451
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Papageorgiou AP, Heymans S. Peroxidasin-like protein: expanding the horizons of matrix biology. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 101:342-3. [PMID: 24510337 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Pia Papageorgiou
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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452
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Ramkisoensing AA, de Vries AAF, Atsma DE, Schalij MJ, Pijnappels DA. Interaction between myofibroblasts and stem cells in the fibrotic heart: balancing between deterioration and regeneration. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 102:224-31. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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453
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Kong P, Christia P, Frangogiannis NG. The pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:549-74. [PMID: 23649149 PMCID: PMC3769482 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1092] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by net accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the cardiac interstitium, and contributes to both systolic and diastolic dysfunction in many cardiac pathophysiologic conditions. This review discusses the cellular effectors and molecular pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis. Although activated myofibroblasts are the main effector cells in the fibrotic heart, monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes, mast cells, vascular cells and cardiomyocytes may also contribute to the fibrotic response by secreting key fibrogenic mediators. Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, reactive oxygen species, mast cell-derived proteases, endothelin-1, the renin/angiotensin/aldosterone system, matricellular proteins, and growth factors (such as TGF-β and PDGF) are some of the best-studied mediators implicated in cardiac fibrosis. Both experimental and clinical evidence suggests that cardiac fibrotic alterations may be reversible. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for initiation, progression, and resolution of cardiac fibrosis is crucial to design anti-fibrotic treatment strategies for patients with heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Kong
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Forchheimer G46B, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Panagiota Christia
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Forchheimer G46B, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Nikolaos G. Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Forchheimer G46B, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
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454
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Singh V, Barbosa FL, Torricelli AAM, Santhiago MR, Wilson SE. Transforming growth factor β and platelet-derived growth factor modulation of myofibroblast development from corneal fibroblasts in vitro. Exp Eye Res 2014; 120:152-60. [PMID: 24429028 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses that development of mature vimentin+/α-smooth muscle actin+/desmin+ (V+A+D+) myofibroblasts from corneal fibroblasts is regulated by transforming growth factor (TGF) β and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF); and that myofibroblast development in vitro follows a similar developmental pathway as it does in vivo. Mouse corneal stromal fibroblasts (MSF) were isolated from the corneas of Swiss Webster mice and cultured in serum-free media augmented with DMEM/F12 and varying doses of TGFβ (0.1-2.0 ng/ml), with and without mouse PDGF-AA and/or PDGF-BB (2.0 ng/ml), to study the transition of the MSF to V+A+D+ myofibroblasts. The mean percentage of vimentin+, α-SMA+ and desmin+ cells was determined at each time point (2-15 days), with each growth factor concentration. MSF in vitro were noted to undergo the same developmental transition from V+A-D- to V+A+D- to V+A+D+ myofibroblasts as precursors undergo in vivo. TGFβ at a dose of 0.5 ng/ml and 1.0 ng/ml with 2.0 ng/ml PDGF-AA and 2.0 ng/ml PDGF-BB in DMEM/F12 serum-free media was optimal for the development of V+A+D+ myofibroblasts. This study defines optimal in vitro conditions to monitor the development of MSF into myofibroblasts. The combined effects of TGFβ and PDGF promote the full development of V+A+D+ myofibroblasts from MSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Singh
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | | | | | - Steven E Wilson
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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455
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Kohl P, Gourdie RG. Fibroblast-myocyte electrotonic coupling: does it occur in native cardiac tissue? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 70:37-46. [PMID: 24412581 PMCID: PMC4001130 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Heterocellular electrotonic coupling between cardiac myocytes and non-excitable connective tissue cells has been a long-established and well-researched fact in vitro. Whether or not such coupling exists in vivo has been a matter of considerable debate. This paper reviews the development of experimental insight and conceptual views on this topic, describes evidence in favour of and against the presence of such coupling in native myocardium, and identifies directions for further study needed to resolve the riddle, perhaps less so in terms of principal presence which has been demonstrated, but undoubtedly in terms of extent, regulation, patho-physiological context, and actual relevance of cardiac myocyte–non-myocyte coupling in vivo. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Myocyte-Fibroblast Signalling in Myocardium." Electrical coupling of cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts is well-established in vitro Whether such hetero-cellular coupling exists in vivo has been a matter of debate We review the development of experimental and conceptual insight into the topic Conclusion 1: hetero-cellular coupling in heart tissue has been shown in principle Conclusion 2: extent, regulation, context, and relevance remain to be established
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kohl
- Imperial College, National Heart and Lung Institute, Harefield Hospital, UB6 9JH, UK.
