501
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Plescher M, Teleman AA, Demetriades C. TSC2 mediates hyperosmotic stress-induced inactivation of mTORC1. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13828. [PMID: 26345496 PMCID: PMC4642562 DOI: 10.1038/srep13828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) regulates cell growth and metabolism. mTORC1 activity is regulated via integration of positive growth-promoting stimuli and negative stress stimuli. One stress cells confront in physiological and pathophysiological contexts is hyperosmotic stress. The mechanism by which hyperosmotic stress regulates mTORC1 activity is not well understood. We show here that mild hyperosmotic stress induces a rapid and reversible inactivation of mTORC1 via a mechanism involving multiple upstream signaling pathways. We find that hyperosmotic stress causes dynamic changes in TSC2 phosphorylation by upstream kinases, such as Akt, thereby recruiting TSC2 from the cytoplasm to lysosomes where it acts on Rheb, the direct activator of mTORC1. This work puts together a signaling pathway whereby hyperosmotic stress inactivates mTORC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Plescher
- Division of Signal Transduction in Cancer and Metabolism, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aurelio A Teleman
- Division of Signal Transduction in Cancer and Metabolism, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Constantinos Demetriades
- Division of Signal Transduction in Cancer and Metabolism, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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502
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Hammon M, Grossmann S, Linz P, Kopp C, Dahlmann A, Janka R, Cavallaro A, Uder M, Titze J. 3 Tesla (23)Na magnetic resonance imaging during aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Acad Radiol 2015; 22:1181-90. [PMID: 26152501 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The aim of the work described here was to determine the feasibility of monitoring Na(+) concentration and distribution in muscle/skin during aerobic/anaerobic exercise with (23)Na magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS The Na(+) concentration and water content of muscle/skin of the left lower leg of six healthy subjects (mean age, 26 years; range, 22-30 years; three men and three women) were assessed before and after aerobic/anaerobic cycle ergometry and during recovery with 3-T (23)Na/(1)H MRI. (23)Na MRI was performed with a custom-made knee coil. A gradient echo sequence with an acquisition time of 3.25 minutes, echo time of 2.07 ms, repetition time of 100 ms, and spatial resolution of 3 × 3 × 30 mm(3) was applied. Phantoms with increasing sodium concentration served for quantification via linear extrapolation. Blood values were determined by blood gas analysis. RESULTS The concentration of Na(+) significantly increased during anaerobic exercise in all muscle compartments except the medial gastrocnemius muscle, whereas no significant change was observed in most muscle compartments during aerobic exercise (only the soleus muscle exhibited a significant increase in Na(+) concentration during aerobic exercise: 1.6 ± 1.5 mmol/kg, 4.5%, P = .046). During anaerobic exercise, the mean Na(+) concentration of the triceps surae and the whole leg increased by 9.0% (3.1 ± 2.1 mmol/kg, P = .016) and 6.5% (2.2 ± 1.3 mmol/kg, P < .01). MRI revealed a water-independent increase in Na(+) concentration in most muscle compartments during anaerobic exercise. Na(+) concentration significantly decreased during recovery after anaerobic and aerobic exercise in all muscle compartments except the soleus. The Na(+) concentration of the skin did not significantly change during anaerobic/aerobic exercise. CONCLUSIONS Sodium(23) MRI allows reliable and noninvasive visualization and quantification of Na(+) concentration and distribution in muscle and skin during exercise. (23)Na MRI can be used to gain new insights into Na(+) homeostasis, presumably leading to better comprehension of pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hammon
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Maximiliansplatz 1, Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Susan Grossmann
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Maximiliansplatz 1, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Peter Linz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Kopp
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anke Dahlmann
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rolf Janka
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Maximiliansplatz 1, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Alexander Cavallaro
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Maximiliansplatz 1, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Michael Uder
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Maximiliansplatz 1, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Jens Titze
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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503
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wenzel
- Department of Medicine 2, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Medicine 2, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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504
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505
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Nasrallah R, Hassouneh R, Hébert RL. PGE2, Kidney Disease, and Cardiovascular Risk: Beyond Hypertension and Diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:666-76. [PMID: 26319242 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015050528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An important measure of cardiovascular health is obtained by evaluating the global cardiovascular risk, which comprises a number of factors, including hypertension and type 2 diabetes, the leading causes of illness and death in the world, as well as the metabolic syndrome. Altered immunity, inflammation, and oxidative stress underlie many of the changes associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome, and recent efforts have begun to elucidate the contribution of PGE2 in these events. This review summarizes the role of PGE2 in kidney disease outcomes that accelerate cardiovascular disease, highlights the role of cyclooxygenase-2/microsomal PGE synthase 1/PGE2 signaling in hypertension and diabetes, and outlines the contribution of PGE2 to other aspects of the metabolic syndrome, particularly abdominal adiposity, dyslipidemia, and atherogenesis. A clearer understanding of the role of PGE2 could lead to new avenues to improve therapeutic options and disease management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Nasrallah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ramzi Hassouneh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard L Hébert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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506
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Olde Engberink RHG, Rorije NMG, Lambers Heerspink HJ, De Zeeuw D, van den Born BJH, Vogt L. The blood pressure lowering potential of sulodexide--a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80:1245-53. [PMID: 26184982 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Sulodexide is a highly purified mixture of glycosaminoglycans that has been studied for its anti-albuminuric potential. Considering the effects of glycosaminoglycans on endothelial function and sodium homeostasis, we hypothesized that sulodexide may lower blood pressure (BP). In this meta-analysis, we therefore investigated the antihypertensive effects of sulodexide treatment. METHODS We selected randomized controlled trials that investigated sulodexide treatment of at least 4 weeks and measured BP at baseline and after treatment. Two reviewers independently extracted data on study design, risk of bias, population characteristics and outcome measures. In addition, we contacted authors and pharmaceutical companies to provide missing data. RESULTS Eight studies, totalling 3019 subjects (mean follow-up 4.4 months) were included. Mean age was 61 years and mean baseline BP was 135/75 mmHg. Compared with control treatment, sulodexide resulted in a significant systolic (2.2 mmHg [95% CI 0.3, 4.1], P = 0.02) and diastolic BP reduction (1.7 mmHg [95% CI 0.6, 2.9], P = 0.004). Hypertensive patients displayed the largest systolic BP and diastolic BP reductions (10.2/5.4 mmHg, P < 0.001). Higher baseline systolic and diastolic BP were significantly associated with larger systolic (r(2)=0.83, P < 0.001) and diastolic BP (r(2)=0.41, P = 0.02) reductions after sulodexide treatment. In addition, systolic (r(2)=0.41, P = 0.03) and diastolic BP reductions (r(2)=0.60, P = 0.005) were significantly associated with albuminuria reduction. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that sulodexide treatment results in a significant BP reduction, especially in hypertensive subjects. This indicates that endothelial glycosaminoglycans might be an independent therapy target in cardiovascular disease. Future studies should further address the BP lowering potential of sulodexide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nienke M G Rorije
- Division of Nephrology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Hiddo J Lambers Heerspink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen
| | - Dick De Zeeuw
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen
| | - Bert-Jan H van den Born
- Division of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Liffert Vogt
- Division of Nephrology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
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507
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Teoh CW, Robinson LA, Noone D. Perspectives on edema in childhood nephrotic syndrome. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F575-82. [PMID: 26290369 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00229.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been two major theories surrounding the development of edema in nephrotic syndrome (NS), namely, the under- and overfill hypotheses. Edema is one of the cardinal features of NS and remains one of the principal reasons for admission of children to the hospital. Recently, the discovery that proteases in the glomerular filtrate of patients with NS are activating the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), resulting in intrarenal salt retention and thereby contributing to edema, might suggest that targeting ENaC with amiloride might be a suitable strategy to manage the edema of NS. Other potential agents, particularly urearetics and aquaretics, might also prove useful in NS. Recent evidence also suggests that there may be other areas involved in salt storage, especially the skin, and it will be intriguing to study the implications of this in NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Wei Teoh
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa A Robinson
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Damien Noone
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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508
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Speed JS, Heimlich JB, Hyndman KA, Fox BM, Patel V, Yanagisawa M, Pollock JS, Titze JM, Pollock DM. Endothelin-1 as a master regulator of whole-body Na+ homeostasis. FASEB J 2015; 29:4937-44. [PMID: 26268928 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-276584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The current study was designed to determine whether vascular endothelial-derived endothelin-1 (ET-1) is important for skin Na(+) buffering. In control mice (C57BL/6J), plasma Na(+) and osmolarity were significantly elevated in animals on high- vs. low-salt (HS and LS, respectively) intake. The increased plasma Na(+) and osmolarity were associated with increased ET-1 mRNA in vascular tissue. There was no detectable difference in skin Na(+):H2O in HS fed mice (0.119 ± 0.005 mM vs. 0.127 ± 0.007 mM; LS vs. HS); however, skin Na(+):H2O was significantly increased by blockade of the endothelin type A receptor with ABT-627 (0.116 ± 0.006 mM vs. 0.137 ± 0.007 mM; LS vs. HS; half-maximal inhibitory concentration, 0.055 nM). ET-1 peptide content in skin tissue was increased in floxed control animals on HS (85.9 ± 0.9 pg/mg vs. 106.4 ± 6.8 pg/mg; P < 0.05), but not in vascular endothelial cell endothelin-1 knockout (VEET KO) mice (76.4 ± 5.7 pg/mg vs. 65.7 ± 7.9 pg/mg; LS vs. HS). VEET KO mice also had a significantly elevated skin Na(+):H2O (0.113 ± 0.007 mM vs. 0.137 ± 0.005 mM; LS vs. HS; P < 0.05). Finally, ET-1 production was elevated in response to increasing extracellular osmolarity in cultured human endothelial cells. These data support the hypothesis that increased extrarenal vascular ET-1 production in response to HS intake is mediated by increased extracellular osmolarity and plays a critical role in regulating skin storage of Na(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Speed
- *Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Center for Behavioral Molecular Genetics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - J Brett Heimlich
