451
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Le T, Wang Y, Liu L, Yang J, Yung YL, Li G, Seinfeld JH. Unexpected air pollution with marked emission reductions during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Science 2020; 369:702-706. [PMID: 32554754 PMCID: PMC7402623 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb7431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The absence of motor vehicle traffic and suspended manufacturing during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in China enabled assessment of the efficiency of air pollution mitigation. Up to 90% reduction of certain emissions during the city-lockdown period can be identified from satellite and ground-based observations. Unexpectedly, extreme particulate matter levels simultaneously occurred in northern China. Our synergistic observation analyses and model simulations show that anomalously high humidity promoted aerosol heterogeneous chemistry, along with stagnant airflow and uninterrupted emissions from power plants and petrochemical facilities, contributing to severe haze formation. Also, because of nonlinear production chemistry and titration of ozone in winter, reduced nitrogen oxides resulted in ozone enhancement in urban areas, further increasing the atmospheric oxidizing capacity and facilitating secondary aerosol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Le
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Lang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiani Yang
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yuk L Yung
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Guohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Divisions of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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452
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Sharma S, Zhang M, Gao J, Zhang H, Kota SH. Effect of restricted emissions during COVID-19 on air quality in India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138878. [PMID: 32335409 PMCID: PMC7175882 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness and cost are always top factors for policy-makers to decide control measures and most measures had no pre-test before implementation. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, human activities are largely restricted in many regions in India since mid-March of 2020, and it is a progressing experiment to testify effectiveness of restricted emissions. In this study, concentrations of six criteria pollutants, PM10, PM2.5, CO, NO2, ozone and SO2 during March 16th to April 14th from 2017 to 2020 in 22 cities covering different regions of India were analysed. Overall, around 43, 31, 10, and 18% decreases in PM2.5, PM10, CO, and NO2 in India were observed during lockdown period compared to previous years. While, there were 17% increase in O3 and negligible changes in SO2. The air quality index (AQI) reduced by 44, 33, 29, 15 and 32% in north, south, east, central and western India, respectively. Correlation between cities especially in northern and eastern regions improved in 2020 compared to previous years, indicating more significant regional transport than previous years. The mean excessive risks of PM reduced by ~52% nationwide due to restricted activities in lockdown period. To eliminate the effects of possible favourable meteorology, the WRF-AERMOD model system was also applied in Delhi-NCR with actual meteorology during the lockdown period and an un-favourable event in early November of 2019 and results show that predicted PM2.5 could increase by only 33% in unfavourable meteorology. This study gives confidence to the regulatory bodies that even during unfavourable meteorology, a significant improvement in air quality could be expected if strict execution of air quality control plans is implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Sharma
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingsi Gao
- Engineering Technology Development Center of Urban Water Recycling, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Sri Harsha Kota
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India.
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453
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Wang H, Yang T, Wang Z. Development of a coupled aerosol lidar data quality assurance and control scheme with Monte Carlo analysis and bilateral filtering. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138844. [PMID: 32361361 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mie-scatter lidar can capture the vertical distribution of aerosols, and a high degree of quantification of lidar data would be capable of coupling with a chemical transport model (CTM). Thus, we develop a data quality assurance and control scheme for aerosol lidar (TRANSFER) that mainly includes a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis (MCA) and bilateral filtering (BF). The AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) aerosol optical depth (AOD) is utilized as the ground truth to evaluate the validity of TRANSFER, and the result exhibits a sharp 41% (0.36) decrease in root mean square error (RMSE), elucidating an acceptable overall performance of TRANSFER. The maximum removal of uncertainties appears in MCA with an RMSE of 0.08 km-1, followed by denoising (DN) with 50% of MCA in RMSE. BF can smooth interior data without destroying the edge of the structure. The most noteworthy correction occurs in summer with an RMSE of 0.15 km-1 and Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.8, and the least correction occurs in winter with values of 0.07 km-1 and 0.93, respectively. Overestimations of raw data are mostly identified, and representative values occur with weak southerly winds, low visibility, high relative humidity (RH) and high concentrations of both ground fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone. Apart from long-term variations, the intuitional variation in a typical overestimated pollution episode, especially represented by vertical profiles, shows a favorable performance of TRANSFER during stages of transport and local accumulation, as verified by backward trajectories. Few underestimation cases are mainly attributed to BF smoothing data with a sudden decrease. The main limitation of TRANSFER is the zigzag profiles found in a few cases with very small extinction coefficients. As a supplement to the research community of aerosol lidar and an exploration under complicated pollution in China, TRANSFER can aid in the preprocessing of lidar data-powered applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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454
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Yang Y, Wang Y, Yao D, Zhao S, Yang S, Ji D, Sun J, Wang Y, Liu Z, Hu B, Zhang R, Wang Y. Significant decreases in the volatile organic compound concentration, atmospheric oxidation capacity and photochemical reactivity during the National Day holiday over a suburban site in the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114657. [PMID: 33618483 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To what extent anthropogenic emissions could influence volatile organic compound (VOCs) concentrations and related atmospheric reactivity is still poorly understood. China's 70th National Day holidays, during which anthropogenic emissions were significantly reduced to ensure good air quality on Anniversary Day, provides a unique opportunity to investigate these processes. Atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC), OH reactivity, secondary transformation, O3 formation and VOCs-PM2.5 sensitivity are evaluated based on parameterization methods and simultaneous measurements of VOCs, O3, NOx, CO, SO2, PM2.5, JO1D, JNO2, JNO3 carried out at a suburban site between Beijing and Tianjin before, during, and after the National Day holiday 2019. During the National Day holidays, the AOC, OH reactivity, O3 formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAP) were 1.6 × 107 molecules cm-3 s-1, 41.8 s-1, 299.2 μg cm-3 and 1471.8 μg cm-3, respectively, which were 42%, 29%, 47% and 42% lower than pre-National Day values and -12%, 42%, 36% and 42% lower than post-National Day values, respectively. Reactions involving OH radicals dominated the AOC during the day, but OH radicals and O3 reactions at night. Alkanes (the degree of unsaturation = 0, (D, Equation (1)) accounted for the largest contributions to the total VOCs concentration, oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs; D ≤ 1) to OH reactivity and OFP, and aromatics (D = 4) to the SOAP. O3 production was identified as VOCs-limited by VOCs (ppbC)/NOx (ppbv) ratios during the sampling campaign, with greater VOCs limitation during post- National Day and more-aged air masses during the National Day. The VOCs-sensitivity coefficient (VOCs-S) suggested that VOCs were more sensitive to PM2.5 in low-pollution domains and during the National Day holiday. This study emphasizes the importance of not only the abundance, reactivity, and secondary transformation of VOCs but also the effects of VOCs on PM2.5 for the development of effective control strategies to minimize O3 and PM2.5 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, P.O.Box 64, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Dan Yao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Shuman Zhao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuanghong Yang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yinghong Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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455
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Chen Y, Yan H, Yao Y, Zeng C, Gao P, Zhuang L, Fan L, Ye D. Relationships of ozone formation sensitivity with precursors emissions, meteorology and land use types, in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 94:1-13. [PMID: 32563472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to the influences of precursors emissions, meteorology, geography and other factors, ozone formation sensitivity (OFS) is generally spatially and temporally heterogeneous. This study characterized detailed spatial and temporal variations of OFS in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) from 2012 to 2016 based on OMI satellite data, and analyzed the relationships of OFS with precursors emissions, meteorology and land use types (LUTs). From 2012 to 2016, the OFS tended to be NOx-limited in GBA, with the value of FNR (HCHO/NO2) increasing from 2.04 to 2.22. According to the total annual emission statistics of precursors, NOx emissions decreased by 33.1% and VOCs emissions increased by 35.2% from 2012 to 2016, directly resulting in OFS tending to be NOx-limited. The Grey Relation Analysis results show that total column water (TCW), surface net solar radiation (SSR), air temperature at 2 m (T2) and surface pressure (SP) are the top four meteorological factors with the greatest influences on OFS. There are significant positive correlations between FNR and T2, SSR, TCW, and significant negative correlations between FNR and SP. In GBA, the OFS tends to be NOx-limited regime in wet season (higher T2, SSR, TCW and lower SP) and VOCs-limited regime in dry season (lower T2, SSR, TCW and higher SP). The FNR displays obvious gradient variations on different LUTs, with the highest in "Rural areas", second in "Suburban areas" and lowest in "Urban areas".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Chen
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, SCUT, Guangzhou 510006, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, SCUT, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Hui Yan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, SCUT, Guangzhou 510006, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, SCUT, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yijuan Yao
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, SCUT, Guangzhou 510006, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, SCUT, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chunling Zeng
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, SCUT, Guangzhou 510006, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, SCUT, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ping Gao
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, SCUT, Guangzhou 510006, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, SCUT, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liyue Zhuang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, SCUT, Guangzhou 510006, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, SCUT, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liya Fan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, SCUT, Guangzhou 510006, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, SCUT, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Daiqi Ye
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, SCUT, Guangzhou 510006, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, SCUT, Guangzhou 510006, China
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456
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Driving Sustainability in Dairy Farming from a TBL Perspective: Insights from a Case Study in the West Region of Santa Catarina, Brazil. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12156038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
All companies in agribusiness supply chains need to be aware of the best use of available resources, which demands an integrated assessment of environmental, economic and social aspects, i.e., the Triple Bottom Line (TBL). Such analysis allows us to get a more balanced and complete understanding of the real performance of companies, supply chains and industries. Companies in the upstream of agribusinesses supply chains present some limitations, but can contribute significantly to the overall sustainability of the entire value chain. The objective of this research was to understand the role of the drivers of sustainability in dairy farming from a TBL perspective, such as assistance to producers and the value chain, and the use of better technology and management practices. A sample of 54 rural farms in the dairy supply chain of the western region of Santa Catarina, Brazil, was used to test four hypotheses about what can drive sustainability. Furthermore, first- and second-order structural equation models using SMART PLS software were used for the analysis of the data. The results obtained show that social sustainability is positively influenced by the use of good management practices, and the latter, as well as public policies, positively influence economic sustainability. Furthermore, it was found that improvements in production techniques positively influence environmental sustainability, and this is mostly influenced by the use of good management practices, and less so by policies directed at the supply chain. Finally, from the analysis of the second-order variable for sustainability, it was highlighted that the economic dimension prevails in the eyes of the farmers, as the main dimension of sustainability, and that environmental aspects are still neglected.
