen of patients at four medical centers who underwent FDG PET-CT imaging and phlebotomy prior to a therapeutic intervention for NSCLC. We used an Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) independent fluid biopsy based on cell morphology for CTC detection and enumeration (defined here as High Definition CTCs or “HD-CTCs”). We then correlated HD-CTCs with quantitative FDG uptake image data calibrated across centers in a cross-sectional analysis. Results We assessed seventy-one NSCLC patients whose median tumor size was 2.8 cm (interquartile range, IQR, 2.0–3.6) and median maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) was 7.2 (IQR 3.7–15.5). More than 2 HD-CTCs were detected in 63% of patients, whether across all stages (45 of 71) or in stage I disease (27 of 43). HD-CTCs were weakly correlated with partial volume corrected tumor SUVmax (r = 0.27, p-value = 0.03) and not correlated with tumor diameter (r = 0.07; p-value = 0.60). For a given partial volume corrected SUVmax or tumor diameter there was a wide range of detected HD-CTCs in circulation for both early and late stage disease. Conclusions CTCs are detected frequently in early-stage NSCLC using a non-EpCAM mediated approach with a wide range noted for a given level of FDG uptake or tumor size. Integrating potentially complementary biomarkers like these with traditional patient data may eventually enhance our understanding of clinical, in vivo tumor biology in the early stages of this deadly disease.
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473
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Lee HJ, Oh JH, Oh JM, Park JM, Lee JG, Kim MS, Kim YJ, Kang HJ, Jeong J, Kim SI, Lee SS, Choi JW, Huh N. Efficient Isolation and Accurate In Situ Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells Using Detachable Beads and a High-Pore-Density Filter. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8337-40. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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474
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Lee HJ, Oh JH, Oh JM, Park JM, Lee JG, Kim MS, Kim YJ, Kang HJ, Jeong J, Kim SI, Lee SS, Choi JW, Huh N. Efficient Isolation and Accurate In Situ Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells Using Detachable Beads and a High-Pore-Density Filter. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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475
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Hall C, Laubacher B, Lucci A. Detection and prognostic significance of circulating tumor cells in nonmetastatic breast cancer patients. BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/bmt.13.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Distant metastasis remains the primary cause of death for breast cancer patients. Metastasis is a complex, multistep process wherein a subset of cells from a heterogeneous tumor acquire the ability to disseminate from the primary tumor and invade the blood and/or lymph nodes. Although tumor size, tumor characteristics and axillary lymph node status are the most common parameters utilized to predict disease recurrence in nonmetastatic patients, a significant number of lymph node-negative patients with localized disease will develop distant metastases despite successful primary treatment. These data suggest that tumor cell dissemination can occur early in disease progression, sometimes bypassing the lymphatic system. Occult micrometastases, or circulating tumor cells in the blood, are rare tumor cells that remain undetected by standard histopathogical and high-resolution imaging methodologies. This review focuses on current methodologies used to detect circulating tumor cells and their prognostic significance in nonmetastatic breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Hall
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Unit 444, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Barbara Laubacher
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Unit 444, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anthony Lucci
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Unit 444, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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476
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Hosokawa M, Kenmotsu H, Koh Y, Yoshino T, Yoshikawa T, Naito T, Takahashi T, Murakami H, Nakamura Y, Tsuya A, Shukuya T, Ono A, Akamatsu H, Watanabe R, Ono S, Mori K, Kanbara H, Yamaguchi K, Tanaka T, Matsunaga T, Yamamoto N. Size-based isolation of circulating tumor cells in lung cancer patients using a microcavity array system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67466. [PMID: 23840710 PMCID: PMC3696066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-based enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTC) has prognostic value in patients with solid tumors, such as advanced breast, colon, and prostate cancer. However, poor sensitivity has been reported for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To address this problem, we developed a microcavity array (MCA) system integrated with a miniaturized device for CTC isolation without relying on EpCAM expression. Here, we report the results of a clinical study on CTCs of advanced lung cancer patients in which we compared the MCA system with the CellSearch system, which employs the conventional EpCAM-based method. Methods Paired peripheral blood samples were collected from 43 metastatic lung cancer patients to enumerate CTCs using the CellSearch system according to the manufacturer’s protocol and the MCA system by immunolabeling and cytomorphological analysis. The presence of CTCs was assessed blindly and independently by both systems. Results CTCs were detected in 17 of 22 NSCLC patients using the MCA system versus 7 of 22 patients using the CellSearch system. On the other hand, CTCs were detected in 20 of 21 small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients using the MCA system versus 12 of 21 patients using the CellSearch system. Significantly more CTCs in NSCLC patients were detected by the MCA system (median 13, range 0–291 cells/7.5 mL) than by the CellSearch system (median 0, range 0–37 cells/7.5 ml) demonstrating statistical superiority (p = 0.0015). Statistical significance was not reached in SCLC though the trend favoring the MCA system over the CellSearch system was observed (p = 0.2888). The MCA system also isolated CTC clusters from patients who had been identified as CTC negative using the CellSearch system. Conclusions The MCA system has a potential to isolate significantly more CTCs and CTC clusters in advanced lung cancer patients compared to the CellSearch system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Hosokawa