| | - Robert G Gourdie
- Virginia Tech, Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24015, USA
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456
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Abramochkin DV, Lozinsky IT, Kamkin A. Influence of mechanical stress on fibroblast-myocyte interactions in mammalian heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 70:27-36. [PMID: 24389344 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts are an essential component of cardiac tissue. These cells not only produce the extracellular matrix, but also are electrically and mechanically coupled with cardiomyocytes. In this way, fibroblasts can influence the electrical activity of cardiomyocytes. Cardiac fibroblasts cannot generate action potentials, but their membrane potential is controlled by mechanical stretch or compression of the surrounding myocardium which in turn affects their interaction with myocytes and the way myocytes respond to mechanical stress. This review discusses the electrical properties of cardiac fibroblasts, the present evidence of fibroblast-myocyte coupling and the way in which these cells respond to mechanical stress. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Myocyte-Fibroblast Signalling in Myocardium."
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis V Abramochkin
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Physiology, Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova str., 1, Moscow, Russia; Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Ilya T Lozinsky
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Physiology, Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova str., 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andre Kamkin
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Physiology, Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova str., 1, Moscow, Russia
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457
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Mesenchymal Conversion of Mesothelial Cells Is a Key Event in the Pathophysiology of the Peritoneum during Peritoneal Dialysis. Adv Med 2014; 2014:473134. [PMID: 26556413 PMCID: PMC4590954 DOI: 10.1155/2014/473134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a therapeutic option for the treatment of end-stage renal disease and is based on the use of the peritoneum as a semipermeable membrane for the exchange of toxic solutes and water. Long-term exposure of the peritoneal membrane to hyperosmotic PD fluids causes inflammation, loss of the mesothelial cells monolayer, fibrosis, vasculopathy, and angiogenesis, which may lead to peritoneal functional decline. Peritonitis may further exacerbate the injury of the peritoneal membrane. In parallel with these peritoneal alterations, mesothelial cells undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), which has been associated with peritoneal deterioration. Factors contributing to the bioincompatibility of classical PD fluids include the high content of glucose/glucose degradation products (GDPs) and their acidic pH. New generation low-GDPs-neutral pH fluids have improved biocompatibility resulting in better preservation of the peritoneum. However, standard glucose-based fluids are still needed, as biocompatible solutions are expensive for many potential users. An alternative approach to preserve the peritoneal membrane, complementary to the efforts to improve fluid biocompatibility, is the use of pharmacological agents protecting the mesothelium. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advances that point to the EMT of mesothelial cells as a potential therapeutic target to preserve membrane function.
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458
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Guo JL, Yu Y, Jia YY, Ma YZ, Zhang BY, Liu PQ, Chen SR, Jiang JM. Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7 (TRPM7) Contributes to H2O2-Induced Cardiac Fibrosis via Mediating Ca2+ Influx and Extracellular Signal–Regulated Kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) Activation in Cardiac Fibroblasts. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 125:184-92. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13224fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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459
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Kramann R, DiRocco DP, Humphreys BD. Understanding the origin, activation and regulation of matrix-producing myofibroblasts for treatment of fibrotic disease. J Pathol 2013; 231:273-89. [PMID: 24006178 DOI: 10.1002/path.4253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis and scar formation results from chronic progressive injury in virtually every tissue and affects a growing number of people around the world. Myofibroblasts drive fibrosis, and recent work has demonstrated that mesenchymal cells, including pericytes and perivascular fibroblasts, are their main progenitors. Understanding the cellular mechanisms of pericyte/fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition, myofibroblast proliferation and the key signalling pathways that regulate these processes is essential to develop novel targeted therapeutics for the growing patient population suffering from solid organ fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about different progenitor cells of myofibroblasts, discuss major pathways that regulate their transdifferentiation and discuss the current status of novel targeted anti-fibrotic therapeutics in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Kramann
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; RWTH Aachen University, Division of Nephrology, Aachen, Germany
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460