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457
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Wang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Zhang J, Liu Y. Modified regional biogenic VOC emissions with actual ozone stress and integrated land cover information: A case study in Yangtze River Delta, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 727:138703. [PMID: 32334230 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emissions are influenced by ambient ozone (O3) concentrations and vegetation cover. In most studies, however, the interaction between O3 and plants has not been considered and there are uncertainties in land cover input and emission factors (EFs) in BVOCs emission estimation, particularly at the regional scale. In this study, an O3 exposure-isoprene (ISOP) response function was developed using meta-analysis, and the EFs of ISOP and land cover inputs were updated by integrating local measurement and investigation data in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region. Five different cases were developed to explore the impacts of O3 and input variables on the BVOCs emissions using the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN). The impacts of those variables on O3 simulation were further examined with air quality modeling. We found that the ISOP emissions were restrained in the city cluster along the Yangtze River during the growing season due to their negative feedback to O3 exposure for deciduous broadleaf forests. The estimation of BVOCs emissions strongly depended on EFs, and the global EFs underestimated the ISOP emissions in July by 37%, mostly in southern YRD. Different land cover datasets with various fractions and spatial distributions of plant function types resulted in a variation of 200-400 Gg in ISOP emissions in July across YRD. Air quality modeling indicated that BVOCs contributed 10%, 12%, and 11% to the 1-h mean, the maximum daily 1-h average, and the maximum daily 8-h average O3 concentrations, respectively, for July across the YRD region. Due to the NOx restriction, the spatial distribution of BVOCs emissions was inconsistent with that of their contribution to O3 formation. The O3 simulation was more sensitive to the changed BVOCs emissions in the area with relatively large contribution of BVOCs to O3 formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Jiangsu 210044, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, 176 North Jiangdong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210036, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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458
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Yin Z, Zhang Y. Climate anomalies contributed to the rebound of PM 2.5 in winter 2018 under intensified regional air pollution preventions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138514. [PMID: 32320880 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rigorous air pollution managements since 2013 resulted in decreasing trend in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in China. Regional air pollution prevention measures were extra implemented in the "2 + 26" region since 2017. However, haze pollution dramatically rebounded in the winter of 2018. Both of the observed analyses and the numerical results (basing on a global 3-D chemical transport model) demonstrated that, although intensified prevention measures existed, atmospheric circulation and local meteorological conditions still significantly influenced the variation in haze pollution. The simulated PM2.5 concentrations (with fixed emissions) driven by meteorology in 2018 were 12-15% higher than those with atmospheric circulations in 2017 both under a low and a high emission level, close to the observed 10% PM2.5 rebound. In 2018, positive sea ice anomalies around Beaufort Sea and "triple pattern" anomalies of sea surface temperature in the North Pacific and North Atlantic enhanced the anomalous anticyclonic circulations over the air-polluted region, and thus resulted in minimum surface wind speed during 1979-2018 and 16.8% shallower boundary layer than those in 2017. In the stagnated air of winter 2018, the transported dispersion of pollutant particles was weakened, however more secondary aerosols were produced by enhanced chemical reactions, which jointly contributed to the PM2.5 rebound in 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Centre on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China; Nansen-Zhu International Research Centre, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yijia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Centre on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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459
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Liu P, Song H, Wang T, Wang F, Li X, Miao C, Zhao H. Effects of meteorological conditions and anthropogenic precursors on ground-level ozone concentrations in Chinese cities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114366. [PMID: 32443214 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone pollution has negative impacts on human health and vegetation and has increased rapidly across China. Various factors are implicated in the formation of ozone (e.g., meteorological factors, anthropogenic emissions), but their relative individual impact and the impact of interactions between these factors remains unclear. This study quantified the influence of specific meteorological conditions and anthropogenic precursor emissions and their interactions on ozone concentrations in Chinese cities using the geographic detector model (GeoDetector). Results revealed that the impacts of meteorological and anthropogenic factors and their interactions on ozone concentrations varied significantly at different spatial and temporal scales. Temperature was the dominant driver at the annual time scale, explaining 40% (q = 0.4) of the ground-level ozone concentration. Anthropogenic precursors and meteorological conditions had comparable effects on ozone concentrations in summer and winter in northern China. Interactions between all the factors can enhance effects. The interaction between meteorological factors and anthropogenic precursors had the strongest impact in summer. The results can be used to enhance our understanding of ozone pollution, to improve ozone prediction models, and to formulate pollution control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Liu
- Key Research Institute of Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development & Collaborative Innovation Center on Yellow River Civilization of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China; Institute of Urban Big Data, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Hongquan Song
- Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Integrated Air Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Institute of Urban Big Data, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China.
| | - Tuanhui Wang
- Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Institute of Urban Big Data, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Institute of Urban Big Data, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Institute of Urban Big Data, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Changhong Miao
- Key Research Institute of Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development & Collaborative Innovation Center on Yellow River Civilization of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Haipeng Zhao
- Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Institute of Urban Big Data, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
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460
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Wang M, Chen W, Zhang L, Qin W, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Xie X. Ozone pollution characteristics and sensitivity analysis using an observation-based model in Nanjing, Yangtze River Delta Region of China. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 93:13-22. [PMID: 32446449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) has become a critical pollutant impeding air quality improvement in Yangtze River Delta region of China. In this study, we present O3 pollution characteristics based on one-year online measurements during 2016 at an urban site in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. Then, the sensitivity of O3 to its precursors during 2 O3 pollution episodes in August was analyzed using a box model based on observation (OBM). The relative incremental reactivity (RIR) of hydrocarbons was larger than other precursors, suggesting that hydrocarbons played the dominant role in O3 formation. The RIR values for NOX ranged from -0.41%/% to 0.19%/%. The O3 sensitivity was also analyzed based on relationship of simulated O3 production rates with reductions of VOC and NOX derived from scenario analyses. Simulation results illustrate that O3 formation was between VOCs-limited and transition regime. Xylenes and light alkenes were found to be key species in O3 formation according to RIR values, and their sources were determined using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. Paints and solvent use was the largest contributor to xylenes (54%), while petrochemical industry was the most important source to propene (82%). Discussions on VOCs and NOX reduction schemes suggest that the 5% O3 control goal can be achieved by reducing VOCs by 20%. To obtain 10% O3 control goal, VOCs need to be reduced by 30% with VOCs/NOX larger than 3:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Wentai Chen
- Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210036, China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Xiangzhi Zhang
- Department of Ecology and Environment of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Nanjing Environmental Monitoring Center, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210013, China
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461
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Liu H, Liu J, Liu Y, Ouyang B, Xiang S, Yi K, Tao S. Analysis of wintertime O 3 variability using a random forest model and high-frequency observations in Zhangjiakou-an area with background pollution level of the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114191. [PMID: 32126436 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The short-term health effects of ozone (O3) have highlighted the need for high-temporal-resolution O3 observations to accurately assess human exposure to O3. Here, we performed 20-s resolution observations of O3 precursors and meteorological factors to train a random forest model capable of accurately predicting O3 concentrations. Our model performed well with an average validated R2 of 0.997. Unlike in typical linear model frameworks, variable dependencies are not clearly modelled by random forest model. Thus, we conducted additional studies to provide insight into the photochemical and atmospheric dynamic processes driving variations in O3 concentrations. At nitrogen oxides (NOx) concentrations of 10-20 ppb, all the other O3 precursors were in states that increased the production of O3. Over a short timescale, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can almost track each high-frequency variation in O3. Meteorological factors play a more important role than O3 precursors do in predicting O3 concentrations at a high temporal resolution; however, individual meteorological factors are not sufficient to track every high-frequency change in O3. Nevertheless, the sharp variations in O3 related to flow dynamics are often accompanied by steep temperature changes. Our results suggest that high-temporal-resolution observations, both ground-based and vertical profiles, are necessary for the accurate assessment of human exposure to O3 and the success and accountability of the emission control strategies for improving air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huazhen Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Statistics, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bin Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Songlin Xiang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Kan Yi
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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462
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Feng Z, Hu T, Tai APK, Calatayud V. Yield and economic losses in maize caused by ambient ozone in the North China Plain (2014-2017). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137958. [PMID: 32208283 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Maize is the second most important crop per harvested area in the world. The North China Plain (NCP) is a highly populated and relevant agricultural region in China, experiencing some of the highest ozone (O3) concentrations worldwide. It produces ~24% of the total maize production of China in years 2014-2017. For these years, we used observational O3 data in combination with geostatistic methods to estimate county-level production and economic losses due to O3 in the NCP. AOT40 (accumulated ozone exposure over an hourly threshold of 40 ppb) values during the maize growing season (90 days before maturity) progressively increased in the four consecutive years: 13.7 ppm h, 15.4 ppm h, 16.9 ppm h and 22.7 ppm h. Mean relative yield losses were 8.2% in 2014, 9.2% in 2015, 10.4% in 2016 and 13.4% in 2017. These yield losses, derived from exposure-response functions, resulted in crop production losses of 530.3 × 104 t, 617.8 × 104 t, 713.8 × 104 t, and 953.4 × 104 t, as well as economic losses of 2343 million USD, 2672 million USD, 1887 million USD, and 2404 million USD from 2014 to 2017. The NCP is a key area in China for monitoring the effectiveness of the clean air action policies aiming at reducing emissions of air pollutants. Despite these measures, O3 concentrations have increased in NCP, and reduction of this pollutant are challenging. We suggest an increase in the number of rural air quality stations for better characterizing O3 trends in cropland areas, as well as the application of different mitigation measures. They may involve more stringent air quality regulations and changes in crops, breeding tolerant cultivars and a crop management taking into account O3 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhong Feng
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Tingjian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Amos P K Tai