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Koh
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yoshino
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshikawa
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tateaki Naito
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Haruyasu Murakami
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakamura
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Asuka Tsuya
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takehito Shukuya
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Ono
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Akamatsu
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Reiko Watanabe
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Ono
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Keita Mori
- Clinical Trial Coordination Office, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Ken Yamaguchi
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tanaka
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Matsunaga
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yamamoto
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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477
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Simone G, Malara N, Trunzo V, Perozziello G, Neuzil P, Francardi M, Roveda L, Renne M, Prati U, Mollace V, Manz A, Di Fabrizio E. Protein-carbohydrate complex reveals circulating metastatic cells in a microfluidic assay. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:2152-2161. [PMID: 23401360 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Advances in carbohydrate sequencing technologies reveal the tremendous complexity of the glycome and the role that glycomics might have to bring insight into the biological functions. Carbohydrate-protein interactions, in particular, are known to be crucial to most mammalian physiological processes as mediators of cell adhesion and metastasis, signal transducers, and organizers of protein interactions. An assay is developed here to mimic the multivalency of biological complexes that selectively and sensitively detect carbohydrate-protein interactions. The binding of β-galactosides and galectin-3--a protein that is correlated to the progress of tumor and metastasis--is examined. The efficiency of the assay is related to the expression of the receptor while anchoring to the interaction's strength. Comparative binding experiments reveal molecular binding preferences. This study establishes that the assay is robust to isolate metastatic cells from colon affected patients and paves the way to personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Simone
- KIST Europe, Campus E71, 66123 Saarbrucken, Germany.
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478
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Kim JH, Chung HH, Jeong MS, Song MR, Kang KW, Kim JS. One-step detection of circulating tumor cells in ovarian cancer using enhanced fluorescent silica nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:2247-57. [PMID: 23818781 PMCID: PMC3693817 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s45059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the fifth-leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women as a result of late diagnosis. For survival rates to improve, more sensitive and specific methods for earlier detection of ovarian cancer are needed. This study presents the development of rapid and specific one-step circulating tumor cell (CTC) detection using flow cytometry in a whole-blood sample with fluorescent silica nanoparticles. We prepared magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-SiO2(rhodamine B isothiocyanate [RITC]) (MNP-SiO2[RITC] incorporating organic dyes [RITC, ëmax(ex/em) = 543/580 nm]) in the silica shell. We then controlled the amount of organic dye in the silica shell of MNP-SiO2(RITC) for increased fluorescence intensity to overcome the autofluorescence of whole blood and increase the sensitivity of CTC detection in whole blood. Next, we modified the surface function group of MNP-SiO2(RITC) from -OH to polyethylene glycol (PEG)/COOH and conjugated a mucin 1 cell surface-associated (MUC1) antibody on the surface of MNP-SiO2(RITC) for CTC detection. To study the specific targeting efficiency of MUC1-MNP-SiO2(RITC), we used immunocytochemistry with a MUC1-positive human ovarian cancer cell line and a negative human embryonic kidney cell line. This technology was capable of detecting 100 ovarian cancer cells in 50 μL of whole blood. In conclusion, we developed a one-step CTC detection technology in ovarian cancer based on multifunctional silica nanoparticles and the use of flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyun Kim
- R&D Center, Biterials Co, Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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479