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López B, González A, Querejeta R, Larman M, Rábago G, Díez J. Association of cardiotrophin-1 with myocardial fibrosis in hypertensive patients with heart failure. Hypertension 2013; 63:483-9. [PMID: 24366078 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.02654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cardiotrophin-1 has been shown to be profibrogenic in experimental models. The aim of this study was to analyze whether cardiotrophin-1 is associated with left ventricular end-diastolic stress and myocardial fibrosis in hypertensive patients with heart failure. Endomyocardial biopsies from patients (n=31) and necropsies from 7 control subjects were studied. Myocardial cardiotrophin-1 protein and mRNA and the fraction of myocardial volume occupied by collagen were increased in patients compared with controls (P<0.001). Cardiotrophin-1 overexpression in patients was localized in cardiomyocytes. Cardiotrophin-1 protein was correlated with collagen type I and III mRNAs (r=0.653, P<0.001; r=0.541, P<0.01) and proteins (r=0.588, P<0.001; r=0.556, P<0.005) in all subjects and with left ventricular end-diastolic wall stress (r=0.450; P<0.05) in patients. Plasma cardiotrophin-1 and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and serum biomarkers of myocardial fibrosis (carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I and amino-terminal propeptide of procollagen type III) were increased (P<0.001) in patients compared with controls. Plasma cardiotrophin-1 was correlated with N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (r=0.386; P<0.005), carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I (r=0.550; P<0.001), and amino-terminal propeptide of procollagen type III (r=0.267; P<0.05) in all subjects. In vitro, cardiotrophin-1 stimulated the differentiation of human cardiac fibroblast to myofibroblasts (P<0.05) and the expression of procollagen type I (P<0.05) and III (P<0.01) mRNAs. These findings show that an excess of cardiotrophin-1 is associated with increased collagen in the myocardium of hypertensive patients with heart failure. It is proposed that exaggerated cardiomyocyte production of cardiotrophin-1 in response to increased left ventricular end-diastolic stress may contribute to fibrosis through stimulation of fibroblasts in heart failure of hypertensive origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña López
- Área de Ciencias Cardiovasculares, CIMA, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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461
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Roubille F, Busseuil D, Merlet N, Kritikou EA, Rhéaume E, Tardif JC. Investigational drugs targeting cardiac fibrosis. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2013; 12:111-25. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2013.839942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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462
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Mastri M, Shah Z, Hsieh K, Wang X, Wooldridge B, Martin S, Suzuki G, Lee T. Secreted Frizzled-related protein 2 as a target in antifibrotic therapeutic intervention. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 306:C531-9. [PMID: 24336656 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00238.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Progressive fibrosis is a pathological hallmark of many chronic diseases responsible for organ failure. Although there is currently no therapy on the market that specifically targets fibrosis, the dynamic fibrogenic process is known to be regulated by multiple soluble mediators that may be therapeutically intervened. The failing hamster heart exhibits marked fibrosis and increased expression of secreted Frizzled-related protein 2 (sFRP2) amenable to reversal by mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy. Given the previous demonstration that sFRP2-null mice subjected to myocardial infarction exhibited reduced fibrosis and improved function, we tested whether antibody-based sFRP2 blockade might counteract the fibrogenic pathway and repair cardiac injury. Cardiomyopathic hamsters were injected intraperitoneally twice a week each with 20 μg of sFRP2 antibody. Echocardiography, histology, and biochemical analyses were performed after 1 mo. sFRP2 antibody increased left ventricular ejection fraction from 40 ± 1.2 to 49 ± 6.5%, whereas saline and IgG control exhibited a further decline to 37 ± 0.9 and 31 ± 3.2%, respectively. Functional improvement is associated with a ∼ 50% reduction in myocardial fibrosis, ∼ 65% decrease in apoptosis, and ∼ 75% increase in wall thickness. Consistent with attenuated fibrosis, both MSC therapy and sFRP2 antibody administration significantly increased the activity of myocardial matrix metalloproteinase-2. Gene expression analysis of the hamster heart and cultured fibroblasts identified Axin2 as a downstream target, the expression of which was activated by sFRP2 but inhibited by therapeutic intervention. sFRP2 blockade also increased myocardial levels of VEGF and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) along with increased angiogenesis. These findings highlight the pathogenic effect of dysregulated sFRP2, which may be specifically targeted for antifibrotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Mastri
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Research in Cardiovascular Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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463
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Protein kinase Cε-calcineurin cosignaling downstream of toll-like receptor 4 downregulates fibrosis and induces wound healing gene expression in cardiac myofibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 34:574-94. [PMID: 24298017 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01098-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathways which regulate resolution of inflammation and contribute to positive remodeling of the myocardium following injury are poorly understood. Here we show that protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) cooperates with the phosphatase calcineurin (CN) to potentiate induction of cardioprotective gene expression while suppressing expression of fibrosis markers. This was achieved by detailed analysis of the regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression as a marker gene and by using gene expression profiling to identify genes regulated by coexpression of CN-Aα/PKCε in adult rat cardiac myofibroblasts (ARVFs) on a larger