- *Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Center for Behavioral Molecular Genetics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kelly A Hyndman
- *Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Center for Behavioral Molecular Genetics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Brandon M Fox
- *Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Center for Behavioral Molecular Genetics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Vivek Patel
- *Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Center for Behavioral Molecular Genetics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- *Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Center for Behavioral Molecular Genetics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer S Pollock
- *Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Center for Behavioral Molecular Genetics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jens M Titze
- *Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Center for Behavioral Molecular Genetics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David M Pollock
- *Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Center for Behavioral Molecular Genetics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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509
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Abstract
High sodium consumption has been raising interest as a putative environmental factor linking Western lifestyle to the growing epidemic of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Now Zhang and colleagues show that high sodium drives macrophage to acquire a new proinflammatory effector phenotype with a distinct signature, paving the path to assess the role of salt-activated macrophages in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana E Lucca
- Department of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - David A Hafler
- Department of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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510
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Zhang WC, Zheng XJ, Du LJ, Sun JY, Shen ZX, Shi C, Sun S, Zhang Z, Chen XQ, Qin M, Liu X, Tao J, Jia L, Fan HY, Zhou B, Yu Y, Ying H, Hui L, Liu X, Yi X, Liu X, Zhang L, Duan SZ. High salt primes a specific activation state of macrophages, M(Na). Cell Res 2015; 25:893-910. [PMID: 26206316 PMCID: PMC4528058 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High salt is positively associated with the risk of many diseases. However, little is known about the mechanisms. Here we showed that high salt increased proinflammatory molecules, while decreased anti-inflammatory and proendocytic molecules in both human and mouse macrophages. High salt also potentiated lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage activation and suppressed interleukin 4-induced macrophage activation. High salt induced the proinflammatory aspects by activating p38/cFos and/or Erk1/2/cFos pathways, while inhibited the anti-inflammatory and proendocytic aspects by Erk1/2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 pathway. Consistent with the in vitro results, high-salt diet increased proinflammatory gene expression of mouse alveolar macrophages. In mouse models of acute lung injury, high-salt diet aggravated lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary macrophage activation and inflammation in lungs. These results identify a novel macrophage activation state, M(Na), and high salt as a potential environmental risk factor for lung inflammation through the induction of M(Na).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Chang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lin-Juan Du
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jian-Yong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhu-Xia Shen
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chaoji Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Shuyang Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiao-qing Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Mu Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jun Tao
- Department of Hypertension and Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Lijun Jia
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Heng-yu Fan
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hao Ying
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lijian Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xianghua Yi
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lanjing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center of Princeton, Plainsboro, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sheng-Zhong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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511
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Telinius N, Majgaard J, Kim S, Katballe N, Pahle E, Nielsen J, Hjortdal V, Aalkjaer C, Boedtkjer DB. Voltage-gated sodium channels contribute to action potentials and spontaneous contractility in isolated human lymphatic vessels. J Physiol 2015; 593:3109-22. [PMID: 25969124 PMCID: PMC4532530 DOI: 10.1113/jp270166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) play a key role for initiating action potentials (AP) in excitable cells. VGSC in human lymphatic vessels have not been investigated. In the present study, we report the electrical activity and APs of small human lymphatic collecting vessels, as well as mRNA expression and function of VGSC in small and large human lymphatic vessels. The VGSC blocker TTX inhibited spontaneous contractions in six of 10 spontaneously active vessels, whereas ranolazine, which has a narrower VGSC blocking profile, had no influence on spontaneous activity. TTX did not affect noradrenaline-induced contractions. The VGSC opener veratridine induced contractions in a concentration-dependent manner (0.1-30 μm) eliciting a stable tonic contraction and membrane depolarization to -18 ± 0.6 mV. Veratridine-induced depolarizations and contractions were reversed ∼80% by TTX, and were dependent on Ca(2+) influx via L-type calcium channels and the sodium-calcium exchanger in reverse mode. Molecular analysis determined NaV 1.3 to be the predominantly expressed VGSC isoform. Electrophysiology of mesenteric lymphatics determined the resting membrane potential to be -45 ± 1.7 mV. Spontaneous APs were preceded by a slow depolarization of 5.3 ± 0.6 mV after which a spike was elicited that almost completely repolarized before immediately depolarizing again to plateau. Vessels transiently hyperpolarized prior to returning to the resting membrane potential. TTX application blocked APs. We have shown that VGSC are necessary for initiating and maintaining APs and spontaneous contractions in human lymphatic vessels and our data suggest the main contribution from comes NaV 1.3. We have also shown that activation of these channels augments the contractile activity of the vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Telinius
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Aarhus University HospitalAarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Majgaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
| | - Sukhan Kim
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Katballe
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
| | - Einar Pahle
- Department of Surgery, Viborg HospitalViborg, Denmark
| | - Jørn Nielsen
- Department of Surgery, Viborg HospitalViborg, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Hjortdal
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Aarhus University HospitalAarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Donna Briggs Boedtkjer
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Aarhus University HospitalAarhus, Denmark
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512
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Giani JF, Bernstein KE, Janjulia T, Han J, Toblli JE, Shen XZ, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, McDonough AA, Gonzalez-Villalobos RA. Salt Sensitivity in Response to Renal Injury Requires Renal Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme. Hypertension 2015; 66:534-42. [PMID: 26150439 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that salt-sensitive hypertension can result from a subclinical injury that impairs the kidneys' capacity to properly respond to a high-salt diet. However, how this occurs is not well understood. Here, we showed that although previously salt-resistant wild-type mice became salt sensitive after the induction of renal injury with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride; mice lacking renal angiotensin-converting enzyme, exposed to the same insult, did not become hypertensive when faced with a sodium load. This is because the activity of renal angiotensin-converting enzyme plays a critical role in (1) augmenting the local pool of angiotensin II and (2) the establishment of the antinatriuretic state via modulation of glomerular filtration rate and sodium tubular transport. Thus, this study demonstrates that the presence of renal angiotensin-converting enzyme plays a pivotal role in the development of salt sensitivity in response to renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge F Giani
- From the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (J.F.G., K.E.B., T.J., X.Z.S., R.A.G.-V.); Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (J.H., A.A.M.); Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina (J.E.T.); Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo, Maracaibo, Venezuela (B.R.-I.); and Physiology Group, DSRD/Global Safety Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT (R.A.G.-V.)
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- From the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (J.F.G., K.E.B., T.J., X.Z.S., R.A.G.-V.); Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (J.H., A.A.M.); Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina (J.E.T.); Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo, Maracaibo, Venezuela (B.R.-I.); and Physiology Group, DSRD/Global Safety Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT (R.A.G.-V.)
| | - Tea Janjulia
- From the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (J.F.G., K.E.B., T.J., X.Z.S., R.A.G.-V.); Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (J.H., A.A.M.); Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina (J.E.T.); Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo, Maracaibo, Venezuela (B.R.-I.); and Physiology Group, DSRD/Global Safety Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT (R.A.G.-V.)
| | - Jiyang Han
- From the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (J.F.G., K.E.B., T.J., X.Z.S., R.A.G.-V.); Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (J.H., A.A.M.); Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina (J.E.T.); Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo, Maracaibo, Venezuela (B.R.-I.); and Physiology Group, DSRD/Global Safety Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT (R.A.G.-V.)
| | - Jorge E Toblli
- From the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (J.F.G., K.E.B., T.J., X.Z.S., R.A.G.-V.); Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (J.H., A.A.M.); Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina (J.E.T.); Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo, Maracaibo, Venezuela (B.R.-I.); and Physiology Group, DSRD/Global Safety Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT (R.A.G.-V.)
| | - Xiao Z Shen
- From the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (J.F.G., K.E.B., T.J., X.Z.S., R.A.G.-V.); Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (J.H., A.A.M.); Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina (J.E.T.); Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo, Maracaibo, Venezuela (B.R.-I.); and Physiology Group, DSRD/Global Safety Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT (R.A.G.-V.)
| | - Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbe
- From the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (J.F.G., K.E.B., T.J., X.Z.S., R.A.G.-V.); Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (J.H., A.A.M.); Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina (J.E.T.); Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo, Maracaibo, Venezuela (B.R.-I.); and Physiology Group, DSRD/Global Safety Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT (R.A.G.-V.)
| | - Alicia A McDonough
- From the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (J.F.G., K.E.B., T.J., X.Z.S., R.A.G.-V.); Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (J.H., A.A.M.); Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina (J.E.T.); Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo, Maracaibo, Venezuela (B.R.-I.); and Physiology Group, DSRD/Global Safety Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT (R.A.G.-V.)
| | - Romer A Gonzalez-Villalobos
- From the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (J.F.G., K.E.B., T.J., X.Z.S., R.A.G.-V.); Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (J.H., A.A.M.); Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina (J.E.T.); Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo, Maracaibo, Venezuela (B.R.-I.); and Physiology Group, DSRD/Global Safety Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT (R.A.G.-V.).
