451
|
Taylor CM, Golding J, Emond AM. Adverse effects of maternal lead levels on birth outcomes in the ALSPAC study: a prospective birth cohort study. BJOG 2015; 122:322-8. [PMID: 24824048 PMCID: PMC4322474 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the associations of prenatal blood lead levels (B-Pb) with pregnancy outcomes in a large cohort of mother-child pairs in the UK. DESIGN Prospective birth cohort study. SETTING Avon area of Bristol, UK. POPULATION Pregnant women enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). METHODS Whole blood samples were collected and analysed by inductively coupled plasma dynamic reaction cell mass spectrometry (n = 4285). Data collected on the infants included anthropometric variables and gestational age at delivery. Linear regression models for continuous outcomes and logistic regression models for categorical outcomes were adjusted for covariates including maternal height, smoking, parity, sex of the baby and gestational age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Birthweight, head circumference and crown-heel length, preterm delivery and low birthweight. RESULTS The mean blood lead level (B-Pb) was 3.67 ± 1.47 μg/dl. B-Pb ≥ 5 μg/dl significantly increased the risk of preterm delivery (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.00 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.35-3.00) but not of having a low birthweight baby (adjusted OR 1.37, 95% CI 0.86-2.18) in multivariable binary logistic models. Increasing B-Pb was significantly associated with reductions in birth weight (β -13.23, 95% CI -23.75 to -2.70), head circumference (β -0.04, 95% CI -0.07 to -0.06) and crown-heel length (β -0.05, 95% CI -0.10 to -0.00) in multivariable linear regression models. CONCLUSIONS There was evidence for adverse effects of maternal B-Pb on the incidence of preterm delivery, birthweight, head circumference and crown-heel length, but not on the incidence of low birthweight, in this group of women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CM Taylor
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - J Golding
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - AM Emond
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of BristolBristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
452
|
Hara A, Gu YM, Petit T, Liu YP, Jacobs L, Zhang ZY, Yang WY, Jin Y, Thijs L, Wei FF, Nawrot TS, Staessen JA. Study for Promotion of Health in Recycling Lead - Rationale and design. Blood Press 2015; 24:147-57. [PMID: 25620211 DOI: 10.3109/08037051.2014.996409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The level at which low-level lead exposure produces subclinical adverse health effects in adults remains to be established. METHODS The Study for Promotion of Health in Recycling Lead (SPHERL) will enroll 500 newly hired workers, whose blood lead during 2 years of follow-up is expected to increase from levels less than 2 μg/dl, as currently observed in the US population, to 20-30 μg/dl. The main outcome variables to be studied are (i) blood pressure (BP) analyzed as a continuous or categorical variable, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, and using conventional and ambulatory BP measurement; (ii) indexes of glomerular and tubular renal function, (iii) heart rate variability analyzed in the frequency domain as measure of autonomous sympathetic modulation, (iv) peripheral nerve conductivity velocity, (v) neurocognitive performance, and (vi) quality of life. Expected outcomes. Assuming a 10-fold increase in blood lead, SPHERL will have sufficient statistical power to detect over 2 years a steepening of the age-related rise in systolic BP from 1 to 5 mmHg and a doubling of the age-related decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate from 3.5 to 7.0 ml/min/1.73 m(2). The longitudinal design of our study complies with the temporality principle of the Bradford-Hill criteria for assessing possible causality between outcomes and exposure. SPHERL will attempt to resolve the apparent contradiction between general population studies showing associations between adverse health effects and low lead exposure with blood lead levels below 5 μg/dl and studies conducted in occupational cohorts indicating that adverse effects of lead exposure occur at much higher blood lead levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Hara
- Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
453
|
Miedico O, Iammarino M, Pompa C, Tarallo M, Chiaravalle AE. Assessment of lead, cadmium and mercury in seafood marketed in Puglia and Basilicata (Italy) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2015; 8:85-92. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2014.989281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
454
|
Polak-Juszczak L, Robak S. Mercury toxicity and the protective role of selenium in eel, Anguilla anguilla. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:679-688. [PMID: 25099659 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the impact trace metals, mainly toxic ones, on the condition of eel (Anguilla anguilla) inhabiting four regions of Poland. Metal concentrations in eel muscle tissues were studied as functions of size, region, and season 2011-2012. The levels of metals were also used for risk assessment on consumer health. Copper and zinc occurred at concentrations that could only have positive impacts on eel condition. Low levels of cadmium and lead did not impair the condition of the fish. However, mercury occurred at high levels and increased with fish length and season. The mercury levels in eels were compared with the threshold of toxicity (500-1,200 μg kg(-1)), which can cause changes in biochemical processes and impair fish reproduction. The concentration of mercury was 1,010 μg kg(-1) in one specimen of the 120 samples examined, and in 16 specimens, it exceeded 500 μg kg(-1). The toxic effects of the mercury could have been attenuated by the selenium in the muscles of the eel, especially in the muscles of smaller specimens in which the Se/Hg molar ratio was higher than 1 with a positive correlation between these two elements. In larger specimens measuring in excess of 70 cm, this coefficient was below 1, and the mercury to selenium correlation was negative, which meant that the protective effects of selenium were weaker. The mercury in the muscles of large specimens at levels exceeding 500 μg kg(-1) could have weakened eel condition and also posed a threat to consumer health. The cadmium and lead in the muscles of the eel did not affect the condition of the fish. Mercury weakened the condition of large eel, A. anguilla. Selenium protected small- and medium-sized eel against the toxic effects of mercury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Polak-Juszczak
- Department of Food and Environmental Chemistry, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, ul. Kołłataja 1, Gdynia, 81-332, Poland,
| | | |
Collapse
|
455
|
Frazzoli C, Bocca B, Mantovani A. The One Health Perspective in Trace Elements Biomonitoring. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2015; 18:344-370. [PMID: 26691900 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2015.1085473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Health risks in both animals and humans are associated with chronic exposures to levels of trace elements (TE) eliciting toxic and/or antinutritional effects, including excess exposures to some essential elements. Interferences with essential TE may also lead to secondary nutritional deficiencies and/or imbalances. Although research is still required, biomarkers of exposure, including bioavailability, for TE are established tools for human biomonitoring that can also be applied to animal surveillance. Biomarkers of effect as well as, where available, of susceptibility and bioavailability are necessary to understand whether an ongoing exposure may pose a current or future health concern. In the field of animal health the use of biomarkers is less developed and less widespread than in human health; however, under a One Health perspective, animal biomonitoring can provide important information on the interfaces among humans, animals, and the environment, supporting the prevention and management of health risks. Therefore, a transfer of knowledge from human biomonitoring to farm or free-ranging animals is critical in a risk assessment framework from farm to humans. Advantages and critical aspects in designing and conducting integrative biomonitoring activities in humans and animals were critically reviewed focusing on biomarkers of exposure, effect, susceptibility, and bioavailability for toxic and essential TE. Highlighted aspects include TE metabolism, bioaccessibility, and interactions. Farm or free-ranging animals may provide noninvasive matrices suitable for evaluating animal welfare, environmental stressors, food safety, and potential risks for human health, as proposed by the interdisciplinary concept of One Health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Frazzoli