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Saadin K, White IM. Breast cancer stem cell enrichment and isolation by mammosphere culture and its potential diagnostic applications. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2013; 13:49-60. [PMID: 23256703 DOI: 10.1586/erm.12.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Emerging knowledge about cancer stem cells (CSCs) is raising attention about the need to provide a more precise and complete diagnosis including the molecular profile of a patient's CSCs. As opposed to simply treating the bulk of the tumor, a more complete diagnosis can lead to treatment regimens designed to eradicate CSCs from a patient. In this review the authors detail the application of the mammosphere assay in the study of breast CSCs. The authors then describe the potential transition of the mammosphere assay from the research laboratory to the clinic by leveraging microsystems technology, which enables the integration of multiple functions into a single automated device. To conclude the review, the authors project that future clinical devices will be capable of isolating circulating metastatic cells from patient blood, enriching the dangerous CSCs, and providing a molecular profile of the CSCs, thus arming physicians with the information to select a treatment program that combats CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoon Saadin
- Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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480
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Abstract
Despite significant advances in surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy to treat prostate cancer (CaP), many patients die of secondary disease (metastases). Current therapeutic approaches are limited, and there is no cure for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM, also known as CD326) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is highly expressed in rapidly proliferating carcinomas and plays an important role in the prevention of cell-cell adhesion, cell signalling, migration, proliferation and differentiation. Stably and highly expressed EpCAM has been found in primary CaP tissues, effusions and CaP metastases, making it an ideal candidate of tumour-associated antigen to detect metastasis of CaP cells in the circulation as well as a promising therapeutic target to control metastatic CRPC disease. In this review, we discuss the implications of the newly identified roles of EpCAM in terms of its diagnostic and metastatic relevance to CaP. We also summarize EpCAM expression in human CaP and EpCAM-mediated signalling pathways in cancer metastasis. Finally, emerging and innovative approaches to the management of the disease and expanding potential therapeutic applications of EpCAM for targeted strategies in future CaP therapy will be explored.
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481
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Kallergi G, Konstantinidis G, Markomanolaki H, Papadaki MA, Mavroudis D, Stournaras C, Georgoulias V, Agelaki S. Apoptotic Circulating Tumor Cells in Early and Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:1886-95. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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482
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Hosokawa M, Yoshikawa T, Negishi R, Yoshino T, Koh Y, Kenmotsu H, Naito T, Takahashi T, Yamamoto N, Kikuhara Y, Kanbara H, Tanaka T, Yamaguchi K, Matsunaga T. Microcavity array system for size-based enrichment of circulating tumor cells from the blood of patients with small-cell lung cancer. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5692-8. [PMID: 23706033 DOI: 10.1021/ac400167x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present a method for efficient enrichment of small-sized circulating tumor cells (CTCs) such as those found in the blood of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients using a microcavity array (MCA) system. To enrich CTCs from whole blood, a microfabricated nickel filter with a rectangular MCA (10(4) cavities/filter) was integrated with a miniaturized device, allowing for the isolation of tumor cells based on differences in size and deformability between tumor and blood cells. The shape and porosity of the MCA were optimized to efficiently capture small tumor cells on the microcavities under low flow resistance conditions, while allowing other blood cells to effectively pass through. Under optimized conditions, approximately 80% of SCLC (NCI-H69 and NCI-H82) cells spiked in 1 mL of whole blood were successfully recovered. In clinical samples, CTCs were detectable in 16 of 16 SCLC patients. In addition, the number of leukocytes captured on the rectangular MCA was significantly lower than that on the circular MCA (p < 0.001), suggesting that the use of the rectangular MCA diminishes a considerable number of carryover leukocytes. Therefore, our system has potential as a tool for the detection of CTCs in small cell-type tumors and detailed molecular analyses of CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Hosokawa
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Japan
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483
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Lv P, Tang Z, Liang X, Guo M, Han RPS. Spatially gradated segregation and recovery of circulating tumor cells from peripheral blood of cancer patients. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:34109. [PMID: 24404029 PMCID: PMC3689820 DOI: 10.1063/1.4808456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
For cancer patients, the enumeration of rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood is a strong prognostic indicator of the severity of the cancer; for the general population, the capture of CTCs is needed for use as a clinical tool for cancer screening, early detection, and treatment assessment. Here, we present a fast, high-purity (∼90%) and high-efficiency (>90%) method for the segregation and undamaged recovery of CTCs using a spatially gradated microfluidic chip. Further, by lysing the red blood cells we achieved not only a significant reduction in the overall processing time but also mitigated the blood clogging problem commonly encountered in microfluidic-based CTC isolation systems. To clinically validate the chip, we employed it to detect and capture CTCs from 10 liver cancer patients. Positive CTC enumeration was observed in all the blood samples, and the readings ranged from a low of 1-2 CTCs (1 patient) to a high of >20 CTCs (2 patients) with the balance having 3-20 CTCs per 3-ml blood sample. The work here indicates that our system can be developed for use in cancer screening, metastatic assessment, and chemotherapeutic response and for pharmacological and genetic evaluation of single CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peitao Lv
