451
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Declercq HA, Tamara De Caluwé, Krysko O, Bachert C, Cornelissen MJ. Bone grafts engineered from human adipose-derived stem cells in dynamic 3D-environments. Biomaterials 2013; 34:1004-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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452
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WU XIAOCHENG, HUANG BO, WANG JIAN, LI CHANGQING, ZHOU YUE. Collagen-targeting parathyroid hormone-related peptide promotes collagen binding and in vitro chondrogenesis in bone marrow-derived MSCs. Int J Mol Med 2012; 31:430-6. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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453
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Froelich K, Setiawan LE, Technau A, Ramos Tirado M, Hackenberg S, Hagen R, Staudenmaier R, Kleinsasser NH. Influence of Different Growth Factors on Chondrogenic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Polyurethane-Fibrin Composites. Int J Artif Organs 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/039139881203501203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) has proven to be feasible. To compensate for laryngeal palsy or cartilage defects after surgery or trauma using tissue engineering, a formable and stable scaffold material is mandatory. Methods ASCs were seeded in fibrin-polyurethane scaffolds and cultured in chondrogenic differentiation medium adding the growth factors TGF-□1, TGF-□3, and BMP-2 for up to 35 days. Results Histological examination showed acid glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix in all groups. Immunofluorescence presented positive staining for collagen II, aggrecan, and SOX-9 in the TGF-□1–, TGF-□3–, and BMP-2-group. With Real-time PCR analyses, chondrogenic differentiation became apparent by the expression of the specific genes COL2A1 (collagen II), AGC 1 (aggrecan), and SOX-9, whereas collagen II expression was low in all groups compared to bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSC) due to reduced chondrogenic ability. Conclusions These findings demonstrate the general ability of ASCs to differentiate into matrix-producing chondrocytes in fibrin-polyurethane scaffolds. However, further experiments are necessary to enhance this chondrogenic potential of ASCs seeded in fibrin-polyurethane scaffolds in order to produce a suitable regeneration method for treating cartilage defects or an implantable medialization material for vocal cord palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Froelich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wuerzburg - Germany
| | - Lydia E. Setiawan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wuerzburg - Germany
| | - Antje Technau
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wuerzburg - Germany
| | - Mario Ramos Tirado
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wuerzburg - Germany
| | - Stephan Hackenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wuerzburg - Germany
| | - Rudolf Hagen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wuerzburg - Germany
| | - Rainer Staudenmaier
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Technical University Munich - Germany
| | - Norbert H. Kleinsasser
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wuerzburg - Germany
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454
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Human stem cells and articular cartilage regeneration. Cells 2012; 1:994-1009. [PMID: 24710539 PMCID: PMC3901135 DOI: 10.3390/cells1040994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of articular cartilage damaged due to trauma and posttraumatic osteoarthritis is an unmet medical need. Current approaches to regeneration and tissue engineering of articular cartilage include the use of chondrocytes, stem cells, scaffolds and signals, including morphogens and growth factors. Stem cells, as a source of cells for articular cartilage regeneration, are a critical factor for articular cartilage regeneration. This is because articular cartilage tissue has a low cell turnover and does not heal spontaneously. Adult stem cells have been isolated from various tissues, such as bone marrow, adipose, synovial tissue, muscle and periosteum. Signals of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily play critical roles in chondrogenesis. However, adult stem cells derived from various tissues tend to differ in their chondrogenic potential. Pluripotent stem cells have unlimited proliferative capacity compared to adult stem cells. Chondrogenesis from embryonic stem (ES) cells has been studied for more than a decade. However, establishment of ES cells requires embryos and leads to ethical issues for clinical applications. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated by cellular reprogramming of adult cells by transcription factors. Although iPS cells have chondrogenic potential, optimization, generation and differentiation toward articular chondrocytes are currently under intense investigation.
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455
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Im GI, Ko JY, Lee JH. Chondrogenesis of Adipose Stem Cells in a Porous Polymer Scaffold: Influence of the Pore Size. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:2397-405. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x638865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined how the difference in pore size of porous scaffolds affected the in vitro chondrogenic differentiation of seeded adipose stem cells (ASCs) and the in vivo cartilage repair of ASC/scaffold construct. ASCs were isolated from 18 rabbits and seeded in a porous poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffold with different pore sizes (100, 200, 400 μm). The ASCs underwent in vitro chondrogenic induction under TGF-β2 and BMP-7 for 21 days before analysis. The ASC/scaffold construct was also implanted on the osteochondral defect created on the distal femur of the same rabbits, and the quality of cartilage regeneration was analyzed after 8 weeks. At day 21, the ASCs proliferated and spread on the surface of the scaffolds with a pore size 100 and 200 μm, whereas there were many lumps of conglomerated ASCs on those with a pore size of 400 μm. The DNA content was significantly lower in the scaffold with a pore size of 400 μm than in that with a pore size of 100 or 200 μm. Proteoglycan production was significantly greater in the scaffold with a pore size of 400 and 200 μm than in that with a pore size of 100 μm. The chondrogenic marker gene expression including SOX9 and COL2A1 was greatest in the scaffold with a pore size of 400 μm followed by 200 μm. Immunofluorescent imaging showed that, while SOX9 was localized to nucleus, type II collagen was observed on the cytoplasm and secreted matrix around the cells most abundantly in the scaffold with a pore size of 400 μm followed by 200 μm. The gross and histological findings from the osteochondral defects showed that the cartilage repair was better in the scaffold with a pore size of 400 and 200 μm than in that with a pore size of 100 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun-Ii Im
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, South Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Ko
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, South Korea
| | - Jin Ho Lee
- Department of Advanced Materials, Hannam University, Daejeon, South Korea
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456
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Ock SA, Maeng GH, Lee YM, Kim TH, Kumar BM, Lee SL, Rho GJ. Donor-matched functional and molecular characterization of canine mesenchymal stem cells derived from different origins. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:2311-21. [PMID: 23068964 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine mesenchymal stem cells (cMSCs) have generated a great interest as a promising source for cell-based therapies. To understand the basic biological properties of cMSCs derived from bone marrow (cBM-MSCs), adipose tissue (cA-MSCs), and dermal skin (cDS-MSCs) from a single donor, the present study compared their alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, expression of CD markers and stem cell transcription factors, differentiation ability into osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineages, in vivo ectopic bone formation, chromosomal stability, cell cycle status, telomere length, and telomerase activity. Expressions of AP activity and transcription factors (Oct3/4, Nanog, and Sox2) were either absent or extremely weak in all cMSCs. CD marker profile (CD45(-), CD90(+), and CD105(+)) and differentiation capacity were exhibited by all cMSCs, although cA-MSCs had enhanced cytochemical staining associated with expression of lineage-specific markers. In vivo bone formation of cMSCs was performed with demineralized bone matrix (DBM) by transplanting into the subcutaneous spaces of 9-week-old BALB/c-nu mice, followed by radiographic and histological analysis after 1 and 2 months. cA-MSCs and cDS-MSCs, in contrast to the in vitro observations, also displayed higher in vivo osteogenic abilities than cBM-MSCs. Ploidy analysis showed that cells were diploid and contained no noticeable chromosomal abnormalities. Furthermore, a relatively low percentage of cells was found at the G1 phase in all cMSCs, especially in DS-MSCs. Regardless of the different tissue sources, cMSCs from a single donor showed no differences in telomere lengths (∼18-19 kbp) but exhibited varied telomerase activity. The above results suggest that tissue-specific cMSCs derived from a single donor possess slight differences in stem cell properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-A Ock
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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457