- a External Relations Office , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Beatrice Bocca
- b Bioelements and Health Unit, Department of Environment and Primary Prevention , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- c Food and Veterinary Toxicology Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
456
|
Engström K, Rydbeck F, Kippler M, Wojdacz TK, Arifeen S, Vahter M, Broberg K. Prenatal lead exposure is associated with decreased cord blood DNA methylation of the glycoprotein VI gene involved in platelet activation and thrombus formation. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2015; 1:dvv007. [PMID: 29492281 PMCID: PMC5804686 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvv007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Early-life lead exposure impairs neurodevelopment and later exposure affects the cardiovascular system. Lead has been associated with reduced global 5-methylcytosine DNA methylation, suggesting that lead toxicity acts through epigenetic mechanisms. The objective of this study is to clarify how early-life lead exposure alters DNA methylation of specific genes, using an epigenomic approach. We measured lead concentrations in urine [gestational week (GW), 8] and erythrocytes (GW 14), using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, for 127 pregnant mothers recruited in the MINIMat food and supplementation cohort in rural Bangladesh. Cord blood DNA methylation was analyzed with the Infinium HumanMethylation450K BeadChip, and top sites were validated by methylation-sensitive high-resolution melt curve analysis. Maternal urinary lead concentrations (divided into quartiles) showed significant (after adjustment for false discovery rate) inverse associations with methylation at nine CpGs. Three of these sites were in the 5'-end, including the promoter, of glycoprotein IV (GP6); cg18355337 (q = 0.029, β = -0.30), cg25818583 (q = 0.041, β = -0.18), and cg23796967 (q = 0.047, β = -0.17). The methylation in another CpG site in GP6 was close to significant (cg05374025, q = 0.057, β = - 0.23). The erythrocyte lead concentrations (divided into quartiles) were also inversely associated with CpG methylation in GP6, although this was not statistically significant after false discovery rate adjustments. Eight CpG sites in GP6 constituted a differentially methylated region in relation to urinary lead (P = 0.005, q = 0.48) and erythrocyte lead (P = 0.007, q = 0.46). In conclusion, we found that moderate prenatal lead exposure appears to epigenetically affect GP6, a key component of platelet aggregation and thrombus formation, suggesting a novel link between early lead exposure and cardiovascular disease later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Engström
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund,
Sweden
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska
Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filip Rydbeck
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska
Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Kippler
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska
Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomasz K. Wojdacz
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska
Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shams Arifeen
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka,
Bangladesh
| | - Marie Vahter
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska
Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Broberg
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska
Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence address. Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of
Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Tel:
+46737823750; Fax: +468336981; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
457
|
Luis-González G, Rubio C, Gutiérrez Á, González-Weller D, Revert C, Hardisson A. Essential and toxic metals in taros (Colocasia esculenta) cultivated in the Canary Islands (Spain): evaluation of content and estimate of daily intake. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:4138. [PMID: 25412891 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Taros are a staple in the diet of many people around the world, and they are an excellent source of minerals. Monitoring the levels of metals in food provides basic information that is useful from the perspectives of safety, regulation, and nutrition. Forty-two samples of taros were randomly obtained from supermarkets, vegetable markets, and farmer's plots on the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). The edible portion (pulp) was the only part considered for analysis. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was used to determine the contents of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. The levels of Cr, Ni, Cd, and Pb were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). Mean concentrations (mg/kg) were 565.6 Na, 2947 K, 231.4 Ca, 364.5 Mg, 1.224 Cu, 3.818 Fe, 1.408 Mn, 2.242 Zn, 0.044 Cr, 0.021 Ni, 0.003 Cd, and 0.006 Pb. The mean concentrations of Cd and Pb were well below the accepted European Commission limits (0.1 mg/kg weight for both metals, respectively). Daily consumption of taro (10.41 g taro/person/day) contributes to the dietary intake of essential metals and trace elements, mainly Mg (1.265% in adult women and 1.084% in adult men) and Cu (1.182% for adult men and women). The average daily intakes of Cd (0.031 μg/day) and Pb (0.062 μg/day) from taro were below the legislated respective tolerable weekly intakes (TWIs). Thus, the samples analyzed were considered safe to eat based on their metal concentrations and legislated allowable intakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gara Luis-González
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
458
|
Berlina AN, Sharma AK, Zherdev AV, Gaur MS, Dzantiev BB. Colorimetric Determination of Lead Using Gold Nanoparticles. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.961641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
459
|
Perelló G, Llobet JM, Gómez-Catalán J, Castell V, Centrich F, Nadal M, Domingo JL. Human health risks derived from dietary exposure to toxic metals in Catalonia, Spain: temporal trend. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 162:26-37. [PMID: 25262020 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at estimating the current (2012) dietary intake of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) by the population of Catalonia, Spain. The temporal trends with respect to previous surveys, performed in 2000, 2005, and 2008, were also determined. For that purpose, metal concentrations were analyzed in a number of widely consumed foodstuffs. A speciation study was also conducted by experimentally determining the levels of inorganic As (InAs) and methylmercury (MeHg) in the same food items. Furthermore, the dietary intake of those metals and species was calculated both deterministically and probabilistically by considering two food consumption surveys: ENCAT and ENIDE, representative of the Catalan and Spanish populations, respectively. An important temporal decrease of the dietary intake was noted for most elements, irrespective of the age-gender population group. Considering data for a male adult, the current dietary intake of As, InAs, Cd, Hg, MeHg, and Pb was estimated in 216, 2.6, 8.7, 10, 7.3, and 8.4 μg/day, respectively, being these values lower than the respective provisional tolerable weekly intakes (PTWIs) or benchmark dose lower confidence limits (BMDLs). Moreover, new calculations by means of ENIDE survey indicated similar results to those previously obtained by ENCAT, with the exception of MeHg, whose intake exceeded the maximum recommended values for some part of the population. Although our data are similar to those frequently found in other European countries, the important intake of MeHg, which is linked to the high consumption of fish and shellfish, deserves further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Perelló