- Earth System Science Programme, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, c/Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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463
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Huang X, Ding A, Gao J, Zheng B, Zhou D, Qi X, Tang R, Wang J, Ren C, Nie W, Chi X, Xu Z, Chen L, Li Y, Che F, Pang N, Wang H, Tong D, Qin W, Cheng W, Liu W, Fu Q, Liu B, Chai F, Davis SJ, Zhang Q, He K. Enhanced secondary pollution offset reduction of primary emissions during COVID-19 lockdown in China. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 8:nwaa137. [PMID: 34676092 PMCID: PMC7337733 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To control the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19), China imposed nationwide restrictions on the movement of its population (lockdown) after the Chinese New Year of 2020, leading to large reductions in economic activities and associated emissions. Despite such large decreases in primary pollution, there were nonetheless several periods of heavy haze pollution in eastern China, raising questions about the well-established relationship between human activities and air quality. Here, using comprehensive measurements and modeling, we show that the haze during the COVID lockdown was driven by enhancements of secondary pollution. In particular, large decreases in NOx emissions from transportation increased ozone and nighttime NO3 radical formation, and these increases in atmospheric oxidizing capacity in turn facilitated the formation of secondary particulate matter. Our results, afforded by the tragic natural experiment of the COVID-19 pandemic, indicate that haze mitigation depends upon a coordinated and balanced strategy for controlling multiple pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Derong Zhou
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ximeng Qi
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rong Tang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiaping Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chuanhua Ren
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Nie
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuguang Chi
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liangduo Chen
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fei Che
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Nini Pang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Haikun Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dan Tong
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Wei Qin
- Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Weijing Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environment Science, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Baoxian Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Airborne Particulate Matter Monitoring Technology, Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Fahe Chai
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Steven J Davis
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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464
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Shi X, Brasseur GP. The Response in Air Quality to the Reduction of Chinese Economic Activities During the COVID-19 Outbreak. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2020; 47:e2020GL088070. [PMID: 32836516 PMCID: PMC7267158 DOI: 10.1029/2020gl088070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 outbreak that took place in early 2020, the economic activities in China were drastically reduced and accompanied by a strong reduction in the emission of primary air pollutants. On the basis of measurements made at the monitoring stations operated by the China National Environmental Monitoring Center, we quantify the reduction in surface PM2.5, NO2, CO, and SO2 concentrations in northern China during the lockdown, which started on 23 January 2020. We find that, on the average, the levels of surface PM2.5 and NO2 have decreased by approximately 35% and 60%, respectively, between the period 1 and 22 January 2020 and the period 23 January and 29 February 2020. At the same time, the mean ozone concentration has increased by a factor 1.5-2. In urban area of Wuhan, where drastic measures were adopted to limit the spread of the coronavirus, similar changes in the concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, and ozone are found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Shi
- Max Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
| | - Guy P. Brasseur
- Max Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
- National Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
- Department of CEEThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongChina
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465
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Li X, Zhao B, Zhou W, Shi H, Yin R, Cai R, Yang D, Dällenbach K, Deng C, Fu Y, Qiao X, Wang L, Liu Y, Yan C, Kulmala M, Zheng J, Hao J, Wang S, Jiang J. Responses of gaseous sulfuric acid and particulate sulfate to reduced SO 2 concentration: A perspective from long-term measurements in Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137700. [PMID: 32197281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
SO2 concentration decreased rapidly in recent years in China due to the implementation of strict control policies by the government. Particulate sulfate (pSO42-) and gaseous H2SO4 (SA) are two major products of SO2 and they play important roles in the haze formation and new particle formation (NPF), respectively. We examined the change in pSO42- and SA concentrations in response to reduced SO2 concentration using long-term measurement data in Beijing. Simulations from the Community Multiscale Air Quality model with a 2-D Volatility Basis Set (CMAQ/2D-VBS) were used for comparison. From 2013 to 2018, SO2 concentration in Beijing decreased by ~81% (from 9.1 ppb to 1.7 ppb). pSO42- concentration in submicrometer particles decreased by ~60% from 2012-2013 (monthly average of ~10 μg·m-3) to 2018-2019 (monthly average of ~4 μg·m-3). Accordingly, the fraction of pSO42- in these particles decreased from 20-30% to <10%. Increased sulfur oxidation ratio was observed both in the measurements and the CMAQ/2D-VBS simulations. Despite the reduction in SO2 concentration, there was no obvious decrease in SA concentration based on data from several measuring periods from 2008 to 2019. This was supported by the increased SA:SO2 ratio with reduced SO2 concentration and condensation sink. NPF frequency in Beijing between 2004 and 2019 remains relatively constant. This constant NPF frequency is consistent with the relatively stable SA concentration in Beijing, while different from some other cities where NPF frequency was reported to decrease with decreased SO2 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongrong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rujing Yin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Runlong Cai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dongsen Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Kaspar Dällenbach
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chenjuan Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yueyun Fu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohui Qiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
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466
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Zhao Y, Zhang K, Xu X, Shen H, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Shen G. Substantial Changes in Nitrate Oxide and Ozone after Excluding Meteorological Impacts during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Mainland China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2020; 7:402-408. [PMID: 37566301 PMCID: PMC7241735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak in China led to dramatic changes in human activities resulting from the sudden infection prevention and control measures. Here, we use ground-level observations and model simulations to examine the nationwide spatial-temporal variations of six air pollutants before and after the initiation of First-Level Public Health Emergency Response. The level of ambient NO2 declined significantly, and in most cities, the decline was dominated by reduced emissions. Meanwhile, the level of O3 increased significantly during this period, and the nonmeteorological factors explained the increase. For the other air pollutants (PM2.5, SO2, and CO), the observed declines on the national scale were obviously affected by the meteorological conditions. In Wuhan, significant declines were found for air pollutants except O3 and emissions dominated the changes, while in Beijing during the same period, only the level of NO2 significantly declined. This study clearly shows that the meteorological changes contributed substantially to the observed changes in most air pollutants, and this must be considered in evaluating the impacts of pollutant source changes on air quality during the specific event and in assessing source-oriented risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering,
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai
200240, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control
and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering,
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai
200240, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control
and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaotian Xu
- School of Atmosphere, Nanjing
University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318,
United States
| | - Xi Zhu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences,
Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
| | - Yanxu Zhang
- School of Atmosphere, Nanjing
University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yongtao Hu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318,
United States
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences,
Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
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467
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Mao J, Wang L, Lu C, Liu J, Li M, Tang G, Ji D, Zhang N, Wang Y. Meteorological mechanism for a large-scale persistent severe ozone pollution event over eastern China in 2017. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 92:187-199. [PMID: 32430122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An intensive and persistent regional ozone pollution event occurred over eastern China from 25 June to 5 July 2017. 73 out of 96 selected cities, most located in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the surrounding area (BTHS), suffered severe ozone pollution. A north-south contrast ozone distribution, with higher ozone (199 ± 33 μg/m3) in the BTHS and lower ozone (118 ± 25 μg/m3) in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), was found to be dominated by the position of the West Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) and mid-high latitude wave activities. In the BTHS, the positive anomalies of geopotential height at 500 hPa and temperature at the surface indicated favorable meteorological conditions for local ozone formation. Prevailing northwesterly winds in the mid-high troposphere and warm advection induced by weak southerly winds in the low troposphere resulted in low-moderate relative humidity (RH), less total cloud cover (TCC), strong solar radiation and high temperatures. Moreover, southerly winds prevailing over the BTHS aggravated the pollution due to regional transportation of O3 and its precursors. On one hand, the deep sinking motion and inversion layer suppressed the dispersion of pollutants. On the other hand, O3-rich air in the upper layer was maintained at night due to temperature inversion, which facilitated O3 vertical transport to the surface in the next-day morning due to elevated convection. Generally, temperature, UV radiation, and RH showed good correlations with O3 in the BTHS, with rates of 8.51 (μg/m3)/°C (within the temperature range of 20-38°C), 59.54 (μg/m3)/(MJ/m2) and -1.93 (μg/m3)/%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Mao
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Chuhan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Jingda Liu
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Mingge Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Hebei Province Meteorological Observatory, Shijiazhuang, 050022, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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468
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Bernhard GH, Neale RE, Barnes PW, Neale PJ, Zepp RG, Wilson SR, Andrady AL, Bais AF, McKenzie RL, Aucamp PJ, Young PJ, Liley JB, Lucas RM, Yazar S, Rhodes LE, Byrne SN, Hollestein LM, Olsen CM, Young AR, Robson TM, Bornman JF, Jansen MAK, Robinson SA, Ballaré CL, Williamson CE, Rose KC, Banaszak AT, Häder DP, Hylander S, Wängberg SÅ, Austin AT, Hou WC, Paul ND, Madronich S, Sulzberger B, Solomon KR, Li H, Schikowski T, Longstreth J, Pandey KK, Heikkilä AM, White CC. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2019. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:542-584. [PMID: 32364555 PMCID: PMC7442302 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp90011g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This assessment, by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), one of three Panels informing the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, provides an update, since our previous extensive assessment (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2019, 18, 595-828), of recent findings of current and projected interactive environmental effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, stratospheric ozone, and climate change. These effects include those on human health, air quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and materials used in construction and other services. The present update evaluates further evidence of the consequences of human activity on climate change that are altering the exposure of organisms and ecosystems to UV radiation. This in turn reveals the interactive effects of many climate change factors with UV radiation that have implications for the atmosphere, feedbacks, contaminant fate and transport, organismal responses, and many outdoor materials including plastics, wood, and fabrics. The universal ratification of the Montreal Protocol, signed by 197 countries, has led to the regulation and phase-out of chemicals that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. Although this treaty has had unprecedented success in protecting the ozone layer, and hence all life on Earth from damaging UV radiation, it is also making a substantial contribution to reducing climate warming because many of the chemicals under this treaty are greenhouse gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - R E Neale
