501
|
Nakatsuji T, Chen TH, Two AM, Chun KA, Narala S, Geha RS, Hata TR, Gallo RL. Staphylococcus aureus Exploits Epidermal Barrier Defects in Atopic Dermatitis to Trigger Cytokine Expression. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2192-2200. [PMID: 27381887 PMCID: PMC5103312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have an abnormal skin barrier and are frequently colonized by S. aureus. In this study we investigated if S. aureus penetrates the epidermal barrier of subjects with AD and sought to understand the mechanism and functional significance of this entry. S. aureus was observed to be more abundant in the dermis of lesional skin from AD patients. Bacterial entry past the epidermis was observed in cultured human skin equivalents and in mice but was found to be increased in the skin of cathelicidin knockout and ovalbumin-sensitized filaggrin mutant mice. S. aureus penetration through the epidermis was dependent on bacterial viability and protease activity, because killed bacteria and a protease-null mutant strain of S. aureus were unable to penetrate. Entry of S. aureus directly correlated with increased expression of IL-4, IL-13, IL-22, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and other cytokines associated with AD and with decreased expression of cathelicidin. These data illustrate how abnormalities of the epidermal barrier in AD can alter the balance of S. aureus entry into the dermis and provide an explanation for how such dermal dysbiosis results in increased inflammatory cytokines and exacerbation of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Nakatsuji
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Diego, California, USA
| | - Tiffany H Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Diego, California, USA
| | - Aimee M Two
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kimberly A Chun
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Diego, California, USA
| | - Saisindhu Narala
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Diego, California, USA
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tissa R Hata
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Diego, California, USA
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Diego, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
502
|
Cole AL, Muthukrishnan G, Chong C, Beavis A, Eade CR, Wood MP, Deichen MG, Cole AM. Host innate inflammatory factors and staphylococcal protein A influence the duration of human Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:1537-1548. [PMID: 26838052 PMCID: PMC4972712 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human Staphylococcus aureus (SA) nasal carriage provides a reservoir for the dissemination of infectious strains; however, factors regulating the establishment and persistence of nasal colonization are mostly unknown. We measured carriage duration and nasal fluid inflammatory markers after nasally inoculating healthy participants with their previously isolated SA strains. Out of 15 studies, 10 resulted in rapid clearance (9±6 days) that corresponded with upregulated chemokines, growth factors, and predominantly Th1-type cytokines, but not interleukin (IL)-17. Nasal SA persistence corresponded with elevated baseline levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, IL-1β, and IL-6, no induction of inflammatory factors after inoculation, and decreased IL-1 receptor antagonist/IL-1β ratio. SA-expressed staphylococcal protein A (SpA) levels correlated positively with carriage duration. Competitive inoculation studies revealed that isogenic SpA knockout (ΔSpA) strains were cleared faster than wild type only in participants with upregulated inflammatory markers after inoculation. The remaining participants did not mount an inflammatory response and did not clear either strain. ΔSpA strains demonstrated lower growth rates in carrier nasal fluids and lower survival rates when incubated with neutrophils. Collectively, the presented studies identify innate immune effectors that cooperatively modulate nasal carriage duration, and confirm SpA as a bacterial codeterminant of SA nasal carriage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Cole
- Laboratory of Innate Host Defense, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan
- Laboratory of Innate Host Defense, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Christine Chong
- Laboratory of Innate Host Defense, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ashley Beavis
- Laboratory of Innate Host Defense, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Colleen R. Eade
- Laboratory of Innate Host Defense, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Matthew P. Wood
- Laboratory of Innate Host Defense, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Alexander M. Cole
- Laboratory of Innate Host Defense, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA,Correspondence: Dr. Alexander M. Cole, 4110 Libra Blvd. Bldg 20, Rm 236, Orlando, FL 32816, (tel): 407-823-3633;
| |
Collapse
|
503
|
Reilly EC, Lambert-Emo K, Topham DJ. The Effects of Acute Neutrophil Depletion on Resolution of Acute Influenza Infection, Establishment of Tissue Resident Memory (TRM), and Heterosubtypic Immunity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164247. [PMID: 27741316 PMCID: PMC5065200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
After disease resolution, a small subset of influenza specific CD8+ T cells can remain in the airways of the lung as a tissue resident memory population (TRM). These cells are critical for protection from subsequent infections with heterosubtypic influenza viruses. Although it is well established that expression of the collagen IV binding integrin alpha 1 is necessary for the retention and maintenance of TRM cells, other requirements allowing them to localize to the airways and persist are less well understood. We recently demonstrated that inhibition of neutrophils or neutrophil derived chemokine CXCL12 during acute influenza virus infection reduces the effector T cell response and affects the ability of these cells to localize to the airways. We therefore sought to determine whether the defects that occur in the absence of neutrophils would persist throughout resolution of the disease and impact the development of the TRM population. Interestingly, the early alterations in the CD8+ T cell response recover by two weeks post-infection, and mice form a protective population of TRM cells. Overall, these observations show that acute neutrophil depletion results in a delay in the effector CD8+ T cell response, but does not adversely impact the development of TRM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Reilly
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Kris Lambert-Emo
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
504
|
Alegre ML, Lakkis FG, Morelli AE. Antigen Presentation in Transplantation. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:831-843. [PMID: 27743777 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of solid organs between genetically distinct individuals leads, in the absence of immunosuppression, to T cell-dependent transplant rejection. Activation of graft-reactive T cells relies on the presentation of transplant-derived antigens (intact donor MHC molecules or processed peptides on host MHC molecules) by mature dendritic cells (DCs). This review focuses on novel insights regarding the steps for maturation and differentiation of DCs that are necessary for productive presentation of transplant antigens to host T cells. These steps include the licensing of DCs by the microbiota, their activation and maturation following recognition of allogeneic non-self, and their capture of donor cell exosomes to amplify the presentation of transplant antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, JFK-R312, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Fadi G Lakkis
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Adrian E Morelli
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| |
Collapse
|
505
|
The rich and the poor: environmental biodiversity protecting from allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 16:421-6. [DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
506
|