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
460
|
Julander A, Lundgren L, Skare L, Grandér M, Palm B, Vahter M, Lidén C. Formal recycling of e-waste leads to increased exposure to toxic metals: an occupational exposure study from Sweden. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 73:243-51. [PMID: 25300751 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) contains multiple toxic metals. However, there is currently a lack of exposure data for metals on workers in formal recycling plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate workers' exposure to metals, using biomarkers of exposure in combination with monitoring of personal air exposure. We assessed exposure to 20 potentially toxic metals among 55 recycling workers and 10 office workers at three formal e-waste recycling plants in Sweden. Workers at two of the plants were followed-up after 6 months. We collected the inhalable fraction and OFC (37-mm) fraction of particles, using personal samplers, as well as spot samples of blood and urine. We measured metal concentrations in whole blood, plasma, urine, and air filters using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry following acid digestion. The air sampling indicated greater airborne exposure, 10 to 30 times higher, to most metals among the recycling workers handling e-waste than among the office workers. The exposure biomarkers showed significantly higher concentrations of chromium, cobalt, indium, lead, and mercury in blood, urine, and/or plasma of the recycling workers, compared with the office workers. Concentrations of antimony, indium, lead, mercury, and vanadium showed close to linear associations between the inhalable particle fraction and blood, plasma, or urine. In conclusion, our study of formal e-waste recycling shows that workers performing recycling tasks are exposed to multiple toxic metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Julander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lennart Lundgren
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lizbet Skare
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margaretha Grandér
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brita Palm
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Vahter
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carola Lidén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
461
|
Boon PE, van der Voet H, Ruprich J, Turrini A, Sand S, van Klaveren JD. Computational tool for usual intake modelling workable at the European level. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 74:279-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
462
|
Vieth B, Pirow R, Luch A. Safety limits for elements in toys: a comparison between the old and the new European toys safety directive. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:2315-8. [PMID: 25373599 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bärbel Vieth
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
463
|
Peña-Fernández A, González-Muñoz MJ, Lobo-Bedmar MC. Establishing the importance of human health risk assessment for metals and metalloids in urban environments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 72:176-85. [PMID: 24791693 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Rapid development, industrialisation, and urbanisation have resulted in serious contamination of soil by metals and metalloids from anthropogenic sources in many areas of the world, either directly or indirectly. Exponential urban and economic development has resulted in human populations settling in urban areas and as a result being exposed to these pollutants. Depending on the nature of the contaminant, contaminated urban soils can have a deleterious effect on the health of exposed populations and may require decontamination, recovery, remediation and restoration. Therefore, human health risk assessments in urban environments are very important. In the case of Spain, there are few studies regarding risk assessment of trace elements in urban soils, and those that exist have been derived mainly from areas potentially exposed to industrial contamination or in the vicinity of point pollution. The present study analysed Al, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Ti, Tl, V and Zn soil concentrations in and around the city of Alcalá de Henares (35 km NE of Madrid). Soil samples were collected in public parks and recreation areas within the city and in an industrial area on the periphery of the city. From these results, an assessment of the health risk for the population was performed following the methodology described by the US EPA (1989). In general, it was observed that there could be a potential increased risk of developing cancer over a lifetime from exposure to arsenic (As) through ingestion of the soils studied (oral intake), as well as an increased risk of cancer due to inhalation of chromium (Cr) present in re-suspended soils from the industrial area. Our group has previously reported (Granero and Domingo, 2002; Peña-Fernández et al., 2003) that there was an increased risk of developing cancer following exposure to As in the same soils in a previous study. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the levels of contaminants in these soils, especially As and Cr as these have been found to exceed safe levels for human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Peña-Fernández
- Universidad de Alcalá, Unidad Docente de Toxicología, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Crta. Madrid-Barcelona km. 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M J González-Muñoz
- Universidad de Alcalá, Unidad Docente de Toxicología, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Crta. Madrid-Barcelona km. 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - M C Lobo-Bedmar
- Instituto Madrileño de Investigación y Desarrollo Rural Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDRA), Finca el Encín, Crta. Madrid-Barcelona km. 38.2, 28800 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
464
|
Weidenhamer JD, Kobunski PA, Kuepouo G, Corbin RW, Gottesfeld P. Lead exposure from aluminum cookware in Cameroon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 496:339-347. [PMID: 25087065 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Blood lead levels have decreased following the removal of lead from gasoline in most of the world. However, numerous recent studies provide evidence that elevated blood lead levels persist in many low and middle-income countries around the world at much higher prevalence than in the more developed countries. One potential source of lead exposure that has not been widely investigated is the leaching of lead from artisanal aluminum cookware, which is commonly used in the developing world. Twenty-nine samples of aluminum cookware and utensils manufactured by local artisans in Cameroon were collected and analyzed for their potential to release lead during cooking. Source materials for this cookware included scrap metal such as engine parts, radiators, cans, and construction materials. The lead content of this cookware is relatively low (<1000 ppm by X-ray fluorescence), however significant amounts of lead, as well as aluminum and cadmium were released from many of the samples using dilute acetic acid extractions at boiling and ambient temperatures. Potential exposures to lead per serving were estimated to be as high as 260 μg, indicating that such cookware can pose a serious health hazard. We conclude that lead, aluminum and cadmium can migrate from this aluminum cookware during cooking and enter food at levels exceeding recommended public health guidelines. Our results support the need to regulate lead content of materials used to manufacture these pots. Artisanal aluminum cookware may be a major contributor to lead poisoning throughout the developing world. Testing of aluminum cookware in other developing countries is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Weidenhamer
