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Marchand GJ, Masoud A. Response to Dr. Somovilla del Saz's letter to the editor regarding "Risk of all-cause and cardiac-related mortality after vaccination against COVID-19: A meta-analysis of self-controlled case series studies". Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2264599. [PMID: 37806668 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2264599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a response to Dr. Somovilla del Saz's letter to the editor regarding Marchand et al.'s article, "Risk of all-cause and cardiac-related mortality after vaccination against COVID-19: A meta-analysis of self-controlled case series studies." The response is on behalf of all authors clarifying misconceptions about the work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg J Marchand
- Marchand Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Ahmed Masoud
- Marchand Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Mesa, AZ, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
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Nyarko SH, Luo L, Schlundt DG, Xiao Q. Cross-sectional association between neighborhood socioeconomic status and sleep duration among Black and white men and women: The Southern Community Cohort Study. Sleep Health 2023; 9:277-282. [PMID: 37045662 PMCID: PMC10837766 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) with sleep duration among a large cohort of Black and white men and women in the United States. METHODS We used data from the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS, N = 75,248). Neighborhood SES was based on census data and sleep duration was measured by self-report. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between neighborhood SES and short (<7 hours) and long (≥9 hours) sleep in the overall sample and according to race-sex subgroups. RESULTS In the total sample, when compared with the highest quintile of neighborhood SES, the lowest quintile was associated with higher odds of both short (adjusted ORQ5 vs. Q1 [95% CI], 1.10 [1.03, 1.17]) and long sleep (1.37 [1.24, 1.52]). In race-sex specific analysis, the association between lower neighborhood SES and short sleep was only observed among white women (1.21 [1.05, 1.40]), but not in other subgroups. On the other hand, the association between lower neighborhood SES and long sleep duration was primarily observed among Black women (1.31 [1.06, 1.60]). CONCLUSIONS The association between neighborhood SES and sleep duration varied among race-and-sex subgroups. These findings provide new evidence on the importance of considering individual sociodemographic characteristics in understanding the potential effects of neighborhood socioeconomic context on sleep health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H Nyarko
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Liying Luo
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David G Schlundt
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, USA
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Galli Rapporteur CL, Bernauer U, Bodin L, Chaudhry Q, Coenraads PJ, Dusinska M, Ezendam J, Granum B, Gaffet E, Panteri E, Rogiers V, Rousselle C, Stepnik M, Vanhaecke T, Wijnhoven S, Koutsodimou A, Uter W, von Goetz N. SCCS Scientific Opinion on Acid Yellow 3 (submission II) - SCCS/1631/21. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 140:105364. [PMID: 36907371 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Opinion to be cited as: SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety), Opinion on Acid Yellow 3 - C054 (CAS Number 8004-92-0, EC No 305-897-5), submission II, preliminary version of 7 May 2021, final version of 23 July 2021, SCCS/1631/21.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ulrike Bernauer
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurent Bodin
- Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Saclay, France
| | | | | | - Maria Dusinska
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway
| | - Janine Ezendam
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Berit Granum
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric Gaffet
- Institute Jean Lamour (UMR 7198 CNRS - Université de Lorraine), Nancy, France
| | - Eirini Panteri
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Christophe Rousselle
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), International and European Affairs Department, France
| | | | | | - Susan Wijnhoven
- RIVM, Centre for Safety of Substances and Products (VSP), Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment (SIR), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Bodin L, Chaudhry Q, Coenraads PJ, Dusinska M, Gaffet E, Rousselle C, Stepnik M, Wijnhoven S. SCCS scientific opinion on HAA299 (nano) - SCCS/1634/21. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 139:105365. [PMID: 36868343 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Opinion to be cited as: SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety), Opinion on HAA299 (nano), preliminary opinion July 22, 2021, final opinion 26-27 October 2021, SCCS/1634/2021. HAA299 is a UV filter active intended to be used in sunscreen products as skin protectant against UVA-1 rays. Its chemical name is '2-(4-(2-(4-Diethylamino-2 hydroxy-benzoyl)-benzoyl)-piperazine-1-carbonyl)-phenyl)-(4-diethylamino-2-hydroxyphenyl)-methanone' and INCI name 'Bis-(Diethylaminohydroxybenzoyl Benzoyl) Piperazine' (CAS 919803-06-8). This product was designed and developed to deliver to the consumer stronger UV protection on skin and is most effective as a UV filter when it is milled to a smaller particle size, a process we refer to as micronization. Currently HAA299 normal form and nano form is not regulated under the Cosmetic Regulation (EC) No. 1223/2009. In 2009, Commission' services received a dossier from industry to support the safe use of HAA299 (micronised and non-micronised) in cosmetic products, which was further substantiated with additional information in 2012. In its corresponding opinion (SCCS/1533/14), the SCCS concluded that "the use of non-nano HAA299 (micronised or non-micronised, with median particle size distribution around 134 nm or larger, as measured by FOQELS) at a concentration up to 10% as an UV-filter in cosmetic products, does not pose a risk of systemic toxicity in humans". In addition, SCCS stated that "[the Opinion] … covers the safety evaluation of HAA299 in non-nano form. The opinion does not cover the safety evaluation of HAA299 which is composed of nano particles' and highlighted that '[the Opinion] … does not apply to inhalation exposure of HAA299 since no information on chronic or sub-chronic toxicity after inhalation is provided". With the current submission, received in September 2020, and in view of the previous SCCS opinion (SCCS/1533/14) on the normal form of HAA299, the applicant requests to assess the safety of HAA299 (nano) intended to be used as UV-filter up to a maximum concentration of 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
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- SCCS Secretariat at the European Commission, Directorate General for Health and Food Safety, Unit B3 - Drosbach Building, L-2920, Luxembourg
| | | | | | | | - Laurent Bodin
- Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Saclay, France
| | - Qasim Chaudhry
- Institute of Food Science & Innovation, University of Chester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maria Dusinska
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway
| | - Eric Gaffet
- Institute Jean Lamour (UMR 7198 CNRS Université de Lorraine), Nancy, France
| | - Christophe Rousselle
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Susan Wijnhoven
- RIVM, Centre for Safety of Substances and Products (VSP), Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment (SIR), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Granum Rapporteur B, Bernauer U, Bodin L, Chaudhry Q, Pieter Jan C, Dusinska M, Ezendam J, Gaffet E, Galli CL, Panteri E, Rogiers V, Rousselle C, Stepnik M, Vanhaecke T, Wijnhoven S, Koutsodimou A, Uter W, von Goetz N. SCCS scientific opinion on Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) - SCCS/1636/21. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 138:105312. [PMID: 36565917 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OPINION TO BE CITED AS SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety), scientific opinion on Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), preliminary version of September 27, 2021, final version of December 2, 2021, SCCS/1636/21.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ulrike Bernauer
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurent Bodin
- Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Saclay, France
| | - Qasim Chaudhry
- Institute of Food Science & Innovation, University of Chester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maria Dusinska
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway
| | - Janine Ezendam
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Gaffet
- Institute Jean Lamour (UMR 7198 CNRS - Université de Lorraine), Nancy, France
| | - Corrado L Galli
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Milan, Italy
| | - Eirini Panteri
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Athens, Greece
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe Rousselle
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), International and European Affairs Department, France
| | | | | | - Susan Wijnhoven
- RIVM, Centre for Safety of Substances and Products (VSP), Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment (SIR), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Nyarko SH, Luo L, Schlundt DG, Xiao Q. Individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status and long-term individual trajectories of sleep duration among Black and White adults: the Southern Community Cohort Study. Sleep 2023; 46:zsac225. [PMID: 36124765 PMCID: PMC9832512 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep duration can change over the life course; however, previous studies rarely investigated the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and individual sleep trajectories over time. We examined the association between baseline socioeconomic characteristics and long-term sleep trajectories among Black and White adults. METHODS This study used data from the Southern Community Cohort Study (N = 45 035). Diverse trajectories of sleep duration were constructed using self-reported sleep duration at baseline and after ~10 years of follow-up. The associations between baseline socioeconomic characteristics and sleep trajectories were examined using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS Both Black and White participants experienced similar long-term individual sleep trajectories for baseline educational attainment and employment status albeit the associations appeared stronger among White participants. Lower education and unemployment were associated with higher odds of various suboptimal sleep trajectories suggesting worsening long-term sleep patterns among both racial