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - P W Barnes
- Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University, New Orleans, USA
| | - P J Neale
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
| | - R G Zepp
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - S R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - A L Andrady
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - A F Bais
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - R L McKenzie
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Lauder, Central Otago, New Zealand
| | - P J Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Consultants, Faerie Glen, South Africa
| | - P J Young
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - J B Liley
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Lauder, Central Otago, New Zealand
| | - R M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - S Yazar
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - L E Rhodes
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - S N Byrne
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - L M Hollestein
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Manchester, The Netherlands
| | - C M Olsen
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - A R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College, London, London, UK
| | - T M Robson
- Organismal & Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
| | - M A K Jansen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - S A Robinson
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - C L Ballaré
- Faculty of Agronomy and IFEVA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C E Williamson
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - K C Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - A T Banaszak
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Mexico
| | - D -P Häder
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Möhrendorf, Germany
| | - S Hylander
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - S -Å Wängberg
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A T Austin
- Faculty of Agronomy and IFEVA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - W -C Hou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan, China
| | - N D Paul
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - S Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - B Sulzberger
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - K R Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - H Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - T Schikowski
- Research Group of Environmental Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute of Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Longstreth
- Institute for Global Risk Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - K K Pandey
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - A M Heikkilä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C C White
- , 5409 Mohican Rd, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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469
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Tan Z, Hofzumahaus A, Lu K, Brown SS, Holland F, Huey LG, Kiendler-Scharr A, Li X, Liu X, Ma N, Min KE, Rohrer F, Shao M, Wahner A, Wang Y, Wiedensohler A, Wu Y, Wu Z, Zeng L, Zhang Y, Fuchs H. No Evidence for a Significant Impact of Heterogeneous Chemistry on Radical Concentrations in the North China Plain in Summer 2014. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5973-5979. [PMID: 32343120 PMCID: PMC7240937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide by hydroperoxy (HO2) and organic peroxy radicals (RO2) is responsible for the chemical net ozone production in the troposphere and for the regeneration of hydroxyl radicals, the most important oxidant in the atmosphere. In Summer 2014, a field campaign was conducted in the North China Plain, where increasingly severe ozone pollution has been experienced in the last years. Chemical conditions in the campaign were representative for this area. Radical and trace gas concentrations were measured, allowing for calculating the turnover rates of gas-phase radical reactions. Therefore, the importance of heterogeneous HO2 uptake on aerosol could be experimentally determined. HO2 uptake could have suppressed ozone formation at that time because of the competition with gas-phase reactions that produce ozone. The successful reduction of the aerosol load in the North China Plain in the last years could have led to a significant decrease of HO2 loss on particles, so that ozone-forming reactions could have gained importance in the last years. However, the analysis of the measured radical budget in this campaign shows that HO2 aerosol uptake did not impact radical chemistry for chemical conditions in 2014. Therefore, reduced HO2 uptake on aerosol since then is likely not the reason for the increasing number of ozone pollution events in the North China Plain, contradicting conclusions made from model calculations reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofeng Tan
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Andreas Hofzumahaus
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Keding Lu
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research
Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Frank Holland
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Lewis Gregory Huey
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Astrid Kiendler-Scharr
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Nan Ma
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kyung-Eun Min
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Franz Rohrer
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Min Shao
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Andreas Wahner
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | | | - Yusheng Wu
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
- Beijing
Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, 361000 Xiamen, China
| | - Hendrik Fuchs
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
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470
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Li Q, Badia A, Wang T, Sarwar G, Fu X, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Fung J, Cuevas CA, Wang S, Zhou B, Saiz-Lopez A. Potential Effect of Halogens on Atmospheric Oxidation and Air Quality in China. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2020; 125:10.1029/2019JD032058. [PMID: 32523860 PMCID: PMC7286431 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd032058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has been a hazard in China over recent decades threatening the health of half a billion people. Much effort has been devoted to mitigating air pollution in China leading to a significant reduction in primary pollutants emissions from 2013 to 2017, while a continuously worsening trend of surface ozone (O3, a secondary pollutant and greenhouse gas) was observed over the same period. Atmospheric oxidation, dominated by daytime reactions involving hydroxyl radicals (OH), is the critical process to convert freshly-emitted compounds into secondary pollutants, and is underestimated in current models of China's air pollution. Halogens (chlorine, bromine, and iodine) are known to profoundly influence oxidation chemistry in the marine environment; however, their impact on atmospheric oxidation and air pollution in China is unknown. In the present study, we report for the first time that halogens substantially enhance the total atmospheric oxidation capacity in polluted areas of China, typically 10% to 20% (up to 87% in winter) and mainly by significantly increasing OH level. The enhanced oxidation along the coast is driven by oceanic emissions of bromine and iodine, and that over the inland areas by anthropogenic emission of chlorine. The extent and seasonality of halogen impact are largely explained by the dynamics of Asian monsoon, location and intensity of halogen emissions, and O3 formation regime. The omission of halogen emissions and chemistry may lead to significant errors in historical re-assessments and future projections of the evolution of atmospheric oxidation in polluted regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Alba Badia
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Golam Sarwar
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Xiao Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, United States
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jimmy Fung
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carlos A. Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Corresponding author: Alfonso Saiz-Lopez ()
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471
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Wang Z, Wang C, Wang B, Wang X, Li J, Wu J, Liu L. Interactive effects of air pollutants and atmospheric moisture stress on aspen growth and photosynthesis along an urban-rural gradient. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114076. [PMID: 32041012 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollution could significantly alter tree growth independently and synergistically with meteorological conditions. North China offers a natural experiment for studying how plant growth responds to air pollution under different meteorological conditions, where rapid economic growth has led to severe air pollution and climate changes increase drought stress. Using a single aspen clone (Populus euramericana Neva.) as a 'phytometer', we conducted three experiments to monitor aspen leaf photosynthesis and stem growth during in situ exposure to atmospheric pollutants along the urban-rural gradient around Beijing. We used stepwise model selection to select the best multiple linear model, and we used binned regression to estimate the effects of air pollutants, atmospheric moisture stress and their interactions on aspen leaf photosynthesis and growth. Our results indicated that ozone (O3) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) inhibited leaf photosynthesis and stem growth. The interactive effect of O3 and VPD resulted in a synergistic response: as the concentration of O3 increased, the negative impact of VPD on leaf photosynthesis and stem growth became more severe. We also found that nitrogen (N) deposition had a positive effect on stem growth, which may have been caused by an increase in canopy N uptake, although this hypothesis needs to be confirmed by further studies. The positive impact of aerosol loading may be due to diffuse radiation fertilization effects. Given the decline in aerosols and N deposition amidst increases in O3 concentration and drought risk, the negative effects of atmospheric pollution on tree growth may be aggravated in North China. In addition, the interaction between O3 and VPD may lead to a further reduction in ecosystem productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chengzhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Lingli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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472
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Lyu X, Guo H, Wang Y, Zhang F, Nie K, Dang J, Liang Z, Dong S, Zeren Y, Zhou B, Gao W, Zhao S, Zhang G. Hazardous volatile organic compounds in ambient air of China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125731. [PMID: 31918083 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and the majority of them have been proved to be detrimental to human health. The hazardous VOCs were studied very insufficiently in China, despite the enormous emissions of VOCs. In this study, the concentrations and sources of 17 hazardous VOCs reported in literature were reviewed, based on which the health effects were assessed. In-depth survey indicated that benzene and toluene had the highest concentrations in eastern China (confined to the study regions reviewed, same for the other geographic generalization), which however showed significant declines. The southern China featured high levels of trichloroethylene. Dichloromethane and chloroform were observed to be concentrated in northern China. The distributions of 1,2-dichloropropane and tetrachloroethylene were homogeneous across the country. Basically consistent with the spatial patterns of ozone, the summertime formaldehyde exhibited higher levels in eastern and northern China, and increased continuously. While transportation served as the largest source of benzene and toluene, industrial emissions and secondary formation were the predominant contributors of halogenated hydrocarbons and aldehydes (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde), respectively. The chronic non-cancer effects of inhalation exposure to the hazardous VOCs were insignificant, however the probabilities of developing cancers by inhaling the hazardous VOCs in ambient air of China were quite high. Formaldehyde was identified as the primary carcinogenic VOC in the atmosphere of most regions. The striking results, especially the high inhalation cancer risks, alerted us that the emission controls of hazardous VOCs were urgent in China, which must be grounded upon full understanding of their occurrence, presence and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopu Lyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kun Nie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juan Dang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhirong Liang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuhao Dong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yangzong Zeren
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Beining Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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473