- Department of Chemistry, Geology & Physics, 401 College Ave., Ashland University, Ashland, OH 44805, USA
| | - Peter A Kobunski
- Department of Chemistry, Geology & Physics, 401 College Ave., Ashland University, Ashland, OH 44805, USA
| | - Gilbert Kuepouo
- Research and Education Centre for Development (CREPD), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Rebecca W Corbin
- Department of Chemistry, Geology & Physics, 401 College Ave., Ashland University, Ashland, OH 44805, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
465
|
Sorbo A, Turco A, Di Gregorio M, Ciaralli L. Development and validation of an analytical method for the determination of arsenic, cadmium and lead content in powdered infant formula by means of quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
466
|
Passlack N, Mainzer B, Lahrssen-Wiederholt M, Schafft H, Palavinskas R, Breithaupt A, Zentek J. Concentrations of strontium, barium, cadmium, copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, antimony, selenium, and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age, gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease. J Vet Sci 2014; 16:57-66. [PMID: 25234328 PMCID: PMC4367150 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Passlack
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
467
|
Tang J, Huang Z, Pan XD. Exposure assessment of heavy metals (Cd, Hg, and Pb) by the intake of local foods from Zhejiang, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2014; 36:765-71. [PMID: 24429725 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-014-9594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Considering the environmental pollution, food safety is of great concern to the consumers. The present study was conducted to assess the health risk of cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) through the dietary intake in Zhejiang, China. Eight hundred and sixty two food samples including aquatic products, meat, vegetables, milk and dairy products, and cereal grains were analyzed. Only 2.44 % (Cd), 1.39 % (Hg), and 1.51 % (Pb) of the samples exceeded the maximum allowable concentration set by Chinese Ministry of Health. The average dietary intakes of Cd, Hg, and Pb were estimated to be 0.26, 0.14, and 0.55 μg/kg bw/day, respectively. Compared with the reference doses, the mean exposure of Cd, Hg, and Pb was all less than the tolerable intake value. Only at the 95th percentile level, Cd and Hg exposure exceeded the values of tolerable intakes by 40 and 277 %, respectively. It indicates that there is low health risk to the dietary exposure of Cd, Hg, and Pb for general people in Zhejiang province, China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Physical-chemistry Room No. 401, Bin-Sheng Road No. 3399, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
468
|
Marinovich M, Boraso MS, Testai E, Galli CL. Metals in cosmetics: An a posteriori safety evaluation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 69:416-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
469
|
Paßlack N, Mainzer B, Lahrssen-Wiederholt M, Schafft H, Palavinskas R, Breithaupt A, Neumann K, Zentek J. Concentrations of strontium, barium, cadmium, copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, antimony, selenium and lead in the equine liver and kidneys. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:343. [PMID: 25061551 PMCID: PMC4108716 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of specific elements in the equine liver and kidneys are of practical relevance since horses are not only food-producing animals, but also partially serve as an indicator for the environmental pollution, as the basic feed includes plants like grass, grain and fruits. In this study, the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se) and lead (Pb) were measured in the liver, renal cortex and renal medulla of 21 horses (8 male; 13 female; aged between 5 months-28 years), using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Comparable Cu and Zn concentrations were detected in the liver and renal cortex, while approximately 50% lower concentrations were measured in the renal medulla. The lowest Sr, Cd and Se, but the highest Mn, Sb and Pb concentrations were measured in the liver. The Ba concentrations were comparable in the renal cortex and medulla, but lower in the liver of the horses. Gender-related differences were observed for Cd, Mn and Cr, with higher Cd concentrations in the liver, but lower Mn concentrations in the renal cortex and lower Cr concentrations in the renal medulla of female horses. Age-related differences were detected for most measured elements, however, the animal number per age-group was only low. In conclusion, the present study provides important reference data for the storage of Sr, Ba, Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Sb, Se and Pb in the liver and kidneys of horses, which are of practical relevance for an evaluation of the exposure of horses to these elements, either via feed or the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Paßlack
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, Berlin, 14195 Germany
| | - Barbara Mainzer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, Berlin, 14195 Germany ; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin, 10589 Germany
| | | | - Helmut Schafft
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin, 10589 Germany
| | - Richard Palavinskas
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin, 10589 Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, Berlin, 14163 Germany
| | - Konrad Neumann
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, 12203 Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, Berlin, 14195 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
470
|
Piñero A, Barandika JF, Hurtado A, García-Pérez AL. Progression of Coxiella burnetii infection after implementing a two-year vaccination program in a naturally infected dairy cattle herd. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:47. [PMID: 25053249 PMCID: PMC4115166 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-014-0047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The high prevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection in dairy cattle herds recently reported and the long survival time of the bacterium in the environment pose a risk to human and animal health that calls for the implementation of control measures at herd level. This study presents the results of a 2-year vaccination program with an inactivated phase I vaccine in a Spanish dairy herd naturally infected with C. burnetii. Calves older than 3 months and non-pregnant heifers and cows were vaccinated in April 2011 and the farm was subsequently visited at a monthly basis for vaccination of recently calved cows and calves that reached the age of 3 months. Annual booster doses were given to previous vaccinated animals as well. The effectiveness of the vaccine was assessed in terms of level of C. burnetii shedding through milk and uterine fluids and environmental contamination as determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results The percentage of shedder animals through uterine fluids and milk progressively decreased, and C. burnetii DNA load in bulk-tank milk samples was low at the end of the study. The average seroconversion rate in not yet vaccinated animals, which acted as control group, was 8.6% during the first year and 0% in the second year. DNA of C. burnetii was found in aerosols and dust samples taken in the calving area only at the beginning of the study, whereas slurry samples remained C. burnetii PCR positive for at least 18 months. Multiple Locus Variable number tandem-repeat Analysis identified the same genotype in all C. burnetii DNA positive samples. Conclusions In the absence of any changes in biosecurity, the overall reduction of C. burnetii infection in animals to 1.2% milk shedders and the reduced environment contamination found at the end of the study was ascribed to the effects of vaccination together with the culling of milk shedders. Vaccination has to be planned as a medium-long term strategy to suppress risks of re-infection.