groups. However, there were some racial differences in the experience of long-term sleep trajectories for household income and neighborhood SES. Household income was notably more important among White than Black individuals; lower household income was associated with higher odds of more suboptimal long-term sleep trajectories for White than Black individuals. Also, neighborhood SES was slightly more important among White than Black individuals; lower neighborhood SES was associated with higher odds of a few suboptimal long-term sleep trajectories for both racial groups. CONCLUSIONS Lower socioeconomic characteristics were associated with various suboptimal long-term sleep trajectories among Black and White participants. Substantial improvements in socio-economic characteristics may contribute to improved sleep patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H Nyarko
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Liying Luo
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - David G Schlundt
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
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Fike LT, Munro H, Yu D, Dai Q, Shrubsole MJ. Dietary polyphenols and the risk of colorectal cancer in the prospective Southern Community Cohort Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115:1155-1165. [PMID: 35044416 PMCID: PMC8970992 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyphenols are antioxidants with promising anticancer properties, but few studies have examined the associations of specific dietary polyphenols with colorectal cancer (CRC) risks or among Black individuals in the United States. OBJECTIVES We examined the associations between dietary polyphenols and CRC and assessed differences in these associations or polyphenol intakes by subgroups, including race (Black and White), that may contribute to cancer disparities. METHODS The Southern Community Cohort Study prospectively enrolled individuals from the southeastern United States during 2002-2009, most of whom had a low income or are Black. Validated FFQ data and polyphenol databases were used to estimate polyphenol intakes. Cox proportional hazards models were used to obtain HRs and 95% CIs for the highest compared to the lowest intake quintiles (Qs) of specific polyphenols. Median intakes of quintiles were used to obtain linear trends, and restricted cubic splines were used to obtain nonlinear trends. Subgroup analyses were conducted by cancer site, sex, race, household income, and BMI-defined obesity status. RESULTS Among 71,599 participants, the median polyphenol intake was lower for Black individuals (452 mg/day; IQR, 277-672 mg/day) than White individuals (958 mg/day; IQR, 587-1597 mg/day). A significant, inverse, nonlinear association was observed for total polyphenol intake with the CRC risk (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.38-0.86; P = 0.008 comparing 650 mg/day of intake to 0 mg/day). In addition, inverse linear associations were observed for tyrosols and the CRC risk (HRQ5vsQ1, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.50-0.91; P = 0.0014) and for hydroxybenzoic acids and the rectal cancer risk (HRQ5vsQ1, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.29-0.82; P = 0.0007). Associations were consistent by sex, race, income, and BMI. CONCLUSIONS Increasing intakes of total polyphenols, tyrosols, and hydroxybenzoic acids were associated with decreased CRC or rectal cancer risks, and associations were consistent across subgroups. Differences in polyphenol intakes may contribute to the increased CRC incidence among Black US individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon T Fike
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Heather Munro
- International Epidemiology Field Station, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Danxia Yu
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qi Dai
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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SCCS members., Other experts. The SCCS Notes of Guidance for the testing of cosmetic ingredients and their safety evaluation, 11th revision, 30-31 March 2021, SCCS/1628/21. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 127:105052. [PMID: 34653552 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The "SCCS Notes of Guidance for the Testing of Cosmetic Ingredients and Their Safety Evaluation, 11 th Revision" (SCCS/1628/21) contains relevant and updated information on the different aspects of testing and safety evaluation of cosmetic substances in Europe. The emphasis is on cosmetic ingredients for which a concern has been expressed for human health. Indirectly, the Guidance also provides some advice on the safety of finished products. A general aim is to improve harmonised compliance with the current cosmetic EU legislation, Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009, for which animal testing and marketing bans fully apply from 2013 onwards. This means that no in vivo testing of ingredients or finished products is allowed in Europe for the purpose of cosmetics. For this reason, the SCCS has closely followed the progress made in regard to the development and validation of alternative replacement methods, also referred to as new approach methodology (NAM). The "SCCS Notes of Guidance" are regularly revised and updated in order to incorporate progress made and experience gained over time, in particular on the use of NAMs, and the new methods and data that became available since previous revision (SCCS/1602/18) formed the basis of the current (11 th) Revision.
