501
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Fine NM, Walsh MN. Juggling While Dancing: The Complex Medical Management of Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction. JACC Case Rep 2021; 3:1077-1080. [PMID: 34317688 PMCID: PMC8311356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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502
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Kim K, Choi SH. Cardiovascular Safety of SGLT2 Inhibitors Compared to DPP4 Inhibitors and Sulfonylureas as the Second-Line of Therapy in T2DM Using Large, Real-World Clinical Data in Korea. Diabetes Metab J 2021; 45:502-504. [PMID: 34352987 PMCID: PMC8369211 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyuho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sung Hee Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Corresponding author: Sung Hee Choi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0740-8116 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea E-mail:
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503
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Lam M, Beqo A, Thumar R. Overcoming Cough and Angioedema: Advocating for the Use of ARBs Over ACE Inhibitors. Ann Pharmacother 2021; 56:358-362. [PMID: 34192890 DOI: 10.1177/10600280211029952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have comparable efficacy, but ARBs have a preferential safety profile with particular regard to cough and angioedema. Although guidelines have historically advocated for ACE inhibitor use before ARBs simply because of earlier market entry, data accumulation, and generic availability, updated verbiage advises an "ACE inhibitor or ARB" recommendation, as opposed to the classic "ACE inhibitor then ARB" approach. Despite these updates, clinical inertia in favor of ACE inhibitor use before ARBs overwhelmingly remains. Prescribers and educators should consider an "ARBs only" mentality, especially in high angioedema-risk groups such as black patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anelsa Beqo
- MCPHS University, Boston, MA, USA.,Steward Good Samaritan Medical Center, Brockton, MA, USA
| | - Ricky Thumar
- MCPHS University, Boston, MA, USA.,Codman Square Health Center, Boston, MA, USA
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504
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Watson K, Hale GM, Gale SE. Pharmacists getting to the heart of the matter in heart failure. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Watson
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Genevieve M. Hale
- Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy Palm Beach Gardens Florida USA
| | - Stormi E. Gale
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Baltimore Maryland USA
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505
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Abstract
Inhibitoren des Natrium-Glukose-Kotransporters 2 (SGTL2i, Gliflozine) wurden ursprünglich zur Diabetestherapie entwickelt, zeigten jedoch in den Zulassungsstudien unerwartete positive Effekte auf Herz- und Nierenfunktion. Im vergangenen Jahr wurden die Ergebnisse mehrerer großer Phase-III-Studien publiziert, welche die Effekte dieser Medikamentenklasse bei chronischer Niereninsuffizienz und Herzinsuffizienz auch ohne diabetische Grunderkrankung untersuchten. Die überwiegend positiven Ergebnisse haben dazu geführt, dass sich der Einsatzbereich von SGLT2i stetig erweitert. Der vorliegende Artikel soll einen Überblick über die neuesten Endpunktstudien zu SGLT2i geben und Konsequenzen für die Praxis aufzeigen, den Wissensstand zu Risiken und Nebenwirkungen wiedergeben und aktuelle Hypothesen zum Wirkmechanismus dieser Medikamentenklasse zusammenfassen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Dumann
- Klinik für Nieren- und Hochdruckerkrankungen, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Deutschland
| | - Jan Menne
- Klinik für Nephrologie, Angiologie, Hypertensiologie und Rheumatologie, KRH Klinikum Siloah, Hannover, Deutschland
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506
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Chong NJ, Yamamoto S, Wong RCC. Treatment for hyperkalaemia in heart failure: a network meta-analysis. Hippokratia 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd014770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuhei Yamamoto
- Department of Rehabilitation; Shinshu University Hospital; Matsumoto Japan
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507
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Riaz M, Smith SM, Dietrich EA, Pepine CJ, Park H. Effectiveness of sacubitril/valsartan versus aldosterone antagonists in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: A retrospective cohort study. Pharmacotherapy 2021; 41:710-721. [PMID: 34170559 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of sacubitril/valsartan versus angiotensin receptor antagonist therapy for prevention of heart failure (HF)-related hospitalization and all-cause hospitalization in a large cohort of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. DATA SOURCE IBM® MarketScan® research databases (2014-2018). PATIENTS Patients aged 18 years or older with their first HFrEF hospitalization on or after January 1, 2015, who initiated sacubitril/valsartan or angiotensin receptor antagonist after hospital discharge. INTERVENTION Sacubitril/Valsartan versus Angiotensin receptor antagonist. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The index date was the first sacubitril/valsartan or angiotensin receptor antagonist fill date. After 1 up to 3 propensity score matching, Cox proportional hazards regression was used with robust variance estimators to compare HF-related and all-cause hospitalizations between treatments. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the robustness of the main analysis. After propensity score matching, 1,088 sacubitril/valsartan and 2,839 angiotensin receptor antagonist new users were included. The crude incidence of HF-related hospitalization was 13 per 100 person-years for sacubitril/valsartan users and 18 per 100 person-years for angiotensin receptor antagonist users. Compared with angiotensin receptor antagonist use, sacubitril/valsartan use was associated with 27% lower risk of HF-related hospitalization (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.58-0.91; p = 0.006) and 31% lower risk of all-cause hospitalization (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.61-0.79; p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses revealed no significant heterogeneity, including subpopulations with chronic kidney disease or coronary artery disease. CONCLUSIONS Compared with angiotensin receptor antagonists, sacubitril/valsartan was associated with lower risk of HF-related and all-cause hospitalizations. Our data suggest that, when added sequentially, sacubitril/valsartan should be the preferred initial agent over angiotensin receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munaza Riaz
- Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Steven M Smith
- Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Eric A Dietrich
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Carl J Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Haesuk Park
- Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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508
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The real-life heart failure patient: importance of guideline-directed medical therapy. Neth Heart J 2021; 29:368-369. [PMID: 34138440 PMCID: PMC8271073 DOI: 10.1007/s12471-021-01596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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509
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Zwart K, Velthuis S, Polyukhovych YV, Mosterd A, Smidt L, Serné EH, van Raalte DH, Elders PJM, Handoko ML, Oldenburg-Ligtenberg PC. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: a practical guide for the Dutch cardiologist based on real-world experience. Neth Heart J 2021; 29:490-499. [PMID: 34132981 PMCID: PMC8455761 DOI: 10.1007/s12471-021-01580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors include a relatively new class of glucose-lowering drugs that reduce plasma glucose concentrations by inhibiting proximal tubular reabsorption of glucose in the kidney, while increasing its excretion in urine. Recent large randomised controlled trials have demonstrated that many of these agents reduce the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events, hospitalisation for heart failure, cardiovascular death and/or chronic kidney disease progression in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Given their unique insulin-independent mode of action and favourable efficacy and adverse-event profile, SGLT2 inhibitors are promising and they offer an interesting therapeutic approach for the cardiologist to incorporate into routine practice. However, despite accumulating data supporting this class of therapy, cardiologists infrequently prescribe SGLT2 inhibitors, potentially due to a lack of familiarity with their use and the reticence to change DM medication. Here, we provide an up-to-date practical guide highlighting important elements of treatment initiation based on real-world evidence and expert opinion. We describe how to change DM medication, including insulin dosing when appropriate, and how to anticipate any adverse events based on real-world experience in patients with DM2 in the Meander Medical Centre in Amersfoort, the Netherlands. This includes a simple algorithm showing how to initiate SGLT2 inhibitor treatment safely, while considering the consequence of the glucosuric effects of these inhibitors for the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zwart