Collapse
|
471
|
Barenys M, Boix N, Farran-Codina A, Palma-Linares I, Montserrat R, Curto A, Gomez-Catalan J, Ortiz P, Deza N, Llobet JM. Heavy metal and metalloids intake risk assessment in the diet of a rural population living near a gold mine in the Peruvian Andes (Cajamarca). Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 71:254-63. [PMID: 24994564 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the diet composition of a rural population near a gold mine in the Cajamarca district of Peru. The main consumed items by this population were tubers and cereals, and the mean energy intake (1990 kcal) was shown not to cover the recommended intake values for the male population. The concentrations of As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Zn, Al, Cr and, Cu in drinking water and food samples of items contributing to 91% of this diet (145 samples, 24 different items) were determined and used to calculate their daily intakes for risk assessment. The As, Cd and Pb daily intakes exceeded the limit values established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), entailing serious concerns for the population's health. Moreover, the intake values of As and Pb were shown to be higher, the closer to the gold mine the studied population was.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Barenys
- GRET-CERETOX and Toxicology Unit, Public Health Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nuria Boix
- GRET-CERETOX and Toxicology Unit, Public Health Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; INSA-UB, Public Health Department, School of Pharmacy and Food and Nutrition Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Prat de la Riba, 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreu Farran-Codina
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, School of Pharmacy, Food and Nutrition Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Imma Palma-Linares
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, School of Pharmacy, Food and Nutrition Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Roser Montserrat
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, School of Pharmacy, Food and Nutrition Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Ariadna Curto
- GRET-CERETOX and Toxicology Unit, Public Health Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesus Gomez-Catalan
- GRET-CERETOX and Toxicology Unit, Public Health Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; INSA-UB, Public Health Department, School of Pharmacy and Food and Nutrition Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Prat de la Riba, 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Ortiz
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Carretera Baños del Inca km 3.5, Cajamarca, Peru
| | - Nilton Deza
- Escuela de Postgrado, Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Carretera Baños del Inca km 3.5, Cajamarca, Peru
| | - Juan M Llobet
- GRET-CERETOX and Toxicology Unit, Public Health Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; INSA-UB, Public Health Department, School of Pharmacy and Food and Nutrition Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Prat de la Riba, 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
472
|
Human exposure to trace metals and possible public health risks via consumption of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Adriatic coastal area. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 70:241-51. [PMID: 24880012 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Considering the growing concern due to different levels of anthropogenic loadings, the main purpose of this study was to identify the levels of trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Cd, Pb and Hg) in the mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis sampled along the marine coast of Boka Kotorska Bay, Montenegro. In comparison with the permissible limits set by the EU and the US FDA, all trace metal concentrations found in the mussels from the coastal area of Boka Kotorska Bay were lower than the prescribed limits. Generally, the trace metal concentrations found in Montenegrin mussels are within the range of trace metal concentrations determined in low to moderately polluted Adriatic areas. Based on these and other available literature data published by other authors for Adriatic region, the public health risks associated with the consumption of mussels in relation to reported trace metal concentrations were evaluated. In terms of the obtained trace metals concentrations in mussels and the provisional tolerable weekly intake prescribed by the JECFA and oral reference doses by the US EPA, the Pb and Cd concentrations and the Co and Cd concentrations were recognized as the limiting factor for the consumption of mussels from some Adriatic areas, respectively.
Collapse
|
473
|
Taylor CM, Golding J, Emond AM. Intake of game birds in the UK: assessment of the contribution to the dietary intake of lead by women of childbearing age and children. Public Health Nutr 2014; 17:1125-9. [PMID: 23531459 PMCID: PMC10282466 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980013000748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Concern has recently been expressed about Pb levels in Pb-shot game meat. Our aim was to determine the consumption of game birds in a representative sample population in the UK, and in children and women of childbearing age in particular. DESIGN Population-based cross-sectional cohort study. Data from 4 d diet diaries from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS; 2008-2010) were extracted to analyse data on game bird consumption in the sample population, in women of childbearing age (15-45 years old) and in children ≤6 years old. SETTING Home-based study in representative areas of the UK. SUBJECTS Participants in the NDNS (2008-2010; n 2126, age 1·5 to >65 years). RESULTS Fifty-eight participants (2·7 %) reported eating game birds. The mean intake was 19·5 (sd 18·1) g/d (median 15·6, range 1·3-92·9 g/d). In women of childbearing age (15-45 years), 11/383 (2·9 %) reported eating game birds, with a mean intake of 22·4 (sd 25·8) g/d (median 15·6, range 2·0-92·9 g/d). In children aged ≤6 years old, 3/342 (0·9 %) were reported as eating game birds, with a mean intake of 6·8 (sd 9·7) g/d (median 2·4, range 1·3-23·2 g/d). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of consumption of game birds by women of childbearing age and children ≤6 years old was relatively low and intakes were small. However, any exposure to Pb in these two groups is undesirable. As are uncertainties about the ability of the diet diary method to capture the consumption of food items that are infrequently consumed, alternative methods of capturing these data should be used in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Taylor
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jean Golding
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Alan M Emond
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
474
|
Vromman V, Maghuin-Rogister G, Vleminckx C, Saegerman C, Pussemier L, Huyghebaert A. Risk ranking priority of carcinogenic and/or genotoxic environmental contaminants in food in Belgium. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:872-88. [PMID: 24471940 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.888786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the risks of environmental carcinogenic and/or genotoxic contaminants in food. It describes, for each contaminant studied, the carcinogenicity and genotoxicity, the toxicological reference values, the exposure and the risk characterisation. The compounds studied were classified into 3 categories based on a risk assessment. Effects others than carcinogenicity and/or genotoxicity (e.g. endocrine disruption activity) were also taken into account for the classification. Given the low margin of exposure values for arsenic and lead, these two compounds are classified as priority 1 (high concern) for food safety and as a first priority to take actions to reduce exposure. Cadmium, methylmercury, dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), non-dioxin-like PCB and toxaphene are classified as priority 2 (medium concern). Polybrominated biphenyls, chlordane, heptachlor, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and metabolites, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane included), polychlorophenols and their salts are classified as priority 3 (low concern).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Vromman
- a Staff Direction for Risk Assessment, Administration of Control Policy , Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain , Brussels , Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
475
|
Luis G, Rubio C, González-Weller D, Gutiérrez AJ, Revert C, Hardisson A. Evaluation of content and estimation of daily intake of cadmium and lead in several varieties of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivated in the Canary Islands (Spain). J Food Prot 2014; 77:659-64. [PMID: 24680081 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring the metal content in foods such as potatoes is an important aspect of food safety and regulation. Samples of nine varieties of potatoes (73 samples of local potatoes and 77 samples of imported potatoes) were randomly obtained from supermarkets, farmers markets, and farmer plots in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). The edible portion (pulp) was the only part considered for analysis because Spaniards traditionally eat only peeled potatoes. Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Cd concentrations ranged from 0.006 mg/kg in the Cara and Negra varieties to 0.019 mg/kg in the Bonita variety, and Pb concentrations ranged from 0.007 mg/kg in the Up-to-date variety to 0.023 mg/kg in the Recara variety. The mean concentrations of Cd (0.01 mg/kg) and Pb (0.014 mg/kg) were below the limits established by European regulations for potatoes (0.1 mg/kg of wet weight for each metal). Based on a mean consumption of 143.2 g of potato per person per day for the Canary Islands population, the mean daily intakes of Cd (0.015 mg/day) and Pb (0.023 mg/day) were below the legislated respective tolerable weekly intakes. Thus, the samples analyzed were considered safe to eat with regard to the metal concentrations found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Luis
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38071, Spain
| | - C Rubio
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38071, Spain.