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Bernauer U, Bodin L, Chaudhry Q, Coenraads PJ, Dusinska M, Gaffet E, Panteri E, Rogiers V, Rousselle C, Stepnik M, Vanhaecke T, Wijnhoven S, von Goetz N, de Jong WH. The SCCS scientific advice on the safety of nanomaterials in cosmetics. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 126:105046. [PMID: 34560169 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Cosmetic Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 specifically covers the risk of nanomaterials used in cosmetic products. If there are concerns regarding the safety of a nanomaterial, the European Commission refers it to the SCCS for a scientific opinion. The Commission mandated the SCCS to identify the scientific basis for safety concerns that could be used as a basis for identifying and prioritising nanomaterials for safety assessment, and to revisit previous inconclusive SCCS opinions on nanomaterials to identify any concerns for potential risks to the consumer health. The SCCS Scientific Advice identified the key general aspects of nanomaterials that should raise a safety concern for a safety assessor/manager, so that the nanomaterial(s) in question could be subjected to safety assessment to establish safety to the consumer. The Advice also developed a list of the nanomaterials notified to the Commission for use in cosmetics in an order of priority for safety assessment, and revisited three previous inconclusive opinions on nanomaterials to highlight concerns over consumer safety that merited further safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrike Bernauer
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurent Bodin
- Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Saclay, France
| | | | | | - Maria Dusinska
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway
| | - Eric Gaffet
- Institute Jean Lamour (UMR 7198 CNRS Université de Lorraine), Nancy, France
| | - Eirini Panteri
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Christophe Rousselle
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - Susan Wijnhoven
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Wim H de Jong
- Formerly Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Muhimpundu S, Conway RBN, Warren Andersen S, Lipworth L, Steinwandel MD, Blot WJ, Shu XO, Sudenga SL. Racial Differences in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence and Risk Factors among a Low Socioeconomic Population. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153710. [PMID: 34359611 PMCID: PMC8345125 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Liver cancer incidence in the United States is higher among African Americans compared to White Americans. The determinants of racial disparities in liver cancer incidence are not clear. Using data from White and African Americans from low socioeconomic backgrounds, we compared the prevalence of known liver cancer risk factors by race and assessed factors associated with liver cancer incidence. Understanding liver cancer risk differences can assist prevention strategies that target people at high risk, potentially based on risk factors that differ by race. Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine differences in risk factors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among White and African Americans from low socioeconomic backgrounds in the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS). The SCCS is a prospective cohort study with participants from the southeastern US. HCC incidence rates were calculated. Multivariable Cox regression was used to calculate HCC-adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) associated with known baseline HCC risk factors for White and African Americans, separately. There were 294 incident HCC. The incidence rate ratio for HCC was higher (IRR = 1.4, 95%CI: 1.1–1.9) in African Americans compared to White Americans. White Americans saw a stronger association between self-reported hepatitis C virus (aHR = 19.24, 95%CI: 10.58–35.00) and diabetes (aHR = 3.55, 95%CI: 1.96–6.43) for the development of HCC compared to African Americans (aHR = 7.73, 95%CI: 5.71–10.47 and aHR = 1.48, 95%CI: 1.06–2.06, respectively) even though the prevalence of these risk factors was similar between races. Smoking (aHR = 2.91, 95%CI: 1.87–4.52) and heavy alcohol consumption (aHR = 1.59, 95%CI: 1.19–2.11) were significantly associated with HCC risk among African Americans only. In this large prospective cohort, we observed racial differences in HCC incidence and risk factors associated with HCC among White and African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Muhimpundu
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (S.M.); (L.L.); (W.J.B.); (X.-O.S.)
| | - Rebecca Baqiyyah N. Conway
- School of Community and Rural Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA;
- American Academy of Epidemiology, Inc., Tyler, TX 75701, USA
| | - Shaneda Warren Andersen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Cancer Prevention and Control, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Loren Lipworth
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (S.M.); (L.L.); (W.J.B.); (X.-O.S.)
| | | | - William J. Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (S.M.); (L.L.); (W.J.B.); (X.-O.S.)
- International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (S.M.); (L.L.); (W.J.B.); (X.-O.S.)
| | - Staci L. Sudenga
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (S.M.); (L.L.); (W.J.B.); (X.-O.S.)
- Correspondence:
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SCCS Members. Electronic address: SANTE-C2-SCCS@ec.europa.eu., SCCS External Experts., SCCS Members. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) - Final Opinion on propylparaben (CAS No 94-13-3, EC No 202-307-7). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 125:105005. [PMID: 34274358 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In cosmetic products, the ingredient propylparaben (CAS No 94-13-3, EC No 202-307-7) with the chemical names Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate and 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester is currently regulated as a preservative in a concentration up to 0.14% (as acid) (Annex V/12a). In addition, a safe concentration was established for mixtures of parabens, where the sum of the individual concentrations should not exceed 0.8% (as acid). However, in such mixtures the sum of the individual concentrations of butyl- and propylparaben and their salts should not exceed 0.14%. Propylparaben was subject to different safety evaluations in 2005 (SCCP/0874/05), 2006 (SCCP/1017/06), 2008 (SCCP/1183/08), 2010 (SCCS/1348/10), 2011 (SCCS/1446/11), and in 2013 (SCCS/1514/13). On the basis of the safety assessment of propylparaben, and considering the concerns related to potential endocrine disrupting properties, the SCCS has concluded that propylparaben is safe when used as a preservative in cosmetic products up to a maximum concentration of 0.14%. The available data on propylparaben provide some indications for potential endocrine effects. However, the current level of evidence is not sufficient to regard it as an endocrine disrupting substance, or to derive a toxicological point of departure based on endocrine disrupting properties for use in human health risk assessment. The SCCS mandate does not address environmental aspects. Therefore, this assessment did not cover the safety of propylparaben for the environment. Link to the Opinion (SCCS/1623/20): https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/default/files/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_243.pdf.