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - S Velthuis
- Department of Cardiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Y V Polyukhovych
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Mosterd
- Department of Cardiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - L Smidt
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - E H Serné
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D H van Raalte
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P J M Elders
- Department of General Practice, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M L Handoko
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - P C Oldenburg-Ligtenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
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510
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Savarese G, Bodegard J, Norhammar A, Sartipy P, Thuresson M, Cowie MR, Fonarow GC, Vaduganathan M, Coats AJS. Heart failure drug titration, discontinuation, mortality and heart failure hospitalization risk: a multinational observational study (US, UK and Sweden). Eur J Heart Fail 2021; 23:1499-1511. [PMID: 34132001 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Use and dosing of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) in patients with heart failure (HF) have been shown to be suboptimal. Among new users of GDMT in HF, we followed the real-life patterns of dose titration and discontinuation of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) and angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI). METHODS AND RESULTS New users were identified in health care databases in Sweden, UK and US between 2016-2019. Inclusion criterion was a recent HF hospitalization (HHF) triggering the initiation of GDMT. Patients were grouped by GDMT, i.e. ACEi, ARB, beta-blocker, MRA and ARNI, and stratified by initial dose. Follow-up was 12 months, until death or study end. Outcomes were dose titration within each drug class, discontinuation and first HHF or death. Dose/discontinuation follow-up was assessed daily based on the coverage length of a filled prescription and reported on day 365. New users of ACEi (n = 8426), ARB (n = 2303), beta-blockers (n = 10 476), MRA (n = 17 421), and ARNI (n = 29 546) were identified. Over 12 months, target dose achievement was 15%, 10%, 12%, 30%, and discontinuation was 55%, 33%, 24% and 27% for ACEi, ARB, beta-blockers and ARNI, respectively. MRA was rarely titrated and discontinuation rates were high (40%). Event rates for HHF or death ranged from 40.0-86.9 per 100 patient-years across the treatment groups. CONCLUSION Despite high risk of clinical events following HHF, new initiation of GDMT was followed by consistent patterns of low up-titration and early GDMT discontinuation in three countries with different health care and economies. Our data highlight the urgent need for moving away from long sequential approach when initiating HF treatment and for improving just-in-time decision support for patients and health care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Savarese
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, and Heart and Vascular Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Norhammar
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Sartipy
- AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Systems Biology Research Center, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | | | - Martin R Cowie
- Faculty of Lifesciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Division of Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gregg C Fonarow
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Andrew J S Coats
- University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Pharmacology, Centre of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,St George's University of London, London, UK
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511
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran F Docherty
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark C Petrie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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512
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Bhatt AS, Vaduganathan M, Claggett BL, Liu J, Packer M, Desai AS, Lefkowitz MP, Rouleau JL, Shi VC, Zile MR, Swedberg K, Vardeny O, McMurray JJV, Solomon SD. Effect of sacubitril/valsartan vs. enalapril on changes in heart failure therapies over time: the PARADIGM-HF trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2021; 23:1518-1524. [PMID: 34101308 PMCID: PMC9291580 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Sacubitril/valsartan improves morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Whether initiation of sacubitril/valsartan limits the use and dosing of other elements of guideline-directed medical therapy for HFrEF is unknown. We examined the effects of sacubitril/valsartan, compared with enalapril, on β-blocker and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) use and dosing in a large randomized clinical trial. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients with full data on medication use were included. We examined β-blocker and MRA use in patients randomized to sacubitril/valsartan vs. enalapril through 12-month follow-up. New initiations and discontinuations of β-blocker and MRA were compared between treatment groups. Overall, 8398 (99.9%) had full medication and dose data at baseline. Baseline use of β-blocker and MRA at any dose was 87% and 56%, respectively. Mean doses of β-blocker and MRA were similar between treatment groups at baseline and at 6-month and 12-month follow-up. New initiations through 12-month follow-up were infrequent and similar in the sacubitril/valsartan and enalapril groups for β-blockers [37 (9.0%) vs. 42 (10.2%), P = 0.56] and MRA [127 (7.6%) vs. 143 (9.2%), P = 0.10]. Among patients on MRA therapy at baseline, there were fewer MRA discontinuations in patients on sacubitril/valsartan as compared with enalapril at 12 months [125 (6.2%) vs. 187 (9.0%), P = 0.001]. Discontinuations of β-blockers were not significantly different between groups in follow-up (2.2% vs. 2.6%, P = 0.26). CONCLUSIONS Initiation of sacubitril/valsartan, even when titrated to target dose, did not appear to lead to greater discontinuation or dose down-titration of other key guideline-directed medical therapies, and was associated with fewer discontinuations of MRA. Use of sacubitril/valsartan (when compared with enalapril) may promote sustained MRA use in follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankeet S Bhatt
- Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Brian L Claggett
- Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Milton Packer
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Akshay S Desai
- Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jean L Rouleau
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Victor C Shi
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Michael R Zile
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston and Ralph H. Johnston Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Karl Swedberg
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Orly Vardeny
- Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - John J V McMurray
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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513