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513
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Yi B, Titze J, Rykova M, Feuerecker M, Vassilieva G, Nichiporuk I, Schelling G, Morukov B, Choukèr A. Effects of dietary salt levels on monocytic cells and immune responses in healthy human subjects: a longitudinal study. Transl Res 2015; 166:103-10. [PMID: 25497276 PMCID: PMC5538905 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicated that excess salt consumption can impose risks on human health and a reduction in daily salt intake from the current average of approximately 12 g/d to 5-6 g/d was suggested by public health authorities. The studies on mice have revealed that sodium chloride plays a role in the modulation of the immune system and a high-salt diet can promote tissue inflammation and autoimmune disease. However, translational evidence of dietary salt on human immunity is scarce. We used an experimental approach of fixing salt intake of healthy human subjects at 12, 9, and 6 g/d for months and examined the relationship between salt-intake levels and changes in the immune system. Blood samples were taken from the end point of each salt intake period. Immune phenotype changes were monitored through peripheral leukocyte phenotype analysis. We assessed immune function changes through the characterization of cytokine profiles in response to mitogen stimulation. The results showed that subjects on the high-salt diet of 12 g/d displayed a significantly higher number of immune cell monocytes compared with the same subjects on a lower-salt diet, and correlation test revealed a strong positive association between salt-intake levels and monocyte numbers. The decrease in salt intake was accompanied by reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-23, along with enhanced producing ability of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. These results suggest that in healthy humans high-salt diet has a potential to bring about excessive immune response, which can be damaging to immune homeostasis, and a reduction in habitual dietary salt intake may induce potentially beneficial immune alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buqing Yi
- Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Department of Anaesthesiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Titze
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marina Rykova
- Institute for Biomedical Problems, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Matthias Feuerecker
- Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Department of Anaesthesiology, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Igor Nichiporuk
- Institute for Biomedical Problems, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Gustav Schelling
- Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Department of Anaesthesiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Boris Morukov
- Institute for Biomedical Problems, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Choukèr
- Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Department of Anaesthesiology, Munich, Germany.
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514
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Choi HY, Park HC, Ha SK. Salt Sensitivity and Hypertension: A Paradigm Shift from Kidney Malfunction to Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction. Electrolyte Blood Press 2015; 13:7-16. [PMID: 26240595 PMCID: PMC4520886 DOI: 10.5049/ebp.2015.13.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a complex trait determined by both genetic and environmental factors and is a major public health problem due to its high prevalence and concomitant increase in the risk for cardiovascular disease. With the recent large increase of dietary salt intake in most developed countries, the prevalence of hypertension increases tremendously which is about 30% of the world population. There is substantial evidence that suggests some people can effectively excrete high dietary salt intake without an increase in arterial BP, and another people cannot excrete effectively without an increase in arterial BP. Salt sensitivity of BP refers to the BP responses for changes in dietary salt intake to produce meaningful BP increases or decreases. The underlying mechanisms that promote salt sensitivity are complex and range from genetic to environmental influences. The phenotype of salt sensitivity is therefore heterogeneous with multiple mechanisms that potentially link high salt intake to increases in blood pressure. Moreover, excess salt intake has functional and pathological effects on the vasculature that are independent of blood pressure. Epidemiologic data demonstrate the role of high dietary salt intake in mediating cardiovascular and renal morbidity and mortality. Almost five decades ago, Guyton and Coleman proposed that whenever arterial pressure is elevated, pressure natriuresis enhances the excretion of sodium and water until blood volume is reduced sufficiently to return arterial pressure to control values. According to this hypothesis, hypertension can develop only when something impairs the excretory ability of sodium in the kidney. However, recent studies suggest that nonosmotic salt accumulation in the skin interstitium and the endothelial dysfunction which might be caused by the deterioration of vascular endothelial glycocalyx layer (EGL) and the epithelial sodium channel on the endothelial luminal surface (EnNaC) also play an important role in nonosmotic storage of salt. These new concepts emphasize that sodium homeostasis and salt sensitivity seem to be related not only to the kidney malfunction but also to the endothelial dysfunction. Further investigations will be needed to assess the extent to which changes in the sodium buffering capacity of the skin interstitium and develop the treatment strategy for modulating the endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Young Choi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeong Cheon Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Kyu Ha
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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515
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Rockson SG. Dietary Sodium and Lymphatic Contractile Activity. Lymphat Res Biol 2015; 13:75. [PMID: 26091402 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2015.29009.sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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516
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Cheng XJ, Gao Y, Zhao YW, Cheng XD. Sodium Chloride Increases Aβ Levels by Suppressing Aβ Clearance in Cultured Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130432. [PMID: 26075716 PMCID: PMC4468134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that high-salt diet is associated with cognitive decline in human and mouse. The fact that genetic factors account for less than 50% cases of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) highlights the important contribution of environmental factors, such as high-salt diet, in AD pathogenesis. However, whether and how high-salt diet fits the “amyloid cascade” hypothesis remains unexplored. Here, we show sodium chloride (NaCl) could increase Aβ levels in the medium of HEK293 cells overexpressing amyloid precursor protein (APP) or C99 fragment. NaCl treatment dose not affect APP level, gamma secretase level or activity. Instead, NaCl treatment suppresses the capacity of cells to clear Aβ and reduces Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) level. Finally, NaCl treated THP-1 or BV2 cells are inefficient in clearing Aβ when co-cultured with rat primary neurons. Our study suggests that high-salt diet may increase AD risk by directly modulating Aβ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Juan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province affiliated to Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yu-Wu Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YWZ); (XDC)
| | - Xiao-Dong Cheng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University. East Hospital Affiliated To Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YWZ); (XDC)
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517
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Dmitrieva NI, Burg MB. Elevated sodium and dehydration stimulate inflammatory signaling in endothelial cells and promote atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128870. [PMID: 26042828 PMCID: PMC4456159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading health problem worldwide. Epidemiologic studies link high salt intake and conditions predisposing to dehydration such as low water intake, diabetes and old age to increased risk of CVD. Previously, we demonstrated that elevation of extracellular sodium, which is a common consequence of these conditions, stimulates production by endothelial cells of clotting initiator, von Willebrand Factor, increases its level in blood and promotes thrombogenesis. In present study, by PCR array, using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), we analyzed the effect of high NaCl on 84 genes related to endothelial cell biology. The analysis showed that the affected genes regulate many aspects of endothelial cell biology including cell adhesion, proliferation, leukocyte and lymphocyte activation, coagulation, angiogenesis and inflammatory response. The genes whose expression increased the most were adhesion molecules VCAM1 and E-selectin and the chemoattractant MCP-1. These are key participants in the leukocyte adhesion and transmigration that play a major role in the inflammation and pathophysiology of CVD, including atherosclerosis. Indeed, high NaCl increased adhesion of mononuclear cells and their transmigration through HUVECs monolayers. In mice, mild water restriction that elevates serum sodium by 5 mmol/l, increased VCAM1, E-selectin and MCP-1 expression in mouse tissues, accelerated atherosclerotic plaque formation in aortic root and caused thickening or walls of coronary arteries. Multivariable linear regression analysis of clinical data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (n=12779) demonstrated that serum sodium is a significant predictor of 10 Years Risk of coronary heart disease. These findings indicate that elevation of extracellular sodium within the physiological range is accompanied by vascular changes that facilitate development of CVD. The findings bring attention to serum sodium as a risk factor for CVDs and give additional support to recommendations for dietary salt restriction and adequate water intake as preventives of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia I. Dmitrieva
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maurice B. Burg
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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518
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Vascular endothelial growth factor c/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 signaling regulates chemokine gradients and lymphocyte migration from tissues to lymphatics. Transplantation 2015; 99:668-77. [PMID: 25606800 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulation of leukocytes via blood, tissue and lymph is integral to adaptive immunity. Afferent lymphatics form CCL21 gradients to guide dendritic cells and T cells to lymphatics and then to draining lymph nodes (dLN). Vascular endothelial growth factor C and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) are the major lymphatic growth factor and receptor. We hypothesized these molecules also regulate chemokine gradients and lymphatic migration. METHODS CD4 T cells were injected into the foot pad or ear pinnae, and migration to afferent lymphatics and dLN quantified by flow cytometry or whole mount immunohistochemistry. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 or its signaling or downstream actions were modified with blocking monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or other reagents. RESULTS Anti-VEGFR-3 prevented migration of CD4 T cells into lymphatic lumen and significantly decreased the number that migrated to dLN. Anti-VEGFR-3 abolished CCL21 gradients around lymphatics, although CCL21 production was not inhibited. Heparan sulfate (HS), critical to establish CCL21 gradients, was down-regulated around lymphatics by anti-VEGFR-3 and this was dependent on heparanase-mediated degradation. Moreover, a Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)α inhibitor disrupted HS and CCL21 gradients, whereas a PI3K activator prevented the effects of anti-VEGFR-3. During contact hypersensitivity, VEGFR-3, CCL21, and HS expression were all attenuated, and anti-heparanase or PI3K activator reversed these effects. CONCLUSIONS Vascular endothelial growth factor C/VEGFR-3 signaling through PI3Kα regulates the activity of heparanase, which modifies HS and CCL21 gradients around lymphatics. The functional and physical linkages of these molecules regulate lymphatic migration from tissues to dLN. These represent new therapeutic targets to influence immunity and inflammation.