Impact of Microbiota on Resistance to Ocular Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Induced Keratitis. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005855. [PMID: 27658245 PMCID: PMC5033354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of the ocular microbiota has been reported but functional analyses to evaluate its significance in regulating ocular immunity are currently lacking. We compared the relative contribution of eye and gut commensals in regulating the ocular susceptibility to Pseudomonas aeruginosa–induced keratitis. We find that in health, the presence of microbiota strengthened the ocular innate immune barrier by significantly increasing the concentrations of immune effectors in the tear film, including secretory IgA and complement proteins. Consistent with this view, Swiss Webster (SW) mice that are typically resistant to P. aeruginosa–induced keratitis become susceptible due to the lack of microbiota. This was exemplified by increased corneal bacterial burden and elevated pathology of the germ free (GF) mice when compared to the conventionally maintained SW mice. The protective immunity was found to be dependent on both eye and gut microbiota with the eye microbiota having a moderate, but significant impact on the resistance to infection. These events were IL-1ß–dependent as corneal IL-1ß levels were decreased in the infected GF and antibiotic-treated mice when compared to the SPF controls, and neutralization of IL-1ß increased the ocular bacterial burden in the SPF mice. Monocolonizing GF mice with Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus sp. isolated from the conjunctival swabs was sufficient to restore resistance to infection. Cumulatively, these data underline a previously unappreciated role for microbiota in regulating susceptibility to ocular keratitis. We predict that these results will have significant implications for contact lens wearers, where alterations in the ocular commensal communities may render the ocular surface vulnerable to infections. Contact lens wear is associated with frequent Pseudomonas aeruginosa–induced keratitis, however the reasons for this association remain unclear. Recent genomics–based approaches revealed that contact lens wearers harbor altered ocular commensal communities when compared to non-lens wearers raising important questions, namely, does wearing of contact lenses increase the frequency of keratitis in patients due to contamination of the contact lenses with species derived from the skin or does ocular microbiota exert immune functions that are required for the maintenance of ocular health? We demonstrate a clear role for ocular microbiota in regulating protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa–induced infections. At the ocular surface, commensal bacteria provide signals that regulate the magnitude of neutrophil recruitment during infection. These events may be driven by a frequent gram-positive commensal–Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (CNS) sp. In addition to the impact of ocular microbiota, there is an important contribution of gut microbiota that stimulate neutrophil development in the bone marrow, thereby regulating the pool of mature neutrophils and their activation state. Cumulatively, these data show for the first time a role for microbiota in regulating the susceptibility to P. aeruginosa–keratitis.
Collapse
|
507
|
Hand TW. The Role of the Microbiota in Shaping Infectious Immunity. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:647-658. [PMID: 27616558 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Humans are meta-organisms that maintain a diverse population of microorganisms on their barrier surfaces, collectively named the microbiota. Since most pathogens either cross or inhabit barrier surfaces, the microbiota plays a critical and often protective role during infections, both by modulating immune system responses and by mediating colonization resistance. However, the microbiota can also act as a reservoir for opportunistic microorganisms that can 'bloom', significantly complicating diseases of barrier surfaces by contributing to inflammatory immune responses. This review discusses our current understanding of the complex interactions between the host, its microbiota, and pathogenic organisms, focusing in particular on the intestinal mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Hand
- Richard King Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
508
|
Hu X, Li D, Gao Y, Mu L, Zhou Q. Knowledge gaps between nanotoxicological research and nanomaterial safety. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:8-23. [PMID: 27203780 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With the wide research and application of nanomaterials in various fields, the safety of nanomaterials attracts much attention. An increasing number of reports in the literature have shown the adverse effects of nanomaterials, representing the quick development of nanotoxicology. However, many studies in nanotoxicology have not reflected the real nanomaterial safety, and the knowledge gaps between nanotoxicological research and nanomaterial safety remain large. Considering the remarkable influence of biological or environmental matrices (e.g., biological corona) on nanotoxicity, the situation of performing nanotoxicological experiments should be relevant to the environment and humans. Given the possibility of long-term and low-concentration exposure of nanomaterials, the reversibility of and adaptation to nanotoxicity, and the transgenerational effects should not be ignored. Different from common pollutants, the specific analysis methodology for nanotoxicology need development and exploration furthermore. High-throughput assay integrating with omics was highlighted in the present review to globally investigate nanotoxicity. In addition, the biological responses beyond individual levels, special mechanisms and control of nanotoxicity deserve more attention. The progress of nanotoxicology has been reviewed by previous articles. This review focuses on the blind spots in nanotoxicological research and provides insight into what we should do in future work to support the healthy development of nanotechnology and the evaluation of real nanomaterial safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Dandan Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li Mu
- Institute of Agro-Environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Qixing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
509
|
Abstract
Over the past decades, the dichotomy between innate and adaptive immune responses has largely dominated our understanding of immunology. Upon primary encounter with microbial pathogens, differentiation of adaptive immune cells into functional effectors usually takes several days or even longer, making them contribute to host protection only late during primary infection. However, once generated, antigen-experienced T lymphocytes can persist in the organism and constitute a pool of memory cells that mediate fast and effective protection to a recall infection with the same microbial pathogen. Herein, we challenge this classical paradigm by highlighting the “innate nature” of memory CD8+ T cells. First, within the thymus or in the periphery, naïve CD8+ T cells may acquire phenotypic and functional characteristics of memory CD8+ T cells independently of challenge with foreign antigens. Second, both the “unconventional” and the “conventional” memory cells can rapidly express protective effector functions in response to sets of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines signals, independent of cognate antigen triggering. Third, memory CD8+ T cells can act by orchestrating the recruitment, activation, and licensing of innate cells, leading to broad antimicrobial states. Thus, collectively, memory CD8+ T cells may represent important actors of innate immune defenses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Lauvau
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GL); (SG)
| | - Stanislas Goriely
- WELBIO and Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail: (GL); (SG)
| |
Collapse
|
510
|
Meason-Smith C, Diesel A, Patterson AP, Older CE, Johnson TJ, Mansell JM, Suchodolski JS, Rodrigues Hoffmann A. Characterization of the cutaneous mycobiota in healthy and allergic cats using next generation sequencing. Vet Dermatol 2016; 28:71-e17. [PMID: 27553477 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Next generation sequencing (NGS) studies have demonstrated a diverse skin-associated microbiota and microbial dysbiosis associated with atopic dermatitis in people and in dogs. The skin of cats has yet to be investigated using NGS techniques. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that the fungal microbiota of healthy feline skin would be similar to that of dogs, with a predominance of environmental fungi, and that fungal dysbiosis would be present on the skin of allergic cats. ANIMALS Eleven healthy cats and nine cats diagnosed with one or more cutaneous hypersensitivity disorders, including flea bite, food-induced and nonflea nonfood-induced hypersensitivity. METHODS Healthy cats were sampled at twelve body sites and allergic cats at six sites. DNA was isolated and Illumina sequencing was performed targeting the internal transcribed spacer region of fungi. Sequences were processed using the bioinformatics software QIIME. RESULTS The most abundant fungal sequences from the skin of all cats were classified as Cladosporium and Alternaria. The mucosal sites, including nostril, conjunctiva and reproductive tracts, had the fewest number of fungi, whereas the pre-aural space had the most. Allergic feline skin had significantly greater amounts of Agaricomycetes and Sordariomycetes, and significantly less Epicoccum compared to healthy feline skin. CONCLUSIONS The skin of healthy cats appears to have a more diverse fungal microbiota compared to previous studies, and a fungal dysbiosis is noted in the skin of allergic cats. Future studies assessing the temporal stability of the skin microbiota in cats will be useful in determining whether the microbiota sequenced using NGS are colonizers or transient microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Meason-Smith
