451
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Smart SM, Clarke RT, van de Poll HM, Robertson EJ, Shield ER, Bunce RGH, Maskell LC. National-scale vegetation change across Britain; an analysis of sample-based surveillance data from the Countryside Surveys of 1990 and 1998. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2003; 67:239-54. [PMID: 12667474 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4797(02)00177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of vegetation across Great Britain (GB) between 1990 and 1998 were quantified based on an analysis of plant species data from a total of 9596 fixed plots. Plots were established on a stratified random basis within 501 1 km sample squares located as part of the Countryside Survey of GB. Results are primarily conveyed in terms of a classification of national land-cover into 22 mutually exclusive Broad Habitat types. Each of the fixed vegetation plots could be assigned to the Broad Habitat in which they were located in either year. Two types of analysis are reported, both based on changes in plant species composition within monitoring plots. The first examined turnover and net change between Broad Habitat types. The second quantified more subtle changes that had occurred within each Broad Habitat using a series of condition measures that summarized multivariate plant species data as a single scalar value for each plot at each time. There are major difficulties in using uncontrolled, large-scale surveillance data to unravel causal linkages and no attempt was made to quantitatively partition variation among competing causes. However, it was clear that results were broadly consistent with environmental drivers known to have operated prior to and during the survey interval. Large-scale vegetation changes could be summarized in terms of shifts along gradients of substrate fertility and disturbance. Changes implied increased nutrient availability across upland and lowland ecosystems while, in lowland landscapes, linear features and small biotope fragments saw a marked shift to species compositions associated with greater shade and less disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Smart
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Merlewood Research Station, Grange-over-Sands, Cumbria LA11 6JU, UK.
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452
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Chapter 14 Plant biodiversity and environmental stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-5215(03)80144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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453
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Hurlbert AH, Haskell JP. The effect of energy and seasonality on avian species richness and community composition. Am Nat 2003; 161:83-97. [PMID: 12650464 DOI: 10.1086/345459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2001] [Accepted: 07/30/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed geographic patterns of richness in both the breeding and winter season in relation to a remotely sensed index of seasonal production (normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI]) and to measures of habitat heterogeneity at four different spatial resolutions. The relationship between avian richness and NDVI was consistent between seasons, suggesting that the way in which available energy is converted to bird species is similar at these ecologically distinct times of year. The number and proportion of migrant species in breeding communities also increased predictably with the degree of seasonality. The NDVI was a much better predictor of seasonal richness at finer spatial scales, whereas habitat heterogeneity best predicted richness at coarser spatial resolutions. While we find strong support for a positive relationship between available energy and species richness, seasonal NDVI explained at most 61% of the variation in richness. Seasonal NDVI and habitat heterogeneity together explain up to 69% of the variation in richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen H Hurlbert
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
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454
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Erschbamer B, Virtanen R, Nagy R. The Impacts of Vertebrate Grazers on Vegetation in European High Mountains. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-18967-8_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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455
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HOBBIE JOHNE, CARPENTER STEPHENR, GRIMM NANCYB, GOSZ JAMESR, SEASTEDT TIMOTHYR. The US Long Term Ecological Research Program. Bioscience 2003. [DOI: 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0021:tulter]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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456
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Knapp AK, Fay PA, Blair JM, Collins SL, Smith MD, Carlisle JD, Harper CW, Danner BT, Lett MS, McCarron JK. Rainfall variability, carbon cycling, and plant species diversity in a mesic grassland. Science 2002; 298:2202-5. [PMID: 12481139 DOI: 10.1126/science.1076347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ecosystem responses to increased variability in rainfall, a prediction of general circulation models, were assessed in native grassland by reducing storm frequency and increasing rainfall quantity per storm during a 4-year experiment. More extreme rainfall patterns, without concurrent changes in total rainfall quantity, increased temporal variability in soil moisture and plant species diversity. However, carbon cycling processes such as soil CO2 flux, CO2 uptake by the dominant grasses, and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) were reduced, and ANPP was more responsive to soil moisture variability than to mean soil water content. Our results show that projected increases in rainfall variability can rapidly alter key carbon cycling processes and plant community composition, independent of changes in total precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan K Knapp
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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457
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458
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459
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He JS, Bazzaz FA, Schmid B. Interactive effects of diversity, nutrients and elevated CO2
on experimental plant communities. OIKOS 2002. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.970304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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460