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519
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Mizuno R, Isshiki M, Ono N, Nishimoto M, Fujita T. A High-Salt Diet Differentially Modulates Mechanical Activity of Afferent and Efferent Collecting Lymphatics in Murine Iliac Lymph Nodes. Lymphat Res Biol 2015; 13:85-92. [PMID: 26091404 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2014.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lymphatic system contributes to fluid homeostasis in various tissues. Recent evidence suggests that lymphangiogenesis induced by a high-salt diet (HSD) is associated with blood pressure regulation. Lymph nodes, located along lymphatic pathways, are not only important secondary lymphoid tissues for cancer metastasis, inflammation, and immune responses, but are also important for fluid homeostasis. Afferent lymphatics collect lymph from the pre-nodal area and efferent lymphatics drain lymph out of the lymph nodes. However, the difference in mechanical activity between afferent and efferent lymphatics and the effect of a HSD on these vessels have not been shown. METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in mechanical activity of isolated afferent and efferent lymphatics in normal salt diet (NSD) and 4-week HSD mice in response to increases in intraluminal pressures from 3 to 7 cmH2O were measured using video-microscopy. The higher intramural pressure equivalently decreased pumping activity of afferent and efferent lymphatics in NSD mice. A HSD suppressed the amplitude, ejection fraction, and stroke volume of afferent lymphatics, leading to marked reductions in pumping activity. In contrast, the pumping activities of efferent lymphatics were resistant to a HSD and were preserved by enhancing the contraction frequency. CONCLUSIONS A HSD differentially modulated the mechanical activity of afferent and efferent collecting lymphatics in murine iliac lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risuke Mizuno
- 1 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan .,2 Department of Molecular Vascular Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Isshiki
- 3 Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ono
- 4 Department of Electronics and Control Engineering, Nagano National College of Technology , Nagano, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Nishimoto
- 5 Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Fujita
- 4 Department of Electronics and Control Engineering, Nagano National College of Technology , Nagano, Japan
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520
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Ip WKE, Medzhitov R. Macrophages monitor tissue osmolarity and induce inflammatory response through NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasome activation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6931. [PMID: 25959047 PMCID: PMC4430126 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial osmolality is a key homeostatic variable that varies depending on the tissue microenvironment. Mammalian cells have effective mechanisms to cope with osmotic stress by engaging various adaptation responses. Hyperosmolality due to high dietary salt intake has been linked to pathological inflammatory conditions. Little is known about the mechanisms of sensing the hyperosmotic stress by the innate immune system. Here we report that caspase-1 is activated in macrophages under hypertonic conditions. Mice with high dietary salt intake display enhanced induction of Th17 response upon immunization, and this effect is abolished in caspase-1-deficient mice. Our findings identify an unknown function of the inflammasome as a sensor of hyperosmotic stress, which is crucial for the induction of inflammatory Th17 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Eddie Ip
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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521
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Downregulation of Endogenous Hydrogen Sulfide Pathway Is Involved in Mitochondrion-Related Endothelial Cell Apoptosis Induced by High Salt. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:754670. [PMID: 26078816 PMCID: PMC4442413 DOI: 10.1155/2015/754670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. The study aimed to investigate whether endogenous H2S pathway was involved in high-salt-stimulated mitochondria-related vascular endothelial cell (VEC) apoptosis. Methods. Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used in the study. H2S content in the supernatant was detected. Western blot was used to detect expression of cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE), cleaved-caspase-3, and mitochondrial and cytosolic cytochrome c (cytc). Fluorescent probes were used to quantitatively detect superoxide anion generation and measure the in situ superoxide anion generation in HUVEC. Mitochondrial membrane pore opening, mitochondrial membrane potential, and caspase-9 activities were measured. The cell apoptosis was detected by cell death ELISA and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) methods. Results. High-salt treatment downregulated the endogenous VEC H2S/CSE pathway, in association with increased generation of oxygen free radicals, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, enhanced the opening of mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore and leakage of mitochondrial cytc, activated cytoplasmic caspase-9 and caspase-3 and subsequently induced VEC apoptosis. However, supplementation of H2S donor markedly inhibited VEC oxidative stress and mitochondria-related VEC apoptosis induced by high salt. Conclusion. H2S/CSE pathway is an important endogenous defensive system in endothelial cells antagonizing high-salt insult. The protective mechanisms for VEC damage might involve inhibiting oxidative stress and protecting mitochondrial injury.
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522
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Yee J. Hypertension in CKD: Sodium still at the nexus. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2015; 22:173-6. [PMID: 25908464 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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523
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Krementsov DN, Case LK, Hickey WF, Teuscher C. Exacerbation of autoimmune neuroinflammation by dietary sodium is genetically controlled and sex specific. FASEB J 2015. [PMID: 25917331 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15‐272542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating autoimmune neuroinflammatory disease influenced by genetics and the environment. MS incidence in female subjects has approximately tripled in the last century, suggesting a sex-specific environmental influence. Recent animal and human studies have implicated dietary sodium as a risk factor in MS, whereby high sodium augmented the generation of T helper (Th) 17 cells and exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the principal model of MS. However, whether dietary sodium interacts with sex or genetics remains unknown. Here, we show that high dietary sodium exacerbates EAE in a strain- and sex-specific fashion. In C57BL6/J mice, exposure to a high-salt diet exacerbated disease in both sexes, while in SJL/JCrHsd mice, it did so only in females. In further support of a genetic component, we found that sodium failed to modify EAE course in C57BL6/J mice carrying a 129/Sv-derived interval on chromosome 17. Furthermore, we found that the high-sodium diet did not augment Th17 or Th1 responses, but it did result in increased blood-brain barrier permeability and brain pathology. Our results demonstrate that the effects of dietary sodium on autoimmune neuroinflammation are sex specific, genetically controlled, and CNS mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry N Krementsov
- *Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Laure K Case
- *Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - William F Hickey
- *Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Cory Teuscher
- *Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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524
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Krementsov DN, Case LK, Hickey WF, Teuscher C. Exacerbation of autoimmune neuroinflammation by dietary sodium is genetically controlled and sex specific. FASEB J 2015; 29:3446-57. [PMID: 25917331 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-272542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating autoimmune neuroinflammatory disease influenced by genetics and the environment. MS incidence in female subjects has approximately tripled in the last century, suggesting a sex-specific environmental influence. Recent animal and human studies have implicated dietary sodium as a risk factor in MS, whereby high sodium augmented the generation of T helper (Th) 17 cells and exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the principal model of MS. However, whether dietary sodium interacts with sex or genetics remains unknown. Here, we show that high dietary sodium exacerbates EAE in a strain- and sex-specific fashion. In C57BL6/J mice, exposure to a high-salt diet exacerbated disease in both sexes, while in SJL/JCrHsd mice, it did so only in females. In further support of a genetic component, we found that sodium failed to modify EAE course in C57BL6/J mice carrying a 129/Sv-derived interval on chromosome 17. Furthermore, we found that the high-sodium diet did not augment Th17 or Th1 responses, but it did result in increased blood-brain barrier permeability and brain pathology. Our results demonstrate that the effects of dietary sodium on autoimmune neuroinflammation are sex specific, genetically controlled, and CNS mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry N Krementsov
- *Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Laure K Case
- *Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - William F Hickey
- *Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Cory Teuscher
- *Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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525