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Alison Diesel
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Adam P Patterson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Caitlin E Older
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Timothy J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, 205 Veterinary Science, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Joanne M Mansell
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Aline Rodrigues Hoffmann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
511
|
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome is a signalling hub that integrates environmental inputs, such as diet, with genetic and immune signals to affect the host's metabolism, immunity and response to infection. The haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic cells of the innate immune system are located strategically at the host-microbiome interface. These cells have the ability to sense microorganisms or their metabolic products and to translate the signals into host physiological responses and the regulation of microbial ecology. Aberrations in the communication between the innate immune system and the gut microbiota might contribute to complex diseases.
Collapse
|
512
|
Honda K, Littman DR. The microbiota in adaptive immune homeostasis and disease. Nature 2016; 535:75-84. [PMID: 27383982 DOI: 10.1038/nature18848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1151] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the mucosa, the immune system's T cells and B cells have position-specific phenotypes and functions that are influenced by the microbiota. These cells play pivotal parts in the maintenance of immune homeostasis by suppressing responses to harmless antigens and by enforcing the integrity of the barrier functions of the gut mucosa. Imbalances in the gut microbiota, known as dysbiosis, can trigger several immune disorders through the activity of T cells that are both near to and distant from the site of their induction. Elucidation of the mechanisms that distinguish between homeostatic and pathogenic microbiota-host interactions could identify therapeutic targets for preventing or modulating inflammatory diseases and for boosting the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Honda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Dan R Littman
- The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.,The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
513
|
Fischbach MA, Segre JA. Signaling in Host-Associated Microbial Communities. Cell 2016; 164:1288-1300. [PMID: 26967294 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human-associated microbiota form and stabilize communities based on interspecies interactions. We review how these microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions are communicated to shape communities over a human's lifespan, including periods of health and disease. Modeling and dissecting signaling in host-associated communities is crucial to understand their function and will open the door to therapies that prevent or correct microbial community dysfunction to promote health and treat disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Fischbach
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Julia A Segre
- Microbial Genomics Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
514
|
The mouse gut microbiome revisited: From complex diversity to model ecosystems. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:316-327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
515
|
Grice EA. The intersection of microbiome and host at the skin interface: genomic- and metagenomic-based insights. Genome Res 2016; 25:1514-20. [PMID: 26430162 PMCID: PMC4579337 DOI: 10.1101/gr.191320.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have been marked by a surge in research to understand the microbial communities that live in association with the human body, in part stimulated by affordable, high-throughput DNA sequencing technology. In the context of the skin, this Perspective focuses on the current state of genomic- and metagenomic-based host–microbe research and future challenges and opportunities to move the field forward. These include elucidating nonbacterial components of the skin microbiome (i.e., viruses); systematic studies to address common perturbations to the skin microbiome (e.g., antimicrobial drugs, topical cosmetic/hygienic products); improved approaches for identifying potential microbial triggers for skin diseases, including species- and strain-level resolution; and improved, clinically relevant models for studying the functional and mechanistic roles of the skin microbiome. In the next 20 years, we can realistically expect that our knowledge of the skin microbiome will inform the clinical management and treatment of skin disorders through diagnostic tests to stratify patient subsets and predict best treatment modality and outcomes and through treatment strategies such as targeted manipulation or reconstitution of microbial communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Grice
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19014, USA
| |
Collapse
|
516
|
Gurung P, Kanneganti TD. Autoinflammatory Skin Disorders: The Inflammasomme in Focus. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:545-564. [PMID: 27267764 PMCID: PMC4925313 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoinflammatory skin disorders are a group of heterogeneous diseases that include diseases such as cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) and familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). Therapeutic strategies targeting IL-1 cytokines have proved helpful in ameliorating some of these diseases. While inflammasomes are the major regulators of IL-1 cytokines, inflammasome-independent complexes can also process IL-1 cytokines. Herein, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of how IL-1 cytokines, stemming from inflammasome-dependent and -independent pathways are involved in the regulation of skin conditions. Importantly, we discuss several mouse models of skin inflammation generated to help elucidate the basic cellular and molecular effects and modulation of IL-1 in the skin. Such models offer perspectives on how these signaling pathways could be targeted to improve therapeutic approaches in the treatment of these rare and debilitating inflammatory skin disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
517
|
Lei YM, Chen L, Wang Y, Stefka AT, Molinero LL, Theriault B, Aquino-Michaels K, Sivan AS, Nagler CR, Gajewski TF, Chong AS, Bartman C, Alegre ML. The composition of the microbiota modulates allograft rejection. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2736-44. [PMID: 27322054 DOI: 10.1172/jci85295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation is the only cure for end-stage organ failure, but without immunosuppression, T cells rapidly reject allografts. While genetic disparities between donor and recipient are major determinants of the kinetics of transplant rejection, little is known about the contribution of environmental factors. Because colonized organs have worse transplant outcome than sterile organs, we tested the influence of host and donor microbiota on skin transplant rejection. Compared with untreated conventional mice, pretreatment of donors and recipients with broad-spectrum antibiotics (Abx) or use of germ-free (GF) donors and recipients resulted in prolonged survival of minor antigen-mismatched skin grafts. Increased graft survival correlated with reduced type I IFN signaling in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and decreased priming of alloreactive T cells. Colonization of GF mice with fecal material from untreated conventional mice, but not from Abx-pretreated mice, enhanced the ability of APCs to prime alloreactive T cells and accelerated graft rejection, suggesting that alloimmunity is modulated by the composition of microbiota rather than the quantity of bacteria. Abx pretreatment of conventional mice also delayed rejection of major antigen-mismatched skin and MHC class II-mismatched cardiac allografts. This study demonstrates that Abx pretreatment prolongs graft survival, suggesting that targeting microbial constituents is a potential therapeutic strategy for enhancing graft acceptance.