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhewen Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xingjie Liang
- Laboratory for Nanobiomedicine and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mingzhou Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ray P S Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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484
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Zhou J, Giridhar PV, Kasper S, Papautsky I. Modulation of aspect ratio for complete separation in an inertial microfluidic channel. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:1919-29. [PMID: 23529341 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Inertial microfluidics has been attracting considerable interest in recent years due to immensely promising applications in cell separations and sorting. Despite the intense attention, the moderate efficiencies and low purity of the reported devices have hindered their widespread acceptance. In this work, we report on a simple inertial microfluidic system with high efficiency (>99%) and purity (>90%). Our system builds on the concept of two-stage inertial migration which permits precise prediction of particle or cell position within the microchannel. Our design manipulates the inertial equilibrium positions by modulating channel aspect ratio to achieve a complete separation. Here, we successfully demonstrate a complete separation of particles and isolation of rare cells in blood spiked with human prostate epithelial tumor (HPET) cells. Based on the planar structure, large separation spacing and predictable focusing, we envision promising applications and easy integration of our system with existing lab-on-a-chip systems for cell separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- BioMicroSystems Laboratory, School of Electronic and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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485
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Tao Y, Lin Y, Huang Z, Ren J, Qu X. Incorporating graphene oxide and gold nanoclusters: a synergistic catalyst with surprisingly high peroxidase-like activity over a broad pH range and its application for cancer cell detection. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:2594-9. [PMID: 23418013 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201204419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A synergistic graphene oxide-gold nanocluster (GO-AuNC) hybrid has been constructed as an enzyme mimic that is able to show high catalytic activity over a broad pH range, especially at neutral pH. Importantly, the target-functionalized hybrid has been applied as a robust nanoprobe for selective, quantitative, and fast colorimetric detection of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
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486
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Pailler E, Adam J, Barthélémy A, Oulhen M, Auger N, Valent A, Borget I, Planchard D, Taylor M, André F, Soria JC, Vielh P, Besse B, Farace F. Detection of circulating tumor cells harboring a unique ALK rearrangement in ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:2273-81. [PMID: 23669222 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.44.5932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The diagnostic test for ALK rearrangement in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for crizotinib treatment is currently done on tumor biopsies or fine-needle aspirations. We evaluated whether ALK rearrangement diagnosis could be performed by using circulating tumor cells (CTCs). PATIENTS AND METHODS The presence of an ALK rearrangement was examined in CTCs of 18 ALK-positive and 14 ALK-negative patients by using a filtration enrichment technique and filter-adapted fluorescent in situ hybridization (FA-FISH), a FISH method optimized for filters. ALK-rearrangement patterns were determined in CTCs and compared with those present in tumor biopsies. ALK-rearranged CTCs and tumor specimens were characterized for epithelial (cytokeratins, E-cadherin) and mesenchymal (vimentin, N-cadherin) marker expression. ALK-rearranged CTCs were monitored in five patients treated with crizotinib. RESULTS All ALK-positive patients had four or more ALK-rearranged CTCs per 1 mL of blood (median, nine CTCs per 1 mL; range, four to 34 CTCs per 1 mL). No or only one ALK-rearranged CTC (median, one per 1 mL; range, zero to one per 1 mL) was detected in ALK-negative patients. ALK-rearranged CTCs harbored a unique (3'5') split pattern, and heterogeneous patterns (3'5', only 3') of splits were present in tumors. ALK-rearranged CTCs expressed a mesenchymal phenotype contrasting with heterogeneous epithelial and mesenchymal marker expressions in tumors. Variations in ALK-rearranged CTC levels were detected in patients being treated with crizotinib. CONCLUSION ALK rearrangement can be detected in CTCs of patients with ALK-positive NSCLC by using a filtration technique and FA-FISH, enabling both diagnostic testing and monitoring of crizotinib treatment. Our results suggest that CTCs harboring a unique ALK rearrangement and mesenchymal phenotype may arise from clonal selection of tumor cells that have acquired the potential to drive metastatic progression of ALK-positive NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Pailler
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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487