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Cardinale BJ, Palmer MA. DISTURBANCE MODERATES BIODIVERSITY–ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FROM CADDISFLIES IN STREAM MESOCOSMS. Ecology 2002. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1915:dmbefr]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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461
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Schamp BS, Laird RA, Aarssen LW. Fewer species because of uncommon habitat? Testing the species pool hypothesis for low plant species richness in highly productive habitats. OIKOS 2002. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.t01-1-970116_97_1.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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462
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463
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464
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Buckley H. Vascular plant and epiphytic lichen communities in Canadian aspen parkland: scale-dependence of species-area relationships. COMMUNITY ECOL 2002. [DOI: 10.1556/comec.3.2002.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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465
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Tscharntke T, Steffan-Dewenter I, Kruess A, Thies C. Characteristics of insect populations on habitat fragments: A mini review. Ecol Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1703.2002.00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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466
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van Rensburg BJ, Chown SL, Gaston KJ. Species Richness, Environmental Correlates, and Spatial Scale: A Test Using South African Birds. Am Nat 2002; 159:566-77. [DOI: 10.1086/339464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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467
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468
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Gamarra JGP, Sole RV. Biomass-diversity responses and spatial dependencies in disturbed tallgrass prairies. J Theor Biol 2002; 215:469-80. [PMID: 12069490 DOI: 10.1006/jtbi.2001.2520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monotonic, hump-shaped and zero-correlation productivity-diversity relationships have been found to date in many ecosystems. This diversity of responses has puzzled ecologists in their search for general principles on ecosystem functioning. Some state that the scale of observation is crucial in defining this relationship. We have developed a spatial model of tallgrass prairies where biomass and litter dynamics are defined by uncoupled difference equations. In this system, we periodically apply prescribed fire as a disturbance that propagates through neighboring cells. The model shows percolation thresholds at points where small-scale spatial heterogeneity and large-scale, global correlation coexist, resulting in power-law distributions in available areas for non-dominant species. These points maximize the biomass-diversity relationship. Our results suggest that spatial dependencies and the disturbance heterogeneity hypothesis are the cornerstone processes accounting for unimodality in productivity-diversity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier G P Gamarra
- Complex Systems Research Group--FEN, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Nord B4-B5, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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469
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Cabaret J, Mage C, Bouilhol M. Helminth intensity and diversity in organic meat sheep farms in centre of France. Vet Parasitol 2002; 105:33-47. [PMID: 11879965 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00647-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A helminthological study was undertaken at five sheep meat organic farms in the centre of France. The data obtained were compared with two extensive (contemporary of present study) or semi-intensive (literature data) conventional sheep meat farms. The nematode fauna of the region could be characterised by the presence of Trichostrongylus axei alongside with the dominant species recorded in other areas (Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis with few Haemonchus contortus). The average intensity of infection was slightly less than 7000 worms in the digestive-tract; infection was on average higher in organic farms, although one organic farm had very low infection. This high intensity could be due to the lower frequency of anthelmintic treatments in these farms. Species/genera diversity was much higher in organic farms. Diversity was positively correlated to the area of pastures available and to the reduction of the number of treatment of ewes.
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470
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Chown SL, Addo-Bediako A, Gaston KJ. Physiological variation in insects: large-scale patterns and their implications. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 131:587-602. [PMID: 11923075 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we demonstrate how broad scale comparative physiology has an important role to play in informing a variety of assumptions made in macroecology. We do so by examining large-scale geographic variation in insect development, thermal tolerance and metabolic rate. From these studies, and those from the literature on insect water loss and thermoregulation, we show that there is often a bias to the geographic extent of available empirical data. Studies of cold hardiness are most usually undertaken at high latitudes, while investigations of upper thermal tolerances and water loss are most common in warm arid regions. Likewise, we demonstrate that much variation in insect physiological tolerances is partitioned at higher taxonomic levels, which has important implications for comparative physiology. Intriguingly, data on the full range of variables we review are available for only three species. We also show that, despite its importance, body size is regularly reported in only some kinds of investigations (metabolic rate, water loss rate), whereas in others (upper lethal temperature, cold hardiness, development) this variable is often ignored. In short, although large-scale comparative physiology can contribute considerable understanding to both physiology and ecology, there is much that remains to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Chown
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, 0002, Pretoria, South Africa.