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Fu X, Wang T, Gao J, Wang P, Liu Y, Wang S, Zhao B, Xue L. Persistent Heavy Winter Nitrate Pollution Driven by Increased Photochemical Oxidants in Northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3881-3889. [PMID: 32126767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate is an increasingly important component of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) during winter in northern China. Past emission control has been ineffective in reducing winter nitrate. Here, we use extensive observations and a model with state-of-the-art nitrogen chemistry to identify the key factors that control the nitrate formation in the heavily polluted North China Plain (NCP). In contrast to the previous view of weak winter photochemistry, we show that the O3 and OH productions are sufficiently high in winter to facilitate fast gas-phase and heterogeneous conversion of NOX to nitrate over the NCP. Increasing O3 and OH productions from higher precursor levels and fast ROX cycling accelerate the nitrate generation during heavy pollution. We find that the 31.8% reduction of NOX emissions from 2010 to 2017 in the NCP lowers surface nitrate by only 0.2% and even increases nitrate in some polluted areas. This is mainly due to the increase of O3 and OH (by ∼30%), which has subsequently increased the conversion efficiency of NOX to HNO3 (by 38.7%). Future control strategies for the winter haze should also aim to lower photochemical oxidants, via larger and synchronized NOX and VOCs emissions reduction, to overcome the effects of nonlinear photochemistry and aerosol chemical feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 99907, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 99907, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 99907, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 99907, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- School of Environment, and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Environment, and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
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474
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Shen F, Zhang L, Jiang L, Tang M, Gai X, Chen M, Ge X. Temporal variations of six ambient criteria air pollutants from 2015 to 2018, their spatial distributions, health risks and relationships with socioeconomic factors during 2018 in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105556. [PMID: 32059148 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution events occurred frequently in China, and tremendous efforts were devoted to the reduction of air pollution in recent years. Here, analysis of ambient monitoring data of six criteria air pollutants from 367 Chinese cities during 2015-2018, showed that PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and CO were reduced significantly by 22.1%, 13.5%, 46.4% and 21.5%, respectively, NO2 reduction was less significant (6.3%) while O3 level instead increased over China (13.7%). Spatial distribution, seasonal, monthly and diurnal variations of the air pollutants during 2018, implicated of effective control measures, were discussed in details, especially for the five key densely populated regions of Jing-Jin-Ji (JJJ), Fen Wei Plains (FWP), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), Sichuan Basin (SCB) and Pearl River Delta (PRD). Moreover, excess health risks (ERs) of the six pollutants were estimated for 2018, and such risks was two times higher if the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guideline rather than Chinese guideline was adopted. PM10 rather than PM2.5 was the dominant contributor to ERs, and the case with both PM2.5 and PM10 exceeding threshold values occupied ~1/3 of total days, yet contributed ~2/3 of total ERs. For 2018, the health-risk based air quality index (HAQI) was further calculated by combining health risks from multiple pollutants, and it was found that high HAQI mostly distributed in North China Plain (NCP). ~15%, ~85% and ~95% people in YRD, FWP and JJJ were exposed to polluted air (HAQI > 100), and population-normalized HAQI further added the inequality, JJJ and a small region of SCB had much higher HAQI (>280). Investigations on HAQI with socioeconomic factors show that total population, population density and built-up area presented an inverted U-shape, suggesting existence of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), while a positive relationship was found between HAQI and share of secondary industry. Multiple regression analysis suggested that built-up area was the most prominent factor to HAQI, followed by the gross domestic product (GDP). The findings here demonstrate in great details the current characteristics of air pollution and its associated health risks in China, therefore providing important implications for effective air pollution control strategies in near future for different regions of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhen Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mingqi Tang
- Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinyu Gai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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475
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O3 Sensitivity and Contributions of Different NMHC Sources in O3 Formation at Urban and Suburban Sites in Shanghai. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11030295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) pollution is still one of the priorities and challenges for air pollution control in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region of China. Understanding the relationship of O3 with its precursors and contributions of different sources in O3 formation is essential for the development of an O3 control strategy. This study analyzed O3 sensitivity to its precursors using a box model based on online observations of O3, non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO) at an urban site and a suburban site in Shanghai in July 2017. Anthropogenic sources of NMHCs were identified using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model, and then contributions of different sources in O3 formation were estimated by the observation-based model (OBM). The relative incremental reactivity (RIR) values calculated by the OBM suggest that O3 formation at the urban site was in the NMHC-limited regime, while O3 formation at the suburban site tended between the transition regime and the NMHC-limited regime. Vehicular emission and liquefied petrochemical gas (LPG) use or aged air mass were found to be the two largest contributors at the urban and suburban sites in July, followed by paint and solvent use, and the petrochemical industry. However, from the perspective of O3 formation, vehicular emission and paint and solvent use were the largest two contributors at two sites due to the higher RIR values for paint and solvent use. In addition, the influence of transport on O3 sensitivity was identified by comparing O3 sensitivity at the suburban site across two days with different air mass paths. The result revealed that O3 formation in Shanghai is not only related to local emissions but also influenced by emissions from neighboring provinces. These findings on O3–NMHC–NOX sensitivity, contributions of different sources in O3 formation, and influence of transport could be useful for O3 pollution control in the YRD region. Nevertheless, more quantitative analyses on transport and further evaluation of the uncertainty of the OBM are still needed in future.
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476
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Qin J, Wang S, Guo L, Xu J. Spatial Association Pattern of Air Pollution and Influencing Factors in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Air Pollution Transmission Channel: A Case Study in Henan Province. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17051598. [PMID: 32121657 PMCID: PMC7084533 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) air pollution transmission channel and its surrounding areas are of importance to air pollution control in China. Based on daily data of air quality index (AQI) and air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3) from 2015 to 2016, this study analyzed the spatial and temporal characteristics of air pollution and influencing factors in Henan Province, a key region of the BTH air pollution transmission channel. The result showed that non-attainment days and NAQI were slightly improved at the provincial scale during the study period, whereas that in Hebi, Puyang, and Anyang became worse. PM2.5 was the largest contributor to the air pollution in all cities based on the number of non-attainment days, but its mean frequency decreased by 21.62%, with the mean occurrence of O3 doubled. The spatial distribution of NAQI presented a spatial agglomeration pattern, with high-high agglomeration area varying from Jiaozuo, Xinxiang, and Zhengzhou to Anyang and Hebi. In addition, the NAQI was negatively correlated with sunshine duration, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and positively to atmospheric pressure and relative humidity in all four clusters, whereas relationships between socioeconomic factors and NAQI differed among them. These findings highlight the need to establish and adjust regional joint prevention and control of air pollution as well as suggest that it is crucially important for implementing effective strategies for O3 pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Qin
- School of Business and Administration, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, Henan, China;
| | - Suxian Wang
- Emergency Management School, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, Henan, China;
| | - Linghui Guo
- School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, Henan, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1833-9112-589
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Business, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China;
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477
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Bae C, Kim HC, Kim BU, Kim S. Surface ozone response to satellite-constrained NO x emission adjustments and its implications. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113469. [PMID: 31902538 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Both surface and satellite observations have shown a decrease in NOx emissions in East Asian countries in recent years. In order to reflect the recent NOx emission reduction and to investigate its impact on surface O3 concentrations in Asian megacities, we adjusted two bottom-up regional emission inventories of which base years are 2006 (E2006) and 2010 (E2010), respectively. We applied direct and relative emission adjustments to both E2006 and E2010 to constrain NOx emissions using OMI NO2 vertical column densities. Except for the relative emission adjustment with E2006, modeling results with adjusted emissions exhibit that NOx emissions over East Asian megacities (Beijing, Shanghai, Seoul, and Tokyo) in the bottom-up inventories are generally overestimated. When the direct emission adjustment is applied to E2006, model biases in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), South Korea are reduced from 24 ppb to 2 ppb for NOx (=NO+NO2) and from -9 ppb to 0 ppb for O3. In addition, NO2 model biases in Beijing and Shanghai in China are reduced from 8 ppb to 18 ppb-0 ppb and 1 ppb, respectively. Daily maximum 8-h average O3 model biases over the same places are decreased by 8 ppb and 14 ppb. Further analyses suggest that the reduction in domestic South Korean NOx emissions plays a significant role in increasing O3 concentrations in SMA. We conclude that the current strong drive to reduce NOx emissions as part of the strategy to lower particulate matter concentrations in South Korea can account for increased O3 concentrations in recent years and suggest that more aggressive NOx emissions will be necessary soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhan Bae
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Cheol Kim
- Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD, USA; Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Byeong-Uk Kim
- Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Soontae Kim
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea.
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478
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Hu T, Liu S, Xu Y, Feng Z, Calatayud V. Assessment of O 3-induced yield and economic losses for wheat in the North China Plain from 2014 to 2017, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113828. [PMID: 31874438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a pollutant of widespread concern in the world and especially in China for its negative effects on agricultural crops. For the first time, yield and economic losses of wheat between 2014 and 2017 were estimated for the North China Plain (NCP) using observational hourly O3 data from 312 monitoring stations and exposure-response functions based on AOT40 index (accumulated hourly O3 concentration above 40 ppb) from a Chinese study. AOT40 values from 2014 to 2017 during the wheat growing seasons (75-days, 44 before and 30 after mid-anthesis) ranged from 3.1 to 14.9 ppm h, 4.9-17.5 ppm h, 7.3-17.6 ppm h, and 0.5-18.6 ppm h, respectively. The highest AOT40 values were observed in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The values of relative yield losses from 2014 to 2017 were in the ranges of 6.4-30.5%, 10.0-35.8%, 14.9-34.1%, and 21.6-38.2%, respectively. The total wheat production losses in NCP for 2014-2017 accounted for 18.5%, 22.7%, 26.2% and 30.8% in the whole production, while the economic losses amounted to 6,292 million USD, 8,524 million USD, 10,068 million USD, and 12,404 million USD, respectively. The important impact of O3 in this area, which is of global importance, should be considered when assessing wheat yield production. Our results also show an increasing trend in AOT40, relative yield loss, total crop production loss and economic loss in the four consecutive years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yansen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, C/Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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479