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Willis L, Graham TA, Alarcón T, Alison MR, Tomlinson IPM, Page KM. What can be learnt about disease progression in breast cancer dormancy from relapse data? PLoS One 2013; 8:e62320. [PMID: 23671591 PMCID: PMC3646031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer patients have an anomalously high rate of relapse many years–up to 25 years–after apparently curative surgery removed the primary tumour. Disease progression during the intervening years between resection and relapse is poorly understood. There is evidence that the disease persists as dangerous, tiny metastases that remain at a growth restricted, clinically undetectable size until a transforming event restarts growth. This is the starting point for our study, where patients who have metastases that are all tiny and growth-restricted are said to have cancer dormancy. Can long-term follow-up relapse data from breast cancer patients be used to extract knowledge about the progression of the undetected disease? Here, we evaluate whether this is the case by introducing and analysing four simple mathematical models of cancer dormancy. These models extend the common assumption that a random transforming event, such as a mutation, can restart growth of a tiny, growth-restricted metastasis; thereafter, cancer dormancy progresses to detectable metastasis. We find that physiopathological details, such as the number of random transforming events that metastases must undergo to escape from growth restriction, cannot be extracted from relapse data. This result is unsurprising. However, the same analysis suggested a natural question that does have a surprising answer: why are interesting trends in long-term relapse data not more commonly observed? Further, our models indicate that (a) therapies which induce growth restriction among metastases but do not prevent increases in metastases' tumourigenicity may introduce a time post-surgery when more patients are prone to relapse; and (b), if a number of facts about disease progression are first established, how relapse data might be used to estimate clinically relevant variables, such as the likely numbers of undetected growth-restricted metastases. This work is a necessary, early step in building a quantitative mechanistic understanding of cancer dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Willis
- Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and EXperimental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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488
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Hong B, Zu Y. Detecting circulating tumor cells: current challenges and new trends. Theranostics 2013; 3:377-94. [PMID: 23781285 PMCID: PMC3677409 DOI: 10.7150/thno.5195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the blood stream play a critical role in establishing metastases. The clinical value of CTCs as a biomarker for early cancer detection, diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, stratification, and pharmacodynamics have been widely explored in recent years. However, the clinical utility of current CTC tests is limited mainly due to methodological constraints. In this review, the pros and cons of the reported CTC assays are comprehensively discussed. In addition, the potential of tumor cell-derived materials as new targets for CTC detection, including circulating tumor microemboli, cell fragments, and circulating DNA, is evaluated. Finally, emerging approaches for CTC detection, including telomerase-based or aptamer-based assays and cell functional analysis, are also assessed. Expectantly, a thorough review of the current knowledge and technology of CTC detection will assist the scientific community in the development of more efficient CTC assay systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hong
- 1. TeloVISION, LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel Blvd. West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Youli Zu
- 2. Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, The Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin, MS205, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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489
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Yu F, Chen L, Xu W, Cao L, Zhang Y, Shi LH, Yin ZF. Detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma using an improved asialoglycoprotein receptor-based separation method. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:858-864. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i10.858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To introduce a novel magnetic cell separation system which allows for immunomorphological identification and enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS: The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) is a transmembrane protein expressed exclusively on the surface of hepatocytes. We have recently developed a sensitive and specific system mediated by the interaction of the ASGPR with its ligand to magnetically separate CTCs in HCC patients. In the system, HCC cells were bound by biotinylated asialofetuin, an ASGPR ligand, and subsequently labeled by anti-biotin antibody-coated magnetic beads, followed by magnetic separation. The separated HCC cells were then identified by immunofluorescence staining using the hepatocyte-specific antibody Hep Par 1. In this study, we used EDTA instead of heparin for anticoagulation because heparin could cause the presence of gels in cell suspension, which affected the passage of cells through the separation column and reduced the separation efficiency. The recovery, specificity and sensitivity of the HCC CTC separation and detection system were determined by performing Hep3B cell spiking experiments.
RESULTS: Calcium chelating agent EDTA was used for anticoagulation instead of heparin in some steps of the original method and gel phenomenon no longer appeared in the cell suspension. The cell spiking experiments showed that when there were 10, 30, 90, 270 and 810 Hep3B cells spiked into five milliliters of peripheral blood from healthy volunteers, the average recovery was ≥ 70% at each spiking level and the recovery of the modified method was higher than that of the original method (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: We have developed a new tool that allows for highly sensitive and specific separation and detection of CTCs in HCC patients. It may be clinically useful for diagnosis and monitoring of HCC. The cell spiking experiments showed that the recovery of the modified method was higher than that of the original method.