Collapse
|
518
|
|
519
|
Kashem SW, Kaplan DH. Skin Immunity to Candida albicans. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:440-450. [PMID: 27178391 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a dimorphic commensal fungus that colonizes healthy human skin, mucosa, and the reproductive tract. C. albicans is also a predominantly opportunistic fungal pathogen, leading to disease manifestations such as disseminated candidiasis and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC). The differing host susceptibilities for the sites of C. albicans infection have revealed tissue compartmentalization with tailoring of immune responses based on the site of infection. Furthermore, extensive studies of host genetics in rare cases of CMC have identified conserved genetic pathways involved in immune recognition and the response to the extracellular pathogen. We focus here on human and mouse skin as a site of C. albicans infection, and we review established and newly discovered insights into the cellular pathways that promote cutaneous antifungal immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakeen W Kashem
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Departments of Dermatology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
520
|
Benedé S, Blázquez AB, Chiang D, Tordesillas L, Berin MC. The rise of food allergy: Environmental factors and emerging treatments. EBioMedicine 2016; 7:27-34. [PMID: 27322456 PMCID: PMC4909486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Food allergy has rapidly increased in prevalence, suggesting an important role for environmental factors in disease susceptibility. The immune response of food allergy is characterized by IgE production, and new findings from mouse and human studies indicate an important role of the cytokine IL-9, which is derived from both T cells and mast cells, in disease manifestations. Emerging evidence suggests that route of exposure to food, particularly peanut, is important. Exposure through the skin promotes sensitization while early exposure through the gastrointestinal tract promotes tolerance. Evidence from mouse studies indicate a role of the microbiome in development of food allergy, which is supported by correlative human studies showing a dysbiosis in food allergy. There is no approved treatment for food allergy, but emerging therapies are focused on allergen immunotherapy to provide desensitization, while pre-clinical studies are focused on using adjuvants or novel delivery approaches to improve efficacy and safety of immunotherapy. Emerging evidence suggests that route of exposure to food allergens in early life determines sensitization versus tolerance. The microbiota and dietary factors appear to play a key role in susceptibility to food allergy. Immunotherapy applied via different routes is currently the most promising form of experimental treatment for food allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Benedé
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Immunology Institute, Mindich Child Health Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ana Belen Blázquez
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Immunology Institute, Mindich Child Health Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Chiang
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Immunology Institute, Mindich Child Health Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leticia Tordesillas
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Immunology Institute, Mindich Child Health Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Cecilia Berin
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Immunology Institute, Mindich Child Health Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
521
|
Skin microbiota-associated inflammation precedes autoantibody induced tissue damage in experimental epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. J Autoimmun 2016; 68:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
522
|
Infectious Diseases in Transplantation--Report of the 20th Nantes Actualités Transplantation Meeting. Transplantation 2016; 99:2444-7. [PMID: 26627674 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The 20th Nantes Actualités Transplantation (NAT) meeting was held on June 11, 2015, and June 12, 2015. This year, the local organizing committee selected an update on infectious diseases in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. With an attendance of close to 170 clinicians, researchers, students, engineers, technicians, invited speakers, and guests from North and South America, Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, and France, the meeting was well attended. Invited speakers' expertise covered basic as well as translational microbiology, immunology, transplantation, and intensive care medicine. This report identifies a number of advances presented during the meeting in the care and management of infectious diseases in transplantation and immunocompromised patients. New antiviral immune responses and their modulation by pathogens in addition to novel antimicrobial therapeutic strategies, cell therapies, and genomic analysis were discussed.
Collapse
|
523
|
Scharschmidt TC, Vasquez KS, Truong HA, Gearty SV, Pauli ML, Nosbaum A, Gratz IK, Otto M, Moon JJ, Liese J, Abbas AK, Fischbach MA, Rosenblum MD. A Wave of Regulatory T Cells into Neonatal Skin Mediates Tolerance to Commensal Microbes. Immunity 2016; 43:1011-21. [PMID: 26588783 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The skin is a site of constant dialog between the immune system and commensal bacteria. However, the molecular mechanisms that allow us to tolerate the presence of skin commensals without eliciting destructive inflammation are unknown. Using a model system to study the antigen-specific response to S. epidermidis, we demonstrated that skin colonization during a defined period of neonatal life was required for establishing immune tolerance to commensal microbes. This crucial window was characterized by an abrupt influx of highly activated regulatory T (Treg) cells into neonatal skin. Selective inhibition of this Treg cell wave completely abrogated tolerance. Thus, the host-commensal relationship in the skin relied on a unique Treg cell population that mediated tolerance to bacterial antigens during a defined developmental window. This suggests that the cutaneous microbiome composition in neonatal life is crucial in shaping adaptive immune responses to commensals, and disrupting these interactions might have enduring health implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kimberly S Vasquez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hong-An Truong
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sofia V Gearty
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mariela L Pauli
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Audrey Nosbaum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Iris K Gratz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Otto
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James J Moon
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jan Liese
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Abul K Abbas
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael A Fischbach
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
524
|
Abstract
Epithelia cover the surfaces and line the cavities of the body. Recent studies have highlighted the existence of multiple stem cell compartments within individual epithelia that exhibit striking plasticity in response to tissue damage, transplantation, or tumor development. New knowledge about the composition of the epithelial niche and the transcription factor networks that maintain cell identity has provided new insights into the extrinsic and intrinsic regulation of stem cell behavior. In addition new in vitro tissue substitutes allow better integration of data from human and mouse models.