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Nijst P, Verbrugge FH, Grieten L, Dupont M, Steels P, Tang WHW, Mullens W. The pathophysiological role of interstitial sodium in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65:378-388. [PMID: 25634838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The current understanding of heart failure (HF) does not fully explain the spectrum of HF symptoms. Most HF hospitalizations are related to sodium (Na(+)) and fluid retention resulting from neurohumoral up-regulation. Recent insights suggest that Na(+) is not distributed in the body solely as a free cation, but that it is also bound to large interstitial glycosaminoglycan (GAG) networks in different tissues, which have an important regulatory function. In HF, high Na(+) intake and neurohumoral alterations disrupt GAG structure, leading to loss of the interstitial buffer capacity and disproportionate interstitial fluid accumulation. Moreover, a diminished endothelial GAG network (the endothelial glycocalyx) results in increased vascular resistance and disturbed endothelial nitric oxide production. New imaging modalities can help evaluate interstitial Na(+) and endothelial glycocalyx integrity. Furthermore, several therapies have been proven to stabilize interstitial GAG networks. Hence, a better appreciation of this new Na(+) "compartment" might improve current management of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Nijst
- Department of Cardiology, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium; Doctoral School for Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Frederik H Verbrugge
- Department of Cardiology, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium; Doctoral School for Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Lars Grieten
- Department of Cardiology, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium; Doctoral School for Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Matthias Dupont
- Department of Cardiology, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium
| | - Paul Steels
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - W H Wilson Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Wilfried Mullens
- Department of Cardiology, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium; Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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526
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Schultze JL, Freeman T, Hume DA, Latz E. A transcriptional perspective on human macrophage biology. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:44-50. [PMID: 25843246 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are a major cell type in tissue homeostasis and contribute to both pathology and resolution in all acute and chronic inflammatory diseases ranging from infections, cancer, obesity, atherosclerosis, autoimmune disorders to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. The cellular and functional diversity of macrophages depends upon tightly regulated transcription. The innate immune system is under profound evolutionary selection. There is increasing recognition that human macrophage biology differs very significantly from that of commonly studied animal models, which therefore can have a limited predictive value. Here we report on the newest findings on transcriptional control of macrophage activation, and how we envision integrating studies on transcriptional and epigenetic regulation, and more classical approaches in murine models. Moreover, we provide new insights into how we can learn about transcriptional regulation in the human system from larger efforts such as the FANTOM (Functional Annotation of the Mammalian Genome) consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim L Schultze
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Tom Freeman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53175 Bonn, Germany
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527
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Safa K, Ohori S, Borges TJ, Uehara M, Batal I, Shimizu T, Magee CN, Belizaire R, Abdi R, Wu C, Chandraker A, Riella LV. Salt Accelerates Allograft Rejection through Serum- and Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase-1-Dependent Inhibition of Regulatory T Cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:2341-7. [PMID: 25833841 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014090914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-salt diet (HSD) in humans is linked to a number of complications, including hypertension and cardiovascular events. Whether a HSD affects the immune response in transplantation is unknown. Using a murine transplantation model, we investigated the effect of NaCl on the alloimmune response in vitro and in vivo. Incremental NaCl concentrations in vitro augmented T cell proliferation in the settings of both polyclonal and allospecific stimulation. Feeding a HSD to C57BL/6 wild-type recipients of bm12 allografts led to accelerated cardiac allograft rejection, despite similar mean BP and serum sodium levels in HSD and normal salt diet (NSD) groups. The accelerated rejection was associated with a reduction in the proportion of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) and a significant decrease in Treg proliferation, leading to an increased ratio of antigen-experienced CD4(+) T cells to Tregs in mice recipients of a HSD compared with mice recipients of a NSD. Because serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase-1 (SGK1) has been proposed as a potential target of salt in immune cells, we fed a HSD to CD4(Cre)SGK1(fl/fl) B6-transplanted recipients and observed abrogation of the deleterious effect of a HSD in the absence of SGK1 on CD4(+) cells. In summary, we show that NaCl negatively affects the regulatory balance of T cells in transplantation and precipitates rejection in an SGK1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassem Safa
- Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Transplant Center and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shunsuke Ohori
- Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thiago J Borges
- Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; School of Biosciences and Biomedical Research Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mayuko Uehara
- Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ibrahim Batal
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tetsunosuke Shimizu
- Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ciara N Magee
- Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Renal Medicine and Transplantation, Royal Free London, National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Roger Belizaire
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Reza Abdi
- Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chuan Wu
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anil Chandraker
- Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leonardo V Riella
- Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
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528
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Anders HJ, Baumann M, Tripepi G, Mallamaci F. Immunity in arterial hypertension: associations or causalities? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 30:1959-64. [PMID: 25762356 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies describe associations between markers of inflammation and arterial hypertension (aHT), but does that imply causality? Interventional studies that reduce blood pressure reduced also markers of inflammation, but does immunosuppression improve hypertension? Here, we review the available mechanistic data. Aberrant immunity can trigger endothelial dysfunction but is hardly ever the primary cause of aHT. Innate and adaptive immunity get involved once hypertension has caused vascular wall injury as immunity is a modifier of endothelial dysfunction and vascular wall remodelling. As vascular remodelling progresses, immunity-related mechanisms can become significant cofactors for cardiovascular (CV) disease progression; vice versa, suppressing immunity can improve hypertension and CV outcomes. Innate and adaptive immunity both contribute to vascular wall remodelling. Innate immunity is driven by danger signals that activate Toll-like receptors and other pattern-recognition receptors. Adaptive immunity is based on loss of tolerance against vascular autoantigens and includes autoreactive T-cell immunity as well as non-HLA angiotensin II type 1 receptor-activating autoantibodies. Such processes involve numerous other modulators such as regulatory T cells. Together, immunity is not causal for hypertension but rather an important secondary pathomechanism and a potential therapeutic target in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Anders
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Baumann
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Giovanni Tripepi
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit & CNR-IFC, Clinical Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Renal Disease and Hypertension of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Francesca Mallamaci
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit & CNR-IFC, Clinical Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Renal Disease and Hypertension of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
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529
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Cutaneous Na+ storage strengthens the antimicrobial barrier function of the skin and boosts macrophage-driven host defense. Cell Metab 2015; 21:493-501. [PMID: 25738463 PMCID: PMC4350016 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells regulate a hypertonic microenvironment in the skin; however, the biological advantage of increased skin Na(+) concentrations is unknown. We found that Na(+) accumulated at the site of bacterial skin infections in humans and in mice. We used the protozoan parasite Leishmania major as a model of skin-prone macrophage infection to test the hypothesis that skin-Na(+) storage facilitates antimicrobial host defense. Activation of macrophages in the presence of high NaCl concentrations modified epigenetic markers and enhanced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK)-dependent nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) activation. This high-salt response resulted in elevated type-2 nitric oxide synthase (Nos2)-dependent NO production and improved Leishmania major control. Finally, we found that increasing Na(+) content in the skin by a high-salt diet boosted activation of macrophages in a Nfat5-dependent manner and promoted cutaneous antimicrobial defense. We suggest that the hypertonic microenvironment could serve as a barrier to infection.