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490
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Secondary circulating prostate cells predict biochemical failure in prostate cancer patients after radical prostatectomy and without evidence of disease. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:762064. [PMID: 23653529 PMCID: PMC3628499 DOI: 10.1155/2013/762064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Although 90% of prostate cancer is considered to be localized, 20%–30% of patients will experience biochemical failure (BF), defined as serum PSA >0.2 ng/mL, after radical prostatectomy (RP). The presence of circulating prostate cells (CPCs) in men without evidence of BF may be useful to predict patients at risk for BF. We describe the frequency of CPCs detected after RP, relation with clinicopathological parameters, and association with biochemical failure. Methods and Patients. Serial blood samples were taken during followup after RP, mononuclear cells were obtained by differential gel centrifugation, and CPCs identified using standard immunocytochemistry using anti-PSA monoclonal antibodies. Age, pathological stage (organ confined, nonorgan confined), pathological grade, margin status (positive, negative), extracapsular extension, perineural, vascular, and lymphatic infiltration (positive, negative) were compared with the presence/absence of CPCs and with and without biochemical failure. Kaplan Meier methods were used to compare the unadjusted biochemical failure free survival of patients with and without CPCs. Results. 114 men participated, and secondary CPCs were detected more frequently in patients with positive margins, extracapsular extension, and vascular and lymphatic infiltration and were associated with biochemical failure independent of these clinicopathological variables, and with a shorter time to BF. Conclusions. Secondary CPCs are an independent risk factor associated with increased BF in men with a PSA <0.2 ng/mL after radical prostatectomy, but do not determine if the recurrence is due to local or systemic disease. These results warrant larger studies to confirm the findings.
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491
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Song Y, Zhu Z, An Y, Zhang W, Zhang H, Liu D, Yu C, Duan W, Yang CJ. Selection of DNA aptamers against epithelial cell adhesion molecule for cancer cell imaging and circulating tumor cell capture. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4141-9. [PMID: 23480100 DOI: 10.1021/ac400366b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is overexpressed in most solid cancers and is an ideal antigen for clinical applications in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, imaging, and therapy. Currently, most of the EpCAM-based diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies rely on the anti-EpCAM antibody. However, the use of EpCAM antibody is restricted due to its large size and instability. In this study, we have successfully identified DNA aptamers that selectively bind human recombinant EpCAM protein. The aptamers can specifically recognize a number of live human cancer cells derived from breast, colorectal, and gastric cancers that express EpCAM but not bind to EpCAM-negative cells. Among the aptamer sequences identified, a hairpin-structured sequence SYL3 was optimized in length, resulting in aptamer sequence SYL3C. The Kd values of the SYL3C aptamer against breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and gastric cancer cell line Kato III were found to be 38 ± 9 and 67 ± 8 nM, respectively, which are better than that of the full-length SYL3 aptamer. Flow cytometry analysis results indicated that the SYL3C aptamer was able to recognize target cancer cells from mixed cells in cell media. When used to capture cancer cells, up to 63% cancer cell capture efficiency was achieved with about 80% purity. With the advantages of small size, easy synthesis, good stability, high binding affinity, and selectivity, the DNA aptamers reported here against cancer biomarker EpCAM will facilitate the development of novel targeted cancer therapy, cancer cell imaging, and circulating tumor cell detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Song
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
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492
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Livin promotes progression of breast cancer through induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and activation of AKT signaling. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1413-22. [PMID: 23524337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) are closely correlated with proliferation, apoptosis, motility, and metastasis. Livin is the most recently identified IAP, and its role in breast progression remains unknown. In our study, analyses of 50 patients with breast cancer revealed that the positive expression rate of Livin was higher in breast cancer tissues (62%) relative to that in adjacent (35%) and normal tissues (25%). Livin expression in breast cancer correlated with the clinical stage and axillary lymph node metastasis and could be used as a prognostic marker. Our in vitro experiment revealed that Livin was highly expressed in high-invasive MDA-MB-231 cells as compared to low-invasive cells (MCF-7). Suppression of Livin by short-hairpin RNA reduced the Livin expression of MDA-MB-231 cells and subsequently inhibited tumor cell growth, proliferation, and colony formation and induced tumor cell apoptosis, motility, migration, and invasion. Overexpression of Livin in MCF7 cells resulted in increased migration and invasion capabilities of the cells without affecting proliferation and apoptosis. In addition, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was induced by Livin expression in breast cancer cell lines. The high level of phosphorylated AKT in MDA-MB-231 cells was suppressed by Livin knockdown. Further, Livin-induced migration and invasion could be abolished by either the application of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 or knockdown of AKT expression using small-interfering RNA. In conclusion, Livin serves as an independent prognostic indicator for breast cancer. Livin expression promotes breast cancer metastasis through the activation of AKT signaling and induction of EMT in breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo.