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SCCS members. Electronic address: sante-c2-scientific-committees@ec.europa.eu., Other experts., SCCS members. The SCCS guidance on the safety assessment of nanomaterials in cosmetics. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 112:104611. [PMID: 32061657 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Shenk MK, Begley RO, Nolin DA, Swiatek A. When does matriliny fail? The frequencies and causes of transitions to and from matriliny estimated from a de novo coding of a cross-cultural sample. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190006. [PMID: 31303165 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The question of when and why societies have transitioned away from matriliny to other types of kinship systems-and when and why they transition towards matriliny-has a long history in anthropology, one that is heavily engaged with both evolutionary theory and cross-cultural research methods. This article presents tabulations from a new coding of ethnographic documents from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS), tallying claims of transitions in kinship systems both away from and to matriliny using various levels of stringency. We then use our counts as the outcome variables in a set of Bayesian analyses that simultaneously estimate the probability of a transition occurring given societal covariates alongside the conditional probability of detecting a transition given the volume of ethnographic data available to code. Our goal is to estimate the cross-cultural and comparative frequency of transitions away from and to matriliny, as well as to explore potential causes underlying these patterns. We find that transitions away from matriliny have been significantly more common than 'reverse transitions' to matriliny. Our evidence suggests that both rates may be, in part, an artefact of the colonial and globalizing period during which the data comprising much of the current ethnographic record were recorded. Analyses of the correlates of transitions away from matriliny are consistent with several of the key causal arguments made by anthropologists over the past century, especially with respect to subsistence transition (to pastoralism, intensive agriculture and market economies), social complexity and colonialism, highlighting the importance of ecological factors in such transitions. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of female-biased kinship in humans and other mammals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Shenk
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University , 410 Carpenter Building , University Park , PA 16802 USA
| | - Ryan O Begley
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University , 410 Carpenter Building , University Park , PA 16802 USA
| | - David A Nolin
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University , 410 Carpenter Building , University Park , PA 16802 USA
| | - Andrew Swiatek
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University , 410 Carpenter Building , University Park , PA 16802 USA
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14
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SCCS members., External experts. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Consumer safety (SCCS) - Opinion on Ethylzingerone - 'Hydroxyethoxyphenyl Butanone' (HEPB) - Cosmetics Europe No P98 - CAS No 569646-79-3 - Submission II (eye irritation). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 107:104393. [PMID: 31170420 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on the new information provided by the Applicant, the SCCS considers the use of Hydroxyethoxyphenyl Butanone (HEPB) as a cosmetic preservative in rinse-off, oral care and leave-on cosmetic products with a maximum concentration of 0.7% safe with regard to eye irritation.