| | - D González-Weller
- Health Inspection and Laboratory Service, Canary Health Service, S/C de Tenerife, Canary Islands 38006, Spain
| | - A J Gutiérrez
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38071, Spain
| | - C Revert
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38071, Spain
| | - A Hardisson
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38071, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
476
|
Martin A, Müller-Graf C, More I, Schafft H, Ellerbroek L, Spolders M, Greiner M. Beurteilung der Gehalte von Blei, Cadmium und Quecksilber in Lebern und Nieren von ab zwei Jahre alten Schlachtschweinen und -rindern in Deutschland. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-013-0851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
477
|
Huang Z, Pan XD, Wu PG, Han JL, Chen Q. Heavy metals in vegetables and the health risk to population in Zhejiang, China. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
478
|
Sanitary Risks Connected to the Consumption of Infusion from Senna rotundifolia L. Contaminated with Lead and Cadmium in Cotonou (Benin). J Toxicol 2014; 2014:376503. [PMID: 24634676 PMCID: PMC3929181 DOI: 10.1155/2014/376503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study carried out an assessment of sanitary risks connected to the consumption of Senna rotundifolia Linn. contaminated with lead and cadmium. This plant was collected and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results revealed a contamination of plants from markets of Dantokpa, Vossa, and Godomey with heavy metals. Senna from Vossa was higher in cadmium and lead levels (Pb: 2.733 mg/kg ± 0.356 mg/kg; Cd: 0.58 mg/kg ± 0.044 mg/kg) compared to the two other places (Pb: 1.825 mg/kg ± 0.133 mg/kg, Cd: 0.062 mg/kg ± 0.015 mg/kg and Pb: 1.902 mg/kg ± 0.265 mg/kg, Cd: 0.328 mg/kg ± 0.024 mg/kg), respectively, for Dantokpa and Godomey. In terms of risk assessment through the consumption of Senna, the values recorded for lead were nine times higher with children and six times higher with adults than the daily permissive intake (Pb: 3.376 × 10−2 mg/kg/day for children and 2.105 × 10−2 mg/kg/day for adults versus 3.6 × 10−3 mg/kg/day for DPI). With respect to cadmium, there was no significant difference between the recorded values and the DPI (Cd: 1 × 14 10−3 mg/ kg/day for children and Cd: 0.71 × 10−3 mg/ kg/day for adults versus Cd: 1 × 10−3 mg/kg/day for adults). This exposure of the population to lead and cadmium through the consumption of antimalarial healing plants could pose public health problems.
Collapse
|
479
|
Cirillo T, Fasano E, Esposito F, Amorena M, Amodio Cocchieri R. Occurrence of NDL-PCBs, DL-PCBs, PCDD/Fs, lead and cadmium in feed and in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farmed in Italy. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:276-87. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.865279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
480
|
Sommar JN, Hedmer M, Lundh T, Nilsson L, Skerfving S, Bergdahl IA. Investigation of lead concentrations in whole blood, plasma and urine as biomarkers for biological monitoring of lead exposure. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2014; 24:51-7. [PMID: 23443239 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2013.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Lead in blood is a major concept in biomonitoring of exposure but investigations of its alternatives are scarce. The aim of the study was to describe different lead biomarkers' variances, day-to-day and between individuals, estimating their fraction of the total variance. Repeated sampling of whole blood, plasma and urine were conducted for 48 lead-exposed men and 20 individuals under normal environmental lead exposure, in total 603 measurements. For lead workers, the fraction of the total variance attributed to differences between individuals was 91% for whole-blood lead (geometric mean 227 μg/l; geometric standard deviation (GSD): 1.55 μg/l); plasma 78% (0.57 μg/l; GSD: 1.84 μg/l); density-adjusted urine 82%; and unadjusted urine 75% (23.7 μg/l; GSD: 2.48 μg/l). For the individuals under normal lead exposure, the corresponding fractions were 95% of the total variance for whole blood (20.7 μg/l; GSD: 8.6 μg/l), 15% for plasma (0.09 μg/l; GSD: 0.04 μg/l), 87% for creatinine-adjusted urine and 34% for unadjusted (10.8 μg/l; GSD: 6.7 μg/l). Lead concentration in whole blood is the biomarker with the best ability to discriminate between individuals with different mean concentration. Urinary and plasma lead also performed acceptably in lead workers, but at low exposures plasma lead was too imprecise. Urinary adjustments appear not to increase the between-individual fraction of the total variance among lead workers but among those with normal lead exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Nilsson Sommar
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Hedmer
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Leif Nilsson
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Staffan Skerfving
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ingvar A Bergdahl
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
481
|
Luis G, Rubio C, Gutiérrez AJ, González-Weller D, Revert C, Hardisson A. Evaluation of metals in several varieties of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.): comparative study. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:433-440. [PMID: 23979675 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Sweet potatoes are a staple in the diet of some people and an excellent source of minerals. Metal monitoring in food, like sweet potatoes, provides basic information on safety aspects in regulatory processes as well as nutritional values. One hundred five samples of three varieties of sweet potatoes were randomly obtained from supermarkets, farmers markets, and farmers' plots in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). The edible portion (pulp) was the only part considered for analysis. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the contents of sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), while the levels of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean concentrations were 500 Na, 4409 K, 564 Ca, 609 Mg, 1.291 Cu, 6.554 Fe, 2.324 Mn, 2.348 Zn, 0.028 Cr, 0.048 Ni, 0.001 Cd, and 0.003 Pb mg/kg, respectively. Potassium presented the highest contents in all varieties of sweet potatoes. Iron was the most abundant microelement. The orange fleshed sweet potato variety offered greater nutritional contributions to the recommended intakes than the rest of the varieties studied. The estimated mean daily intake of Ni (0.72 mg/day) detected in our samples was highly consistent with other studies. Average daily intakes of Cd (0.015 μg/day) and Pb (0.045 μg/day) were below toxicological reference values. In conclusion, the levels of Cd and Pb detected in the sweet potatoes analyzed do not represent any toxicological risk to consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gara Luis
- Department of Toxicology of the University of La Laguna, 38071, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
482
|
Grundsatzpapier zur Ableitung von HBM-Werten. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-013-1867-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
483
|
Pinto E, Almeida AA, Aguiar AARM, Ferreira IMPLVO. Changes in macrominerals, trace elements and pigments content during lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) growth: influence of soil composition. Food Chem 2013; 152:603-11. [PMID: 24444982 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Changes in macrominerals, trace elements and photosynthetic pigments were monitored at 5 stages of lettuce growth. Plants were grown in three experimental agriculture greenhouse fields (A1, A2 and A3). Soil composition was also monitored to understand its influence on lettuce composition. In general, the content of macrominerals, trace elements, chlorophylls and carotenoids decreased during lettuce growth and consequently, high nutritional value was observed at younger stages. A2 lettuces showed an increase of Fe, Al, Cr, V and Pb due to the different soil physicochemical parameters. Multiple linear regression analysis with stepwise variable selection, indicated that soil characteristics, namely, pH(CaCl2) for Fe and Cr, silt and fine-sand for Al and V, OM for Al and Pb, coarse-sand and CEC for Cr, had a key role determining element bioavailability and plant mineral content. Thus, lettuce nutritional value was strongly dependent of growth stage and soil characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Pinto
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho A Almeida
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Isabel M P L V O Ferreira
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
484
|