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493
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494
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Modery-Pawlowski CL, Master AM, Pan V, Howard G, Gupta AS. A platelet-mimetic paradigm for metastasis-targeted nanomedicine platforms. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:910-9. [PMID: 23360320 PMCID: PMC3690560 DOI: 10.1021/bm301996p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that, beyond their traditional role in hemostasis and thrombosis, platelets play a significant role in mediating hematologic mechanisms of tumor metastasis by directly and indirectly interacting with pro-metastatic cancer cells. With this rationale, we hypothesized that platelets can be an effective paradigm to develop nanomedicine platforms that utilize platelet-mimetic interaction mechanisms for targeted diagnosis and therapy of metastatic cancer cells. Here we report on our investigation of the development of nanoconstructs that interact with metastatic cancer cells via platelet-mimetic heteromultivalent ligand-receptor pathways. For our studies, pro-metastatic human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 was studied for its surface expression of platelet-interactive receptors, in comparison to another low-metastatic human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. Certain platelet-interactive receptors were found to be significantly overexpressed on the MDA-MB-231 cells, and these cells showed significantly enhanced binding interactions with active platelets compared to MCF-7 cells. Based upon these observations, two specific receptor interactions were selected, and corresponding ligands were engineered onto the surface of liposomes as model nanoconstructs, to enable platelet-mimetic binding to the cancer cells. Our model platelet-mimetic liposomal constructs showed enhanced targeting and attachment of MDA-MB-231 cells compared to the MCF-7 cells. These results demonstrate the promise of utilizing platelet-mimetic constructs in modifying nanovehicle constructs for metastasis-targeted drug as well as modifying surfaces for ex-vivo cell enrichment diagnostic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa L. Modery-Pawlowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Alyssa M. Master
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Victor Pan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Gregory Howard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Anirban Sen Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106
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495
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Choi H, Kim KB, Jeon CS, Hwang I, Lee S, Kim HK, Kim HC, Chung TD. A label-free DC impedance-based microcytometer for circulating rare cancer cell counting. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:970-7. [PMID: 23340965 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc41376k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood samples is believed to provide valuable evidence of cancer progression, cancer activity status, response to therapy in patients with metastatic cancer, and possible cancer diagnosis. Recently, a number of researchers reported that CTCs tend to lose their epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) by an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). As such, label-free CTC detection methods are attracting worldwide attention. Here, we describe a label-free DC impedance-based microcytometer for CTCs by exploiting the difference in size between CTCs and blood cells. This system detects changes in DC impedance between two polyelectrolytic gel electrodes (PGEs) under low DC voltages. Using spiked ovarian cancer cell lines (OVCAR-3) in blood as a model system, we were able to count the cells using a microcytometer with 88% efficiency with a flow rate of 13 μl min(-1) without a dilution process. Furthermore, we examined blood samples from breast cancer patients using the cytometer, and detected CTCs in 24 out of 24 patient samples. Thus, the proposed DC impedance-based microcytometer presents a facile and fast way of CTC evaluation regardless of their biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoungseon Choi
- Interdisciplinary Program, Bioengineering Major, Seoul National University, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
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496
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Kočevar N, Hudler P, Komel R. The progress of proteomic approaches in searching for cancer biomarkers. N Biotechnol 2013; 30:319-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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497
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Jung SY, Ahn S, Seo E, Lee SJ. Detection of circulating tumor cells via an X-ray imaging technique. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2013; 20:324-331. [PMID: 23412490 DOI: 10.1107/s090904951204873x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Detailed information on the location and the size of tumor cells circulating through lymphatic and blood vessels is useful to cancer diagnosis. Metastasis of cancers to other non-adjacent organs is reported to cause 90% of deaths not from the primary tumors. Therefore, effective detection of circulating tumors cells (CTCs) related to metastasis is emphasized in cancer treatments. With the use of synchrotron X-ray micro-imaging techniques, high-resolution images of individual flowing tumor cells were obtained. Positively charged gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) which were inappropriate for incorporation into human red blood cells were selectively incorporated into tumor cells to enhance the image contrast. This approach enables images of individual cancer cells and temporal movements of CTCs to be captured by the high X-ray absorption efficiency of selectively incorporated AuNPs. This new technology for in vivo imaging of CTCs would contribute to improve cancer diagnosis and cancer therapy prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yong Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyojadong, Pohang, Republic of Korea