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Zhao H, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Li T. Evaluating the effects of surface O 3 on three main food crops across China during 2015-2018. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113794. [PMID: 31864924 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to tackle China's severe air pollution issue, the government has released the "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan" (known simply as the "Action Plan") since 2013. A recent study reported a decreased trend in PM2.5 concentrations over 2013-2017, but O3 pollution has become more serious. However, the effects of surface O3 on crops are unclear after the implementation of the "Action Plan". Here, we evaluated the potential negative effects of surface O3 on three main food crops (winter wheat, maize and rice) across China during 2015-2018 using nationwide O3 monitoring data and AOT40-yield response functions. Results suggested that mean O3 concentration, AOT40 and relative yield loss in China showed an overall upward trend from 2015 to 2018. During winter wheat, maize, single rice, double-early rice, and double-late rice growing seasons, mean O3 concentration in recent years ranged from 38.6 to 46.9 ppb, 40.2-43.9 ppb, 39.3-42.2 ppb, 33.8-40.0 ppb, and 35.9-39.1 ppb, respectively, and AOT40 mean values ranged from 8.5 to 14.3 ppm h, 10.5-13.4 ppm h, 9.8-11.9 ppm h, 5.2-9.2 ppm h, and 8.0-9.5 ppm h, respectively. O3-induced yield reductions were estimated to range from 20.1 to 33.3% for winter wheat, 5.0-6.3% for maize, 7.3-8.8% for single rice, 3.9-6.8% for double-early rice and 5.9-7.1% for double-late rice. O3-induced production losses for winter wheat, maize, single rice, double-early rice, and double-late rice totaled 39.5-88.2 million metric tons, 12.6-21.0 million metric tons, 9.5-11.3 million metric tons, 1.2-1.8 million metric tons, and 2.2-2.7 million metric tons, respectively, and the corresponding economic losses totaled 14.3-32.0 billion US$, 3.9-6.5 billion US$, 3.9-4.6 billion US$, 0.5-0.7 billion US$, and 0.9-1.1 billion US$, respectively. Our results suggested that the government should take effective measures to reduce O3 pollution and its effects on agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Youfei Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- School of Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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480
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Kuerban M, Waili Y, Fan F, Liu Y, Qin W, Dore AJ, Peng J, Xu W, Zhang F. Spatio-temporal patterns of air pollution in China from 2015 to 2018 and implications for health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113659. [PMID: 31806463 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
China has been seriously affected by particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere. In this study, we systematically analyse the spatio-temporal patterns of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, CO, NO2, and O3 and the associated health risks, using data collected from 1498 national air quality monitoring sites. An analysis of the averaged data from all the sites indicated that, from 2015 to 2018, annual mean concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and CO declined by 3.2 μg m-3, 3.7 μg m-3, 3.9 μg m-3, and 0.1 mg m-3, respectively. In contrast, those of NO2 and O3 increased at rates of 0.4 and 3.1 μg m-3, respectively. Except for O3, the annual mean concentrations of all pollutants were generally the highest in North China and lowest in the Tibetan Plateau. The concentrations were generally higher in the north of the country than in the south. In all regions of China, the pollutant concentrations were the highest in winter and lowest in summer, except for O3, which showed an opposite seasonal pattern. Overall, the seasonal mean concentrations of all the pollutants (except for O3) significantly decreased between the same seasons in 2018 and 2015, whereas the seasonal mean O3 concentrations generally significantly increased, and/or remained at stable levels in all four seasons except for winter. Diurnal variations of all pollutants (except for O3) exhibited a bimodal pattern with peaks between 8:00 and 11:00 a.m. and 9:00 and 12:00 p.m., whereas O3 exhibited a unimodal pattern with maximum values between 5:00 and 7:00 p.m. No significant differences in the daily mean concentrations of all pollutants were found between weekdays and weekends in all regions, except for PM2.5 and PM10 in Northeast China. In Northwest China and Southeast China, PM2.5 showed stronger correlations with NO2 relative to SO2, suggesting that NOx emission control may be more effective than SO2 emission control for alleviating PM2.5 formation. Compared with 2015, the total PM2.5-attributable mortality, number of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and incidence of chronic bronchitis decreased overall by 23.4%-26.9% in 2018. In contrast, for O3-attributable deaths, there was an increase of 18.9%. Our study not only improves the understanding of the spatial and temporal patterns of air pollutants in China, but also highlights that synchronous control of PM2.5 and O3 pollution should be implemented to achieve dual benefits in protecting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireadili Kuerban
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yizaitiguli Waili
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Fan Fan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ye Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Qin
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Anthony J Dore
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Jingjing Peng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wen Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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481
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Wang Y, Gao W, Wang S, Song T, Gong Z, Ji D, Wang L, Liu Z, Tang G, Huo Y, Tian S, Li J, Li M, Yang Y, Chu B, Petäjä T, Kerminen VM, He H, Hao J, Kulmala M, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Contrasting trends of PM2.5 and surface-ozone concentrations in China from 2013 to 2017. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 7:1331-1339. [PMID: 34692161 PMCID: PMC8288972 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although much attention has been paid to investigating and controlling air pollution in China, the trends of air-pollutant concentrations on a national scale have remained unclear. Here, we quantitatively investigated the variation of air pollutants in China using long-term comprehensive data sets from 2013 to 2017, during which Chinese government made major efforts to reduce anthropogenic emission in polluted regions. Our results show a significant decreasing trend in the PM2.5 concentration in heavily polluted regions of eastern China, with an annual decrease of ∼7% compared with measurements in 2013. The measured decreased concentrations of SO2, NO2 and CO (a proxy for anthropogenic volatile organic compounds) could explain a large fraction of the decreased PM2.5 concentrations in different regions. As a consequence, the heavily polluted days decreased significantly in corresponding regions. Concentrations of organic aerosol, nitrate, sulfate, ammonium and chloride measured in urban Beijing revealed a remarkable reduction from 2013 to 2017, connecting the decreases in aerosol precursors with corresponding chemical components closely. However, surface-ozone concentrations showed increasing trends in most urban stations from 2013 to 2017, which indicates stronger photochemical pollution. The boundary-layer height in capital cities of eastern China showed no significant trends over the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta regions from 2013 to 2017, which confirmed the reduction in anthropogenic emissions. Our results demonstrated that the Chinese government was successful in the reduction of particulate matter in urban areas from 2013 to 2017, although the ozone concentration has increased significantly, suggesting a more complex mechanism of improving Chinese air quality in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Wenkang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center (CNEMC), Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhengyu Gong
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center (CNEMC), Beijing 100012, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanfeng Huo
- Anhui Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Shili Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiayun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mingge Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kerminen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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482
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Li J, Gao Y, Huang X. The impact of urban agglomeration on ozone precursor conditions: A systematic investigation across global agglomerations utilizing multi-source geospatial datasets. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 704:135458. [PMID: 31791768 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization significantly influences ozone via two conditions of its formation: 1) precursor concentration; and 2) chemical regime. Recently, there has been raised concern about the influence of urban agglomerations on these two conditions. Although valuable efforts have been made, some contrary viewpoints exist. Meanwhile, urban agglomerations in developed and developing regions are experiencing different urbanization processes, so a systematic comparison between these two regions is warranted. In this context, by leveraging multi-source geospatial datasets, this paper systematically gauges the influence of urban agglomerations on ozone precursor conditions and further investigates the spatiotemporal variations. Based on the analysis of 71 global agglomerations during 2005-2016, it is found that: 1) not all urban agglomerations have a positive effect on ozone precursor conditions; 2) the negative effects of urban agglomerations can be attributed to the low latitudes and the ecological areas (p < 0.05); 3) the agglomeration influence intensifies with the increase of built-up area, population, and latitude (p < 0.05); 4) the anthropogenic nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission from all sectors can aggravate the magnitude of the urban agglomeration influence (p < 0.05), while for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), only the contribution of industrial emissions is significant (p < 0.05); and 5) in view of the temporal dynamics, the influence of urban agglomeration on ozone precursor condition is opposite in developed and developing regions. This study will provide important insights for future urban agglomeration studies and ozone pollution monitoring with geospatial datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Li
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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483
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3, 3'-Diaminobenzidine with dual o-phenylenediamine groups: two in one enables visual colorimetric detection of nitric oxide. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:2545-2550. [PMID: 32072207 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the generation of smog and ozone. Although great efforts have been made to determine NO by using o-phenylenediamine (OPD)-based fluorescent probes, more simple and reliable colorimetric assays for detection of NO are extremely scarce because a single OPD structure cannot produce enough optical absorption for chromogenesis. In this study, we report an innovative two-in-one visual colorimetric methodology. Commercially available 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) with two OPD structures in a single molecule is selected as the colorimetric probe, and it reacts with NO via diazo-coupling reaction to generate 1H,3'H-[5,5']bibenzotriazolyl because of the increase of conjugated double bonds, accompanying a distinct color change from colorless to brownish yellow. This two-in-one colorimetric assay can determine NO at a concentration as low as 3 ppm by the naked eye and 40 ppb by UV-vis spectrometry, which is the lowest limit of detection (LOD) among reported colorimetric assays for NO. Moreover, the present two-in-one visual colorimetric assay also has good selectivity toward NO over other common potential gas interferents such as CO2, NO2, NH3, N2, O2, and SO2. This present study provides a new insight for the design and development of assays for NO. Graphical abstract.
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484
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Reversal of Aerosol Properties in Eastern China with Rapid Decline of Anthropogenic Emissions. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12030523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The clean air actions of the Chinese government since 2013 have led to rapid reduction in anthropogenic emissions during the last five years. In this study, we present a regional-scale insight into the transition of aerosol properties during this special period based on integrated Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR), and ground-based AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) observations. As a response, aerosols in eastern China have exhibited notable reversal in both the amount and optical properties. Regional haze pollution with Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) > 1.0 in northern China declined from more than ~80 days per year to less than ~30 days. While fine-mode particles exhibited a continuous decrease by ~30-40% during the time period of 2013–2018, the levels of coarse aerosols had no regular variations. MISR fraction AOD of different size modes shows that there has been an obvious overall decline in coarse particles over eastern China, but natural sources such as long-range dust transport make a considerable contribution. The Single Scattering Albedo (SSA) increased steadily from 2001 to 2012 by more than ~0.05. In contrast, aerosol absorption has been getting stronger since 2013, with SSA increasing by ~0.03, due to a much larger reduction in sulfate and nitrate. The drastic transition of aerosol properties has greatly changed aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) in eastern China. The negative ARF at the top (TOA) and bottom (BOA) of the atmosphere decreased by ~30 and ~50 W/m2, respectively, in Beijing during the 2001–2012 period. Although aerosol loading continued to decline after 2013, the magnitudes of TOA and BOA ARF have increased by ~10 and ~30 W/m2, respectively, since 2013, due largely to the enhanced aerosol absorption. Our results suggest that more comprehensive observations are needed to improve understanding of the intense climate and environment effects of dramatic aerosol properties in eastern China.