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Rapp SJ, Jones DC, Gerety P, Taylor JA. Repairing critical-sized rat calvarial defects with progenitor cell-seeded acellular periosteum: A novel biomimetic scaffold. Surgery 2012; 152:595-604, 605.e1; discussion 604-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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458
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Immune responses during healing of massive segmental femoral bone defects mediated by hybrid baculovirus-engineered ASCs. Biomaterials 2012; 33:7422-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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459
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Puetzer J, Williams J, Gillies A, Bernacki S, Loboa EG. The effects of cyclic hydrostatic pressure on chondrogenesis and viability of human adipose- and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in three-dimensional agarose constructs. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 19:299-306. [PMID: 22871265 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of cyclic hydrostatic pressure (CHP) on chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) in three-dimensional (3-D) agarose constructs maintained in a complete growth medium without soluble chondrogenic inducing factors. hASCs were seeded in 2% agarose hydrogels and exposed to 7.5 MPa CHP for 4 h per day at a frequency of 1 Hz for up to 21 days. On days 0, 7, 14, and 21, the expression levels of collagen II, Sox9, aggrecan, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) were examined by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Gene expression analysis found collagen II mRNA expression in only the CHP-loaded construct at day 14 and at no other time during the study. CHP-loaded hASCs exhibited upregulated mRNA expression of Sox9, aggrecan, and COMP at day 7 relative to unloaded controls, suggesting that CHP initiated chondrogenic differentiation of hASCs in a manner similar to human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). By day 14, however, loaded hASC constructs exhibited significantly lower mRNA expression of the chondrogenic markers than unloaded controls. Additionally, by day 21, the samples exhibited little measurable mRNA expression at all, suggesting a decreased viability. Histological analysis validated the lack of mRNA expression at day 21 for both the loaded and unloaded control samples with a visible decrease in the cell number and change in morphology. A comparative study with hASCs and hMSCs further examined long-term cell viability in 3-D agarose constructs of both cell types. Decreased cell metabolic activity was observed throughout the 21-day experimental period in both the CHP-loaded and control constructs of both hMSCs and hASCs, suggesting a decrease in cell metabolic activity, alluding to a decrease in cell viability. This suggests that a 2% agarose hydrogel may not optimally support hASC or hMSC viability in a complete growth medium in the absence of soluble chondrogenic inducing factors over long culture durations. This is the first study to examine the ability of mechanical stimuli alone, in the absence of chondrogenic factors transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)3, TGF-β1 and/or bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) to induce hASC chondrogenic differentiation. The findings of this study suggest that CHP initiates hASC chondrogenic differentiation, even in the absence of soluble chondrogenic inductive factors, confirming the importance of considering both mechanical stimuli and appropriate 3-D culture for cartilage tissue engineering using hASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Puetzer
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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460
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Zanetti AS, Sabliov C, Gimble JM, Hayes DJ. Human adipose-derived stem cells and three-dimensional scaffold constructs: a review of the biomaterials and models currently used for bone regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2012; 101:187-99. [PMID: 22997152 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, substantial strides have been taken toward the use of human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (hASC) in the regeneration of bone. Since the discovery of the hASC osteogenic potential, many models have combined hASC with biodegradable scaffold materials. In general, rats and immunodeficient (nude) mice models for nonweight bearing bone formation have led the way to assess hASC osteogenic potential in vivo. The goal of this review is to present an overview of the recent literature describing hASC osteogenesis in conjunction with three-dimensional scaffolds for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Zanetti
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University and LSU AgCenter, Louisiana, USA
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461
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Yoon HH, Bhang SH, Shin JY, Shin J, Kim BS. Enhanced cartilage formation via three-dimensional cell engineering of human adipose-derived stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:1949-56. [PMID: 22881427 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous chondrocyte implantation is an effective treatment for damaged articular cartilage. However, this method involves surgical procedures that may cause further cartilage degeneration, and in vitro expansion of chondrocytes can result in dedifferentiation. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) may be an alternative autologous cell source for cartilage regeneration. In this study, we developed an effective method for large-scale in vitro chondrogenic differentiation, which is the procedure that would be required for clinical applications, and the subsequent in vivo cartilage formation of human ADSCs (hADSCs). The spheroid formation and chondrogenic differentiation of hADSCs were induced on a large scale by culturing hADSCs in three-dimensional suspension bioreactors (spinner flasks). In vitro chondrogenic differentiation of hADSCs was enhanced by a spheroid culture compared with a monolayer culture. The enhanced chondrogenesis was probably attributable to hypoxia-related cascades and enhanced cell-cell interactions in hADSC spheroids. On hADSCs loading in fibrin gel and transplantation into subcutaneous space of athymic mice for 4 weeks, the in vivo cartilage formation was enhanced by the transplantation of spheroid-cultured hADSCs compared with that of monolayer-cultured hADSCs. This study shows that the spheroid culture may be an effective method for large-scale in vitro chondrogenic differentiation of hADSCs and subsequent in vivo cartilage formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Hun Yoon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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462
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Ye Y, Du Y, Guo F, Gong C, Yang K, Qin L. Comparative study of the osteogenic differentiation capacity of human bone marrow- and human adipose-derived stem cells under cyclic tensile stretch using quantitative analysis. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:1327-34. [PMID: 22961098 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies comparing the osteogenic differentiation capacity of human bone marrow-derived stem cells (hBMSCs) and human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium have been inconclusive. Apart from chemical stimuli, mechanical stimuli have also been shown to be important in bone tissue engineering, which is referred to as functional bone tissue engineering. hBMSCs and hASCs have been shown to be sensitive to both chemical and mechanical stimuli. In an attempt to find a better seed cell in functional bone tissue engineering, we tried to quantify the osteogenic differentiation capacity of hBMSCs and hASCs under both mechanical and chemical stimuli. In this study, hBMSCs and hASCs were isolated from the same volunteers. Cells were cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium with and without exposure to cyclic tensile stretch (CTS). Quantitative measurement of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity revealed that the osteogenic differentiation capacity of hBMSCs was similar to that of hASCs in the early phase of differentiation in the CTS-stimulated groups. Quantitative measurement of mineralization showed that the late-phase osteogenic differentiation capacity of the hBMSCs was superior to that of hASCs in the CTS-stimulated groups. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was performed 5 and 10 days after cell culture. The results of the RT-PCR revealed that the osteogenic differentiation capacity of hASCs was inferior to that of hBMSCs both in the CTS-stimulated and unstimulated groups. All the results showed that both hBMSCs and hASCs were sensitive to CTS during the osteogenic differentiation process. This study compared the osteogenic differentiation capacity of hBMSCs and hASCs in response to mechanical stimulations and has important implications for the use of stem cells in functional bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
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463
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Ryu KH, Cho KA, Park HS, Kim JY, Woo SY, Jo I, Choi YH, Park YM, Jung SC, Chung SM, Choi BO, Kim HS. Tonsil-derived mesenchymal stromal cells: evaluation of biologic, immunologic and genetic factors for successful banking. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:1193-202. [DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2012.706708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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464