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498
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Wu Y, Xue P, Kang Y, Hui KM. Highly Specific and Ultrasensitive Graphene-Enhanced Electrochemical Detection of Low-Abundance Tumor Cells Using Silica Nanoparticles Coated with Antibody-Conjugated Quantum Dots. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3166-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303398b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Wu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Peng Xue
- School of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Yuejun Kang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Kam M. Hui
- Division of Cellular and Molecular
Research, National Cancer Centre, 11 Hospital
Drive, Singapore 169610, Singapore
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499
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Kim JW, Galanzha EI, Zaharoff DA, Griffin RJ, Zharov VP. Nanotheranostics of circulating tumor cells, infections and other pathological features in vivo. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:813-30. [PMID: 23379366 DOI: 10.1021/mp300577s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many life-threatening diseases are disseminated through biological fluids, such as blood, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid. The migration of tumor cells through the vascular circulation is a mandatory step in metastasis, which is responsible for ∼90% of cancer-associated mortality. Circulating pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or blood clots lead to other serious conditions including bacteremia, sepsis, viremia, infarction, and stroke. Therefore, technologies capable of detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating bacterial cells (CBCs), circulating endothelial cells (CECs), circulating blood clots, cancer biomarkers such as microparticles and exosomes, which contain important microRNA signatures, and other abnormal features such as malaria parasites in biological fluids may facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of metastatic cancers, infections, and adverse cardiovascular events. Unfortunately, even in a disease setting, circulating abnormal cells are rare events that are easily obscured by the overwhelming background material in whole blood. Existing detection methods mostly rely on ex vivo analyses of limited volumes (a few milliliters) of blood samples. These small volumes limit the probability of detecting CTCs, CECs, CBCs and other rare phenomena. In vivo detection platforms capable of continuously monitoring the entire blood volume may substantially increase the probability of detecting circulating abnormal cells and, in particular, increase the opportunity to identify exceedingly rare and potentially dangerous subsets of these cells, such as circulating cancer stem cells (CCSCs). In addition, in vivo detection technologies capable of destroying and/or capturing circulating abnormal cells may inhibit disease progression. This review focuses on novel therapeutic and diagnostic (theranostic) platforms integrating in vivo real-time early diagnosis and nano-bubble based targeted therapy of CTCs, CECs, CBCs and other abnormal objects in circulation. This critical review particularly focuses on nanotechnology-based theranostic (nanotheranostic) approaches, especially in vivo photoacoustic (PA) and photothermal (PT) nanotheranostic platforms. We emphasize an urgent need for in vivo platforms composed of multifunctional contrast nanoagents, which utilize diverse modalities to realize a breakthrough for early detection and treatment of harmful diseases disseminated through the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Kim
- Bio/Nano Technology Laboratory, Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.
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500
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Ma YC, Wang L, Yu FL. Recent advances and prospects in the isolation by size of epithelial tumor cells (ISET) methodology. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2013; 12:295-309. [PMID: 23448577 DOI: 10.7785/tcrt.2012.500328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Current technologies to identify and characterize circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and _ circulating tumor microemboli (CTMs) among hundreds of millions of leukocytes in the bloodstream can be classified into tumor-marker-dependent and -independent technology. Isolation by size of epithelial tumor cells (ISET) is a tumor-marker-independent technology, in which CTCs are isolated by filtration without use of tumor-associated markers, as a result of their large size relative to circulating blood leukocytes. ISET allows cytomorphological, immunocytological, and genetic characterization of CTCs and CTMs. It offers a number of advantages, including retention of cell morphology; non-antigen dependence; amenability of cells to further interrogation by immunolabeling, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and RNA/DNA analysis; ability to isolate CTMs; reliability. Therefore, morphological-analysis-based and antigen-independent ISET methodology can yield more accurate and objective characterization of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We can evaluate efficacy of _chemotherapy and radiotherapy and other cancer-targeting therapies by using xenografts that are suitable models for mechanistic studies of ISET-isolated CTC/CTM biology. In addition, a new _ISET-based device could be designed to increase sensitivity to CTCs/CTMs greatly and reduce the number of CTCs/CTMs directly during the blood flow, thus decreasing the _possibility of tumor recurrence and metastasis while retaining normal blood cells. This article reviews recent advances and prospects in ISET methodology and provides new insights into ISET methodology, with important implications for the clinical management of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chao Ma
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic _Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 _Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, _Hunan 410012, China.
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