scale. GeneChip analysis of CN-Aα/PKCε-coexpressing ARVFs showed that COX-2 provides a signature for wound healing and is associated with downregulation of fibrosis markers, including connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), fibronectin, and collagens Col1a1, Col3a1, Col6a3, Col11a1, Col12a1, and Col14a1, with concomitant upregulation of cardioprotection markers, including COX-2 itself, lipocalin 2 (LCN2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In primary rat cardiomyocyte cultures Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist- or PKCε/CN-dependent COX-2 induction occurred in coresident fibroblasts and was blocked by selective inhibition of CN or PKC α/ε or elimination of fibroblasts. Furthermore, ectopic expression of PKCε and CN in ARVFs showed that the effects on COX-2 expression are mediated by specific NFAT sites within the COX-2 promoter as confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Therefore, PKCε may negatively regulate adverse myocardial remodeling by cooperating with CN to downregulate fibrosis and induce transcription of cardioprotective wound healing genes, including COX-2.
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464
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Myofibroblasts: trust your heart and let fate decide. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 70:9-18. [PMID: 24189039 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a substantial problem in managing multiple forms of heart disease. Fibrosis results from an unrestrained tissue repair process orchestrated predominantly by the myofibroblast. These are highly specialized cells characterized by their ability to secrete extracellular matrix (ECM) components and remodel tissue due to their contractile properties. This contractile activity of the myofibroblast is ascribed, in part, to the expression of smooth muscle α-actin (αSMA) and other tension-associated structural genes. Myofibroblasts are a newly generated cell type derived largely from residing mesenchymal cells in response to both mechanical and neurohumoral stimuli. Several cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors are induced in the injured heart, and in conjunction with elevated wall tension, specific signaling pathways and downstream effectors are mobilized to initiate myofibroblast differentiation. Here we will review the cell fates that contribute to the myofibroblast as well as nodal molecular signaling effectors that promote their differentiation and activity. We will discuss canonical versus non-canonical transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), angiotensin II (AngII), endothelin-1 (ET-1), serum response factor (SRF), transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and mechanical signaling pathways that are required for myofibroblast transformation and fibrotic disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Myocyte-Fibroblast Signalling in Myocardium ".
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465
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Fuchs BC, Wang H, Yang Y, Wei L, Polasek M, Schühle DT, Lauwers GY, Parkar A, Sinskey AJ, Tanabe KK, Caravan P. Molecular MRI of collagen to diagnose and stage liver fibrosis. J Hepatol 2013; 59:992-8. [PMID: 23838178 PMCID: PMC3805694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The gold standard in assessing liver fibrosis is biopsy despite limitations like invasiveness and sampling error and complications including morbidity and mortality. Therefore, there is a major unmet medical need to quantify fibrosis non-invasively to facilitate early diagnosis of chronic liver disease and provide a means to monitor disease progression. The goal of this study was to evaluate the ability of several magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to stage liver fibrosis. METHODS A gadolinium (Gd)-based MRI probe targeted to type I collagen (termed EP-3533) was utilized to non-invasively stage liver fibrosis in a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) mouse model and the results were compared to other MRI techniques including relaxation times, diffusion, and magnetization transfer measurements. RESULTS The most sensitive MR biomarker was the change in liver:muscle contrast to noise ratio (ΔCNR) after EP-3533 injection. We observed a strong positive linear correlation between ΔCNR and liver hydroxyproline (i.e. collagen) levels (r=0.89) as well as ΔCNR and conventional Ishak fibrosis scoring. In addition, the area under the receiver operating curve (AUR0C) for distinguishing early (Ishak ≤ 3) from late (Ishak ≥ 4) fibrosis was 0.942 ± 0.052 (p<0.001). By comparison, other MRI techniques were not as sensitive to changes in fibrosis in this model. CONCLUSIONS We have developed an MRI technique using a collagen-specific probe for diagnosing and staging liver fibrosis, and validated it in the CCl4 mouse model. This approach should provide a better means to monitor disease progression in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C. Fuchs
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., WRN 401, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Huifang Wang
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown MA 02129
| | - Yan Yang
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown MA 02129
| | - Lan Wei
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., WRN 401, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Miloslav Polasek
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown MA 02129
| | - Daniel T. Schühle
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown MA 02129
| | - Gregory Y. Lauwers
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., WRN 2, Boston, MA 02114
| | | | - Anthony J. Sinskey
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., 68-132, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Kenneth K. Tanabe
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., WRN 401, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Peter Caravan
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St., Suite 2301, Charlestown MA 02129
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466