Collapse
|
525
|
Di Rosa F, Gebhardt T. Bone Marrow T Cells and the Integrated Functions of Recirculating and Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:51. [PMID: 26909081 PMCID: PMC4754413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in T cell trafficking accompany the naive to memory T cell antigen-driven differentiation, which remains an incompletely defined developmental step. Upon priming, each naive T cell encounters essential signals – i.e., antigen, co-stimuli and cytokines – in a secondary lymphoid organ; nevertheless, its daughter effector and memory T cells recirculate and receive further signals during their migration through various lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. These additional signals from tissue microenvironments have an impact on immune response features, including T cell effector function, expansion and contraction, memory differentiation, long-term maintenance, and recruitment upon antigenic rechallenge into local and/or systemic responses. The critical role of T cell trafficking in providing efficient T cell memory has long been a focus of interest. It is now well recognized that naive and memory T cells have different migratory pathways, and that memory T cells are heterogeneous with respect to their trafficking. We and others have observed that, long time after priming, memory T cells are preferentially found in certain niches such as the bone marrow (BM) or at the skin/mucosal site of pathogen entry, even in the absence of residual antigen. The different underlying mechanisms and peculiarities of resulting immunity are currently under study. In this review, we summarize key findings on BM and tissue-resident memory (TRM) T cells and revisit some issues in memory T cell maintenance within such niches. Moreover, we discuss BM seeding by memory T cells in the context of migration patterns and protective functions of either recirculating or TRM T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Rosa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Department of Molecular Medicine Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
526
|
Skabytska Y, Kaesler S, Volz T, Biedermann T. Wie das angeborene Immunsystem die Immunität trainiert: neue Erkenntnisse über die atopische Dermatitis und kutane Bakterien. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.100_12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Skabytska
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie; TUM Fakultät für Medizin; Technische Universität München; Deutschland
- Universitäts-Hautklinik; Eberhard- Karls-Universität Tübingen; Deutschland
| | - Susanne Kaesler
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie; TUM Fakultät für Medizin; Technische Universität München; Deutschland
- Universitäts-Hautklinik; Eberhard- Karls-Universität Tübingen; Deutschland
| | - Thomas Volz
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie; TUM Fakultät für Medizin; Technische Universität München; Deutschland
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie; TUM Fakultät für Medizin; Technische Universität München; Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
527
|
Skabytska Y, Kaesler S, Volz T, Biedermann T. How the innate immune system trains immunity: lessons from studying atopic dermatitis and cutaneous bacteria. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2016; 14:153-6. [PMID: 26788792 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ at the interface between environment and host. It plays a major protective role against pathogens as physical barrier, as site of first recognition, and as orchestrator of consecutive immune responses. In this process, immunological crosstalk between skin-resident and immune cells is required, and fixed innate immune responses were previously believed to orchestrate adaptive immunity of B and T lymphocytes. Today, we understand that diverse qualities of immune responses to different microbes need to be regulated by also varying responses at the level of first microbe recognition through receptors of the innate immune system. Only fine-tuning of the innate immune system allows for the orchestration of immune responses to the microbiota in the absence of inflammation as well as to pathogens in the context of protective responses including inflammation. Understanding how innate immunity precisely adapts is also important for diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD) with chronic inflammation. In this review, we present data on how the innate immune system actually fine-tunes its responses with special focus on the immunological consequences of cutaneous innate immune sensing through TLR2. These new insights are highly relevant for understanding microbiota-associated state of health, immune defense, and the pathogenesis underlying chronic cutaneous inflammation as seen in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Skabytska
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Kaesler
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Volz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
528
|
Pfeiffer JK, Virgin HW. Viral immunity. Transkingdom control of viral infection and immunity in the mammalian intestine. Science 2016; 351:aad5872. [PMID: 26816384 PMCID: PMC4751997 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad5872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viruses that infect the intestine include major human pathogens (retroviruses, noroviruses, rotaviruses, astroviruses, picornaviruses, adenoviruses, herpesviruses) that constitute a serious public health problem worldwide. These viral pathogens are members of a large, complex viral community inhabiting the intestine termed "the enteric virome." Enteric viruses have intimate functional and genetic relationships with both the host and other microbial constituents that inhabit the intestine, such as the bacterial microbiota, their associated phages, helminthes, and fungi, which together constitute the microbiome. Emerging data indicate that enteric viruses regulate, and are in turn regulated by, these other microbes through a series of processes termed "transkingdom interactions." This represents a changing paradigm in intestinal immunity to viral infection. Here we review recent advances in the field and propose new ways in which to conceptualize this important area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Pfeiffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
529
|
Kashem SW, Riedl MS, Yao C, Honda CN, Vulchanova L, Kaplan DH. Nociceptive Sensory Fibers Drive Interleukin-23 Production from CD301b+ Dermal Dendritic Cells and Drive Protective Cutaneous Immunity. Immunity 2016; 43:515-26. [PMID: 26377898 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Innate resistance to Candida albicans in mucosal tissues requires the production of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) by tissue-resident cells early during infection, but the mechanism of cytokine production has not been precisely defined. In the skin, we found that dermal γδ T cells were the dominant source of IL-17A during C. albicans infection and were required for pathogen resistance. Induction of IL-17A from dermal γδ T cells and resistance to C. albicans required IL-23 production from CD301b(+) dermal dendritic cells (dDCs). In addition, we found that sensory neurons were directly activated by C. albicans. Ablation of sensory neurons increased susceptibility to C. albicans infection, which could be rescued by exogenous addition of the neuropeptide CGRP. These data define a model in which nociceptive pathways in the skin drive production of IL-23 by CD301b(+) dDCs resulting in IL-17A production from γδ T cells and resistance to cutaneous candidiasis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Candida albicans/immunology
- Candida albicans/physiology
- Candidiasis/genetics
- Candidiasis/immunology
- Candidiasis/microbiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dermis/cytology
- Flow Cytometry
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Immunity/genetics
- Immunity/immunology
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukin-23/genetics
- Interleukin-23/immunology
- Interleukin-23/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/immunology
- Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sensory Receptor Cells/immunology
- Sensory Receptor Cells/metabolism
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/metabolism
- Skin/microbiology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transcriptome/genetics
- Transcriptome/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakeen W Kashem
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Maureen S Riedl
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Chen Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Christopher N Honda
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
530
|
Makinde HM, Lurain N, Bitterman P, Martinson J, Plants J, Landay AL, Spear GT. Characterization of IL-22 and IL-17 Expressing Leukocytes in the Cervix. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 75:42-50. [PMID: 26459205 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Identification of the types of cells that produce IL-17 and IL-22 in the genital tract can clarify the roles that these cytokines play in responses to pathogens. METHOD OF STUDY We isolated and stimulated cells from cervical tissue to identify and characterize cytokine-producing cells. RESULTS Upon stimulation of CD3+ CD4+ endocervical cells, 1.6, 3.4, and 1.5% were induced to produce IL-22, IL-17, and both cytokines, respectively. Stimulation of CD3+ CD4+ ectocervical cells resulted in 3.3% IL-22+, 5.5% IL-17(+) and 2.6% IL-22(+) IL17+ cells. CD45+ CD3- cells had relatively high endogenous levels of cytokine expression that did not increase upon stimulation. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) made up 5.7-8% of CD45+ cervical cells and stimulation caused increases in IL-17 and IL-22. CONCLUSION These studies show that the majority of the CD45+ leukocytes that can be induced to produce IL-22 and IL-17 in cervix are CD3+ CD4+, but ILCs are also present and can make both cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadijat M Makinde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nell Lurain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pincas Bitterman
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeff Martinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jill Plants
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Greg T Spear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
531
|
Schwartzman JA, Ruby EG. A conserved chemical dialog of mutualism: lessons from squid and vibrio. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:1-10. [PMID: 26384815 PMCID: PMC4715918 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms shape, and are shaped by, their environment. In host-microbe associations, this environment is defined by tissue chemistry, which reflects local and organism-wide physiology, as well as inflammatory status. We review how, in the squid-vibrio mutualism, both partners shape tissue chemistry, revealing common themes governing tissue homeostasis in animal-microbe associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Schwartzman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Edward G Ruby
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
532
|
Lopes MEM, Carneiro MBH, dos Santos LM, Vieira LQ. Indigenous microbiota and Leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2015; 38:37-44. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. E. M. Lopes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia; ICB; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - M. B. H. Carneiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia; ICB; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - L. M. dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia; ICB; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - L. Q. Vieira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia; ICB; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
533
|
Murphy TL, Grajales-Reyes GE, Wu X, Tussiwand R, Briseño CG, Iwata A, Kretzer NM, Durai V, Murphy KM. Transcriptional Control of Dendritic Cell Development. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 34:93-119. [PMID: 26735697 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The dendritic cells (DCs) of the immune system function in innate and adaptive responses by directing activity of various effector cells rather than serving as effectors themselves. DCs and closely related myeloid lineages share expression of many surface receptors, presenting a challenge in distinguishing their unique in vivo functions. Recent work has taken advantage of unique transcriptional programs to identify and manipulate murine DCs in vivo. This work has assigned several nonredundant in vivo functions to distinct DC lineages, consisting of plasmacytoid DCs and several subsets of classical DCs that promote different immune effector modules in response to pathogens. In parallel, a correspondence between human and murine DC subsets has emerged, underlying structural similarities for the DC lineages between these species. Recent work has begun to unravel the transcriptional circuitry that controls the development and diversification of DCs from common progenitors in the bone marrow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Gary E Grajales-Reyes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Xiaodi Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Roxane Tussiwand
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carlos G Briseño
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Arifumi Iwata
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Nicole M Kretzer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Vivek Durai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri 63110; .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| |
Collapse
|
534
|
Abstract
T cells have crucial roles in protection against infection and cancer. Although the trafficking of memory T cells around the body is integral to their capacity to provide immune protection, studies have shown that specialization of some memory T cells into unique tissue-resident subsets gives the host enhanced regional immunity. In recent years, there has been considerable progress in our understanding of tissue-resident T cell development and function, revealing mechanisms for enhanced protective immunity that have the potential to influence rational vaccine design. This Review discusses the major advances and the emerging concepts in this field, summarizes what is known about the differentiation and the protective functions of tissue-resident memory T cells in different tissues in the body and highlights key unanswered questions.
Collapse
|
535
|
Integrating longitudinal serum IL-17 and IL-23 follow-up, along with autoantibodies variation, contributes to predict bullous pemphigoid outcome. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18001. [PMID: 26656739 PMCID: PMC4677293 DOI: 10.1038/srep18001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an inflammatory autoimmune bullous disease involving cytokines and proteases in the process of blister formation. Recently, IL-17 and IL-23 were evidenced in lesional skin and serum of BP patients at time of diagnosis, but their involvement in disease outcome has still not been investigated yet. We then analysed IL-17 and IL-23 serum levels during the first months of follow-up upon treatment. Compared with age- and sex- matched controls, high levels of IL-23 were observed at baseline in BP patients serum (P < 0.01), while IL-17 levels was not. However, some BP patients expressed high IL-17 serum level, independently of disease severity. In these patients, those with ongoing remission reduced IL-17 concentration upon treatment (P < 0.001), whereas IL-17 level remained elevated in patients who relapsed. Meanwhile, IL-23 serum levels increased during the first month of treatment in BP patients who later relapsed (P < 0.01) and MMP-9 serum level was not controlled. Accordingly, we found that both IL-17 and IL-23 increased MMP-9 secretion from leukocytes in-vitro. Then, we showed that elevated IL-17/IL-23 serum concentrations helped to discriminate BP patients who later relapsed. Such uncontrolled inflammatory response raises the question whether these molecules could become biological target for BP patients resistant to steroid treatment.