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15
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Granum B. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Consumer safety ( SCCS) - Final opinion on water-soluble zinc salts used in oral hygiene products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 99:249-250. [PMID: 30267827 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The SCCS has estimated that exposure to water-soluble zinc salts via toothpaste and mouthwash at the concentrations of 1 and 0.1%, respectively, may lead to a daily intake level of 3.54 mg for adults and children aged 6-17 years. This exposure constitutes between 14 and 35% of the Upper Limit (UL) for these age groups. Therefore, the SCCS considers that the use of zinc in toothpaste and mouthwash per se is safe for adults and children aged 6-17 years. The SCCS has estimated that exposure to water-soluble zinc salts via toothpaste at the concentrations of 1% may lead to a daily intake level of 1.0-2.00 mg for children aged 0.5-5 years. This exposure constitutes between 10 and 29% of the UL for this age group. Therefore, the SCCS considers that the use of zinc in toothpaste per se is safe for children aged 0.5-5 years. Exposure to zinc may also occur from sources other than oral hygiene products. An important source of zinc in the population is the diet. This assessment has not taken into account the daily dietary intake of zinc. The dietary zinc intake (estimated by EFSA in 2014) ranges from 6.8 to 14.5 mg/day in adolescents aged 10 to < 18 years, from 5.5 to 9.3 mg/day in children aged 3 to < 10 years and from 4.6 to 6.2 mg/day in children aged 1 to <3 years. Therefore, exposure to zinc via the diet may already exceed or be close to exceeding the upper limits of 18, 13, 10 and 7 mg/day for the age groups 11-14, 7-10, 3-7 and 1-3 years, respectively. Any additional source of exposure, including cosmetics, may lead to exceeding the upper limits for children. The SCCS cannot advise which portion of the upper limit should be allocated to exposure from cosmetic products. When assessing exposure to chemicals, allocation factors that reflect a reasonable level of exposure while still being protective may be applied. For exposure via toys or drinking water, for example, allocation factors of 10% or 20% of the reference value may be considered as safe. In the case of zinc, the use of 1% in toothpaste and 0.1% in mouthwash constitutes between 10 and 35% of the upper limit depending on the age group. The SCCS is aware that upper limits may be exceeded in some cases because the default values used in this Opinion are based on conservative estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Granum
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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16
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Rousselle C. Opinion of the scientific committee on consumer safety ( SCCS) - Opinion on the safety of cosmetic ingredient phenylene bis-diphenyltriazine (CAS No 55514-22-2) - S86. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 99:129-130. [PMID: 30237057 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Rousselle
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
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17
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Bernauer U. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety ( SCCS) - Revision of the Opinion on hydroxyapatite (nano) in cosmetic products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 98:274-275. [PMID: 30125613 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In response to the concerns of the European Commission about potential absorption and entry of nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite into the cells when used in oral cosmetic products, the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) was requested to provide a safety assessment of hydroxyapatite (nano). After making a detailed evaluation of the data provided in the submissions and scientific literature, the SCCS considered needle-shaped hydroxyapatite (nano) to be of concern due to its potential toxic effects, and stated that it should not be used in cosmetic products. In terms of other shapes of hydroxyapatite (nano), the available evidence was insufficient to allow drawing a conclusion on the safety of hydroxyapatite (nano) when used in oral cosmetic products up to a concentration of 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
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- SCCS Secretariat at the European Commission, Directorate General for Health and Food Safety, 11, rue E. Ruppert, L-2920, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Ulrike Bernauer
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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18
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Bernauer U; Scientific Committee of Consumer Safety - SCCS. Electronic address: SANTE-C2-SCCS@ec.europa.eu., Scientific Committee of Consumer Safety - SCCS. Opinion of the scientific committee on consumer safety (SCCS) - Final version of the opinion on Ethylzingerone - 'Hydroxyethoxyphenyl Butanone' (HEPB) - Cosmetics Europe No P98 - in cosmetic products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 88:330-1. [PMID: 28487064 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Rogiers V; Scientific Committee of Consumer Safety - SCCS. Electronic address: SANTE-C2-SCCS@ec.europa.eu., Scientific Committee of Consumer Safety - SCCS. Opinion of the scientific committee on consumer safety (SCCS) - Final opinion on Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) in cosmetic products - Submission III. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 88:328-9. [PMID: 28483711 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Degen GH. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety ( SCCS) - Final version of the opinion on Eco G+ in cosmetic products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 82:157. [PMID: 27825836 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Safety assessment is based on the release of silver ion from the packaging material. SCCS considers the release of silver ions from "EcoG+" as a component in packaging material safe for use as preservative with a concentration of maximum 2.0% in the cosmetic packaging material.