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Losick VP, Fox DT, Spradling AC. Polyploidization and cell fusion contribute to wound healing in the adult Drosophila epithelium. Curr Biol 2013; 23:2224-2232. [PMID: 24184101 PMCID: PMC3898104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reestablishing epithelial integrity and biosynthetic capacity is critically important following tissue damage. The adult Drosophila abdominal epithelium provides an attractive new system to address how postmitotic diploid cells contribute to repair. RESULTS Puncture wounds to the adult Drosophila epidermis close initially by forming a melanized scab. We found that epithelial cells near the wound site fuse to form a giant syncytium, which sends lamellae under the scab to re-epithelialize the damaged site. Other large cells arise more peripherally by initiating endocycles and becoming polyploid, or by cell fusion. Rac GTPase activity is needed for syncytium formation, while the Hippo signaling effector Yorkie modulates both polyploidization and cell fusion. Large cell formation is functionally important because when both polyploidization and fusion are blocked, wounds do not re-epithelialize. CONCLUSIONS Our observations indicate that cell mass lost upon wounding can be replaced by polyploidization instead of mitotic proliferation. We propose that large cells generated by polyploidization or cell fusion are essential because they are better able than diploid cells to mechanically stabilize wounds, especially those containing permanent acellular structures, such as scar tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki P Losick
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Donald T Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, C318 LSRC Box 3813, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Allan C Spradling
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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467
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Braitsch CM, Kanisicak O, van Berlo JH, Molkentin JD, Yutzey KE. Differential expression of embryonic epicardial progenitor markers and localization of cardiac fibrosis in adult ischemic injury and hypertensive heart disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 65:108-19. [PMID: 24140724 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic heart development, the transcription factors Tcf21, Wt1, and Tbx18 regulate activation and differentiation of epicardium-derived cells, including fibroblast lineages. Expression of these epicardial progenitor factors and localization of cardiac fibrosis were examined in mouse models of cardiovascular disease and in human diseased hearts. Following ischemic injury in mice, epicardial fibrosis is apparent in the thickened layer of subepicardial cells that express Wt1, Tbx18, and Tcf21. Perivascular fibrosis with predominant expression of Tcf21, but not Wt1 or Tbx18, occurs in mouse models of pressure overload or hypertensive heart disease, but not following ischemic injury. Areas of interstitial fibrosis in ischemic and hypertensive hearts actively express Tcf21, Wt1, and Tbx18. In all areas of fibrosis, cells that express epicardial progenitor factors are distinct from CD45-positive immune cells. In human diseased hearts, differential expression of Tcf21, Wt1, and Tbx18 also is detected with epicardial, perivascular, and interstitial fibrosis, indicating conservation of reactivated developmental mechanisms in cardiac fibrosis in mice and humans. Together, these data provide evidence for distinct fibrogenic mechanisms that include Tcf21, separate from Wt1 and Tbx18, in different fibroblast populations in response to specific types of cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Braitsch
- The Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 240 Albert Sabin Way, ML 7020, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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468
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Jiang DS, Zhang XF, Gao L, Zong J, Zhou H, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Bian ZY, Zhu LH, Fan GC, Zhang XD, Li H. Signal regulatory protein-α protects against cardiac hypertrophy via the disruption of toll-like receptor 4 signaling. Hypertension 2013; 63:96-104. [PMID: 24101669 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Signal regulatory protein-α (SIRPA/SIRPα) is a transmembrane protein that is expressed in various tissues, including the heart. Previous studies have demonstrated that SIRPA is involved in multiple biological processes, including macrophage multinucleation, skeletal muscle differentiation, neuronal survival, protection against diabetes mellitus, and negative regulation of immune cells. However, the role of SIRPA in cardiac hypertrophy remains unknown. To examine the role of SIRPA in pathological cardiac hypertrophy, we used SIRPA knockout mice and transgenic mice that overexpressed mouse SIRPA in the heart. Cardiac hypertrophy was evaluated by echocardiographic, hemodynamic, pathological, and molecular analyses. We observed downregulation of SIRPA expression in dilated cardiomyopathy human hearts and in animal hearts after aortic banding surgery. Accordingly, SIRPA(-/-) mice displayed augmented cardiac hypertrophy, which was accompanied by increased cardiac fibrosis and reduced contractile function, as compared with SIRPA(+/+) mice 4 weeks after aortic banding. In contrast, transgenic mice with the cardiac-specific SIRPA overexpression exhibited the opposite phenotype in response to pressure overload. Likewise, SIRPA protected against angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro. Mechanistically, we revealed that SIRPA-mediated protection during cardiac hypertrophy involved inhibition of the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB signaling axis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the disruption of Toll-like receptor 4 rescued the adverse effects of SIRPA deficiency on pressure overload-triggered cardiac remodeling. Thus, our results identify that SIRPA plays a protective role in cardiac hypertrophy through negative regulation of the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Rd 238, Wuhan 430060, China.