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471
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Abstract
The diversity of life is heterogeneously distributed across the Earth. A primary cause for this pattern is the heterogeneity in the amount of energy, or primary productivity (the rate of carbon fixed through photosynthesis), available to the biota in a given location. But the shape of the relationship between productivity and species diversity is highly variable. In many cases, the relationship is 'hump-shaped', where diversity peaks at intermediate productivity. In other cases, diversity increases linearly with productivity. A possible reason for this discrepancy is that data are often collected at different spatial scales. If the mechanisms that determine species diversity vary with spatial scale, then so would the shape of the productivity-diversity relationship. Here, we present evidence for scale-dependent productivity-diversity patterns in ponds. When the data were viewed at a local scale (among ponds), the relationship was hump-shaped, whereas when the same data were viewed at a regional scale (among watersheds), the relationship was positively linear. This dependence on scale results because dissimilarity in local species composition within regions increased with productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Chase
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
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472
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Takeda H, Abe T. Templates of food-habitat resources for the organization of soil animals in temperate and tropical forests. Ecol Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1703.2001.00450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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473
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Mooij WM, Bennetts RE, Kitchens WM, DeAngelis DL. Exploring the effect of drought extent and interval on the Florida snail kite: interplay between spatial and temporal scales. Ecol Modell 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3800(01)00512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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474
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475
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476
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477
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478
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Mouquet N, Moore JL, Loreau M. Plant species richness and community productivity: why the mechanism that promotes coexistence matters. Ecol Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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479
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480
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Kertész M, Lhotsky B, Hahn I. Detection of fine-scale relationships between species composition and biomass in grassland. COMMUNITY ECOL 2001. [DOI: 10.1556/comec.2.2001.2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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481
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Csillag F, Kertész M, Davidson A, et al.. On the measurement of diversity-productivity relationships in a northern mixed grass prairie (Grasslands National Park, Saskatchewan, Canada). COMMUNITY ECOL 2001. [DOI: 10.1556/comec.2.2001.2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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482
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Levin LA, Etter RJ, Rex MA, Gooday AJ, Smith CR, Pineda J, Stuart CT, Hessler RR, Pawson D. Environmental Influences on Regional Deep-Sea Species Diversity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Levin
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0218; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125; e-mail:
- Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH United Kingdom; e-mail:
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, MS 34, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; e-mail:
| | - Ron J. Etter
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0218; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125; e-mail:
- Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH United Kingdom; e-mail:
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, MS 34, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; e-mail:
| | - Michael A. Rex
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0218; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125; e-mail:
- Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH United Kingdom; e-mail:
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, MS 34, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; e-mail:
| | - Andrew J. Gooday
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0218; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125; e-mail:
- Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH United Kingdom; e-mail:
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, MS 34, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; e-mail:
| | - Craig R. Smith
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0218; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125; e-mail:
- Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH United Kingdom; e-mail:
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, MS 34, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; e-mail:
| | - Jesús Pineda
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0218; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125; e-mail:
- Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH United Kingdom; e-mail:
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, MS 34, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; e-mail:
| | - Carol T. Stuart
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0218; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125; e-mail:
- Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH United Kingdom; e-mail:
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, MS 34, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; e-mail:
| | - Robert R. Hessler
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0218; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125; e-mail:
- Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH United Kingdom; e-mail:
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, MS 34, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; e-mail:
| | - David Pawson
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0218; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125; e-mail:
- Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH United Kingdom; e-mail:
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, MS 34, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; e-mail:
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483
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484