Kassouf A, Chebib H, Lebbos N, Ouaini R. Migration of iron, lead, cadmium and tin from tinplate-coated cans into chickpeas. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1987-92. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.832399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
485
|
Pires SM. Assessing the applicability of currently available methods for attributing foodborne disease to sources, including food and food commodities. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:206-13. [PMID: 23489045 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of approaches to attribute foodborne diseases to specific sources are available, including hazard occurrence analysis, epidemiological methods, intervention studies, and expert elicitations. The usefulness of each method to attribute disease caused by a foodborne hazard depends on the public health question being addressed, on the data requirements, on advantages and limitations of the method, and on the data availability of the country or region in question. Previous articles have described available methods for source attribution, but have focused only on foodborne microbiological hazards. These articles have described strengths and weaknesses of each method, but no guidance on how to choose the most appropriate tool to address different public health questions has thus far been provided. We reviewed available source attribution methods; assessed their applicability to attribute illness caused by enteric, parasitic, and chemical foodborne hazards to the responsible sources; and renamed some of the approaches. The main objective was to make recommendations on the most appropriate method(s) to attribute human disease caused by different foodborne hazards. We concluded that the proportion of disease that can be attributed to specific foods items or transmission routes may be estimated for the majority of the evaluated hazards by applying one or more of the source attribution methods assessed. It was also recognized that the use of source attribution methods may be limited to specific countries, reflecting the data availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Pires
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
486
|
Spector JT, Navas-Acien A, Fadrowski J, Guallar E, Jaar B, Weaver V. Reply: To PMID 21248295. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28:e8-9. [PMID: 24014319 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- June T Spector
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
487
|
Taylor CM, Golding J, Hibbeln J, Emond AM. Environmental factors predicting blood lead levels in pregnant women in the UK: the ALSPAC study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72371. [PMID: 24039753 PMCID: PMC3764234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lead is a widespread environmental toxin. The behaviour and academic performance of children can be adversely affected even at low blood lead levels (BLL) of 5–10 µg/dl. An important contribution to the infant's lead load is provided by maternal transfer during pregnancy. Objectives Our aim was to determine BLL in a large cohort of pregnant women in the UK and to identify the factors that contribute to BLL in pregnant women. Methods Pregnant women resident in the Avon area of the UK were enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) in 1991–1992. Whole blood samples were collected at median gestational age of 11 weeks and analysed by inductively coupled plasma dynamic reaction cell mass spectrometry (n = 4285). Self-completion postal questionnaires were used to collect data during pregnancy on lifestyle, diet and other environmental exposures. Statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS v19. Results The mean±SD BLL was 3.67±1.47 (median 3.41, range 0.41–19.14) µg/dl. Higher educational qualification was found to be one of the strongest independent predictor of BLL in an adjusted backwards stepwise logistic regression to predict maternal BLL <5 or ≥5 µg/dl (odds ratio 1.26, 95% confidence interval 1.12–1.42; p<0.001). Other predictive factors included cigarette smoking, alcohol and coffee drinking, and heating the home with a coal fire, with some evidence for iron and calcium intake having protective effects. Conclusion The mean BLL in this group of pregnant women is higher than has been found in similar populations in developed countries. The finding that high education attainment was independently associated with higher BLL was unexpected and currently unexplained. Reduction in maternal lead levels can best be undertaken by reducing intake of the social drugs cigarettes, alcohol and caffeine, although further investigation of the effect of calcium on lead levels is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Taylor
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jean Golding
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Hibbeln
- NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alan M. Emond
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
488
|
Lee J, Pedersen AB, Thomsen M. Framework for combining REACH and national regulations to obtain equal protection levels of human health and the environment in different countries - comparative study of Denmark and Korea. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 125:105-116. [PMID: 23651917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present a conceptual framework for a systems approach to protect the environment and human health by taking into account differences in the cumulative risks of total human exposure in a territorial context. To this end the measures that are available and that can be included in REACH exposure scenarios in order to obtain territorially relevant chemical safety assessments (CSAs) were explored. The advantage of linking the REACH exposure scenarios with background environmental quality data reported under other national regulations is discussed. The main question is how REACH may be improved to protect the environment and human health inside and outside the EU. This question is exemplified in a comparative case study of two countries, Denmark and Korea, each with its own set of different environmental qualities and national regulations. As a member of the EU Denmark is obliged to adopt REACH, while Korea implemented REACH to improve the competitiveness of Korean industry within the EU market. It is presented how differences in national regulations and environmental qualities in these two countries affect background human exposure concentrations. Choosing lead as a model compound, the territorial differences in background exposure to endocrine and neurological interfering stressors were modelled. It is concluded that the different territorial soil and air lead pollution levels contribute differently to the total childhood lead exposure in the two countries. As such, the probability of the total exposure from air and soil exceeding 10% of the provisional Total Daily Intake (PTDI) is estimated to be 55.3% in Denmark and 8.2% in Korea. The relative contribution from air inhalation and soil ingestion to childhood lead exposure is estimated to be 1-99% in Denmark while it is 83-17% in Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Lee
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
489
|
Potortì AG, Di Bella G, Lo Turco V, Rando R, Dugo G. Non-toxic and potentially toxic elements in Italian donkey milk by ICP-MS and multivariate analysis. J Food Compost Anal 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
490
|
Brandon EFA, Bulder AS, van Engelen JGM, Mahieu CM, Mennes WC, Pronk MEJ, Rietveld AG, van de Ven BM, Ten Voorde SECG, Wolterink G, Slob W, Zeilmaker MJ, Bessems JGM. Does EU legislation allow the use of the Benchmark Dose (BMD) approach for risk assessment? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 67:182-8. [PMID: 23871753 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hazard characterisation is largely based on an approach of (statistically) comparing dose groups with the controls in order to derive points of departure such as no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) or lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAELs). This approach suggests the absence of any relevant effect at the NOAEL. The NOAEL approach has been debated for decades. A recent Scientific Opinion by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that the Benchmark Dose (BMD) approach should be preferred over the NOAEL approach for deriving human (health-based) limit or guidance values. Nonetheless, the BMD approach is used infrequently within European regulatory frameworks. The reason for this may lie in legislation or guidelines requiring the use of the NOAEL approach. In this context, various EU regulatory frameworks were examined on such demands. Interestingly, no single legislation was identified containing statutory requirements in conflict with the use of the BMD approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E F A Brandon