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Packer M, McMurray JJ. Rapid evidence-based sequencing of foundational drugs for heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2021; 23:882-894. [PMID: 33704874 PMCID: PMC8360176 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Foundational therapy for heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction consists of a combination of an angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, a beta-blocker, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist and a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor. However, the conventional approach to the implementation is based on a historically-driven sequence that is not strongly evidence-based, typically requires ≥6 months, and frequently leads to major gaps in treatment. We propose a rapid sequencing strategy that is based on four principles. First, since drugs act rapidly to reduce morbidity and mortality, patients should be started on all four foundational treatments within 2-4 weeks. Second, since the efficacy of each foundational therapy is independent of treatment with the other drugs, priority can be determined by considerations of relative efficacy, safety and ease-of-use. Third, low starting doses of foundational drugs have substantial therapeutic benefits, and achievement of low doses of all four classes of drugs should take precedence over up-titration to target doses. Fourth, since drugs can influence the tolerability of other foundational agents, sequencing can be based on whether agents started earlier can enhance the safety of agents started simultaneously or later in the sequence. We propose an accelerated three-step approach, which consists of the simultaneous initiation of a beta-blocker and an SGLT2 inhibitor, followed 1-2 weeks later by the initiation of sacubitril/valsartan, and 1-2 weeks later by a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. The latter two steps can be re-ordered or compressed depending on patient circumstances. Rapid sequencing is a novel evidence-based strategy that has the potential to dramatically improve the implementation of treatments that reduce the morbidity and mortality of patients with heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Packer
- Baylor University Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
- Imperial CollegeLondonUK
| | - John J.V. McMurray
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research CentreUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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514
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Warden BA, Steiner J, Camacho A, Nguyen K, Purnell JQ, Barton Duell P, Craigan C, Osborn D, Fazio S. Optimizing sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor use in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: A collaborative clinical practice statement. Am J Prev Cardiol 2021; 6:100183. [PMID: 34327503 PMCID: PMC8315663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a debilitating disease that is associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and societal costs. The past three decades have brought about significant advancements in the pharmacologic management of HFrEF, and a corresponding reduction in morbidity and mortality. However, the progress to improve clinical outcomes in real-world settings has stalled in recent years, largely due to underutilization of guideline directed medical therapies (GDMT). The discovery of significant cardio-renal protection from sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) has ushered in a new treatment paradigm for HFrEF management with SGLT2i therapy becoming an essential component of GDMT. Our Preventive Cardiology and Heart Failure services have established an innovative, multi-disciplinary, collaborative protocol to optimize management of cardiovascular risk factors and facilitation SGLT2i use in patients with HFrEF. The goal of this collaboration is to enhance utilization and safety of SGLT2i for HFrEF management by circumventing medication access issues, the major obstacle to therapy initiation. Within this protocol, our heart failure providers identify patients for the addition of SGLT2i to a background of heart failure GDMT. The patient is then referred to preventive cardiology where the team performs a comprehensive cardiovascular risk assessment, optimizes cardiovascular risk factors, and initiates SGLT2i with an emphasis on medication access, cost minimization, and mitigation of potential side effects. The heart failure team assumes responsibility for modification of heart failure-based therapies, and the preventive team manages diabetes, lipid, and metabolic-based therapies. The patient is followed by both cardiology services in a structured fashion, comparing outcome measures at regular intervals and utilizing our patient registry and bio-repository. This clinical practice statement provides a detailed evidentiary review on the cardiovascular and renal benefits of SGLT2i, outlines the rational for creation of a collaborative protocol, details a structured program that may serve as a template for enhanced heart failure management in other health systems, and addresses challenges encountered and recommendations for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Warden
- Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Johannes Steiner
- Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Albert Camacho
- Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Khoa Nguyen
- Cardiology Fellow, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Jonathan Q Purnell
- Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - P. Barton Duell
- Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Courtney Craigan
- Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Diane Osborn
- Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239 USA
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515
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Wu M, Guo Y, Wu Y, Xu K, Lin L. Protective Effects of Sacubitril/Valsartan on Cardiac Fibrosis and Function in Rats With Experimental Myocardial Infarction Involves Inhibition of Collagen Synthesis by Myocardial Fibroblasts Through Downregulating TGF-β1/Smads Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:696472. [PMID: 34135764 PMCID: PMC8201773 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.696472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the effect and mechanism of sacubitril/valsartan on myocardial fibrosis in rats following experimental myocardial infarction and in TGF-β1-treated myocardial fibroblasts. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to coronary artery ligation to establish myocardial infarction and intragastrically fed vehicle, valsartan (Val, 32 mg/kg, once-daily) or sacubitril/valsartan (Sac/Val, 68 mg/kg, once-daily) for 4 weeks. In parallel, myocardial fibroblasts (MFs) isolated from neonatal SD rats were exposed to hypoxia and treated with TGF-β1 (5 ng/ml) plus vehicle, Val (107–10–5 M) or Sac/Val (107–105 M). Rat cardiac function and fibrosis were measured by echocardiography and histological method, respectively. MFs viability and collagen synthesis were determined by cell counting kit-8 and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Protein expressions of TGF-β1, Smad3, phosphorylated Smad3 (p-Smad3), and p-Smad3 subcellular localization were detected by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. Results: Sac/Val significantly improved cardiac structure and function in rats after myocardial infarction, including decreased left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and interventricular septal thickness, increased ejection fraction, and reduced myocardial collagen volume fraction and type Ⅰ and type Ⅲ collagen levels, and this effect was superior to that of Val. Besides, Sac/Val inhibited myocardial TGF-β1 and p-Smad3 protein expression better than Val. Mechanically, Sac/Val significantly attenuated TGF-β1-induced proliferation and collagen synthesis of MFs, and inhibit Smad3 phosphorylation and nucleus translocation, and this effect outperformed Val. Overexpression and silencing of Smad3 enhanced and reversed the inhibitory effects of Sac/Val on TGF-β1-induced collagen synthesis by MFs, respectively. Conclusions: Sacubitril/valsartan improves cardiac function and fibrosis in rats after experimental myocardial infarction, and this effect is related to the inhibition of collagen synthesis in myocardial fibroblasts by inhibiting the TGF/Smads signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Southern Medical University, Putian, China
| | - Yanguang Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Southern Medical University, Putian, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Southern Medical University, Putian, China
| | - Kaizu Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Southern Medical University, Putian, China
| | - Liming Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Southern Medical University, Putian, China
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516