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Mueller P, Diamond J. Metabolic rate and environmental productivity: well-provisioned animals evolved to run and idle fast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:12550-4. [PMID: 11606744 PMCID: PMC60091 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.221456698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Even among vertebrate species of the same body mass and higher-level taxonomic group, metabolic rates exhibit substantial differences, for which diverse explanatory factors-such as dietary energy content, latitude, altitude, temperature, and rainfall-have been postulated. A unifying underlying factor could be food availability, in turn controlled by net primary productivity (NPP) of the animal's natural environment. We tested this possibility by studying five North American species of Peromyscus mice, all of them similar in diet (generalist omnivores) and in gut morphology but differing by factors of up to 13 in NPP of their habitat of origin. We maintained breeding colonies of all five species in the laboratory under identical conditions and consuming identical diets. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) and daily ad libitum food intake both increased with NPP, which explained 88% and 90% of their variances, respectively. High-metabolism mouse species from high-NPP environments were behaviorally more active than were low-metabolism species from low-NPP environments. Intestinal glucose uptake capacity also increased with NPP (and with BMR and food intake), because species of high-NPP environments had larger small intestines and higher uptake rates. For metabolic rates of our five species, the driving environmental variable is environmental productivity itself (and hence food availability), rather than temporal variability of productivity. Thus, species that have evolved in the presence of abundant food run their metabolism "fast," both while active and while idling, as compared with species of less productive environments, even when all species are given access to unlimited food.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mueller
- Department of Physiology, University of California Los Angeles Medical School, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
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485
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Mittelbach GG, Steiner CF, Scheiner SM, Gross KL, Reynolds HL, Waide RB, Willig MR, Dodson SI, Gough L. WHAT IS THE OBSERVED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPECIES RICHNESS AND PRODUCTIVITY? Ecology 2001. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2381:witorb]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1126] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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486
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Waterman TH. Evolutionary challenges of extreme environments (Part 2). THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 2001; 291:130-68. [PMID: 11479914 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T H Waterman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8193, USA
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487
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Abstract
One of the main tasks confronting community ecologists is to explain why a particular site harbours a certain number of species. The site might range from a drop of water to the whole Earth, and the species might be drawn from a very restricted taxon or include all living organisms. The common problem, however, is to understand the relative importance of speciation and extinction and, more locally, of immigration and loss. Speciation is the ultimate motor driving biodiversity and ecologists need to know the factors influencing rates of speciation, and whether there is a feedback, positive or negative, between species numbers and the generation of new taxa. However, the relative importance of speciation and other factors determining species numbers varies crucially across different scales of enquiry. Here, we explore some of these issues as we move from a macro- to microscale perspective, focusing on a limited number of studies that we believe make important advances in the field.
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488
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Abstract
Paleontological data for the diversity of marine animals and land plants are shown to correlate significantly with a concurrent measure of stable carbon isotope fractionation for approximately the last 400 million years. The correlations can be deduced from the assumption that increasing plant diversity led to increasing chemical weathering of rocks and therefore an increasing flux of carbon from the atmosphere to rocks, and nutrients from the continents to the oceans. The CO(2) concentration dependence of photosynthetic carbon isotope fractionation then indicates that the diversification of land plants led to decreasing CO(2) levels, while the diversification of marine animals derived from increasing nutrient availability. Under the explicit assumption that global biodiversity grows with global biomass, the conservation of carbon shows that the long-term fluctuations of CO(2) levels were dominated by complementary changes in the biological and fluid reservoirs of carbon, while the much larger geological reservoir remained relatively constant in size. As a consequence, the paleontological record of biodiversity provides an indirect estimate of the fluctuations of ancient CO(2) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Rothman
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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489
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Falkowski PG, Rosenthal Y. Biological diversity and resource plunder in the geological record: casual correlations or causal relationships? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:4290-2. [PMID: 11296279 PMCID: PMC33323 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.091096798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P G Falkowski
- Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences and Department of Geology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8521, USA.
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490
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Assessing the stability and uncertainty of predicted vegetation growth under climatic variability: northern mixed grass prairie. Ecol Modell 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3800(01)00229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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491
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Balmford A, Moore JL, Brooks T, Burgess N, Hansen LA, Williams P, Rahbek C. Conservation conflicts across Africa. Science 2001; 291:2616-9. [PMID: 11283376 DOI: 10.1126/science.291.5513.2616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that areas of outstanding conservation importance may coincide with dense human settlement or impact. We tested the generality of these findings using 1 degree-resolution data for sub-Saharan Africa. We find that human population density is positively correlated with species richness of birds, mammals, snakes, and amphibians. This association holds for widespread, narrowly endemic, and threatened species and looks set to persist in the face of foreseeable population growth. Our results contradict earlier expectations of low conflict based on the idea that species richness decreases and human impact increases with primary productivity. We find that across Africa, both variables instead exhibit unimodal relationships with productivity. Modifying priority-setting to take account of human density shows that, at this scale, conflicts between conservation and development are not easily avoided, because many densely inhabited grid cells contain species found nowhere else.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Balmford
- Conservation Biology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.