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Lu CH, Lin KJ, Chiu HY, Chen CY, Yen TC, Hwang SM, Chang YH, Hu YC. Improved chondrogenesis and engineered cartilage formation from TGF-β3-expressing adipose-derived stem cells cultured in the rotating-shaft bioreactor. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:2114-24. [PMID: 22712565 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have captured growing interests for cartilage regeneration. Although ASCs chondrogenesis can be stimulated by genetic modification, whether genetically engineered ASCs hold promise for the cartilaginous tissue formation remains to be explored. Since baculovirus (an emerging gene delivery vector) effectively transduced ASCs and transforming growth factor β3 (TGF-β3) was recently shown to induce ASCs chondrogenesis more potently than TGF-β1, we constructed a baculoviral vector (Bac-CT3W) to encode TGF-β3. The Bac-CT3W-transduced ASCs expressed TGF-β3 robustly and substantiated the chondrogenesis of ASCs cultured in monolayer and in porous scaffolds. Culture of the transduced cell/scaffold constructs in the rotating-shaft bioreactor (RSB) under hypoxic and perfusion conditions for 2 weeks further augmented the ASCs chondrogenesis and deposition of cartilage-specific collagen II and glycosaminoglycans, leading to the formation of cartilage-like tissues with hyaline appearance and compressive modulus approaching 62% of the native articular cartilage. Intriguingly, prolonged culture to 3 or 4 weeks failed to further augment the construct growth, probably due to the scaffold degradation. Altogether, baculovirus-mediated TGF-β3 expression in ASCs in conjunction with dynamic culture in the RSB for 2 weeks synergistically ameliorated the ASCs chondrogenesis and formation of cartilaginous tissues, representing a novel approach to producing engineered cartilages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsin Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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465
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Mathieu PS, Loboa EG. Cytoskeletal and focal adhesion influences on mesenchymal stem cell shape, mechanical properties, and differentiation down osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic pathways. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2012; 18:436-44. [PMID: 22741572 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for regenerative medicine and tissue-engineering applications. They have multipotent differentiation capabilities and have been shown to differentiate down various lineages, including osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, myocytes, and possibly neurons. The majority of approaches to control the MSC fate have been via the use of chemical factors in the form of growth factors within the culture medium. More recently, it has been understood that mechanical forces play a significant role in regulating MSC fate. We and others have shown that mechanical stimuli can control MSC lineage specification. The cytoskeleton is known to play a large role in mechanotransduction, and a growing number of studies are showing that it can also contribute to MSC differentiation. This review analyzes the significant contribution of actin and integrin distribution, and the smaller role of microtubules, in regulating MSC fate. Osteogenic differentiation is more prevalent in MSCs with a stiff, spread actin cytoskeleton and greater numbers of focal adhesions. Both adipogenic differentiation and chondrogenic differentiation are encouraged when MSCs have a spherical morphology associated with a dispersed actin cytoskeleton with few focal adhesions. Different mechanical stimuli can be implemented to alter these cytoskeletal patterns and encourage MSC differentiation to the desired lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattie S Mathieu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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466
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Isolation, expansion, and differentiation of goat adipose-derived stem cells. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:404-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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467
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Lv X, Zhou G, Liu X, Liu H, Chen J, Liu K, Cao Y. Chondrogenesis by co-culture of adipose-derived stromal cells and chondrocytes in vitro. Connect Tissue Res 2012; 53:492-7. [PMID: 22607649 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2012.694926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) could be induced to differentiate into chondrocytes in the presence of cellular factors. In this study, we explored the feasibility of inducing the differentiation of ADSCs into chondrocytes in the presence of chondrocytes. Human ADSCs and porcine auricular chondrocytes were expanded in vitro and then were mixed at the ratio of 7:3. 5.0 × 10(7) mixed cells were seeded onto a polyglycolic acid/polylactic acid scaffold as co-culture group. Chondrocytes and ADSCs with the same cell number were seeded onto the scaffold as positive control group and negative control group. A total of 1.5 × 10(7) chondrocytes were seeded as low-concentration chondrocyte group. After culturing for 8 weeks, gross observation, wet weight, histology, glycosaminoglycan quantification, and collagen II expression were evaluated. Cells in all groups well adhered to the scaffold and could secrete extracellular matrices. In the co-culture group and positive control group, cell-scaffold constructs could maintain the original size and shape during the culture. At the 8th week, cartilage-like tissues were formed, and abundant type II collagen could be detected by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in co-culture and positive control groups. Wet weights and glycosaminoglycan contents of tissues in co-culture group were approximately onefold of those in the negative control group. In the negative control group, constructs shrunk gradually without mature cartilage lacuna formation. In low-concentration chondrocyte group, constructs also shrunk obviously with small amount of cartilage formation. Chondrocytes can provide chondrogenic microenvironment to induce chondrogenic differentiation of ADSCs and thus promote the chondrogenesis of ADSCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Lv
- General Hospital of the Second Artillery of PLA, Beijing, PR China.
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468
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Lv XJ, Zhou GD, Liu Y, Liu X, Chen JN, Luo XS, Cao YL. In vitro proliferation and differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells isolated using anti-CD105 magnetic beads. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:826-34. [PMID: 22825748 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the feasibility of isolating adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) by selecting cells that express the surface receptor CD105. Surface antigen expression of the unsorted cells was undertaken using FACS analysis. Primary adipose-derived cells were isolated. The second passage cells were incubated with anti-CD105 magnetic beads, and separated using a magnetic separator. Cell growth and colony formation was determined by counting and Giemsa staining, respectively. Cells also underwent histological immunohistochemical, and RT-PCR analyses to determine their chondrogenic, adipogenic and osteogenic potential. Increased cell proliferation and colony formation was observed in CD105-positive (CD105⁺) as compared to the CD105-negative (CD105⁻) cells (P<0.001). Following induction, the expression of type II collagen and the number of calcium deposits and lipid droplets in the CD105⁺ ADCs were markedly higher than in the CD105⁻ ADCs. Furthermore, increased alkaline phosphatase (AKP), leptin and PPARγ2 mRNA expression was detected in the CD105⁺ ADCs (P<0.01). Isolation of CD105⁺ ADSCs by MACS was feasible. Thus, CD105 can be used as a relatively specific marker for the selection of ADSCs. Although the chondrogenic, adipogenic and osteogenic potential of these cells is suggestive of their potential for use in tissue engineering treatments, further in vivo studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jie Lv
- General Hospital of Second Artillery of PLA, Beijing 100088, PR China.
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469
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BMP-6 is more efficient in bone formation than BMP-2 when overexpressed in mesenchymal stem cells. Gene Ther 2012; 20:370-7. [PMID: 22717741 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone regeneration achieved using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and nonviral gene therapy holds great promise for patients with fractures seemingly unable to heal. Previously, MSCs overexpressing bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) were shown to differentiate into the osteogenic lineage and induce bone formation. In the present study, we evaluated the potential of osteogenic differentiation in porcine adipose tissue- and bone marrow-derived MSCs (ASCs and BMSCs, respectively) in vitro and in vivo when induced by nucleofection with rhBMP-2 or rhBMP-6. Our assessment of the in vivo efficiency of this procedure was made using quantitative micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Nucleofection efficiency and cell viability were similar in both cell types; however, the micro-CT analyses demonstrated that in both ASCs and BMSCs, nucleofection with rhBMP-6 generated bone tissue faster and of higher volumes than nucleofection with rhBMP-2. RhBMP-6 induced more efficient osteogenic differentiation in vitro in BMSCs, and in fact, greater osteogenic potential was identified in BMSCs both in vitro and in vivo than in ASCs. On the basis of our findings, we conclude that BMSCs nucleofected with rhBMP-6 are superior at inducing bone formation in vivo than all other groups studied.