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530
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Mizuno R, Isshiki M, Ono N, Nishimoto M, Fujita T. A High Salt Diet Alters Pressure-Induced Mechanical Activity of the Rat Lymphatics with Enhancement of Myogenic Characteristics. Lymphat Res Biol 2015; 13:2-9. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2014.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Risuke Mizuno
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Vascular Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Isshiki
- Department of Molecular Vascular Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ono
- Department of Electronics and Control Engineering, Nagano National College of Technology, Nagano, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Nishimoto
- Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Fujita
- Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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531
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Ghanta S, Cuzzone DA, Torrisi JS, Albano NJ, Joseph WJ, Savetsky IL, Gardenier JC, Chang D, Zampell JC, Mehrara BJ. Regulation of inflammation and fibrosis by macrophages in lymphedema. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H1065-77. [PMID: 25724493 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00598.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lymphedema, a common complication of cancer treatment, is characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, and adipose deposition. We have previously shown that macrophage infiltration is increased in mouse models of lymphedema. Because macrophages are regulators of lymphangiogenesis and fibrosis, this study aimed to determine the role of these cells in lymphedema using depletion experiments. Matched biopsy specimens of normal and lymphedema tissues were obtained from patients with unilateral upper extremity breast cancer-related lymphedema, and macrophage accumulation was assessed using immunohistochemistry. In addition, we used a mouse tail model of lymphedema to quantify macrophage accumulation and analyze outcomes of conditional macrophage depletion. Histological analysis of clinical lymphedema biopsies revealed significantly increased macrophage infiltration. Similarly, in the mouse tail model, lymphatic injury increased the number of macrophages and favored M2 differentiation. Chronic macrophage depletion using lethally irradiated wild-type mice reconstituted with CD11b-diphtheria toxin receptor mouse bone marrow did not decrease swelling, adipose deposition, or overall inflammation. Macrophage depletion after lymphedema had become established significantly increased fibrosis and accumulation of CD4(+) cells and promoted Th2 differentiation while decreasing lymphatic transport capacity and VEGF-C expression. Our findings suggest that macrophages home to lymphedematous tissues and differentiate into the M2 phenotype. In addition, our findings suggest that macrophages have an antifibrotic role in lymphedema and either directly or indirectly regulate CD4(+) cell accumulation and Th2 differentiation. Finally, our findings suggest that lymphedema-associated macrophages are a major source of VEGF-C and that impaired macrophage responses after lymphatic injury result in decreased lymphatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Ghanta
- The Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Daniel A Cuzzone
- The Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jeremy S Torrisi
- The Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nicholas J Albano
- The Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Walter J Joseph
- The Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ira L Savetsky
- The Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jason C Gardenier
- The Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David Chang
- The Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jamie C Zampell
- The Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Babak J Mehrara
- The Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York;
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532
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Rossier BC, Baker ME, Studer RA. Epithelial sodium transport and its control by aldosterone: the story of our internal environment revisited. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:297-340. [PMID: 25540145 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00011.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription and translation require a high concentration of potassium across the entire tree of life. The conservation of a high intracellular potassium was an absolute requirement for the evolution of life on Earth. This was achieved by the interplay of P- and V-ATPases that can set up electrochemical gradients across the cell membrane, an energetically costly process requiring the synthesis of ATP by F-ATPases. In animals, the control of an extracellular compartment was achieved by the emergence of multicellular organisms able to produce tight epithelial barriers creating a stable extracellular milieu. Finally, the adaptation to a terrestrian environment was achieved by the evolution of distinct regulatory pathways allowing salt and water conservation. In this review we emphasize the critical and dual role of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in the control of the ionic composition of the extracellular fluid and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in salt and water conservation in vertebrates. The action of aldosterone on transepithelial sodium transport by activation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) at the apical membrane and that of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase at the basolateral membrane may have evolved in lungfish before the emergence of tetrapods. Finally, we discuss the implication of RAAS in the origin of the present pandemia of hypertension and its associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard C Rossier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E Baker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Romain A Studer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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533
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Abstract
In the year 2015, many questions regarding the pathophysiology of essential arterial hypertension remain unresolved. Substantial scientific progress has been made in various medical areas aided by novel molecular"omics" techniques. The findings could then be implemented in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. In the field of hypertension research such methods have been applied in very large cohorts but have contributed less to pathophysiological understanding and clinical management than expected. The findings on the pathophysiological importance of baroreflex mechanisms, natriuretic peptides and osmotically inactive sodium storage discussed in this article all have something in common: all are based on small, carefully conducted human physiological investigations and often challenge current textbook knowledge. Nevertheless, these findings have opened up new research fields and are likely to affect clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jordan
- Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland,
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534
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Dahlmann A, Dörfelt K, Eicher F, Linz P, Kopp C, Mössinger I, Horn S, Büschges-Seraphin B, Wabel P, Hammon M, Cavallaro A, Eckardt KU, Kotanko P, Levin NW, Johannes B, Uder M, Luft FC, Müller DN, Titze JM. Magnetic resonance-determined sodium removal from tissue stores in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2015; 87:434-41. [PMID: 25100048 PMCID: PMC4932096 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that sodium is stored in skin and muscle. The amounts stored in hemodialysis (HD) patients are unknown. We determined whether (23)Na magnetic resonance imaging (sodium-MRI) allows assessment of tissue sodium and its removal in 24 HD patients and 27 age-matched healthy controls. We also studied 20 HD patients before and shortly after HD with a batch dialysis system with direct measurement of sodium in dialysate and ultrafiltrate. Age was associated with higher tissue sodium content in controls. This increase was paralleled by an age-dependent decrease of circulating levels of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C). Older (>60 years) HD patients showed increased sodium and water in skin and muscle and lower VEGF-C levels compared with age-matched controls. After HD, patients with low VEGF-C levels had significantly higher skin sodium content compared with patients with high VEGF-C levels (low VEGF-C: 2.3 ng/ml and skin sodium: 24.3 mmol/l; high VEGF-C: 4.1 ng/ml and skin sodium: 18.2 mmol/l). Thus, sodium-MRI quantitatively detects sodium stored in skin and muscle in humans and allows studying sodium storage reduction in ESRD patients. Age and VEGF-C-related local tissue-specific clearance mechanisms may determine the efficacy of tissue sodium removal with HD. Prospective trials on the relationship between tissue sodium content and hard end points could provide new insights into sodium homeostasis, and clarify whether increased sodium storage is a cardiovascular risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Dahlmann
- 1] Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Centre for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany [2] Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Dörfelt
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Centre for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Eicher
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Centre for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Linz
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Centre for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Kopp
- 1] Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Centre for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany [2] Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Irina Mössinger
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Centre for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Horn
- Kuratorium für Heimdialyse und Nierentransplantation e.V., Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Peter Wabel
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hammon
- Department of Radiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Cavallaro
- Department of Radiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Bernd Johannes
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Uder
- Department of Radiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich C Luft
- 1] Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany [2] Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dominik N Müller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens M Titze
- 1] Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Centre for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany [2] Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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535
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The hidden hand of chloride in hypertension. Pflugers Arch 2015; 467:595-603. [PMID: 25619794 PMCID: PMC4325190 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Among the environmental factors that affect blood pressure, dietary sodium chloride has been studied the most, and there is general consensus that increased sodium chloride intake increases blood pressure. There is accruing evidence that chloride may have a role in blood pressure regulation which may perhaps be even more important than that of Na+. Though more than 85 % of Na+ is consumed as sodium chloride, there is evidence that Na+ and Cl− concentrations do not go necessarily hand in hand since they may originate from different sources. Hence, elucidating the role of Cl− as an independent player in blood pressure regulation will have clinical and public health implications in addition to advancing our understanding of electrolyte-mediated blood pressure regulation. In this review, we describe the evidence that support an independent role for Cl− on hypertension and cardiovascular health.
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536
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Hofmeister LH, Perisic S, Titze J. Tissue sodium storage: evidence for kidney-like extrarenal countercurrent systems? Pflugers Arch 2015; 467:551-8. [PMID: 25600900 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1685-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence from chemical analysis of tissue electrolyte and water composition has shown that body Na(+) content in experimental animals is not constant, does not always readily equilibrate with water, and cannot be exclusively controlled by the renal blood purification process. Instead, large amounts of Na(+) are stored in the skin and in skeletal muscle. Quantitative non-invasive detection of Na(+) reservoirs with sodium magnetic resonance imaging ((23)NaMRI) suggests that this mysterious Na(+) storage is not only an animal research curiosity but also exists in humans. In clinical studies, tissue Na(+) storage is closely associated with essential hypertension. In animal experiments, modulation of reservoir tissue Na(+) content leads to predictable blood pressure changes. The available evidence thus suggests that the patho(?)-physiological process of Na(+) storage might be of relevance for human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas H Hofmeister
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2213 Garland Avenue, P435F Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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537
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Bouta EM, Li J, Ju Y, Brown EB, Ritchlin CT, Xing L, Schwarz EM. The role of the lymphatic system in inflammatory-erosive arthritis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 38:90-7. [PMID: 25598390 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prevalent inflammatory joint disease with enigmatic flares, which causes swelling, pain, and irreversible connective tissue damage. Recently, it has been demonstrated in murine models of RA that the popliteal lymph node (PLN) is a biomarker of arthritic flare, as it "expands" in size and contrast enhancement during a prolonged asymptomatic phase, prior to when it "collapses" with accelerated synovitis and joint erosion. This PLN collapse is associated with adjacent knee flare, decreases in PLN volume and contrast enhancement, lymphatic pulse and pumping pressure, and an increase in PLN pressure. Currently, it is known that PLN collapse is accompanied by a translocation of B cells from the follicles to the sinuses, effectively clogging the lymphatic sinuses of the PLN, and that B cell depletion therapy ameliorates arthritic flare by eliminating these B cells and restoring passive lymphatic flow from inflamed joints. Here we review the technological advances that have launched this area of research, describe future directions to help elucidate the potential mechanism of PLN collapse, and speculate on clinical translation towards new diagnostics and therapies for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Echoe M Bouta
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jie Li
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Yawen Ju
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Edward B Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States; Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Christopher T Ritchlin
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States; Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Lianping Xing
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States; Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States; Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States.