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Affiliation(s)
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- SCCS Secretariat at the European Commission, Directorate General for Health and Food Safety, 11, rue E. Ruppert, L-2920 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Gisela H Degen
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
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21
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Bernauer U. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety ( SCCS) - Revision of the opinion on o-Phenylphenol, Sodium o-phenylphenate and Potassium o-phenylphenate (OPP), in cosmetic products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 79:105. [PMID: 26946408 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
o-Phenylphenol, Sodium o-phenylphenate, Potassium o-phenylphenate, CAS n. 90-43-7, 132-27-4, 13707-65-8 as preservatives are regulated in Annex V/7 of the Cosmetics Regulation (EC) n. 1223/2009 at a maximum concentration of 0.2% (as phenol). In February 2013, the Commission received a risk assessment submitted by the French Agency ANSM (Agence nationale de sécurité des médicaments et des produits de santé) which rose concerns about the use of o-Phenylphenol as preservatives in cosmetic products. In the context of the ANSM report (Evaluation du risque lié à l'utilisation de l'orthophénylphénol CAS n. 90-43-7 dans les produits cosmétiques) o-Phenylphenol has been identified as likely to be an endocrine disruptor. The report concludes that the maximum authorised concentration (currently of 0.2%) of o-Phenylphenol for use as a preservative should be revised due to low margin of safety. In January 2014, in response to a call for data on o-Phenylphenol by the Commission, Industry submitted a safety dossier in order to defend the current use of o-Phenylphenol, Sodium o-phenylphenate, Potassium o-phenylphenate, CAS n. 90-43-7, 132-27-4, 13707- 65-8 as preservatives in cosmetic formulations at a maximum concentration of 0.2% (as phenol). o-Phenylphenol as preservative with a maximum concentration of 0.2% in leave-on cosmetic products is not safe. Also, in view of further exposures including noncosmetic uses (see Anses, 2014), the maximum concentration of o-Phenylphenol in leave-on cosmetic products should be lowered. However, the proposed maximum use concentration of up to 0.15% by the applicant can be considered safe. The use of o-Phenylphenol as preservative with a maximum concentration of 0.2% in rinse-off cosmetic products is considered safe. Based on the information provided, no conclusions of safe use can be drawn for Sodium o-phenylphenate and Potassium o-phenylphenate. In vitro data indicate an absent or very weak binding affinity of OPP to the oestrogen receptor, in line with limited stimulation of proliferation in oestrogen responsive cells. No information is available on androgenic and anti-androgenic effects of OPP in vitro. Agonistic or antagonistic effects on thyroid hormones were not observed with OPP. There might be a potential of injury to the vision system attributable to OPP. Aggregate exposure to OPP should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
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- Directorate General for Health and Food Safety, 11, rue E. Ruppert, L-2920 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Ulrike Bernauer
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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22
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Doak SH; Scientific Committee of Consumer Safety. Electronic address: SANTE-C2- SCCS@ec.europa.eu. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on consumer safety (SCCS) - Opinion on the use of 2,2'-methylene-bis-(6-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol) (nano) - S79 - In cosmetic products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 76:215-6. [PMID: 26776753 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Degen GH. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Consumer safety ( SCCS)--Opinion on the safety of the use of α-arbutin in cosmetic products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 74:75-6. [PMID: 26646661 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION OF THE OPINION The SCCS considers the use of α-Arbutin safe for consumers in cosmetic products in a concentration up to 2% in face creams and up to 0.5% in body lotions. A potential combined use of α-Arbutin and other hydroquinone releasing substances in cosmetic products has not been evaluated in this Opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela H Degen
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
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Sccs, Degen GH. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Consumer safety (SCCS) - Opinion on the safety of the use of deoxyarbutin in cosmetic products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 74:77-8. [PMID: 26646660 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION OF THE OPINION Although on the basis of the provided scientific data the use of deoxyarbutin as such can be considered safe for consumers in cosmetic products in a concentration up to 3% in face creams, hydroquinone will be formed at levels which raise concerns with regard to the safety of such products during life-cycle of the product (e.g. storage conditions and stability under in-use conditions). Therefore, the overall conclusion of the SCCS is that the use of deoxyarbutin up to 3% in face creams is not safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sccs
- SCCS Secretariat at the European Commission, Directorate General for Health and Food Safety, 11, rue E. Ruppert, L-2920, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Gisela H Degen
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
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25
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Degen GH. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety ( SCCS)--Opinion on the safety of the use of β-arbutin in cosmetic products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:866-7. [PMID: 26482403 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION OF THE OPINION The SCCS considers the use of β-arbutin to be safe for consumers in cosmetic products in a concentration up to 7% in face creams provided that the contamination of hydroquinone in the cosmetic formulations remain below 1 ppm. A potential combined use of β-arbutin and other hydroquinone releasing substances in cosmetic products has not been evaluated in this Opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela H Degen
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
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26