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470
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Liang C, Li H, Li C, Yang Z, Zhou X, Tao Y, Xiao Y, Li F, Chen Q. Fabrication of a Layered Microstructured Polymeric Microspheres as a Cell Carrier for Nucleus Pulposus Regeneration. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2012; 23:2287-302. [PMID: 22243931 DOI: 10.1163/156856211x614789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of nanostructured 3D poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) constructs, which are loaded with dexamethasone (DEX) and growth factor embedded hepaiin/poly(L-lysine) nanoparticles by a layer-by-layer system, to serve as an effective scaffold for nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue engineering. Our results demonstrated that the microsphere constructs were capable of simultaneously releasing basic fibroblast growth factor and DEX with approximately zero-order kinetics. The dual bead microspheres showed no cytotoxicity, and promoted the proliferation of the rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) by lactate dehydrogenase assay and CCK-8 assay. After 4 weeks of culture in vitro, the rMSCs- scaffold hybrids contained significantly higher levels of sulfated GAG/DNA and type-II collagen than the control samples. Moreover, quantity real-time PCR analysis revealed that the expression of disc-matrix proteins, including type-II collagen, aggrecan and versican, in the rMSCs-scaffold hybrids was significantly higher than the control group, whereas the expression of osteogenic differentiation marker type-I collagen was decreased. Taken together, these data indicate that the heparin bound bFGF-coated and DEX-loaded PLGA microsphere constructs is an effective bioactive scaffold for the regeneration of NP tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhen Liang
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , 88 Jie Fang Road , Hangzhou , 310009 , Zhejiang , P. R. China
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471
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Shiraishi T, Sumita Y, Wakamastu Y, Nagai K, Asahina I. Formation of Engineered Bone with Adipose Stromal Cells from Buccal Fat Pad. J Dent Res 2012; 91:592-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034512445633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A robust method for inducing bone formation from adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) has not been established. Moreover, the efficacy of strong osteogenic inducers including BMP-2 for ADSC-mediated bone engineering remains controversial. Meanwhile, the buccal fat pad (BFP), which is found in the oral cavity as an adipose-encapsulated mass, has been shown to have potential as a new accessible source of ADSCs for oral surgeons. However, to date, there have been no reports that define the practical usefulness of ADSCs from BFP (B-ADSCs) for bone engineering. Here, we report an efficient method of generating bone from B-ADSCs using rhBMP-2. The analyses show that B-ADSCs can differentiate in vitro toward the osteoblastic lineage by the addition of rhBMP-2 to culture medium, regardless of the presence of osteoinductive reagents (OSR), as demonstrated by measurements of ALP activity, in vitro calcification, and osteogenic gene expression. Interestingly, adipogenic genes were clearly detectable only in cultures with rhBMP-2 and OSR. However, in vivo bone formation was most substantial when B-ADSCs cultured in this condition were transplanted. Thus, B-ADSCs reliably formed engineered bone when pre-treated with rhBMP-2 for inducing mature osteoblastic differentiation. This study supports the potential translation for B-ADSC use in the clinical treatment of bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Shiraishi
- Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Unit of Translational Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Y. Sumita
- Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Unit of Translational Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Y. Wakamastu
- Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Unit of Translational Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - K. Nagai
- Blood Transfusion Service, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - I. Asahina
- Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Unit of Translational Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
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472
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Lee JM, Im GI. PTHrP isoforms have differing effect on chondrogenic differentiation and hypertrophy of mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 421:819-24. [PMID: 22554518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.04.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
While several isoforms of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) have been commercially available, the difference in their effect has not been widely studied. The purpose of this study was to determine which isoform most effectively promoted chondrogenesis and suppressed hypertrophy from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs isolated from fresh bone marrow were cultured in pellet in chondrogenic medium containing 5 ng/ml of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β(3). From day 14 of culture, subsets of pellets were additionally treated with one of the four PTHrP isoforms (1-34, 1-86, 7-34, and 107-139) at 100 nM. After a further 2 weeks of in vitro culture, pellets were harvested for analysis. PTHrPs 1-34 and 1-86 significantly decreased the DNA level (p<0.05) while PTHrPs 7-34 and 107-139 significantly increased DNA level (p<0.05) compared with the control treated with TGF-β(3) only. Glycosaminoglycan per DNA significantly increased when treated with PTHrPs 1-34 and 1-86 (p<0.05) while it significantly decreased with PTHrPs 7-34 and 107-139 (p<0.05). PTHrP 1-34 significantly increased the gene and protein expression of the chondrogenic marker COL2A1, and decreased those of hypertrophic markers COL10A1 and alkaline phosphatase while other isoforms showed inconsistent effects. All of PTHrP isoforms significantly suppressed the gene and protein expression of indian hedgehog (p<0.05) while all isoforms except PTHrP 107-139 significantly reduced the gene and protein expression of patched 1 (p<0.05). In conclusion, of several PTHrP isoforms, PTHrP 1-34 most significantly enhanced chondrogenesis and suppressed hypertrophy in MSCs, supporting its use for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang 410-773, Republic of Korea
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473
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Gamie Z, Tran GT, Vyzas G, Korres N, Heliotis M, Mantalaris A, Tsiridis E. Stem cells combined with bone graft substitutes in skeletal tissue engineering. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:713-29. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.679652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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474
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Liang CZ, Li H, Tao YQ, Zhou XP, Yang ZR, Xiao YX, Li FC, Han B, Chen QX. Dual delivery for stem cell differentiation using dexamethasone and bFGF in/on polymeric microspheres as a cell carrier for nucleus pulposus regeneration. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:1097-1107. [PMID: 22327946 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4563-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of the nanostructured 3D poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) constructs, which are loaded with dexamethasone (DEX) and growth factor embedded heparin/poly(L-lysine) nanoparticles via a layer-by-layer system, to serve as an effective scaffold for nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue engineering. Our results demonstrated that the microsphere constructs were capable of simultaneously releasing basic fibroblast growth factor and DEX with approximately zero order kinetics. The dual bead microspheres showed no cytotoxicity, and promoted the proliferation of the rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) by lactate dehydrogenase assay and CCK-8 assay. After 4 weeks of cultivation in vitro, the rMSCs-scaffold hybrids contained significantly higher levels of sulfated GAG/DNA and collagen type II than the control samples. Moreover, quantitative real time PCR analysis revealed that the expression of disc-matrix proteins including collagen type II, aggrecan, and versican in the rMSCs-scaffold hybrids was significantly higher than that in the control group, whereas the expression of osteogenic differentiation marker (collagen type I) was decreased. Taken together, these data indicate that Dex/bFGF PLGA microspheres could be used as a scaffold to improve the rMSCs growth and differentiating into NP like cells, and reduce the inflammatory response for IVD tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Z Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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475
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476
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Alegre-Aguarón E, Desportes P, García-Álvarez F, Castiella T, Larrad L, Martínez-Lorenzo MJ. Differences in surface marker expression and chondrogenic potential among various tissue-derived mesenchymal cells from elderly patients with osteoarthritis. Cells Tissues Organs 2012; 196:231-40. [PMID: 22947769 DOI: 10.1159/000334400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are self-renewing, multipotent cells that could potentially be used to repair injured cartilage in diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA). In this study we used bone marrow, adipose tissue from articular and subcutaneous locations, and synovial fluid samples from 18 patients with knee OA to find a suitable alternative source for the isolation of MSCs with high chondrogenic potential. MSCs from all tissues analysed had a fibroblastic morphology, but their rates of proliferation varied. Subcutaneous fat-derived MSCs proliferated faster than bone marrow- and Hoffa's fat pad-derived MSCs, while synovial fluid-derived MSCs grew more slowly. CD36 and CD54 expression was similar across all groups of MSCs with several minor differences. High expression of these surface markers in subcutaneous fat-derived MSCs was correlated with poor differentiation into hyaline cartilage. Synovial fluid-derived MSCs presented a relatively small chondrogenic differentiation capacity while Hoffa's fat pad-derived MSCs had strong chondrogenic potential. In conclusion, MSCs from elderly patients with OA may still display significant chondrogenic potential, depending on their origin.