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Tkacheva ON, Kotovskaya YV, Runihina NK, Frolova EV, Milto AS, Aleksanyan LA, Tyukhmenev EA, Shedrina AY, Rozanov AV, Ostapenko VS, Sharashkina NV, Eruslanova KA, Esenbekova EE, Fedin MA. Comprehensive geriatric assessment in elderly and senile patients with cardiovascular diseases. Expert opinion of the Russian Association of Gerontologists and Geriatricians. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 61:71-78. [PMID: 34112078 DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2021.5.n1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Senile asthenia syndrome (SAS) is a geriatric syndrome characterized by age-associated decline of the physiological reserve and function in multiple systems, which results in higher vulnerability to effects of endo- and exogenous factors and a high risk of unfavorable outcomes, loss of self-sufficiency, and death. Generally, SAS is observed in elderly patients with comorbidities. In cardiovascular diseases, SAS is associated with a poor prognosis, including a higher incidence of exacerbation and death both during acute events and in chronic disease. However, SAS is often not taken into account in developing diagnostic and therapeutic programs for managing elderly patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This article analyzes available scientific information about SAS, algorithms for SAS diagnosis, and the scales that may be useful in developing individual plans for management of elderly patients with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- O N Tkacheva
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russian Gerintology Research and Clinical Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu V Kotovskaya
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russian Gerintology Research and Clinical Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - N K Runihina
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russian Gerintology Research and Clinical Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Frolova
- North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov
| | - A S Milto
- Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI) named after M.F. Vladimirskogo
| | - L A Aleksanyan
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russian Gerintology Research and Clinical Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Tyukhmenev
- Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI) named after M.F. Vladimirskogo
| | - A Yu Shedrina
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russian Gerintology Research and Clinical Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Rozanov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russian Gerintology Research and Clinical Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - V S Ostapenko
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russian Gerintology Research and Clinical Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - N V Sharashkina
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russian Gerintology Research and Clinical Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - K A Eruslanova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russian Gerintology Research and Clinical Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - E E Esenbekova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russian Gerintology Research and Clinical Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Fedin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russian Gerintology Research and Clinical Centre, Moscow, Russia
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517
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Dębska-Kozłowska A, Książczyk M, Lelonek M. Where are we in 2021 with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction?-current outlook and expectations from new promising clinical trials. Heart Fail Rev 2021; 27:419-430. [PMID: 34050489 PMCID: PMC8898246 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-021-10120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Guideline-directed optimal medical therapy is a well-established therapy in treating patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Despite clear recommendations, the prognosis in this group of patients is still poor with high mortality. After publishing results of the PARADIGM-HF trial (Prospective Comparison of ARNI-Angiotensin Receptor/Neprilysin Inhibitors-with ACEI-Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure) clinical investigators accelerated their research. Recently, many new trials have been designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of promising management, taking into account heterogeneity of population with chronic HFrEF. Determining target doses still poses the biggest problem in standard pharmacotherapy. Implementation of new substances for the HFrEF therapy makes it possible to formulate simple rules of treatment-in most cases, administering a dose of drug in one tablet provides a faster therapeutic effect. The aim of this article is to summarize current knowledge on recently announced findings on novel molecules and to propose a new revolutionary and individualised approach to treatment of HFrEF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Dębska-Kozłowska
- Military Medical Academy Memorial Teaching Hospital, Central Veteran Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Książczyk
- Department of Noninvasive Cardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Lelonek
- Department of Noninvasive Cardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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518
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Keeys CA, Harding BW, Migneco GE, Rahini SS, Coleman HB. New Drug Formulary Management and Utilization: Evidence in Sex, Race, and Ethnicity: 2019-2020. Ann Pharmacother 2021; 56:139-145. [PMID: 34049437 DOI: 10.1177/10600280211019765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that females and persons of racial and ethnic minorities are frequently underrepresented in clinical trials. These disparities are potentially important aspects of evidence-based formulary management and drug utilization review (DUR) processes. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to review the demographic composition of pivotal trials and post-approval study requirements for recent FDA-approved drugs, analyzing the representation of minority groups and its generalizability to the US population or corresponding disease state. METHODS Drugs approved between July 2019 and June 2020 were identified and demographic data including race, ethnicity, and sex was extracted from their pivotal trials. Demographic data was compared to US demographics and/or the disease state demographics for the respective approved drug. RESULTS There were a total of 85 drugs and 142 pivotal trials included in the study. Compared to the estimated US population, the minority groups with a statistically significant underrepresentation across all pivotal trials included Black or African Americans and American Indian or Alaska Natives. The Hispanic/Latinx population had a statistically significant underrepresentation in 55.4% of trials. Females had a statistically significant underrepresentation in 21.2% of trials when compared to the disease state demographics of the respective approved drug. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Persons of minorities are underrepresented in the generation of evidence of safety and efficacy for many new drugs. Formulary management and DUR offer an integrated strategic opportunity for the clinical community to formally and carefully consider the data on sex, race, and ethnicity to address disparities in health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Keeys
- Clinical Pharmacy Associates, Laurel, MD, USA.,Sibley Memorial Hospital Johns Hopkins Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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519
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Lteif C, Ataya A, Duarte JD. Therapeutic Challenges and Emerging Treatment Targets for Pulmonary Hypertension in Left Heart Disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e020633. [PMID: 34032129 PMCID: PMC8483544 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.020633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) attributable to left heart disease (LHD) is believed to be the most common form of PH and is strongly associated with increased mortality and morbidity in this patient population. Specific therapies for PH‐LHD have not yet been identified and the use of pulmonary artery hypertension‐targeted therapies in PH‐LHD are not recommended. Endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibitors, guanylate cyclase stimulators, and prostacyclins have all been studied in PH‐LHD with conflicting results. Understanding the mechanisms underlying PH‐LHD could potentially provide novel therapeutic targets. Fibrosis, oxidative stress, and metabolic syndrome have been proposed as pathophysiological components of PH‐LHD. Genetic associations have also been identified, offering additional mechanisms with biological plausibility. This review summarizes the evidence and challenges for treatment of PH‐LHD and focuses on underlying mechanisms on the horizon that could develop into potential therapeutic targets for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Lteif
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine University of Florida College of Pharmacy Gainesville FL
| | - Ali Ataya
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville FL
| | - Julio D Duarte
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine University of Florida College of Pharmacy Gainesville FL