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469
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Abstract
In contrast to public perception, the morbidity and mortality and the resultant healthcare costs associated with chronic heart failure (HF) are increasing and arguably reaching epidemic proportions. Although basic research efforts have provided unique insights into fundamental processes that govern myocardial extracellular matrix (ECM) growth and function, the translation of these findings to improved diagnostics and therapeutics for HF has not been as forthcoming. The factors that contribute to this relative paucity of new clinical tools for HF are multifactorial but likely include the need to recognize and differentiate HF phenotypes and to couple the use of biomarkers and multimodality imaging in early translational research studies. Recognizing the classification scheme of HF with a reduced ejection fraction (EF) to that of HF with a preserved EF and incorporating unique and differential measurements of ECM remodeling to these specific disease processes are warranted. For example, profiling pathways of ECM degradation such as the matrix metalloproteinases in patients with ischemic heart disease and HF with a reduced EF can provide prognostic information in terms of risk of progression to HF. In patients with chronic hypertensive disease and HF with a preserved EF, plasma profiling indexes of ECM synthesis and turnover, as well as advances in ECM imaging, have been shown to provide diagnostic and prognostic use. In terms of therapeutics, strategies to stabilize the ECM in HF with a reduced EF hold potential, whereas in contradistinction, selective antifibrotic agents may hold promise for HF with a preserved EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis G Spinale
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA.
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470
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Cardiac fibroblast-dependent extracellular matrix accumulation is associated with diastolic stiffness in type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72080. [PMID: 23991045 PMCID: PMC3749105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are a leading cause of death in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Diastolic dysfunction is one of the earliest manifestations of diabetes-induced changes in left ventricular (LV) function, and results from a reduced rate of relaxation and increased stiffness. The mechanisms responsible for increased stiffness are not completely understood. Chronic hyperglycemia, advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), and increased levels of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines are molecular pathways known to be involved in regulating extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and accumulation resulting in increased LV diastolic stiffness. Experiments were conducted using a genetically-induced mouse model of T2DM generated by a point mutation in the leptin receptor resulting in nonfunctional leptin receptors (db/db murine model). This study correlated changes in LV ECM and stiffness with alterations in basal activation of signaling cascades and expression of profibrotic markers within primary cultures of cardiac fibroblasts from diabetic (db/db) mice with nondiabetic (db/wt) littermates as controls. Primary cultures of cardiac fibrobroblasts were maintained in 25 mM glucose (hyperglycemic-HG; diabetic db/db) media or 5 mM glucose (normoglycemic-NG, nondiabetic db/wt) media. The cells then underwent a 24-hour exposure to their opposite (NG; diabetic db/db) media or 5 mM glucose (HG, nondiabetic db/wt) media. Protein analysis demonstrated significantly increased expression of type I collagen, TIMP-2, TGF-β, PAI-1 and RAGE in diabetic db/db cells as compared to nondiabetic db/wt, independent of glucose media concentration. This pattern of protein expression was associated with increased LV collagen accumulation, myocardial stiffness and LV diastolic dysfunction. Isolated diabetic db/db fibroblasts were phenotypically distinct from nondiabetic db/wt fibroblasts and exhibited a profibrotic phenotype in normoglycemic conditions.
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471
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Braunwald
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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472
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