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Coenraads PJ. Revision of the opinion on hydrolysed wheat proteins - Sensitisation only. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:668. [PMID: 26279001 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Coenraads PJ. Revision of the opinion on peanut oil - Sensitisation only. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:667. [PMID: 26275710 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Goebel C, Troutman J, Hennen J, Rothe H, Schlatter H, Gerberick GF, Blömeke B. Introduction of a methoxymethyl side chain into p-phenylenediamine attenuates its sensitizing potency and reduces the risk of allergy induction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 274:480-7. [PMID: 24333256 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The strong sensitizing potencies of the most important primary intermediates of oxidative hair dyes, p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and p-toluylenediamine (PTD, i.e. 2-methyl-PPD) are well established. They are considered as the key sensitizers in hair dye allergic contact dermatitis. While modification of their molecular structure is expected to alter their sensitizing properties, it may also impair their color performance. With introduction of a methoxymethyl side chain we found the primary intermediate 2-methoxymethyl-p-phenylenediamine (ME-PPD) with excellent hair coloring performance but significantly reduced sensitizing properties compared to PPD and PTD: In vitro, ME-PPD showed an attenuated innate immune response when analyzed for its protein reactivity and dendritic cell activation potential. In vivo, the effective concentration of ME-PPD necessary to induce an immune response 3-fold above vehicle control (EC3 value) in the local lymph node assay (LLNA) was 4.3%, indicating a moderate skin sensitizing potency compared to values of 0.1 and 0.17% for PPD and PTD, respectively. Finally, assessing the skin sensitizing potency of ME-PPD under consumer hair dye usage conditions through a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) indicated an allergy induction risk negligible compared to PPD or PTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Goebel
- The Procter & Gamble Co., Central Product Safety and Communications, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - John Troutman
- The Procter & Gamble Co., Central Product Safety, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jenny Hennen
- Dept. of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Helga Rothe
- The Procter & Gamble Co., Central Product Safety and Communications, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Schlatter
- The Procter & Gamble Co., Central Product Safety and Communications, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - G Frank Gerberick
- The Procter & Gamble Co., Central Product Safety, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Lange CM, Bibert S, Dufour JF, Cellerai C, Cerny A, Heim MH, Kaiser L, Malinverni R, Müllhaupt B, Negro F, Semela D, Moradpour D, Kutalik Z, Bochud PY. Comparative genetic analyses point to HCP5 as susceptibility locus for HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2013; 59:504-9. [PMID: 23665287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Recently, genetic variations in MICA (lead single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] rs2596542) were identified by a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to be associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Japanese patients. In the present study, we sought to determine whether this SNP is predictive of HCC development in the Caucasian population as well. METHODS An extended region around rs2596542 was genotyped in 1924 HCV-infected patients from the Swiss Hepatitis C Cohort Study (SCCS). Pair-wise correlation between key SNPs was calculated both in the Japanese and European populations (HapMap3: CEU and JPT). RESULTS To our surprise, the minor allele A of rs2596542 in proximity of MICA appeared to have a protective impact on HCC development in Caucasians, which represents an inverse association as compared to the one observed in the Japanese population. Detailed fine-mapping analyses revealed a new SNP in HCP5 (rs2244546) upstream of MICA as strong predictor of HCV-related HCC in the SCCS (univariable p=0.027; multivariable p=0.0002, odds ratio=3.96, 95% confidence interval=1.90-8.27). This newly identified SNP had a similarly directed effect on HCC in both Caucasian and Japanese populations, suggesting that rs2244546 may better tag a putative true variant than the originally identified SNPs. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirms the MICA/HCP5 region as susceptibility locus for HCV-related HCC and identifies rs2244546 in HCP5 as a novel tagging SNP. In addition, our data exemplify the need for conducting meta-analyses of cohorts of different ethnicities in order to fine map GWAS signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Lange
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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30
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Brandon EFA, Bulder AS, van Engelen JGM, Mahieu CM, Mennes WC, Pronk MEJ, Rietveld AG, van de Ven BM, Ten Voorde SECG, Wolterink G, Slob W, Zeilmaker MJ, Bessems JGM. Does EU legislation allow the use of the Benchmark Dose (BMD) approach for risk assessment? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 67:182-8. [PMID: 23871753 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hazard characterisation is largely based on an approach of (statistically) comparing dose groups with the controls in order to derive points of departure such as no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) or lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAELs). This approach suggests the absence of any relevant effect at the NOAEL. The NOAEL approach has been debated for decades. A recent Scientific Opinion by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that the Benchmark Dose (BMD) approach should be preferred over the NOAEL approach for deriving human (health-based) limit or guidance values. Nonetheless, the BMD approach is used infrequently within European regulatory frameworks. The reason for this may lie in legislation or guidelines requiring the use of the NOAEL approach. In this context, various EU regulatory frameworks were examined on such demands. Interestingly, no single legislation was identified containing statutory requirements in conflict with the use of the BMD approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F A Brandon
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), The Netherlands; Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), The Netherlands.
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