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477
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Mesenchymal stem cells: characteristics, sources, and mechanisms of action. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2012; 27:243-61. [PMID: 21872757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) biology. In the first section, the characteristics that are routinely used to define MSCs-adherence, proliferation, multi-lineage potential, and "cluster of differentiation" marker profiles-are discussed. In the second section, the major tissues and body fluids that are used as sources for equine MSCs are presented, along with the comparative biologic activities of MSCs from specific locations. Finally, the current understanding of the mechanisms by which MSCs influence repair and regeneration are discussed, with an emphasis on the clinical importance of MSC trophic activities.
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478
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Abstract
Tendon and ligament injuries have proved difficult to treat effectively. Cell-based therapies offer the potential to harness the complex protein synthetic machinery of the cell to induce a regenerative response rather than fibrous scarring. This article reviews the current state of play with respect to the clinically used cell preparations for the treatment of tendon and ligaments overstrain injuries.
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479
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Neman J, Hambrecht A, Cadry C, Jandial R. Stem cell-mediated osteogenesis: therapeutic potential for bone tissue engineering. Biologics 2012; 6:47-57. [PMID: 22500114 PMCID: PMC3324839 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s22407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration often requires bony spinal fusion for long-term relief. Current arthrodesis procedures use bone grafts from autogenous bone, allogenic backed bone, or synthetic materials. Autogenous bone grafts can result in donor site morbidity and pain at the donor site, while allogenic backed bone and synthetic materials have variable effectiveness. Given these limitations, researchers have focused on new treatments that will allow for safe and successful bone repair and regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells have received attention for their ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, cells that synthesize new bone. With the recent advances in scaffold and biomaterial technology as well as stem cell manipulation and transplantation, stem cells and their scaffolds are uniquely positioned to bring about significant improvements in the treatment and outcomes of spinal fusion and other injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Neman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Cancer Center, Duarte
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480
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Isolation, culture and chondrogenic differentiation of canine adipose tissue- and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells--a comparative study. Vet Res Commun 2012; 36:139-48. [PMID: 22392598 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-012-9523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the dog, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to reside in the bone marrow (bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: BM-MSCs) as well as in the adipose tissue (adipose tissue-derived stem cells: ADSCs). Potential application fields for these multipotent MSCs in small animal practice are joint diseases as MSCs of both sources have shown to possess chondrogenic differentiation ability. However, it is not clear whether the chondrogenic differentiation potential of cells of these two distinct tissues is truly equal. Therefore, we compared MSCs of both origins in this study in terms of their chondrogenic differentiation ability and suitability for clinical application. BM-MSCs harvested from the femoral neck and ADSCs from intra-abdominal fat tissue were examined for their morphology, population doubling time (PDT) and CD90 surface antigen expression. RT-PCR served to assess expression of pluripotency marker Oct4 and early differentiation marker genes. Chondrogenic differentiation ability was compared and validated using histochemistry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and quantitative RT-PCR. Both cell populations presented a highly similar morphology and marker expression in an undifferentiated stage except that freshly isolated ADSCs demonstrated a significantly faster PDT than BM-MSCs. In contrast, BM-MSCs revealed a morphological superior cartilage formation by the production of a more abundant and structured hyaline matrix and higher expression of lineage specific genes under the applied standard differentiation protocol. However, further investigations are necessary in order to find out if chondrogenic differentiation can be improved in canine ADSCs using different protocols and/or supplements.
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481
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Ishikawa T, Banas A, Teratani T, Iwaguro H, Ochiya T. Regenerative Cells for Transplantation in Hepatic Failure. Cell Transplant 2012. [DOI: 10.3727/096368911x605286b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have an enormous potential; however, their potential clinical application is being arrested due to various limitations such as teratoma formation followed by tumorigenesis, emergent usage, and the quality control of cells, as well as safety issues regarding long-term culture are also delaying their clinical application. In addition, human ES cells have two crucial issues: immunogenicity and ethical issues associated with their clinical application. The efficient generation of human iPS cells requires gene transfer, yet the mechanism underlying pluripotent stem cell induction has not yet been fully elucidated. Otherwise, although human adult regenerative cells including mesenchymal stem cells have a limited capacity for differentiation, they are nevertheless promising candidates for tissue regeneration in a clinical setting. This review highlights the use of regenerative cells for transplantation in hepatic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ishikawa
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Agnieszka Banas
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Teratani
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Iwaguro
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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482
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James AW, Pang S, Askarinam A, Corselli M, Zara JN, Goyal R, Chang L, Pan A, Shen J, Yuan W, Stoker D, Zhang X, Adams JS, Ting K, Soo C. Additive effects of sonic hedgehog and Nell-1 signaling in osteogenic versus adipogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stromal cells. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2170-8. [PMID: 22264144 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A theoretical inverse relationship exists between osteogenic (bone forming) and adipogenic (fat forming) mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation. This inverse relationship in theory partially underlies the clinical entity of osteoporosis, in which marrow MSCs have a preference for adipose differentiation that increases with age. Two pro-osteogenic cytokines have been recently studied that each also possesses antiadipogenic properties: Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) and NELL-1 proteins. In the present study, we assayed the potential additive effects of the biologically active N-terminus of SHH (SHH-N) and NELL-1 protein on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of human primary adipose-derived stromal cell (hASCs). We observed that both recombinant SHH-N and NELL-1 protein significantly enhanced osteogenic differentiation and reduced adipose differentiation across all markers examined (alkaline phosphatase, Alizarin red and Oil red O staining, and osteogenic gene expression). Moreover, SHH-N and NELL-1 directed signaling produced additive effects on the pro-osteogenic and antiadipogenic differentiation of hASCs. NELL-1 treatment increased Hedgehog signaling pathway expression; coapplication of the Smoothened antagonist Cyclopamine reversed the pro-osteogenic effect of NELL-1. In summary, Hedgehog and Nell-1 signaling exert additive effects on the pro-osteogenic and antiadipogenic differentiation of ASCs. These studies suggest that the combination cytokines SHH-N+NELL-1 may represent a viable future technique for inducing the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W James
- Section of Orthodontics, Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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483
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Egli RJ, Wernike E, Grad S, Luginbühl R. Physiological cartilage tissue engineering effect of oxygen and biomechanics. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 289:37-87. [PMID: 21749898 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386039-2.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In vitro engineering of cartilaginous tissues has been studied for many years, and tissue-engineered constructs are sought to be used clinically for treating articular cartilage defects. Even though there is a plethora of studies and data available, no breakthroughs have been achieved yet that allow for implanting in vivo cultured articular cartilaginous tissues in patients. A review of contributions to cartilage tissue engineering over the past decades emphasizes that most of the studies were performed under environmental conditions neglecting the physiological situation. This is specifically pronounced in the use of bioreactor systems which neither allow for application of near physiomechanical stimulations nor for controlling a hypoxic environment as it is experienced in synovial joints. It is suspected that the negligence of these important parameters has slowed down progress and prevented major breakthroughs in the field. This review focuses on the main aspects of cartilage tissue engineering with emphasis on the relation and understanding of employing physiological conditions.