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538
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Hochheiser K, Kurts C. Selective Dependence of Kidney Dendritic Cells on CX3CR1--Implications for Glomerulonephritis Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 850:55-71. [PMID: 26324346 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15774-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As central regulators of the adaptive immune response, dendritic cells (DCs) are found in virtually all lymphatic and non-lymphatic organs. A compact network of DCs also spans the kidneys. DCs play a central role in maintenance of organ homeostasis as well as in induction of immune responses against invading pathogens. They can mediate protective or destructive functions in a context-dependent manner.We recently identified CX(3)CR1 as a kidney-specific "homing receptor" for DCs. There was a strong reduction of DCs in the kidneys of CX(3)CR1-deficient mice compared to controls. This reduction was not observed in other organs except the small intestine. As a possible underlying reason we found a strong expression of the CX(3)CR1 ligand fractalkine in the kidneys. Due to this CX(3)CR1-dependent reduction of DCs, especially in the renal cortex, a glomerulonephritis (GN) model was ameliorated in CX(3)CR1-deficient mice. In contrast, the immune defense against the most common renal infection, bacterial pyelonephritis (PN), was not significantly influenced by CX(3)CR1-deficiency. This was explained by the much smaller CX(3)CR1-dependency of medullary DCs, which recruit effector cells into the kidney during PN. Additionally, once neutrophils had been recruited by mechanisms distinct from CX(3)CR1, they carried out some of the functions of DCs.Taken together, we suggest CX(3)CR1 as a therapeutic target for GN treatment, as the absence of CX(3)CR1 selectively influences DCs in the kidney without rendering mice more susceptible towards bacterial kidney infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hochheiser
- Institute of Experimental Immunology(IMMEI), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, 53105, Bonn, Germany,
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539
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540
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Linz P, Santoro D, Renz W, Rieger J, Ruehle A, Ruff J, Deimling M, Rakova N, Muller DN, Luft FC, Titze J, Niendorf T. Skin sodium measured with ²³Na MRI at 7.0 T. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:54-62. [PMID: 25328128 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Skin sodium (Na(+) ) storage, as a physiologically important regulatory mechanism for blood pressure, volume regulation and, indeed, survival, has recently been rediscovered. This has prompted the development of MRI methods to assess Na(+) storage in humans ((23) Na MRI) at 3.0 T. This work examines the feasibility of high in-plane spatial resolution (23) Na MRI in skin at 7.0 T. A two-channel transceiver radiofrequency (RF) coil array tailored for skin MRI at 7.0 T (f = 78.5 MHz) is proposed. Specific absorption rate (SAR) simulations and a thorough assessment of RF power deposition were performed to meet the safety requirements. Human skin was examined in an in vivo feasibility study using two-dimensional gradient echo imaging. Normal male adult volunteers (n = 17; mean ± standard deviation, 46 ± 18 years; range, 20-79 years) were investigated. Transverse slices of the calf were imaged with (23) Na MRI using a high in-plane resolution of 0.9 × 0.9 mm(2) . Skin Na(+) content was determined using external agarose standards covering a physiological range of Na(+) concentrations. To assess the intra-subject reproducibility, each volunteer was examined three to five times with each session including a 5-min walk and repositioning/preparation of the subject. The age dependence of skin Na(+) content was investigated. The (23) Na RF coil provides improved sensitivity within a range of 1 cm from its surface versus a volume RF coil which facilitates high in-plane spatial resolution imaging of human skin. Intra-subject variability of human skin Na(+) content in the volunteer population was <10.3%. An age-dependent increase in skin Na(+) content was observed (r = 0.78). The assignment of Na(+) stores with (23) Na MRI techniques could be improved at 7.0 T compared with current 3.0 T technology. The benefits of such improvements may have the potential to aid basic research and clinical applications designed to unlock questions regarding the Na(+) balance and Na(+) storage function of skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Linz
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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Binder H, Wirth H, Arakelyan A, Lembcke K, Tiys ES, Ivanisenko VA, Kolchanov NA, Kononikhin A, Popov I, Nikolaev EN, Pastushkova LK, Larina IM. Time-course human urine proteomics in space-flight simulation experiments. BMC Genomics 2014; 15 Suppl 12:S2. [PMID: 25563515 PMCID: PMC4303941 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-s12-s2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term space travel simulation experiments enabled to discover different aspects of human metabolism such as the complexity of NaCl salt balance. Detailed proteomics data were collected during the Mars105 isolation experiment enabling a deeper insight into the molecular processes involved. RESULTS We studied the abundance of about two thousand proteins extracted from urine samples of six volunteers collected weekly during a 105-day isolation experiment under controlled dietary conditions including progressive reduction of salt consumption. Machine learning using Self Organizing maps (SOM) in combination with different analysis tools was applied to describe the time trajectories of protein abundance in urine. The method enables a personalized and intuitive view on the physiological state of the volunteers. The abundance of more than one half of the proteins measured clearly changes in the course of the experiment. The trajectory splits roughly into three time ranges, an early (week 1-6), an intermediate (week 7-11) and a late one (week 12-15). Regulatory modes associated with distinct biological processes were identified using previous knowledge by applying enrichment and pathway flow analysis. Early protein activation modes can be related to immune response and inflammatory processes, activation at intermediate times to developmental and proliferative processes and late activations to stress and responses to chemicals. CONCLUSIONS The protein abundance profiles support previous results about alternative mechanisms of salt storage in an osmotically inactive form. We hypothesize that reduced NaCl consumption of about 6 g/day presumably will reduce or even prevent the activation of inflammatory processes observed in the early time range of isolation. SOM machine learning in combination with analysis methods of class discovery and functional annotation enable the straightforward analysis of complex proteomics data sets generated by means of mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Binder
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henry Wirth
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Kathrin Lembcke
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Evgeny S Tiys
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Alexey Kononikhin
- Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia
| | - Igor Popov
- Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia
| | - Evgeny N Nikolaev
- Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation
| | - Lyudmila Kh Pastushkova
- Institute of Biomedical Problems - Russian Federation State Scientific Research Center RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina M Larina
- Institute of Biomedical Problems - Russian Federation State Scientific Research Center RAS, Moscow, Russia
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542
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Lankhorst S, Saleh L, Danser AJ, van den Meiracker AH. Etiology of angiogenesis inhibition-related hypertension. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 21:7-13. [PMID: 25500206 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis inhibition, targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or its receptors, is an established treatment for solid tumors. A common side effect of this treatment is the development of sometimes severe hypertension. This hypertension is associated with a decrease in nitric oxide production, activation of the endothelin-signaling pathway and renin suppression. The mechanism underlying activation of the endothelin-signaling pathway is not fully understood. Both activation of endothelial cells and disinhibition of the VEGF-induced suppression of endothelin production by endothelial cells may be involved. The development of hypertension can be a reason to discontinue the angiogenesis inhibitor, thereby compromising anticancer treatment, but possibly is also a biomarker for a favorable antitumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Lankhorst
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Langeza Saleh
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ah Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton H van den Meiracker
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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543
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Orlov SN, Hamet P. Salt and gene expression: evidence for [Na+]i/[K+]i-mediated signaling pathways. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:489-98. [PMID: 25479826 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1650-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Our review focuses on the recent data showing that gene transcription and translation are under the control of signaling pathways triggered by modulation of the intracellular sodium/potassium ratio ([Na+]i/[K+]i). Side-by-side with sensing of osmolality elevation by tonicity enhancer-binding protein (TonEBP, NFAT5), [Na+]i/[K+]i-mediated excitation-transcription coupling may contribute to the transcriptomic changes evoked by high salt consumption. This novel mechanism includes the sensing of heightened Na+ concentration in the plasma, interstitial, and cerebrospinal fluids via augmented Na+ influx in the endothelium, immune system cells, and the subfornical organ, respectively. In these cells, [Na+]i/[K+]i ratio elevation, triggered by augmented Na+ influx, is further potentiated by increased production of endogenous Na+,K+-ATPase inhibitors documented in salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei N Orlov
- Laboratory of Biological Membranes, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/12, Moscow, 119991, Russia,
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544
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Secker GA, Harvey NL. VEGFR signaling during lymphatic vascular development: From progenitor cells to functional vessels. Dev Dyn 2014; 244:323-31. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve A. Secker
- Centre for Cancer Biology; University of South Australia, and SA Pathology; Adelaide Australia
| | - Natasha L. Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology; University of South Australia, and SA Pathology; Adelaide Australia
- School of Medicine; University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
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545