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520
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Zhou Q, Li P, Zhao H, Xu X, Li S, Zhao J, Xu D, Zeng Q. Heart Failure With Mid-range Ejection Fraction: A Distinctive Subtype or a Transitional Stage? Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:678121. [PMID: 34113665 PMCID: PMC8185203 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.678121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF) was first proposed by Lam and Solomon in 2014, and was listed as a new subtype of heart failure (HF) in 2016 European Society of Cardiology guidelines. Since then, HFmrEF has attracted an increasing amount of attention, and the number of related studies on this topic has grown rapidly. The diagnostic criteria on the basis of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) are straightforward; however, LVEF is not a static parameter, and it changes dynamically during the course of HF. Thus, HFmrEF may not be an independent disease with a uniform pathophysiological process, but rather a collection of patients with different characteristics. HFmrEF is often associated with various cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular diseases. Thus, the pathophysiological mechanisms of HFmrEF are particularly complex, and its clinical phenotypes are diverse. The complexity and heterogeneity of HFmrEF may be one reason for inconsistent results between clinical studies. In fact, whether HFmrEF is a distinctive subtype or a transitional stage between HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is controversial. In this review, we discuss the clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of patients with HFmrEF, as well as the differences among HFmrEF, HFrEF, and HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
| | - Peixin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Hengli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingbo Xu
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shaoping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Dingli Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingchun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
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521
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Wang SY, Valero-Elizondo J, Ali HJ, Pandey A, Cainzos-Achirica M, Krumholz HM, Nasir K, Khera R. Out-of-Pocket Annual Health Expenditures and Financial Toxicity From Healthcare Costs in Patients With Heart Failure in the United States. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e022164. [PMID: 33998273 PMCID: PMC8483501 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.022164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Heart failure (HF) poses a major public health burden in the United States. We examined the burden of out‐of‐pocket healthcare costs on patients with HF and their families. Methods and Results In the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, we identified all families with ≥1 adult member with HF during 2014 to 2018. Total out‐of‐pocket healthcare expenditures included yearly care‐specific costs and insurance premiums. We evaluated 2 outcomes of financial toxicity: (1) high financial burden—total out‐of‐pocket healthcare expense to postsubsistence income ratio of >20%, and (2) catastrophic financial burden with the ratio of >40%—a bankrupting expense defined by the World Health Organization. There were 788 families in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey with a member with HF representing 0.54% (95% CI, 0.48%–0.60%) of all families nationally. The overall mean annual out‐of‐pocket healthcare expenses were $4423 (95% CI, $3908–$4939), with medications and health insurance premiums representing the largest categories of cost. Overall, 14% (95% CI, 11%–18%) of families experienced a high burden and 5% (95% CI, 3%–6%) experienced a catastrophic burden. Among the two‐fifths of families considered low income, 24% (95% CI, 18%–30%) experienced a high financial burden, whereas 10% (95% CI, 6%–14%) experienced a catastrophic burden. Low‐income families had 4‐fold greater risk‐adjusted odds of high financial burden (odds ratio [OR] , 3.9; 95% CI, 2.3–6.6), and 14‐fold greater risk‐adjusted odds of catastrophic financial burden (OR, 14.2; 95% CI, 5.1–39.5) compared with middle/high‐income families. Conclusions Patients with HF and their families experience large out‐of‐pocket healthcare expenses. A large proportion encounter financial toxicity, with a disproportionate effect on low‐income families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Y Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine Yale-New Haven Hospital New Haven CT
| | | | - Hyeon-Ju Ali
- Department of Cardiology Houston Methodist Houston TX
| | - Ambarish Pandey
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX
| | | | - Harlan M Krumholz
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT.,Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation Yale-New Haven Hospital New Haven CT
| | - Khurram Nasir
- Department of Cardiology Houston Methodist Houston TX
| | - Rohan Khera
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT.,Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation Yale-New Haven Hospital New Haven CT
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522
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White-Williams C, Shirey M, Eagleson R, Clarkson S, Bittner V. An Interprofessional Collaborative Practice Can Reduce Heart Failure Hospital Readmissions and Costs in an Underserved Population. J Card Fail 2021; 27:1185-1194. [PMID: 33991685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure is a leading cause of hospitalization among adults in the United States. Nurse-led interprofessional clinics have been shown to improve heart failure outcomes in patients with heart failure, specifically decreasing readmission rates. Yet, there is little information on the impact of nurse-led interprofessional collaborative practice within an underserved population with heart failure. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the differences in readmission days and cost in patients followed by an interprofessional collaborative practice clinic (both engaged and not engaged) and those who did not establish care with the clinic. METHODS AND RESULTS Demographic, clinical, and readmission data were compared among patients with heart failure (59% African American; 72% male; mean age, 49 years) stratified into 3 groups: engaged patients (n = 170), not-engaged patients (n = 103), and not-established patients (n = 111) who had an initial appointment to clinic but did not establish care. Patients with 6 months of data before and after the scheduled clinic visit were included in the study. Differences in baseline characteristics, frequency and length of hospital admissions, and costs were analyzed using analysis of variance, Wilcoxon matched-pairs testing, multivariate analysis of variance, logistic regression, and financial analytics. Overall, the number of inpatient hospital days decreased in the engaged group compared with those in the not-engaged and not-established groups (P < .001). The total cost savings were significantly greater in the engaged group ($1,987,379) (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study may steer health care providers to incorporate interprofessional collaborative practice into heart failure management with a particular focus on underserved populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Shirey
- University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Nursing, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Reid Eagleson
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Hospital, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Stephen Clarkson
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Vera Bittner
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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523
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524