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485
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A Stratospheric Intrusion-Influenced Ozone Pollution Episode Associated with an Intense Horizontal-Trough Event. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ozone pollution is currently a serious issue in China. As an important source of tropospheric ozone, the stratospheric ozone has received less concern. This study uses a combination of ground-based ozone measurements, the latest ERA5 reanalysis data as well as chemistry-climate model and Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Modeling (LPDM) simulations to investigate the potential impacts of stratospheric intrusion (SI) on surface ozone pollution episodes in eastern China. Station-based observations indicate that severe ozone pollution occurred from 27 April to 28 April 2018 in eastern China, with maximal values over 140 ppbv. ERA5 meteorological and ozone data suggest that a strong horizontal-trough exists at the same time, which leads to an evident SI event and brings ozone-rich air from the stratosphere to the troposphere. Using a stratospheric ozone tracer defined by NCAR’s Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry (CAM-Chem), we conclude that this SI event contributed about 15 ppbv (15%) to the surface ozone pollution episode during 27–28 April in eastern China. The potential impacts of SI events on surface ozone variations should be therefore considered in ozone forecast and control.
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486
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Wang M, Yim SH, Dong G, Ho K, Wong D. Mapping ozone source-receptor relationship and apportioning the health impact in the Pearl River Delta region using adjoint sensitivity analysis. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2020; 222:1-117026. [PMID: 32461735 PMCID: PMC7252566 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While fine particulate matters are decreasing in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, the regional ozone (O3) shows an increasing trend that affects human health, leading to an urgent need for scientific understanding of source-receptor relationship between O3 and its precursor emissions given the changing background composition. We advanced and applied an adjoint air quality model to map contributions of individual O3 precursor emission sources [nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compound (VOC)] at each location to annual regional O3 concentrations and to identify the possible dominant influential pathways of emission sources to O3 at different spatiotemporal scales. Additionally, we introduced the novel adjoint sensitivity approach to assess the relationship between precursor emissions and O3-induced premature mortality. Adjoint results show that Shenzhen was a major source contributor to regional O3 throughout all seasons, of which 49.4% (3.8%) were from its NOx (VOC) emissions. Local emissions (within PRD) contributed to 83% of the regional O3 whereas only ~54% of the estimated ~4000 regional O3-induced premature mortalities. The discrepancy between these two contributions was because O3-induced mortalities are dependent on not only O3 concentration, but incident rate and population density. We also found that a city with low O3-induced mortalities could have significant emission contributions to health impact in the region since the transport pathways could be through transport of local O3 or through transport of O3 precursors that form regional O3 thereafter. It is therefore necessary to formulate emission control policies from both air quality and public health perspectives, and it is also critical to have better understanding of influential pathways of emission sources to O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.Y. Wang
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Steve H.L. Yim
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
- Stanley Ho Big Data Decision Analytics Research Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - G.H. Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - K.F. Ho
- Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - D.C. Wong
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, USA
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487
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Liu Y, Song M, Liu X, Zhang Y, Hui L, Kong L, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Qu Y, An J, Ma D, Tan Q, Feng M. Characterization and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their related changes during ozone pollution days in 2016 in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113599. [PMID: 31796324 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 99 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were continuously measured online at an urban site in Beijing, China, in January, April, July, and October 2016. Characterization and sources of VOCs and their related changes during days with heavy ozone (O3) pollution were analysed. The total observed concentration of VOCs (TVOCs) was 44.0 ± 28.9 ppbv. The VOC pollution level has decreased in Beijing but remains higher than in other Chinese cities. Alkanes comprised the highest proportion among seven major sampled VOC groups. The concentrations and sources of ambient VOCs showed obvious temporal variations. Six emission sources were identified by the positive matrix factorization (PMF), including biomass burning, coal combustion, gasoline vehicles, diesel vehicles, solvent usage, and biogenic + secondary emissions. The combustion source was the key control factor for VOC reduction in Beijing. From the potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) model, Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shandong, and Henan were identified as major potential source regions of ambient VOCs. O3 formation was sensitive to VOCs in Beijing according to the VOC/NOx ratio (ppbC/ppbv, 8:1 threshold). High- and low-O3 days in July were identified, and high O3 levels were due to both enhanced VOC emission levels and meteorological conditions favourable to the production of O3. These findings provide evidence that the fuel combustion and regional transport have a great impact on concentrations and sources of VOCs in urban Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mengdi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yuepeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lirong Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Liuwei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Junling An
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Depeng Ma
- Appraisal Center for Environment & Engineering, Ministry of Environment and Ecology, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qinwen Tan
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Miao Feng
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China
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488
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Shi X, Qiu X, Cheng Z, Chen Q, Rudich Y, Zhu T. Isomeric Identification of Particle-Phase Organic Nitrates through Gas Chromatography and Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Coupled with an Electron Capture Negative Ionization Source. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:707-713. [PMID: 31865702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic nitrates (ONs) are an important component of secondary organic aerosols that play significant roles in atmospheric chemical processes such as ozone formation and as a reservoir of nitrogen oxides (NOx). However, hindered by the availability of analytical techniques, characteristics of ON molecules remain unclear in regions influenced by anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and pollution. In this study, we achieved isomeric identification of particle-phase ONs in such regions. Using gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry with an electron capture negative ionization source, we established a systematic procedure for screening unknown ONs in fine particulate matter (PM) collected in Beijing based primarily on the characteristic fragment ions of NO2- and [M-NO2]-/[M-NO2-H2]-. We found 78 ON candidates, 12 of which were confirmed using synthesized standards. Seventy-three of these detected ONs might originate from anthropogenic VOC precursors especially alkenes. Significantly, we observed two isomers generated from straight-chain 1-alkenes, namely, 2-hydroxy-1-nitrate and 1-hydroxy-2-nitrate. The signal ratios of the two isomers suggested that these hydroxy nitrates are mainly produced photochemically rather than through nighttime reactions. This study provides a promising method for identifying ONs in atmospheric PM and elucidating their formation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P.R. China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P.R. China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P.R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P.R. China
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P.R. China
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489
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Pollution Trends in China from 2000 to 2017: A Multi-Sensor View from Space. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Satellite sensors can provide unique views of global pollution information from space. In particular, a series of aerosol and trace gas monitoring instruments have been operating for more than a decade, providing the opportunity to analyze temporal trends of major pollutants on a large scale. In this study, we integrate aerosol products from MODIS (MODIS Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, all abbreviations and their definitions are listed alphabetically in Abbreviations) and MISR (Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer), the AAI (Absorbing Aerosol Index) product from OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument), column SO2 and NO2 concentrations from OMI, and tropospheric column ozone concentration from OMI/MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder) to study temporal changes in major pollutants over China. MODIS and MISR consistently revealed that column AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth) increased from 2000, peaked around 2007, and started to decline afterward, except for northwest and northeast China, where a continuous upward trend was found. Extensive negative trends in both SO2 and NO2 have also been found over major pollution source regions since ~2005. On the other hand, the OMI AAI exhibited significant increases over north China, especially the northeast and northwest regions. These places also have a decreased Angstrom exponent as revealed by MISR, indicating an increased fraction of large particles. In general, summer had the largest AOD, SO2, and NO2 trends, whereas AAI trends were strongest for autumn and winter. A multi-regression analysis showed that much of the AOD variance over major pollution source regions could be explained by SO2, NO2, and AAI combined, and that the SO2 and NO2 reduction was likely to be responsible for the negative AOD trends, while the AOD increase over NE and NW China may be associated with an increase of coarse particles revealed by increased AAI and decreased AE. In contrast to aerosols, tropospheric ozone exhibited a steady increase from 2005 throughout China. This indicates that although the recent emission control effectively reduced aerosol pollutants, ozone remains a challenging issue and may dominate future air pollution.
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490
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Effects of Elevated Temperature and Ozone in Brassica juncea L.: Growth, Physiology, and ROS Accumulation. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and ozone (O3) pose serious threats to crop yield and ecosystem health. Although neither of these factors will act individually in reality, most studies have focused on the responses of plants to air pollution or climate change. Interactive effects of these remain poorly studied. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the effects of optimal (22/20 °C day/night) and elevated temperature (27/25 °C) and/or ambient (10 ± 10 nL L−1) and elevated O3 concentrations (100 ± 10 nL L−1) on the growth, physiology, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation of leaf mustard (Brassica juncea L.). The aim was to examine whether elevated temperature increase the O3 damage due to increasing stomatal conductance, and thus, O3 flux into the leaf. Significant reductions in photosynthetic rates occurred under O (elevated O3 with optimal temperatures) and OT (elevated O3 and temperature) conditions compared to C (controls). Stomatal conductance was significantly higher under T than in the C at 7 DAE. Under OT conditions, O3 flux significantly increased compared to that in O conditions at 7 days after exposure (DAE). Significant reductions in total fresh and dry weight were observed under OT conditions compared to those under O. Furthermore, significant reductions in levels of carotenoids and ascorbic acid were observed under OT conditions compared to O. Lipid peroxidation and accumulation of ROS such as hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide radical were higher under O and OT conditions than in C conditions at 7 and 14 DAE. As a result of O3 stress, the results of the present study indicated that the plant injury index significantly increased under OT compared to O conditions. This result suggested that elevated temperature (+5 °C) may enhance O3 damage to B. juncea by increasing stomatal conductance and O3 flux into leaves.