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), The Netherlands; Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
491
|
Heinemeyer G, Sommerfeld C, Springer A, Heiland A, Lindtner O, Greiner M, Heuer T, Krems C, Conrad A. Estimation of dietary intake of bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) by consumption of food in the German population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 216:472-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
492
|
Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat (solipeds). EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
493
|
Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat (bovine animals). EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
494
|
Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from farmed game. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
495
|
Abstract
A risk ranking process identified Toxoplasma gondii and pathogenic verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) as the most relevant biological hazards for meat inspection of sheep and goats. As these are not detected by traditional meat inspection, a meat safety assurance system using risk-based interventions was proposed. Further studies are required on T. gondii and pathogenic VTEC. If new information confirms these hazards as a high risk to public health from meat from sheep or goats, setting targets at carcass level should be considered. Other elements of the system are risk-categorisation of flocks/herds based on improved Food Chain Information (FCI), classification of abattoirs according to their capability to reduce faecal contamination, and use of improved process hygiene criteria. It is proposed to omit palpation and incision from post-mortem inspection in animals subjected to routine slaughter. For chemical hazards, dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls were ranked as being of high potential concern. Monitoring programmes for chemical hazards should be more flexible and based on the risk of occurrence, taking into account FCI, which should be expanded to reflect the extensive production systems used, and the ranking of chemical substances, which should be regularly updated and include new hazards. Control programmes across the food chain, national residue control plans, feed control and monitoring of environmental contaminants should be better integrated. Meat inspection is a valuable tool for surveillance and monitoring of animal health and welfare conditions. Omission of palpation and incision would reduce detection effectiveness for tuberculosis and fasciolosis at animal level. Surveillance of tuberculosis at the slaughterhouse in small ruminants should be improved and encouraged, as this is in practice the only surveillance system available. Extended use of FCI could compensate for some, but not all, the information on animal health and welfare lost if only visual post-mortem inspection is applied.
Collapse
|
496
|
Škrbić B, Živančev J, Mrmoš N. Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium and lead in selected foodstuffs from Serbian market basket: estimated intake by the population from the Serbia. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 58:440-8. [PMID: 23712093 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were determined in 114 samples of various food items collected at supermarkets located in Novi Sad, the capitol of the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina in January 2012 and March 2013. The considered items represented the most consumed foodstuffs according to the "national market basket". The highest concentrations were obtained for Pb in candy (0.323 mg kg(-1)), for Cd in paprika (0.118 mg kg(-1)) and for As in canned fish (0.43 mg kg(-1)). The results were compared with the relevant data on the occurrence of these toxic elements available in literature for other European countries. Human health risk assessment through dietary exposure was evaluated for Serbian adult consumers. The estimated intakes were compared with available toxicological references to assess the risk of As, Cd and Pb intake through consumption of analysed food items. The highest intake were estimated for Pb being 72.30 μg day(-1) for adult population, while intakes of As and Cd were significantly lower (21.89 μg day(-1) and 11.51 μg day(-1), respectively).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Škrbić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
497
|
Cordeiro F, Baer I, Robouch P, Emteborg H, Can SZ, Krata A, Zampella M, Quétel CR, Hearn R, De la Calle B. Setting maximum limits for trace elements in baby food in European legislation: the outcome of International Measurement Evaluation Programme®-33. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:678-86. [PMID: 23544660 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.775605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) of the Joint Research Centre (JRC), a Directorate-General of the European Commission, operates the International Measurement Evaluation Programme® (IMEP). It organises various types of inter-laboratory comparisons in support of European Union policies. This paper presents the results of a proficiency testing exercise (PT) focusing on the determination of total cadmium (Cd) and total lead (Pb) mass fractions in baby food in support to Commission Regulation (EC) 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. The test material used in this exercise was soya-based baby food formula purchased in a local pharmacy and prepared by the Reference Materials Unit of the IRMM for this exercise. Sixty-six laboratories from 23 countries registered to the exercise and 61 of them reported results. Each participant received one bottle containing approximately 15 g of test material. Participants were asked to quantify the measurands in the powder and in the reconstituted formula. Reference values independent from the participants' results were established using isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The total Cd mass fraction was determined by IRMM and LGC Ltd (UK), while the total Pb was determined by IRMM. The standard deviation for proficiency assessment σ^ was set at 22% of the assigned value for all measurands. Laboratories were rated with z- and ζ- (zeta) scores in accordance with ISO 13528. The outcome of this exercise is clearly influenced by the very low level of Cd and Pb content in the test material which triggered: a high number of 'less than' values; overestimated values especially for Pb very likely due to contamination; and a visible method influence in the case of Pb (methods based on atomic absorption were not sensitive enough to attain such low limits of detection). The results were also evaluated with regard to the reported limit of detection and some incoherencies were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Cordeiro
- European Commission, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Geel, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
498
|
|
499
|
Magwedere K, Shimwino J, Hemberger Y, Hoffman L, Midzi E, Dziva F. Lead and Cadmium Levels in Liver, Kidney and Muscle of Harvested Wild Springbok (Antidorcus marsupialis) Under Extensive Management in Southern and Southeastern Namibia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3957/056.043.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
|
500
|
Bjermo H, Sand S, Nälsén C, Lundh T, Enghardt Barbieri H, Pearson M, Lindroos AK, Jönsson BAG, Barregård L, Darnerud PO. Lead, mercury, and cadmium in blood and their relation to diet among Swedish adults. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 57:161-9. [PMID: 23537601 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the body burden of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) in blood among Swedish adults and the association between blood levels, diet and other lifestyle factors. The study was based on a subgroup (n=273) of the national survey Riksmaten 2010-2011 (4-day food records and questionnaire). Lead, Hg, and Cd were measured in whole blood, and Cd additionally in urine, by mass or fluorescence spectrometry methods. The median values (5-95th percentiles) of the metals in blood were as follows; Pb: 13.4 (5.8-28.6) μg/L, Hg: 1.13 (0.31-3.45) μg/L, and Cd: 0.19 (0.09-1.08) μg/L. All three metals increased with increasing age. Lead levels in blood were positively associated with intakes of game and alcohol, Hg was related to fish intake, and blood Cd related to smoking and low iron stores and to a low meat intake. Body burdens of the studied metals were generally below health based reference values, but several individuals had blood Pb levels above the reference point for possible nephrotoxic and developmental neurotoxic effects. As health effects cannot be excluded, individuals with high Pb exposure should aim at decreasing their body burden, both from food and from other exposure routes.
Collapse
|