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484
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Cox G, Boxall SA, Giannoudis PV, Buckley CT, Roshdy T, Churchman SM, McGonagle D, Jones E. High abundance of CD271(+) multipotential stromal cells (MSCs) in intramedullary cavities of long bones. Bone 2012; 50:510-7. [PMID: 21807134 PMCID: PMC3268250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aspiration of iliac crest bone marrow (ICBM) remains the most frequent technique used in harvesting multipotential stromal cells (MSCs) for bone regeneration. Although this tissue type is easily accessed by a surgeon, it has a low frequency of MSCs, which is significant given the high cell numbers required for bone regeneration strategies. Lipoaspirates possess higher MSC frequencies, albeit cells with a differentiation profile less suited to orthopaedic interventions. Intra-medullary cavities of long bones have previously been shown to harbour MSCs in animals, however evaluation of their frequency, differentiation capacity and phenotype in humans had not previously been performed. Long bone fatty bone marrow (LBFBM) was collected prior to harvesting bone graft. Basic cellular compositions of donor-matched LBFBM and ICBM aspirates, including the numbers of CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells and CD31(+) endothelial cells, were similar. MSCs were enumerated using colony-forming-unit-fibroblast assays and flow cytometry for the presence of a resident LBFBM CD45(-/low) CD271(+) MSC population and revealed a trend for higher MSC numbers (average 5 fold, n=6) per millilitre of LBFBM compared to donor-matched ICBM. Functional characteristics of resident MSCs, including their growth rates, differentiation potentials and surface phenotypes (CD73(+)CD105(+)CD90(+)) before and after culture-amplification, were similar. Enhanced numbers of MSCs could be recovered following brief enzymatic treatment of solid fragments of LBFBM. Our findings therefore reveal that the intramedullary cavity of the human femur is a depot of MSCs, which, although closely associated with fat, have a differentiation profile equivalent to ICBM. This anatomical site is frequently accessed by the orthopaedic/trauma surgeon and aspiration of the intramedullary cavity represents a 'low-tech' method of harvesting potentially large numbers of MSCs for regenerative therapies and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Cox
- Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Sally A. Boxall
- Academic Unit of the Musculoskeletal Diseases, Leeds NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Peter V. Giannoudis
- Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Conor T. Buckley
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tarek Roshdy
- Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah M. Churchman
- Academic Unit of the Musculoskeletal Diseases, Leeds NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Dennis McGonagle
- Academic Unit of the Musculoskeletal Diseases, Leeds NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Elena Jones
- Academic Unit of the Musculoskeletal Diseases, Leeds NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds, UK
- Corresponding author at: Academic Unit of the Musculoskeletal Diseases, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Clinical Sciences Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom. Fax: + 44 113 3438502.
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485
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Roche S, D'Ippolito G, Gomez LA, Bouckenooghe T, Lehmann S, Montero-Menei CN, Schiller PC. Comparative analysis of protein expression of three stem cell populations: models of cytokine delivery system in vivo. Int J Pharm 2012; 440:72-82. [PMID: 22285475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Several mechanisms mediate the regenerative and reparative capacity of stem cells, including cytokine secretion; therefore these cells can act as delivery systems of therapeutic molecules. Here we begin to address the molecular and cellular basis of their regenerative potential by characterizing the proteomic profile of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and marrow isolated adult multilineage inducible (MIAMI) cells, followed by analysis of the secretory profile of the latter stem cell population. Proteomic analysis establishes the closer relationship between hMSCs and MIAMI cells, while hESCs are more divergent. However, MIAMI cells appear to have more proteins in common with hESCs than hMSCs. Proteins characteristic of hMSCs include transgelin-2, phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1 (PEBP1), Heat-Shock 20 kDa protein (HSP20/HSPβ6), and programmed cell death 6-interacting protein (PDC6I) among others. MIAMI cells are characterized by the high level expression of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isoenzyme L1 (UCHL1), 14-3-3 zeta, HSP27 (HSPβ1), and tropomyosin 4 and 3. For hESC, elongation factor Tu (EFTu), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1) and the peroxiredoxins 1, 2, and 6 (PRDX1, PRDX2, and PRDX6) were the most characteristic. Secretome analysis indicates that MIAMI cells secrete higher levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Fractalkine, Interleukin-6, interlukin-8, and growth related oncogene (GRO), compared to hMSCs. These soluble mediators are known to play key roles in angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, atheroprotection, immunomodulation, neuroprotection, axonal growth, progenitor cell migration, and prevention of apoptosis. All these roles are consistent with a reparative pro-survival secretory phenotype. We further discuss the potential of these cells as therapeutic vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Roche
- Inserm UMR_S 910, Faculte de Medecine de la Timone, Marseille, France
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486
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Zhang ZY, Teoh SH, Hui JHP, Fisk NM, Choolani M, Chan JKY. The potential of human fetal mesenchymal stem cells for off-the-shelf bone tissue engineering application. Biomaterials 2012; 33:2656-72. [PMID: 22217806 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have become one of the most promising cell sources for bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications. In this review, we first highlight recent progress in the understanding of MSC biology, their in vivo niche, multi-faceted contribution to fracture healing and bone re-modelling, and their role in BTE. A literature review from clinicaltrials.gov and Pubmed on clinical usage of MSC for both orthopedic and non-orthopedic indications suggests that translational use of MSC for BTE indications is likely to bear fruit in the ensuing decade. Last, we disscuss the profound influence of ontological and antomical origins of MSC on their proliferation and osteogenesis and demonstrated human fetal MSC (hfMSC) as a superior cellular candidate for off-the-shelf BTE applications. This relates to their superior proliferation capacity, more robust osteogenic potential and lower immunogenecity, as compared to MSC from perinatal and postnatal sources. Furthermore, we discuss our experience in developing a hfMSC based BTE strategy with the integrated use of bioreactor-based dynamic priming within macroporous scaffolds, now ready for evaluation in clinical trials. In conclusion, hfMSC is likely the most promising cell source for allogeneic based BTE application, with proven advantages compared to other MSC based ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Zhang
- Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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487
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488