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491
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Sharma M, Jain S, Lamba BY. Epigrammatic study on the effect of lockdown amid Covid-19 pandemic on air quality of most polluted cities of Rajasthan (India). AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2020; 13:1157-1165. [PMID: 32837616 PMCID: PMC7362326 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-020-00879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Covid-19 pandemic has adversely affected all the aspects of life in adverse manner; however, a significant improvement has been observed in the air quality, due to restricted human activities amidst lockdown. Present study reports a comparison of air quality between the lockdown duration and before the lockdown duration in seven selected cities (Ajmer, Alwar, Bhiwadi, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kota, and Udaipur) of Rajasthan (India). The period of analysis is 10 March 2020 to 20 March 2020 (before lockdown period) versus 25 March to 17 May 2020 (during lockdown period divided into three phases). In order to understand the variations in the level of pollutant accumulation amid the lockdown period, a trend analysis is performed for 24 h daily average data for five pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, and ozone). Fig. aGraphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuben Sharma
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi, Energy Acres, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007 India
| | - Sapna Jain
- Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi, Energy Acres, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007 India
| | - Bhawna Yadav Lamba
- Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi, Energy Acres, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007 India
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492
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Li L, Zhang P, Cao R. Porous manganese oxides synthesized with natural products at room temperature: a superior humidity-tolerant catalyst for ozone decomposition. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porous cerium-doped manganese oxides have been facilely synthesized with dopamine and exhibit prominent activity and humidity tolerance for O3 decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- School of Environment
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Pengyi Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- School of Environment
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Ranran Cao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- School of Environment
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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493
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Wang ZB, Li JX, Liang LW. Spatio-temporal evolution of ozone pollution and its influencing factors in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113419. [PMID: 31706769 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ozone has become a major atmospheric pollutant in China as the pattern of urban energy usage has changed and the number of motor vehicles has grown rapidly. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration, also known as the Jing-Jin-Ji Urban Agglomeration (hereafter, JJJUA), with a precarious balance between protecting the ecological environment and sustaining economic development, is challenged by high levels of ozone pollution. Based on ozone observation data from 13 cities in the JJJUA from 2014 to 2017, the spatio-temporal trends in the evolution of ozone pollution and its associated influencing factors were analyzed using Moran's I Index, hot-spot analysis, and Geodetector using ArcGIS and SPSS software. Five key results were obtained. 1) There was an increase in the annual average ozone concentration, for the period 2014-2017. Comparing the 13 prefecture-level cities, ozone pollution in Chengde and Hengshui decreased, while it worsened in the remaining 11 cities. 2) Ozone pollution was worse in spring and summer than in autumn and winter; the peak ozone pollution season was from May to September; the average ozone concentration on workdays was higher than that on non-workdays, showing a counter-weekend effect. 3) Annual average concentrations were high in the central and southern parts of the study region but low in the north. 4) Prominent positive spatial correlations were observed in ozone concentration, with the best correlations shown in summer and autumn; concentrations were high in Baoding and Xingtai but low in Beijing and Chengde. 5) Concentrations of PM10, NO2, CO, SO2, and PM2.5, as well as average wind speed, sunshine duration, evaporation, precipitation, and temperature, all had significant effects on ozone pollution, and interactions between these influencing factors increased it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Bo Wang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Long-Wu Liang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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494
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Zambrano-Monserrate MA, Ruano MA. Has air quality improved in Ecuador during the COVID-19 pandemic? A parametric analysis. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2020; 13:929-938. [PMID: 32837612 PMCID: PMC7338136 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-020-00866-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many governments around the world have enforced quarantine policies to control the spread of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). These policies have had positive and negative effects on the environment. For example, the concentrations of certain harmful pollutants have decreased in some countries. In contrast, the concentrations of other pollutants have increased. This research analyzes the effect of quarantine policies on air quality in Quito, Ecuador. Using a parametric approach, it was found that NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations have decreased significantly since the establishment of lockdown measures. However, O3 concentrations have increased considerably in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Alejandra Ruano
- Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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495
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Yang L, Ma J, Li X, He G, Zhang C, He H. Improving the catalytic performance of ozone decomposition over Pd-Ce-OMS-2 catalysts under harsh conditions. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01298j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Durable Pd-Ce-OMS-2 catalysts for ozone catalytic decomposition under harsh conditions were successfully prepared via a simple one-step hydrothermal process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Guangzhi He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Changbin Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
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496
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Man H, Liu H, Niu H, Wang K, Deng F, Wang X, Xiao Q, Hao J. VOCs evaporative emissions from vehicles in China: Species characteristics of different emission processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 1:100002. [PMCID: PMC9488070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2019.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle evaporation is an essential source of VOCs in cities but is not well understood in China. Reported emission factors from previous studies are not enough for understanding the atmospheric chemical process of vehicular evaporative VOCs. In this work, a serious of detailed VOCs speciation profiles are developed based on test processes and emission processes. A mass balance method was used to divide different emission processes during diurnal tests. The results show that headspace vapor of gasoline cannot represent the real-world vehicle evaporation because of the significant differences in VOCs speciation profiles, especially for aromatics. To further distinguish emissions from evaporation and exhaust, only the ratios of MTBE/benzene and MTBE/toluene can serve as indicators when considering species from all evaporative processes. Besides, emissions from different sources change significantly with the seasons. To solve these problems, we developed a monthly comprehensive evaporation speciation profile. The individual profiles at the emission processes are weighted by the emission of the in-use vehicle fleet in Beijing to derive the comprehensive speciation profile of evaporative VOCs. Ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP) were used to evaluate the environmental impact. For SOAP, 100 g evaporative emissions are equal to 6.05–12.71 g toluene in different months, much higher than that given using headspace vapors, especially in winter (7.2 times higher in December). These findings would improve our understanding of the evaporative VOCs emissions in China and their environmental impacts (e.g., O3 and SOA formation). VOCs from refueling, hot soak, diurnal, and permeation tests were analyzed. Species profiles of the different emission processes were divided from the test process. A monthly comprehensive profile of evaporative emission in Beijing was estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyang Man
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810003, China
| | - He Niu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Kai Wang
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Fanyuan Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
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497
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Yin C, Deng X, Zou Y, Solmon F, Li F, Deng T. Trend analysis of surface ozone at suburban Guangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133880. [PMID: 31425992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The long-term variations of ozone are the combined results of climate change and air quality management. As Guangzhou is under the influence of both subtropical monsoon climate and rapid economic development, the ozone trend in recent years is uncertain. This paper presents the trend analysis of maximum daily average 8 h (MDA8) ozone and daily meteorological observations in Guangzhou from 2008 to 2018, using the Kolmogorov-Zurbenko (KZ) filter method. The observations were conducted at two sites in suburban Guangzhou, thus the datasets were processed in two periods. The first period (P1) is from 2008 to 2013, and the second period (P2) is from 2014 to 2018. Results show that the KZ filter method separates the short-term, seasonal, and long-term components efficiently, leaving a covariance term of 7.3% (5.4%) for P1 (P2). Through linear regression of long-term components, the trends were inferred as -0.06 ± 0.04 ppb year-1 (R2 = 0.00, p < 0.05) for P1, and 0.51 ± 0.08 ppb year-1 (R2 = 0.11, p < 0.05) for P2. It is found that the solar radiation has the strongest impact on ozone. With inclusion of temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed, these four meteorological factors held 71% (76%) variability in baseline ozone (sum of seasonal and long-term ozone) for P1 (P2). After applying the KZ filter method, the results reveal that the variance contribution of emission to long-term ozone variation is larger than that of meteorology in P1, while smaller in P2. Furthermore, 59% of the emission-induced ozone change in P2 could be explained by nitrogen dioxide variation, and their inverse correlation suggests that Guangzhou is mainly under volatile organic compounds-limited regime, despite continuous nitrogen oxides reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqin Yin
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xuejiao Deng
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Yu Zou
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fabien Solmon
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Fei Li
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Deng
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, China
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498
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Yang L, Ma J, Li X, Zhang C, He H. Enhancing Oxygen Vacancies of Ce-OMS-2 via Optimized Hydrothermal Conditions to Improve Catalytic Ozone Decomposition. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Environmental Protection Materials and Equipment of Jiangxi Province, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang 337055, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Changbin Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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499
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Zhang Q, Zheng Y, Tong D, Shao M, Wang S, Zhang Y, Xu X, Wang J, He H, Liu W, Ding Y, Lei Y, Li J, Wang Z, Zhang X, Wang Y, Cheng J, Liu Y, Shi Q, Yan L, Geng G, Hong C, Li M, Liu F, Zheng B, Cao J, Ding A, Gao J, Fu Q, Huo J, Liu B, Liu Z, Yang F, He K, Hao J. Drivers of improved PM 2.5 air quality in China from 2013 to 2017. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:24463-24469. [PMID: 31740599 PMCID: PMC6900509 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907956116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 665] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2013 to 2017, with the implementation of the toughest-ever clean air policy in China, significant declines in fine particle (PM2.5) concentrations occurred nationwide. Here we estimate the drivers of the improved PM2.5 air quality and the associated health benefits in China from 2013 to 2017 based on a measure-specific integrated evaluation approach, which combines a bottom-up emission inventory, a chemical transport model, and epidemiological exposure-response functions. The estimated national population-weighted annual mean PM2.5 concentrations decreased from 61.8 (95%CI: 53.3-70.0) to 42.0 µg/m3 (95% CI: 35.7-48.6) in 5 y, with dominant contributions from anthropogenic emission abatements. Although interannual meteorological variations could significantly alter PM2.5 concentrations, the corresponding effects on the 5-y trends were relatively small. The measure-by-measure evaluation indicated that strengthening industrial emission standards (power plants and emission-intensive industrial sectors), upgrades on industrial boilers, phasing out outdated industrial capacities, and promoting clean fuels in the residential sector were major effective measures in reducing PM2.5 pollution and health burdens. These measures were estimated to contribute to 6.6- (95% CI: 5.9-7.1), 4.4- (95% CI: 3.8-4.9), 2.8- (95% CI: 2.5-3.0), and 2.2- (95% CI: 2.0-2.5) µg/m3 declines in the national PM2.5 concentration in 2017, respectively, and further reduced PM2.5-attributable excess deaths by 0.37 million (95% CI: 0.35-0.39), or 92% of the total avoided deaths. Our study confirms the effectiveness of China's recent clean air actions, and the measure-by-measure evaluation provides insights into future clean air policy making in China and in other developing and polluting countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China;
| | - Yixuan Zheng
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Dan Tong
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Min Shao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Xiangde Xu
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Jinnan Wang
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, 100012 Beijing, China
| | - Hong He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China
| | - Wenqing Liu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031 Hefei, China
| | - Yihui Ding
- National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, 100012 Beijing, China
| | - Junhua Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoye Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Qinren Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Liu Yan
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Guannan Geng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Chaopeng Hong
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 710061 Xi'an, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012 Beijing, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Juntao Huo
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Baoxian Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Airborne Particulate Matter Monitoring Technology, Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center, 100048 Beijing, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China;
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China;
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500
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Zou Q, Song H, Tang M, Lu K. Measurements of HO2 uptake coefficient on aqueous (NH4)2SO4 aerosol using aerosol flow tube with LIF system. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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