Collapse
|
536
|
Wolcott RD, Hanson JD, Rees EJ, Koenig LD, Phillips CD, Wolcott RA, Cox SB, White JS. Analysis of the chronic wound microbiota of 2,963 patients by 16S rDNA pyrosequencing. Wound Repair Regen 2015; 24:163-74. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric J. Rees
- Research and Testing LaboratoryLubbock Texas and
| | | | | | - Richard A. Wolcott
- Research and Testing LaboratoryLubbock Texas and
- PathoGenius LaboratoryLubbock Texas
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
537
|
Eyerich K, Eyerich S, Biedermann T. The Multi-Modal Immune Pathogenesis of Atopic Eczema. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:788-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
538
|
Tomkovich S, Jobin C. Microbiota and host immune responses: a love-hate relationship. Immunology 2015; 147:1-10. [PMID: 26439191 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex relationship between the microbiota and the host emerges early at birth and continues throughout life. The microbiota includes the prokaryotes, viruses and eukaryotes living among us, all of which interact to different extents with various organs and tissues in the body, including the immune system. Although the microbiota is most dense in the lower intestine, its influence on host immunity extends beyond the gastrointestinal tract. These interactions with the immune system operate through the actions of various microbial structures and metabolites, with outcomes ranging from beneficial to deleterious for the host. These differential outcomes are dictated by host factors, environment, and the type of microbes or products present in a specific ecosystem. It is also becoming clear that the microbes are in turn affected and respond to the host immune system. Disruption of this complex dialogue between host and microbiota can lead to immune pathologies such as inflammatory bowel diseases, diabetes and obesity. This review will discuss recent advances regarding the ways in which the host immune system and microbiota interact and communicate with one another.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tomkovich
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
539
|
|
540
|
Effects of the Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis Secretomes Isolated from the Skin Microbiota of Atopic Children on CD4+ T Cell Activation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141067. [PMID: 26510097 PMCID: PMC4624846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the immune system and skin bacteria are of major importance in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis (AD), yet our understanding of them is limited. From a cohort of very young AD children (1 to 3 years old), sensitized to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergens (Der p), we conducted culturomic analysis of skin microbiota, cutaneous transcript profiling and quantification of anti-Der p CD4+ T cells. This showed that the presence of S. aureus in inflamed skin of AD patients was associated with a high IgE response, increased expression of inflammatory and Th2/Th22 transcripts and the prevalence of a peripheral Th2 anti-Der p response. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC) exposed to the S. aureus and S. epidermidis secretomes were found to release pro-inflammatory IFN-γ and anti-inflammatory IL-10, respectively. Allogeneic moDC exposed to the S. aureus secretome also induced the proliferation of CD4+ T cells and this effect was counteracted by concurrent exposure to the S. epidermidis secretome. In addition, whereas the S. epidermidis secretome promoted the activity of regulatory T cells (Treg) in suppressing the proliferation of conventional CD4+ T cells, the Treg lost this ability in the presence of the S. aureus secretome. We therefore conclude that S. aureus may cause and promote inflammation in the skin of AD children through concomitant Th2 activation and the silencing of resident Treg cells. Commensals such as S. epidermidis may counteract these effects by inducing the release of IL-10 by skin dendritic cells.
Collapse
|
541
|
Clausen BE, Stoitzner P. Functional Specialization of Skin Dendritic Cell Subsets in Regulating T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2015; 6:534. [PMID: 26557117 PMCID: PMC4617171 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are a heterogeneous family of professional antigen-presenting cells classically recognized as most potent inducers of adaptive immune responses. In this respect, Langerhans cells have long been considered to be prototypic immunogenic DC in the skin. More recently this view has considerably changed. The generation of in vivo cell ablation and lineage tracing models revealed the complexity of the skin DC network and, in particular, established the existence of a number of phenotypically distinct Langerin+ and negative DC populations in the dermis. Moreover, by now we appreciate that DC also exert important regulatory functions and are required for the maintenance of tolerance toward harmless foreign and self-antigens. This review summarizes our current understanding of the skin-resident DC system in the mouse and discusses emerging concepts on the functional specialization of the different skin DC subsets in regulating T cell responses. Special consideration is given to antigen cross-presentation as well as immune reactions toward contact sensitizers, cutaneous pathogens, and tumors. These studies form the basis for the manipulation of the human counterparts of the murine DC subsets to promote immunity or tolerance for the treatment of human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Björn E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Division of Experimental Dermatology, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| |
Collapse
|
542
|
Lood R, Waldetoft KW, Nordenfelt P. Localization-triggered bacterial pathogenesis. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1659-68. [PMID: 26437846 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are becoming an increasing problem worldwide and there is a need for a deeper understanding of how bacteria turn pathogenic. Here, we suggest that one answer may be found by taking into account the localization of the bacteria, both at an anatomical level and at a microenvironment level. Both commensals and traditional pathogens alter their interaction with the human host depending on the local surroundings--turning either more or less virulent. These localization effects could derive from the characteristics of different anatomical sites but also from local differences within a microenvironment. In order to understand the adaptive functions of bacterial virulence factors, we need to study the bacteria in the environments where they have evolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Lood
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Pontus Nordenfelt
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
543
|
|
544
|
Carbone FR. Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells and Fixed Immune Surveillance in Nonlymphoid Organs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:17-22. [PMID: 26092813 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell immunity is often defined in terms of memory lymphocytes that use the blood to access a range of organs. T cells are involved in two patterns of recirculation. In one, the cells shuttle back and forth between blood and secondary lymphoid organs, whereas in the second, memory cells recirculate between blood and nonlymphoid tissues. The latter is a means by which blood T cells control peripheral infection. It is now clear that there exists a distinct memory T cell subset that is absent from blood but found within nonlymphoid tissues. These nonrecirculating tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells develop within peripheral compartments and never spread beyond their point of lodgement. This review examines fixed immune surveillance by TRM cells, highlighting features that make them potent controllers of infection in nonlymphoid tissues. These features provide clues about TRM cell specialization, such as their ability to deal with sequestered, persisting infections confined to peripheral compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis R Carbone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
545
|