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Moon Yoon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Konkuk University Chungju Hospital, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju, Korea
| | - Seok-Jung Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Gyun Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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489
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Lavrentieva A, Hatlapatka T, Neumann A, Weyand B, Kasper C. Potential for osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of MSC. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 129:73-88. [PMID: 22457052 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) into the field of tissue engineering for bone and cartilage repair is a promising development, since these cells can be expanded ex vivo to clinically relevant numbers and, after expansion, retain their ability to differentiate into different cell lineages. Mesenchymal stem cells isolated from various tissues have been intensively studied and characterized by many research groups. To obtain functionally active differentiated tissue, tissue engineered constructs are cultivated in vitro statically or dynamically in bioreactors under controlled conditions. These conditions include special cell culture media, addition of signalling molecules, various physical and chemical factors and the application of different mechanical stimuli. Oxygen concentration in the culture environment is also a significant factor which influences MSC proliferation, stemness and differentiation capacity. Knowledge of the different aspects which affect MSC differentiation in vivo and in vitro will help researchers to achieve directed cell fate without the addition of differentiation agents in concentrations above the physiological range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Lavrentieva
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany,
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490
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Orth P, Zurakowski D, Wincheringer D, Madry H. Reliability, reproducibility, and validation of five major histological scoring systems for experimental articular cartilage repair in the rabbit model. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 18:329-39. [PMID: 22081995 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological evaluation of the repair tissue is a main pillar in the advancing field of experimental articular cartilage repair. Despite their widespread use, the major histological scoring systems for cartilage repair have seldom been validated. We tested the hypotheses (1) that elementary scores have a better reproducibility compared with more complex systems and (2) that the data from these different histological scores correlate with the DNA and proteoglycan contents of the repair tissue. A total of 1,165 observations of cartilage repair based on histological sections (n=233) from an experimental investigation on the repair of standardized osteochondral defects in vivo were made by three investigators with different levels of experience in cartilage research to determine the inter- and intra-observer reproducibility of elementary (Pineda and Wakitani score) and complex (O'Driscoll, Sellers, Fortier score) histological grading systems. DNA and proteoglycan contents of the repair tissues from simultaneously created defects were determined and correlated with histological (a) overall score values, (b) matrix staining, and (c) cellular characteristics of the five scores. Finally, applying the proteoglycan content as validating test, sensitivity, and specificity of the grading systems were assessed. All histological scores provided high intra- (Pearson r=0.92-0.99) and inter-observer reliability (intra-class correlation=0.94-0.99), low numerical intra- and inter-observer differences, and high internal correlations (Spearman's ρ=0.63-0.91). No disparity in reliability and reproducibility was detected between elementary and complex scores or between investigators with different levels of experience (all p>0.05). Individual histological overall score values did not correlate with proteoglycan contents but with DNA contents of the repair tissue (O'Driscoll, Wakitani, Sellers score). In all systems, proteoglycan contents did not correlate with matrix staining (all p>0.05), but histological cellular characteristics correlated with total cell numbers (p<0.001). These data indicate that both elementary and comprehensive histological scores are suited to quantify cartilage repair. Histological and biochemical evaluations may serve as complementary tools to assess articular cartilage repair in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Orth
- Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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491
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Lee JM, Im GI. SOX trio-co-transduced adipose stem cells in fibrin gel to enhance cartilage repair and delay the progression of osteoarthritis in the rat. Biomaterials 2011; 33:2016-24. [PMID: 22189147 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the hypotheses that retroviral gene transfer of SOX trio enhances the in vitro chondrogenic differentiation of ASCs, and that SOX trio-co-transduced ASCs in fibrin gel promote the healing of osteochondral defects, and arrest the progression of surgically-induced osteoarthritis in a rat model. ASCs isolated from inguinal fat in rats were transduced with SOX trio genes using retrovirus, and further cultured in vitro in pellets for 21 days, then analyzed for gene and protein expression of SOX trio and chondrogenic markers. SOX trio-co-transduced ASCs in fibrin gel were implanted on the osteochondral defect created in the patellar groove of the distal femur, and also injected into the knee joints of rats with surgically-induced osteoarthritis. Rats were sacrificed after 8 weeks, and analyzed grossly and microscopically. After 21 days, ASCs transduced with SOX-5, -6, or -9 had hundreds-fold greater gene expression of each gene compared with the control with the SOX protein expression matching gene expression. SOX trio-co-transduction significantly increased GAG contents as well as type II collagen gene and protein expression. ASCs co-transduced with SOX trio significantly promoted the in vivo cartilage healing in osteochondral defect model, and prevented the progression of degenerative changes in surgically-induced osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 814 Siksa-Dong, Goyang 411-773, Republic of Korea
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492
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Abstract
The survival of extremely premature newborns has increased because of improvements in perinatal care. These infants however, are at high risk for chronic lung disease of prematurity or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). BPD, the most common complication in infants born before 28 weeks of gestation, is a multifactorial disease characterized by an arrest in alveolar development. Current preventive and curative therapies show limited efficacy. Cell-based therapies hold tremendous promise in regenerative medicine. Recent evidence suggests the therapeutic benefit of mesenchymal stem (or stromal) cells (MSC) in various diseases, including among others neurodegenerative, cardiovascular and respiratory disorders. Moreover, in an oxygen-induced BPD model, we and others recently demonstrated that bone marrow (BM) derived-MSCs efficiently prevent the arrest in lung development. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the therapeutic properties and mechanisms of action, specifically paracrine, of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Waszak
- Service de Réanimation, Soins Intensifs et Médecine Néonatals, 10 Rue du Dr Heydenreich, 54042 Nancy cedex, France.