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Ferrannini G, Savarese G, Rydén L. Sodium-glucose transporter inhibition in heart failure: from an unexpected side effect to a novel treatment possibility. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 175:108796. [PMID: 33845051 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sodium-glucose transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), originally launched as glucose-lowering drugs, have been studied in large cardiovascular outcome trials to ascertain safety. Surprisingly, these compounds reduced the risk of cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial and non-fatal stroke) and total mortality. The mechanisms behind this benefit are only partly understood, but a major contributor is the reduction of heart failure hospitalisations, evident already within weeks after the initiation of the SGLT2i. SGLT2 inhibition increases urinary glucose excretion, thereby improving glycaemic control in an insulin-independent manner. Moreover, SGLT2i potentially impact the cardiovascular system both indirectly via weight loss and blood pressure lowering and directly through osmotic diuresis and increased sodium excretion and presumably by improving myocardial energetics. The aim of this review is to summarise evidence from all major outcome trials investigating SGLT2i in patients with diabetes, as well as recent evidence from trials in heart failure patients without glucose perturbations, which pave the way for novel treatment of large groups of patients. The results of these studies have been taken into account in recently issued guidelines for the management of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. An important task for diabetologists, cardiologists and general practitioners is to incorporate them into clinical practice to the benefit of many patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ferrannini
- Department of Medicine K2, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gianluigi Savarese
- Department of Medicine K2, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Rydén
- Department of Medicine K2, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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525
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Ntalianis A, Chrysohoou C, Giannakoulas G, Giamouzis G, Karavidas A, Naka A, Papadopoulos CH, Patsilinakos S, Parissis J, Tziakas D, Kanakakis J. Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibition in patients with acute decompensated heart failure: an expert consensus position paper. Heart Fail Rev 2021; 27:1-13. [PMID: 33931815 PMCID: PMC8087533 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-021-10115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The short-term mortality and rehospitalization rates after admission for acute heart failure (AHF) remain high, despite the high level of adherence to contemporary practice guidelines. Observational data from non-randomized studies in AHF strongly support the in-hospital administration of oral evidence-based modifying chronic heart failure (HF) medications (i.e., b-blockers, ACE inhibitors, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists) to reduce morbidity and mortality. Interestingly, a well-designed prospective randomized multicenter study (PIONEER-HF) showed an improved clinical outcome and stress/injury biomarker profile after in-hospital administration of sacubitril/valsartan (sac/val) as compared to enalapril, in hemodynamically stable patients with AHF. However, sac/val implementation during hospitalization remains suboptimal due to the lack of an integrated individualized plan or well-defined appropriateness criteria for transition to oral therapies, an absence of specific guidelines regarding dose selection and the up-titration process, and uncertainty regarding patient eligibility. In the present expert consensus position paper, clinical practical recommendations are proposed, together with an action plan algorithm, to encourage and facilitate sac/val administration during hospitalization after an AHF episode with the aim of improving efficiencies of care and resource utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios Ntalianis
- Heart Failure & Cardio-Oncology Unit, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Christina Chrysohoou
- 1st Cardiology Clinic, University of Athens, Hippokratio Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George Giannakoulas
- 1st Cardiology Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Grigorios Giamouzis
- University General Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | | | - Aikaterini Naka
- University Cardiology Clinic, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | | | - John Parissis
- Heart Failure Unit, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tziakas
- University Cardiology Clinic, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupoli, Greece
| | - John Kanakakis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Catheterization Laboratory, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Hellenic Society of Cardiology, Athens, Greece
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526
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Gottlieb SH. Food and Pharma: Linking 2 Silos of Heart Failure Research and Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 77:2320-2322. [PMID: 33958129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.03.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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527
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Youmans QR. Risk Prediction for Black Patients with Heart Failure: A Time for Reimaging. J Card Fail 2021; 27:613-614. [PMID: 33962745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin R Youmans
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois..
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528
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Bakaeen FG, Gaudino M, Whitman G, Doenst T, Ruel M, Taggart DP, Stulak JM, Benedetto U, Anyanwu A, Chikwe J, Bozkurt B, Puskas JD, Silvestry SC, Velazquez E, Slaughter MS, McCarthy PM, Soltesz EG, Moon MR. 2021: The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Expert Consensus Document: Coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 162:829-850.e1. [PMID: 34272070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faisal G Bakaeen
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Coronary Center, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Mario Gaudino
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Glenn Whitman
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md
| | - Torsten Doenst
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Ruel
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David P Taggart
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John M Stulak
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Umberto Benedetto
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anelechi Anyanwu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Joanna Chikwe
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Smidt Heart Institute at Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Biykem Bozkurt
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - John D Puskas
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mount Sinai Morningside Hospital, New York, NY
| | | | - Eric Velazquez
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Center, Yale New Haven Health, New Haven, Conn
| | - Mark S Slaughter
- Department Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky
| | - Patrick M McCarthy
- Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Cardiac Surgery in the Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill
| | - Edward G Soltesz
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Coronary Center, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Marc R Moon
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St Louis, Mo
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529
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Starr JA, Pinner NA, Lisenby KM, Osmonson A. Impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Pharmacotherapy 2021; 41:526-536. [PMID: 33866578 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) impacts more than 6 million Americans with an annual mortality rate approaching 22%. Along with optimizing guideline-directed management and therapy (GDMT), the development of treatment options to improve mortality and morbidity in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is paramount. Cardiovascular outcome trials in patients with type 2 diabetes have shown that sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors improve both cardiovascular (CV) and renal outcomes and have consistently reduced hospitalizations for HF in patients with and without a previous history of HF. A precise mechanism by which SGLT2 inhibitors provide benefits for patients with HFrEF has not been identified, and it is probable that multiple pathways may best explain the outcomes seen in recent clinical trials. The mounting evidence that SGLT2 inhibitors reduce HF-related hospitalizations in patients with type 2 diabetes led to the publication of two pivotal trials, the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure (DAPA-HF) trial and the Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes with Empagliflozin in Heart Failure (EMPEROR-Reduced) trial. Data from these publications demonstrate significant benefit of dapagliflozin and empagliflozin on a variety of CV and HF quality of life end points in patients with HFrEF independent of the presence of type 2 diabetes. Now, widespread application of the clinical findings from the DAPA-HF and EMPEROR-Reduced trials must follow with SGLT2 inhibitors incorporated into GDMT for HFrEF regardless of the presence or absence of diabetes. In this review, we examine key literature surrounding the CV outcome data for SGLT2 inhibitors with a specific focus on patients with HFrEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Starr
- Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Nathan A Pinner
- Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Katelin M Lisenby
- Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
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530
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Gale SE, Mardis A, Plazak ME, Kukin A, Reed BN. Management of noncardiovascular comorbidities in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Pharmacotherapy 2021; 41:537-545. [PMID: 33876451 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction often have one or more noncardiovascular comorbidities. The presence of concomitant disease states is associated with worse outcomes, including increased risk of mortality, decreased quality of life, and increased healthcare resource utilization. Additionally, the presence of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction complicates the management of these comorbidities, including varying safety and efficacy of therapies compared to those without heart failure. This article will review the literature on the pharmacologic management of common noncardiovascular comorbidities-including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression, diabetes mellitus, gout, chronic kidney disease, and iron deficiency-in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, as well as provide recommendations for appropriate treatment selection in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stormi E Gale
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Alina Kukin
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brent N Reed
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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531
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Henning RJ. The current diagnosis and treatment of high-risk patients with chronic primary and secondary mitral valve regurgitation. Future Cardiol 2021; 18:67-87. [PMID: 33840221 DOI: 10.2217/fca-2020-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitral valve regurgitation (MR) is due primarily to either primary degeneration of the mitral valve with Barlow's or fibroelastic disease or is secondary to ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathies. Echocardiography is essential to assess MR etiology and severity, the remodeling of cardiac chambers and to characterize longitudinal chamber changes to determine optimal therapies. Surgery is recommended for severe primary MR if persistent symptoms are present or if left ventricle dysfunction is present with an EF <60% or a left ventricle end-systolic diameter ≥40 mm. For secondary MR, therapy of heart failure with vasodilators and diuretics improves forward cardiac output. Coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) should be considered for severe MR due to ischemia. This review summarizes the pathophysiology, the characteristics, the management and the different interventions for high risk patients with chronic primary and secondary MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Henning
- University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,James A Haley Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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532
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Tadic M, Sala C, Saeed S, Grassi G, Mancia G, Rottbauer W, Cuspidi C. New antidiabetic therapy and HFpEF: light at the end of tunnel? Heart Fail Rev 2021; 27:1137-1146. [PMID: 33843015 PMCID: PMC9197886 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-021-10106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
New antidiabetic therapy that includes sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors showed significant benefit on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus, and this was particularly confirmed for SGLT2 inhibitors in subjects with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Their role on patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is still not elucidated, but encouraging results coming from the clinical studies indicate their beneficial role. The role of GLP-1R agonists and particularly DPP-4 inhibitors is less clear and debatable. Findings from the meta-analyses are sending positive message about the use of GLP-1R agonists in HFrEF therapy and revealed the improvement of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in HFpEF. Nevertheless, the relevant medical societies still consider their effect as neutral or insufficiently investigated in HF patients. The impact of DPP-4 inhibitors in HF is the most controversial due to conflicting data that range from negative impact and increased risk of hospitalization due to HF, throughout neutral effect, to beneficial influence on LV diastolic dysfunction. However, this is a very heterogeneous group of medications and some professional societies made clear discrepancy between saxagliptin that might increase risk of HF hospitalization and those DPP-4 inhibitors that have no effect on hospitalization. The aim of this review is to summarize current clinical evidence about the effect of new antidiabetic medications on LV diastolic function and their potential benefits in HFpEF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Tadic
- Klinik Für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Carla Sala
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano and Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore IRCCS Policlinico Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sahrai Saeed
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Guido Grassi
- Clinica Medica, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mancia
- Milano and Policlinico Di Monza, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Wolfang Rottbauer
- Klinik Für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cesare Cuspidi
- Clinica Medica, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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533
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Chow C, Mentz RJ, Greene SJ. Update on the Impact of Comorbidities on the Efficacy and Safety of Heart Failure Medications. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2021; 18:132-143. [PMID: 33835396 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-021-00512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Multiple newer medications benefit patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). While these therapies benefit the broad population with HFrEF, the efficacy and safety of these therapies have been less well characterized in patients with significant comorbidities. RECENT FINDINGS Common comorbidities of high interest in heart failure (HF) include diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD), atrial fibrillation, and obesity, and each has potential implications for clinical management. As the burden of comorbidities increases in HF populations, risk-benefit assessments of HF therapies in the context of different comorbidities are increasingly relevant for clinical practice. This review summarizes data regarding the core HFrEF therapies in the context of comorbidities, with specific attention to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, sacubitril/valsartan, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and beta-blockers. In general, studies support consistent treatment effects with regard to clinical outcome benefits in the presence of comorbidities. Likewise, safety profiles are relatively consistent irrespective of comorbidities, with the exception of heightened risk of hyperkalemia with MRA therapy in patients with severe CKD. In conclusion, while HF management is complex in the context of multiple comorbidities, the totality of evidence strongly supports guideline-directed medical therapies as foundational for improving outcomes in these high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert J Mentz
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, 200 Morris Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Stephen J Greene
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, 200 Morris Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA.
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534
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Dryer C, Cotter EK, Flynn B. Overview of the 2021 Update to the 2017 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway for Optimization of Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2021; 35:2249-2252. [PMID: 33906819 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2021.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chinwe Dryer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Elizabeth K Cotter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Brigid Flynn
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS.