Quave CL, Lyles JT, Kavanaugh JS, Nelson K, Parlet CP, Crosby HA, Heilmann KP, Horswill AR. Castanea sativa (European Chestnut) Leaf Extracts Rich in Ursene and Oleanene Derivatives Block Staphylococcus aureus Virulence and Pathogenesis without Detectable Resistance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136486. [PMID: 26295163 PMCID: PMC4546677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean is home to a rich history of medical traditions that have developed under the influence of diverse cultures over millennia. Today, many such traditions are still alive in the folk medical practices of local people. Investigation of botanical folk medicines used in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections led us to study Castanea sativa (European Chestnut) for its potential antibacterial activity. Here, we report the quorum sensing inhibitory activity of refined and chemically characterized European Chestnut leaf extracts, rich in oleanene and ursene derivatives (pentacyclic triterpenes), against all Staphylococcus aureus accessory gene regulator (agr) alleles. We present layers of evidence of agr blocking activity (IC50 1.56–25 μg mL-1), as measured in toxin outputs, reporter assays hemolytic activity, cytotoxicity studies, and an in vivo abscess model. We demonstrate the extract’s lack of cytotoxicity to human keratinocytes and murine skin, as well as lack of growth inhibitory activity against S. aureus and a panel of skin commensals. Lastly, we demonstrate that serial passaging of the extract does not result in acquisition of resistance to the quorum quenching composition. In conclusion, through disruption of quorum sensing in the absence of growth inhibition, this study provides insight into the role that non-biocide inhibitors of virulence may play in future antibiotic therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L. Quave
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - James T. Lyles
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jeffery S. Kavanaugh
- Department of Microbiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kate Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Corey P. Parlet
- Department of Microbiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Heidi A. Crosby
- Department of Microbiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kristopher P. Heilmann
- Department of Microbiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Alexander R. Horswill
- Department of Microbiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
546
|
Abstract
T cell progenitors are known to arise from the foetal liver in embryos and the bone marrow in adults; however different studies have shown that a pool of T cell progenitors may also exist in the periphery. Here, we identified a lymphoid population resembling peripheral T cell progenitors which transiently seed the epidermis during late embryogenesis in both wild-type and T cell-deficient mice. We named these cells ELCs (Epidermal Lymphoid Cells). ELCs expressed Thy1 and CD2, but lacked CD3 and TCRαβ/γδ at their surface, reminiscent of the phenotype of extra- or intra- thymic T cell progenitors. Similarly to Dendritic Epidermal T Cells (DETCs), ELCs were radioresistant and capable of self-renewal. However, despite their progenitor-like phenotype and expression of T cell lineage markers within the population, ELCs did not differentiate into conventional T cells or DETCs in in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo differentiation assays. Finally, we show that ELC expressed NK markers and secreted IFN-γ upon stimulation. Therefore we report the discovery of a unique population of lymphoid cells within the murine epidermis that appears related to NK cells with as-yet-unidentified functions.
Collapse
|
547
|
Abstract
Allergic diseases have a strong environmental component, illustrated by the rapid rise of their prevalence in the Western world. Environmental exposures have been consistently shown to either promote or protect against allergic disease. Here we focus on protective exposures and the pathways they regulate. Traditional farming, natural environments with high biodiversity, and pets in the home (particularly dogs) have the most potent and consistent allergy-protective effects and are actively investigated to identify the environmental and host-based factors that confer allergy protection. Recent work emphasizes the critical protective role of microbial diversity and its interactions with the gut/lung and skin/lung axes-a cross-talk through which microbial exposure in the gut or skin powerfully influences immune responses in the lung.
Collapse
|
548
|
Abstract
Developments in the use of genomics to guide natural product discovery and a recent emphasis on understanding the molecular mechanisms of microbiota-host interactions have converged on the discovery of small molecules from the human microbiome. Here, we review what is known about small molecules produced by the human microbiota. Numerous molecules representing each of the major metabolite classes have been found that have a variety of biological activities, including immune modulation and antibiosis. We discuss technologies that will affect how microbiota-derived molecules are discovered in the future and consider the challenges inherent in finding specific molecules that are critical for driving microbe-host and microbe-microbe interactions and understanding their biological relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Donia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Michael A Fischbach
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
549
|
Biedermann T, Skabytska Y, Kaesler S, Volz T. Regulation of T Cell Immunity in Atopic Dermatitis by Microbes: The Yin and Yang of Cutaneous Inflammation. Front Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26217343 PMCID: PMC4500098 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease predominantly mediated by T helper cells. While numerous adaptive immune mechanisms in AD pathophysiology have been elucidated in detail, deciphering the impact of innate immunity in AD pathogenesis has made substantial progress in recent years and is currently a fast evolving field. As innate and adaptive immunity are intimately linked, cross-talks between these two branches of the immune system are critically influencing the resulting immune response and disease. Innate immune recognition of the cutaneous microbiota was identified to substantially contribute to immune homeostasis and shaping of protective adaptive immunity in the absence of inflammation. Disturbances in the composition of the skin microbiome with reduced microbial diversity and overabundance of Staphylococcus spp. have been shown to be associated with AD inflammation. Distinct Staphylococcus aureus associated microbial associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) binding to TLR2 heterodimers could be identified to initiate long-lasting cutaneous inflammation driven by T helper cells and consecutively local immune suppression by induction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells further favoring secondary skin infections as often seen in AD patients. Moreover dissecting cellular and molecular mechanisms in cutaneous innate immune sensing in AD pathogenesis paved the way for exploiting regulatory and anti-inflammatory pathways to attenuate skin inflammation. Activation of the innate immune system by MAMPs of non-pathogenic bacteria on AD skin alleviated cutaneous inflammation. The induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells, interleukin-10 expression and regulatory Tr1 cells were shown to mediate this beneficial effect. Thus, activation of innate immunity by MAMPs of non-pathogenic bacteria for induction of regulatory T cell phenotypes seems to be a promising strategy for treatment of inflammatory skin disorders such as AD. These new findings demonstrate how detailed analyses identify partly opposing consequences of microbe sensing by the innate immune system and how these mechanisms translate into AD pathogenesis as well as new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Yuliya Skabytska
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Susanne Kaesler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Thomas Volz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
550
|
Abstract
The mammalian immune system communicates with skin-resident microbes, and some of these microbes provide benefits to the host. In a recent paper in Nature, Naik et al. (2015) provide evidence that the murine epidermis permits S. epidermidis, a skin-specific bacterium, to shape the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|