501
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Bu N, Wu H, Zhang G, Zhan S, Zhang R, Sun H, Du Y, Yao L, Wang H. Exosomes from Dendritic Cells Loaded with Chaperone-Rich Cell Lysates Elicit a Potent T Cell Immune Response Against Intracranial Glioma in Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:631-43. [PMID: 25680514 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chaperone-rich cell lysates (CRCLs) may play an important role in the development of anti-tumor vaccines. Tumor-derived CRCLs have been reported to activate dendritic cells (DCs) to elicit potent anti-tumor activity. However, the role of DC-derived exosomes (DEXs) secreted from DCs loaded with CRCLs in the treatment of tumors has not been clearly determined. In the present study, DEXs were generated from DCs loaded with CRCLs derived from GL261 glioma cells. These DEXs, designated DEX (CRCL-GL261), were then used to treat DCs to create DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs. The DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs were found to promote cell proliferation and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in vitro compared with DEX (GL261)-DCs, which were loaded with DEXs derived from DCs loaded with GL261 tumor cell lysates. DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs significantly prolonged the survival of mice with tumors and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. In addition, DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs induced enhanced T cell infiltration in intracranial glioma tissues compared with other treatments. DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs induced strong production of anti-tumor cytokines, including interleukin-2 and interferon-γ. Moreover, depletion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells significantly impaired the anti-tumor effect of DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs. Finally, DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs were found to negatively regulate Casitas B cell lineage lymphoma (Cbl)-b and c-Cbl signaling, leading to the activation of phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in T cells. In summary, we present evidence that DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs induce more potent and effective anti-tumor T cell immune responses and delineate the underlying mechanism by which DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs exerted their anti-tumor activity through modulating Cbl-b and c-Cbl signaling. These results provide novel and promising insight for the development of an anti-tumor vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Bu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China,
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502
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Leoni G, Neumann PA, Kamaly N, Quiros M, Nishio H, Jones HR, Sumagin R, Hilgarth RS, Alam A, Fredman G, Argyris I, Rijcken E, Kusters D, Reutelingsperger C, Perretti M, Parkos CA, Farokhzad OC, Neish AS, Nusrat A. Annexin A1-containing extracellular vesicles and polymeric nanoparticles promote epithelial wound repair. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1215-27. [PMID: 25664854 DOI: 10.1172/jci76693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial restitution is an essential process that is required to repair barrier function at mucosal surfaces following injury. Prolonged breaches in epithelial barrier function result in inflammation and further damage; therefore, a better understanding of the epithelial restitution process has potential for improving the development of therapeutics. In this work, we demonstrate that endogenous annexin A1 (ANXA1) is released as a component of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from intestinal epithelial cells, and these ANXA1-containing EVs activate wound repair circuits. Compared with healthy controls, patients with active inflammatory bowel disease had elevated levels of secreted ANXA1-containing EVs in sera, indicating that ANXA1-containing EVs are systemically distributed in response to the inflammatory process and could potentially serve as a biomarker of intestinal mucosal inflammation. Local intestinal delivery of an exogenous ANXA1 mimetic peptide (Ac2-26) encapsulated within targeted polymeric nanoparticles (Ac2-26 Col IV NPs) accelerated healing of murine colonic wounds after biopsy-induced injury. Moreover, one-time systemic administration of Ac2-26 Col IV NPs accelerated recovery following experimentally induced colitis. Together, our results suggest that local delivery of proresolving peptides encapsulated within nanoparticles may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for clinical situations characterized by chronic mucosal injury, such as is seen in patients with IBD.