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535
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Park JJ. Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure in Diabetes. Diabetes Metab J 2021; 45:146-157. [PMID: 33813813 PMCID: PMC8024162 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2020.0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiovascular disease continuum begins with risk factors such as diabetes mellitus (DM), progresses to vasculopathy and myocardial dysfunction, and finally ends with cardiovascular death. Diabetes is associated with a 2- to 4-fold increased risk for heart failure (HF). Moreover, HF patients with DM have a worse prognosis than those without DM. Diabetes can cause myocardial ischemia via micro- and macrovasculopathy and can directly exert deleterious effects on the myocardium. Hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance can cause alterations in vascular homeostasis. Then, reduced nitric oxide and increased reactive oxygen species levels favor inflammation leading to atherothrombotic progression and myocardial dysfunction. The classification, diagnosis, and treatment of HF for a patient with and without DM remain the same. Until now, drugs targeting neurohumoral and metabolic pathways improved mortality and morbidity in HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Therefore, all HFrEF patients should receive guideline-directed medical therapy. By contrast, drugs modulating neurohumoral activity did not improve survival in HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) patients. Trials investigating whether sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors are effective in HFpEF are on-going. This review will summarize the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of HF in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Joo Park
- Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
- Corresponding author: Jin Joo Park https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9611-1490 Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea E-mail:
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536
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Sano M, Majima T. Development of a Home-Based Nursing Intervention Model for Patients With Heart Failure: A Qualitative Feasibility Study. INQUIRY : A JOURNAL OF MEDICAL CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION AND FINANCING 2021; 58:469580211067448. [PMID: 34911388 PMCID: PMC8695748 DOI: 10.1177/00469580211067448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM To develop and verify the feasibility of a personalized home-based heart failure (HF) nursing intervention model to support HF patients, promote self-management, and avoid HF exacerbation and re-hospitalization. METHODS Based on processes established in previous studies, literature reviews, and evidence-based guidelines and theories, we developed the nursing intervention model for patients with HF. The goal of this model is to harmonize symptom deterioration prevention behavior and individual lifestyle. After intervention, we conducted semi-structured interviews with participants, and data were transcribed verbatim, after which qualitative content analysis was employed. The contents of visiting nursing practice, opinions on this nursing model, and self-management in patients with HF were analyzed qualitatively and inductively from the viewpoint of practicality and acceptability. RESULTS Five nurses who provided interventions, as well as five patients with HF, participated in this study. Accordingly, our findings showed that the framework, assessment, and nursing intervention contents of this model can be practical for everyday home nursing visitations. CONCLUSIONS The content has been revised so that more visiting nurses can use them, including those who have less cardiovascular nursing experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Sano
- Graduate School of Nursing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoko Majima
- Graduate School of Nursing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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537
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Turrise S, Jenkins CA, Arms T, Jones AL. Palliative Care Conversations for Heart Failure Nurses: A Pilot Education Intervention. SAGE Open Nurs 2021; 7:23779608211044592. [PMID: 34692996 PMCID: PMC8529905 DOI: 10.1177/23779608211044592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heart failure is a progressive condition affecting 6.2 million Americans. The use of palliative and supportive care for symptom management and improved quality of life is recommended for persons with heart failure. However, 91% of nurses believe they need further training to have palliative care conversations. The purpose of this pilot education intervention was to determine if providing nurses with education on the timing and content of palliative care conversations would improve their perceived skill and knowledge. METHODS This was a pilot study of an online educational intervention. Data were electronically collected from 13 participants using validated questionnaires delivered via Qualtrics. Participants completed a demographic survey and End-of-Life Professional Caregiver Survey (EPCS) before and after completing an online, asynchronous education module. RESULTS Mean scores were higher on all posttest measures. Independent samples t-tests revealed statistically significant differences on the Effective Care Delivery (ECD) scale (t[32] = -2, p = .05) and total EPCS scale scores (t[32] = -2.2, p = .03) from pre- to posttest. CONCLUSION Scores increased on all dimensions pretest to posttest with statistically significant differences in ECD and total scores. Providing asynchronous online education on timing and content of palliative care conversations to nurses caring for people with heart failure is a feasible and effective way to improve perceived knowledge and skill of palliative care conversations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Turrise
- School of Nursing University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | | | - Tamatha Arms
- School of Nursing University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Andrea L. Jones
- School of Social Work University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
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538
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Heart Failure. Fam Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0779-3_192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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539
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Rohant N, Kennedy JLW. Sodium–glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors’ Rise to the Backbone of Heart Failure Management: A Clinical Review. Heart Int 2021; 15:42-48. [DOI: 10.17925/hi.2021.15.1.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Expect the Unexpected in the Medical Treatment of Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: between Scientific Evidence and Clinical Wisdom. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEART FAILURE 2021; 3:205-218. [PMID: 36262556 PMCID: PMC9536688 DOI: 10.36628/ijhf.2021.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, pharmacological treatment of heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) has witnessed a significant progress with the introduction of multiple disease-modifying therapies with a proven benefit on morbidity, mortality and quality of life. Recently, several novel medications (sacubitril/valsartan, sodium-glucose contransporter-2 [SGLT2] inhibitors, vericiguat and omecamtiv mecarbil) have shown to provide further improvement in outcomes in patients already receiving standard therapy for HFrEF. Available evidence suggests that sacubitril/valsartan and SGLT2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin and empagliflozin) are beneficial and well-tolerated in the majority inpatients and could be the mainstay treatment of HFrEF. Another group of medications (vericiguat and omecamtiv mecarbil) has shown promising results in reducing the risk of the composite of HF hospitalisation or cardiovascular mortality in patients with the more severe or advanced HF requiring recent hospitalisation. Therefore, these medications may be considered for the treatment of select group of patients with HFrEF with persisting or worsening symptoms despite optimal treatment. In addition, advances in pharmacological management of comorbidities frequently seen in HFrEF patients (diabetes, iron deficiency/anaemia, hyperkalaemia) provide further opportunities to improve outcomes. Given the increasing complexity of evidence-based therapies for HFrEF, there is a growing need to provide a practical perspective to their use. The purpose of this review is to summarise scientific evidence on the efficacy and safety of new and emerging medical therapies in HFrEF, with a focus on the clinical perspective of their use.
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