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492
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Youyong Z, Hairu C, Yunyue W, Zuoshen L, Yan L, Jinghua F, Jianbing C, Jinxiang F, Shisheng Y, Guangliang M, Lingping H, Jinyu Z, Mundt CC, Borromeo E, Leung H, Mew TW. Diversifying variety for the control of Rice Blast in China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2001.9712530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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493
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Cottingham K, Brown B, Lennon J. Biodiversity may regulate the temporal variability of ecological systems. Ecol Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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494
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Abstract
Interannual variability in aboveground net primary production (ANPP) was assessed with long-term (mean = 12 years) data from 11 Long Term Ecological Research sites across North America. The greatest interannual variability in ANPP occurred in grasslands and old fields, with forests the least variable. At a continental scale, ANPP was strongly correlated with annual precipitation. However, interannual variability in ANPP was not related to variability in precipitation. Instead, maximum variability in ANPP occurred in biomes where high potential growth rates of herbaceous vegetation were combined with moderate variability in precipitation. In the most dynamic biomes, ANPP responded more strongly to wet than to dry years. Recognition of the fourfold range in ANPP dynamics across biomes and of the factors that constrain this variability is critical for detecting the biotic impacts of global change phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Knapp
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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495
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Aarssen LW. On correlations and causations between productivity and species richness in vegetation: predictions from habitat attributes. Basic Appl Ecol 2001. [DOI: 10.1078/1439-1791-00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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496
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Kenkel NC, Kenkel NC, Peltzer DA, Peltzer DA, Baluta D, Baluta D, Pirie D, Pirie D. Increasing plant diversity does not influence productivity: empirical evidence and potential mechanisms. COMMUNITY ECOL 2001. [DOI: 10.1556/comec.1.2000.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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497
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Zhu Y, Chen H, Fan J, Wang Y, Li Y, Chen J, Fan J, Yang S, Hu L, Leung H, Mew TW, Teng PS, Wang Z, Mundt CC. Genetic diversity and disease control in rice. Nature 2000; 406:718-22. [PMID: 10963595 DOI: 10.1038/35021046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 578] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Crop heterogeneity is a possible solution to the vulnerability of monocultured crops to disease. Both theory and observation indicate that genetic heterogeneity provides greater disease suppression when used over large areas, though experimental data are lacking. Here we report a unique cooperation among farmers, researchers and extension personnel in Yunnan Province, China--genetically diversified rice crops were planted in all the rice fields in five townships in 1998 and ten townships in 1999. Control plots of monocultured crops allowed us to calculate the effect of diversity on the severity of rice blast, the major disease of rice. Disease-susceptible rice varieties planted in mixtures with resistant varieties had 89% greater yield and blast was 94% less severe than when they were grown in monoculture. The experiment was so successful that fungicidal sprays were no longer applied by the end of the two-year programme. Our results support the view that intraspecific crop diversification provides an ecological approach to disease control that can be highly effective over a large area and contribute to the sustainability of crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhu
- The Phytopathology Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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498
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499
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Kassen R, Buckling A, Bell G, Rainey PB. Diversity peaks at intermediate productivity in a laboratory microcosm. Nature 2000; 406:508-12. [PMID: 10952310 DOI: 10.1038/35020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The species diversity of natural communities is often strongly related to their productivity. The pattern of this relationship seems to vary: diversity is known to increase monotonically with productivity, to decrease monotonically with productivity, and to be unimodally related to productivity, with maximum diversity occurring at intermediate levels of productivity. The mechanism underlying these patterns remains obscure, although many possibilities have been suggested. Here we outline a simple mechanism--involving selection in a heterogeneous environment--to explain these patterns, and test it using laboratory cultures of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. We grew diverse cultures over a wide range of nutrient concentrations, and found a strongly unimodal relationship between diversity and productivity in heterogeneous, but not in homogeneous, environments. Our result provides experimental evidence that the unimodal relationship often observed in natural communities can be caused by selection for specialized types in a heterogeneous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kassen
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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500
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Chown SL, Gaston KJ. Areas, cradles and museums: the latitudinal gradient in species richness. Trends Ecol Evol 2000; 15:311-315. [PMID: 10884694 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5347(00)01910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous factors are postulated to be responsible for the gradient of increasing taxon richness towards lower latitudes, it has recently been suggested that the primary determinant is geographic area. This area model is appealing in its logic, but there is little empirical evidence to support it and several other mechanisms might also interact to obscure its effects. Nonetheless, the model has highlighted several fundamental issues concerning range size, speciation and extinction that, despite their considerable significance, remain poorly understood.
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