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Wang H, Ferraris JD, Klein JD, Sands JM, Burg MB, Zhou X. PKC-α contributes to high NaCl-induced activation of NFAT5 (TonEBP/OREBP) through MAPK ERK1/2. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 308:F140-8. [PMID: 25391900 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00471.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid powers the concentration of urine but can damage cells. The transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) activates the expression of osmoprotective genes. We studied whether PKC-α contributes to the activation of NFAT5. PKC-α protein abundance was greater in the renal medulla than in the cortex. Knockout of PKC-α reduced NFAT5 protein abundance and expression of its target genes in the inner medulla. In human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells, high NaCl increased PKC-α activity, and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of PKC-α attenuated high NaCl-induced NFAT5 transcriptional activity. Expression of ERK1/2 protein and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 were higher in the renal inner medulla than in the cortex. Knockout of PKC-α decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the inner medulla, as did knockdown of PKC-α in HEK-293 cells. Also, knockdown of ERK2 reduced high NaCl-dependent NFAT5 transcriptional activity in HEK-293 cells. Combined knockdown of PKC-α and ERK2 had no greater effect than knockdown of either alone. Knockdown of either PKC-α or ERK2 reduced the high NaCl-induced increase of NFAT5 transactivating activity. We have previously found that the high NaCl-induced increase of phosphorylation of Ser(591) on Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1-S591-P) contributes to the activation of NFAT5 in cell culture, and here we found high levels of SHP-1-S591-P in the inner medulla. PKC-α has been previously shown to increase SHP-1-S591-P, which raised the possibility that PKC-α might be acting through SHP-1. However, we did not find that knockout of PKC-α in the renal medulla or knockdown in HEK-293 cells affected SHP-1-S591-P. We conclude that PKC-α contributes to high NaCl-dependent activation of NFAT5 through ERK1/2 but not through SHP-1-S591.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joan D Ferraris
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Janet D Klein
- Renal Division, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeff M Sands
- Renal Division, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maurice B Burg
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland;
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546
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Wang H, Ferraris JD, Klein JD, Sands JM, Burg MB, Zhou X. PKC-α contributes to high NaCl-induced activation of NFAT5 (TonEBP/OREBP) through MAPK ERK1/2. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014. [PMID: 25391900 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid powers the concentration of urine but can damage cells. The transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) activates the expression of osmoprotective genes. We studied whether PKC-α contributes to the activation of NFAT5. PKC-α protein abundance was greater in the renal medulla than in the cortex. Knockout of PKC-α reduced NFAT5 protein abundance and expression of its target genes in the inner medulla. In human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells, high NaCl increased PKC-α activity, and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of PKC-α attenuated high NaCl-induced NFAT5 transcriptional activity. Expression of ERK1/2 protein and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 were higher in the renal inner medulla than in the cortex. Knockout of PKC-α decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the inner medulla, as did knockdown of PKC-α in HEK-293 cells. Also, knockdown of ERK2 reduced high NaCl-dependent NFAT5 transcriptional activity in HEK-293 cells. Combined knockdown of PKC-α and ERK2 had no greater effect than knockdown of either alone. Knockdown of either PKC-α or ERK2 reduced the high NaCl-induced increase of NFAT5 transactivating activity. We have previously found that the high NaCl-induced increase of phosphorylation of Ser(591) on Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1-S591-P) contributes to the activation of NFAT5 in cell culture, and here we found high levels of SHP-1-S591-P in the inner medulla. PKC-α has been previously shown to increase SHP-1-S591-P, which raised the possibility that PKC-α might be acting through SHP-1. However, we did not find that knockout of PKC-α in the renal medulla or knockdown in HEK-293 cells affected SHP-1-S591-P. We conclude that PKC-α contributes to high NaCl-dependent activation of NFAT5 through ERK1/2 but not through SHP-1-S591.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joan D Ferraris
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Janet D Klein
- Renal Division, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeff M Sands
- Renal Division, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maurice B Burg
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland;
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547
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Rho kinase inhibition mitigates sunitinib-induced rise in arterial pressure and renal vascular resistance but not increased renal sodium reabsorption. J Hypertens 2014; 32:2199-210; discussion 2110. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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548
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Humalda JK, Navis G. Dietary sodium restriction: a neglected therapeutic opportunity in chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2014; 23:533-40. [PMID: 25222815 PMCID: PMC4189688 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Restriction of dietary sodium is recommended at a population level as well as for groups at high cardiovascular risk, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review addresses recent evidence for the protective effect of dietary sodium restriction in CKD patients specifically. RECENT FINDINGS Sodium intake in CKD populations is generally high, and often above population average. Recent data demonstrated that moderately lower sodium intake in CKD patients is associated with substantially better long-term outcome of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)-blockade, in diabetic and nondiabetic CKD, related to better effects of RAAS-blockade on proteinuria, independent of blood pressure. This is in line with better short-term efficacy of RAAS-blockade during moderate sodium restriction in diabetic and nondiabetic CKD. This effect of sodium restriction is likely mediated by its effects on volume status. Sustainable sodium restriction can be achieved by approaches on the basis of behavioral sciences. SUMMARY Moderate restriction of dietary sodium can substantially improve the protective effects of RAAS-blockade in CKD, by specific renal effects apparent from proteinuria reduction. The latter precludes straightforward extrapolation of data from nonrenal populations to CKD. Concerns regarding the adverse effects of a very low sodium intake should not distract from the protective effects of moderate sodium restriction. Prospective studies should assess the efficacy and sustainability of different strategies to target high sodium intake in CKD, along with measures at population level. VIDEO ABSTRACT http://links.lww.com/CONH/A14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelmer K Humalda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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549
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Kimura H, Mikami D, Kamiyama K, Sugimoto H, Kasuno K, Takahashi N, Yoshida H, Iwano M. Telmisartan, a possible PPAR-δ agonist, reduces TNF-α-stimulated VEGF-C production by inhibiting the p38MAPK/HSP27 pathway in human proximal renal tubular cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 454:320-7. [PMID: 25450396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) is a main inducer of inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis in various inflammatory disorders including chronic progressive kidney diseases, for which angiotensin II receptor type 1 blockers (ARBs) are widely used as the main treatment. Although proximal renal tubular cells may affect the formation of lymphatic vessels in the interstitial area by producing VEGF-C, the molecular mechanisms of VEGF-C production and its manipulation by ARB have not yet been examined in human proximal renal tubular epithelial cells (HPTECs). In the present study, TNF-α dose-dependently induced the production of VEGF-C in HPTECs. The TNF-α-induced production of VEGF-C was mediated by the phosphorylation of p38MAPK and HSP27, but not by that of ERK or NFkB. Telmisartan, an ARB that can activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), served as a PPAR-δ activator and reduced the TNF-α-stimulated production of VEGF-C. This reduction was partially attributed to a PPAR-δ-dependent decrease in p38MAPK phosphorylation. Our results indicate that TNF-α induced the production of VEGF-C in HPTECs by activating p38MAPK/HSP27, and this was partially inhibited by telmisartan in a PPAR-δ dependent manner. These results provide a novel insight into inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kimura
- Division of Nephrology, Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratories and Nephrology, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Mikami
- Division of Nephrology, Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kazuko Kamiyama
- Division of Nephrology, Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Sugimoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Nephrology, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kenji Kasuno
- Division of Nephrology, Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Haruyoshi Yoshida
- Division of Nephrology, Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Division of Nephrology, Obama Municipal Hospital, Obama, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masayuki Iwano
- Division of Nephrology, Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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550
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Li JT, Wang LF, Zhao YL, Yang T, Li W, Zhao J, Yu F, Wang L, Meng YL, Liu NN, Zhu XS, Gao CF, Jia LT, Yang AG. Nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 maintained by Hotair suppression of miR-568 upregulates S100 calcium binding protein A4 to promote breast cancer metastasis. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:454. [PMID: 25311085 PMCID: PMC4303133 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The onset of distal metastasis, which underlies the high mortality of breast cancers, warrants substantial studies to depict its molecular basis. Nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) is upregulated in various malignancies and is critically involved in migration and invasion of neoplastic cells. Nevertheless, the metastasis-related events potentiated by this transcriptional factor and the mechanism responsible for NFAT5 elevation in carcinoma cells remain to be fully elucidated. Methods The correlation of NFAT5 with breast cancer invasiveness was investigated in vitro and clinically. The genes transcriptionally activated by NFAT5 were probed and their roles in breast cancer progression were dissected. The upstream regulators of NFAT5 were studied with particular attempt to explore the involvement of non-coding RNAs, and the mechanism underlying the maintenance of NFAT5 expression was deciphered. Results In metastatic breast cancers, NFAT5 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion of cells by switching on the expression of the calcium binding protein S100A4, and facilitates the angiogenesis of breast epithelial cells and thus the development of metastases by transcriptionally activating vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C). NFAT5 is directly targeted by miR-568, which is in turn suppressed by the long non-coding RNA, Hotair, via a documented in trans gene silencing pattern, that is recruitment of the polycomb complex (Polycomb Repressive Complex 2; PRC2) and LSD1, and consequently methylation of histone H3K27 and demethylation of H3K4 on the miR-568 loci. Conclusion This study unravels a detailed role of NFAT5 in mediating metastatic signaling, and provides broad insights into the involvement of Hotair, in particular, by transcriptionally regulating the expression of microRNA(s), in the metastasis of breast cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-014-0454-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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