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493
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Musumeci G, Lo Furno D, Loreto C, Giuffrida R, Caggia S, Leonardi R, Cardile V. Mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue which have been differentiated into chondrocytes in three-dimensional culture express lubricin. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:1333-41. [PMID: 22036733 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study focused on the isolation, cultivation and characterization of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adipose tissue and on their differentiation into chondrocytes through the NH ChondroDiff medium. The main aim was to investigate some markers of biomechanical quality of cartilage, such as lubricin, and collagen type I and II. Little is known, in fact, about the ability of chondrocytes from human MSCs of adipose tissue to generate lubricin in three-dimensional (3D) culture. Lubricin, a 227.5-kDa mucinous glycoprotein, is known to play an important role in articular joint physiology, and the loss of accumulation of lubricin is thought to play a role in the pathology of osteoarthritis. Adipose tissue is an alternative source for the isolation of multipotent MSCs, which allows them to be obtained by a less invasive method and in larger quantities than from other sources. These cells can be isolated from cosmetic liposuctions in large numbers and easily grown under standard tissue culture conditions. 3D chondrocytes were assessed by histology (hematoxylin and eosin) and histochemistry (Alcian blue and Safranin-O/fast green staining). Collagen type I, II and lubricin expression was determined through immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The results showed that, compared with control cartilage and monolayer chondrocytes showing just collagen type I, chondrocytes from MSCs (CD44-, CD90- and CD105- positive; CD45-, CD14- and CD34-negative) of adipose tissue grown in nodules were able to express lubricin, and collagen type I and II, indicative of hyaline cartilage formation. Based on the function of lubricin in the joint cavity and disease and as a potential therapeutic agent, our results suggest that MSCs from adipose tissue are a promising cell source for tissue engineering of cartilage. Our results suggest that chondrocyte nodules producing lubricin could be a novel biotherapeutic approach for the treatment of cartilage abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Bio-medical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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494
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Kim HJ, Im GI. Electroporation-mediated transfer of SOX trio genes (SOX-5, SOX-6, and SOX-9) to enhance the chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:2103-14. [PMID: 21401405 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the SOX trio genes (SOX-5, SOX-6, and SOX-9) have a lower level of expression during the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) compared with chondrocytes and that the electroporation-mediated gene transfer of SOX trio promotes chondrogenesis from human MSCs. An in vitro pellet culture was carried out using MSCs or chondrocytes at passage 3 and analyzed after 7 and 21 days. Then, MSCs were transfected with SOX trio genes and analyzed for the expression of chondrogenic markers after 21 days of in vitro culture. Without transforming growth factor-β1, the untransfected MSCs had a lower level of SOX trio gene and protein expression than chondrocytes. However, the level of SOX-9 gene expression increased in MSCs when treated with transforming growth factor-β1. GAG level significantly increased 7-fold in MSCs co-transfected with SOX trio, which was corroborated by Safranin-O staining. SOX trio co-transfection significantly increased COL2A1 gene and protein and decreased COL10A1 protein in MSCs. It is concluded that the SOX trio have a significantly lower expression in human MSCs than in chondrocytes and that the electroporation-mediated co-transfection of SOX trio enhances chondrogenesis and suppresses hypertrophy of human MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Joung Kim
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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495
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Lindroos B, Suuronen R, Miettinen S. The potential of adipose stem cells in regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 7:269-91. [PMID: 20853072 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adipose stem cells (ASCs) are an attractive and abundant stem cell source with therapeutic applicability in diverse fields for the repair and regeneration of acute and chronically damaged tissues. Importantly, unlike the human bone marrow stromal/stem stem cells (BMSCs) that are present at low frequency in the bone marrow, ASCs can be retrieved in high number from either liposuction aspirates or subcutaneous adipose tissue fragments and can easily be expanded in vitro. ASCs display properties similar to that observed in BMSCs and, upon induction, undergo at least osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic and neurogenic, differentiation in vitro. Furthermore, ASCs have been shown to be immunoprivileged, prevent severe graft-versus-host disease in vitro and in vivo and to be genetically stable in long-term culture. They have also proven applicability in other functions, such as providing hematopoietic support and gene transfer. Due to these characteristics, ASCs have rapidly advanced into clinical trials for treatment of a broad range of conditions. As cell therapies are becoming more frequent, clinical laboratories following good manufacturing practices are needed. At the same time as laboratory processes become more extensive, the need for control in the processing laboratory grows consequently involving a greater risk of complications and possibly adverse events for the recipient. Therefore, the safety, reproducibility and quality of the stem cells must thoroughly be examined prior to extensive use in clinical applications. In this review, some of the aspects of examination on ASCs in vitro and the utilization of ASCs in clinical studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Lindroos
- Regea-Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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496
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Jang HJ, Cho KS, Park HY, Roh HJ. Adipose tissue-derived stem cells for cell therapy of airway allergic diseases in mouse. Acta Histochem 2011; 113:501-7. [PMID: 20598357 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare murine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from bone marrow (BM) and adipose tissue (AT) for the selection of suitable MSCs in cell therapy of an airway allergic animal model. We compared MSCs of BALB/c mice derived from BM and AT with respect to proliferation potential, immunophenotype, and multilineage differentiation capacity. In proliferation potential, MSCs from AT (ASCs) showed higher fibroblastoid colony-forming units frequencies and colony-forming efficiency than MSCs from BM (BMSCs). The flow cytometry analysis showed that both ASCs and BMSCs expressed MSCs-related antigens (CD90 and CD105), whereas they did not express hematopoiesis-related antigens (CD45 and CD11b). There was no significant difference in adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation between the murine ASCs and BMSCs. In conclusion, the present study has shown that ASCs had higher CFU-F frequencies and colony-forming efficiency than BMSCs. ASCs and BMSCs presented a similar surface immunophenotype and multilineage differentiation capacity. Therefore, ASCs in BALB/c mice might be a more useful material for cell therapy of the airway allergic experiment due to the abundance, relatively easy harvesting and high proliferation potential.
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497
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The role of adipose-derived stem cells engineered with the persistently expressing hybrid baculovirus in the healing of massive bone defects. Biomaterials 2011; 32:6505-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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498
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499
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Immunophenotype and gene expression profiles of cell surface markers of mesenchymal stem cells derived from equine bone marrow and adipose tissue. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 144:147-54. [PMID: 21782255 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow and adipose tissue are the two main sources of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC). The aim of this work was to analyse the immunophenotype of 7 surface markers and the expression of a panel of 13 genes coding for cell surface markers in equine bone marrow and adipose tissue-derived MSCs obtained from 9 horses at third passage. The tri-lineage differentiation was confirmed by specific staining. Equine MSCs from both sources were positive for the MSC markers CD29 and CD90, while were negative for CD44, CD73, CD105, CD45 and CD34. The gene expression of these molecules was also evaluated by reverse transcriptase real-time quantitative PCR along with the expression of 5 other MSC markers. Both populations of cells expressed CD13, CD29, CD44, CD49d, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD106, CD146 and CD166 transcripts. Significant differences in gene expression levels between BM- and AT-MSCs were observed for CD44, CD90, CD29 and CD34. Both cell types were negative for CD45 and CD31. The surface antigens tested revealed a similar phenotypic profile between horse and human MSCs, although specific differences in some surface antigens were noticed.
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500
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Cox G, McGonagle D, Boxall SA, Buckley CT, Jones E, Giannoudis PV. The use of the reamer-irrigator-aspirator to harvest mesenchymal stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 93:517-24. [PMID: 21464493 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.93b4.25506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The scarcity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in iliac crest bone marrow aspirate (ICBMA), and the expense and time in culturing cells, has led to the search for alternative harvest sites. The reamer-irrigation-aspirator (RIA) provides continuous irrigation and suction during reaming of long bones. The aspirated contents pass via a filter, trapping bony fragments, before moving into a 'waste' bag from which MSCs have been previously isolated. We examined the liquid and solid phases, performed a novel digestion of the solid phase, and made a comparative assessment in terms of number, phenotype and differentiation capacity with matched ICBMA. The solid fraction from the filtrate was digested for 60 minutes at 37° C with collagenase. Enumeration was performed via the colony-forming unit fibroblast (CFU-F) assay. Passage (P2) cells were differentiated towards osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic lineages, and their phenotypes assessed using flow cytometry (CD33, CD34, CD45, CD73, CD90, and CD105). MSCs from the RIA phases were able to differentiate at least as well as those from ICBMA, and all fractions had phenotypes consistent with other established sources. The median number of colonies for the three groups was: ICBMA = 8.5 (2 to 86), RIA-liquid = 19.5 (4 to 90), RIA-solid = 109 (67 to 200) per 200 μl. The mean total yield of cells for the three groups was: ICBMA = 920 (0 to 4275), RIA-liquid = 114,983 (16,500 to 477,750), RIA-solid = 12,785 (7210 to 28 475). The RIA filtrate contains large numbers of MSCs that could potentially be extracted without enzymatic digestion and used for bone repair without prior cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cox
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Academic Unit, Clarendon Wing, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Great George Street, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
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