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503
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Harel M, Oren-Giladi P, Kaidar-Person O, Shaked Y, Geiger T. Proteomics of microparticles with SILAC Quantification (PROMIS-Quan): a novel proteomic method for plasma biomarker quantification. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1127-36. [PMID: 25624350 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.043364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Unbiased proteomic analysis of plasma samples holds the promise to reveal clinically invaluable disease biomarkers. However, the tremendous dynamic range of the plasma proteome has so far hampered the identification of such low abundant markers. To overcome this challenge we analyzed the plasma microparticle proteome, and reached an unprecedented depth of over 3000 plasma proteins in single runs. To add a quantitative dimension, we developed PROMIS-Quan-PROteomics of MIcroparticles with Super-Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC) Quantification, a novel mass spectrometry-based technology for plasma microparticle proteome quantification. PROMIS-Quan enables a two-step relative and absolute SILAC quantification. First, plasma microparticle proteomes are quantified relative to a super-SILAC mix composed of cell lines from distinct origins. Next, the absolute amounts of selected proteins of interest are quantified relative to the super-SILAC mix. We applied PROMIS-Quan to prostate cancer and compared plasma microparticle samples of healthy individuals and prostate cancer patients. We identified in total 5374 plasma-microparticle proteins, and revealed a predictive signature of three proteins that were elevated in the patient-derived plasma microparticles. Finally, PROMIS-Quan enabled determination of the absolute quantitative changes in prostate specific antigen (PSA) upon treatment. We propose PROMIS-Quan as an innovative platform for biomarker discovery, validation, and quantification in both the biomedical research and in the clinical worlds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Harel
- From the ‡Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Pazit Oren-Giladi
- §Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Yuval Shaked
- §Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Geiger
- From the ‡Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel;
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504
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Rousseau M, Belleannee C, Duchez AC, Cloutier N, Levesque T, Jacques F, Perron J, Nigrovic PA, Dieude M, Hebert MJ, Gelb MH, Boilard E. Detection and quantification of microparticles from different cellular lineages using flow cytometry. Evaluation of the impact of secreted phospholipase A2 on microparticle assessment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116812. [PMID: 25587983 PMCID: PMC4294685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microparticles, also called microvesicles, are submicron extracellular vesicles produced by plasma membrane budding and shedding recognized as key actors in numerous physio(patho)logical processes. Since they can be released by virtually any cell lineages and are retrieved in biological fluids, microparticles appear as potent biomarkers. However, the small dimensions of microparticles and soluble factors present in body fluids can considerably impede their quantification. Here, flow cytometry with improved methodology for microparticle resolution was used to detect microparticles of human and mouse species generated from platelets, red blood cells, endothelial cells, apoptotic thymocytes and cells from the male reproductive tract. A family of soluble proteins, the secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2), comprises enzymes concomitantly expressed with microparticles in biological fluids and that catalyze the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids. As sPLA2 can hydrolyze phosphatidylserine, a phospholipid frequently used to assess microparticles, and might even clear microparticles, we further considered the impact of relevant sPLA2 enzymes, sPLA2 group IIA, V and X, on microparticle quantification. We observed that if enriched in fluids, certain sPLA2 enzymes impair the quantification of microparticles depending on the species studied, the source of microparticles and the means of detection employed (surface phosphatidylserine or protein antigen detection). This study provides analytical considerations for appropriate interpretation of microparticle cytofluorometric measurements in biological samples containing sPLA2 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Rousseau
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Clemence Belleannee
- Centre de Recherche du CHUQ and Département d’Obstétrique-Gynécologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Anne-Claire Duchez
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Cloutier
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Tania Levesque
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Jean Perron
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Peter A. Nigrovic
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Melanie Dieude
- Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Josee Hebert
- Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael H. Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Eric Boilard
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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505
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Pais V, Pais ES. Intercellular communication by extracellular vesicles with emphasis on the roles of cordocytes in the human brain. An ultrastructural study. Ultrastruct Pathol 2015; 39:177-86. [PMID: 25569160 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2014.981327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We describe in this work the presence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) along different cell types, especially cordocytes, in various clinical conditions of the human brain (atherothrombotic disease, cerebral tumors, hygroma durae matris, intracerebral cysts, Moyamoya disease and parenchymatous hematoma) using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). EVs, illustrated as exosomes and microvesicles, were causally related to cell-to-cell communication, and other vital functions of resident cells around the brain parenchyma, either around the cortical vessels or into the subarachnoid space and the reticular arachnoid. Our direct demonstration by TEM of these information transporters in all locations and situations where the cordocytes play coordinating and regulating roles, producing and delivering a significant number of EVs to their targets, remains to be better documented in future studies. This first study on this topic showed clearly that EVs can be important modulators of cell functions with roles in cell activation, differentiation, phenotypic change, cancer progression, from precursor/stem cells to tumoral phenotypes, because EVs are released en masse during key interactions and certain moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viorel Pais
- Independent Researcher , Bucharest , Romania and
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506
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, including microvesicles, exosomes and apoptotic bodies are recognized as carriers of pathogen-associated molecules with direct involvement in immune signaling and inflammation. Those observations have enforced the way these membranous vesicles are being considered as promising immunotherapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss the emerging roles of extracellular vesicles in autoimmunity and highlights their potential use as disease biomarkers as well as targets for the treatment and prevention of autoimmune diseases.
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507
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Osteikoetxea X, Sódar B, Németh A, Szabó-Taylor K, Pálóczi K, Vukman KV, Tamási V, Balogh A, Kittel Á, Pállinger É, Buzás EI. Differential detergent sensitivity of extracellular vesicle subpopulations. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9775-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01451d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This work shows for the first time that exosomes are more resistant to detergents than microvesicles and apoptotic bodies.
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508
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Lőrincz ÁM, Timár CI, Marosvári KA, Veres DS, Otrokocsi L, Kittel Á, Ligeti E. Effect of storage on physical and functional properties of extracellular vesicles derived from neutrophilic granulocytes. J Extracell Vesicles 2014; 3:25465. [PMID: 25536933 PMCID: PMC4275651 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3.25465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To carry out a systematic study on the effect of different storage conditions on the number as well as the physical and functional properties of antibacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human neutrophilic granulocytes. Methods Production of EVs with antibacterial properties was initiated by opsonized Zymosan A particles. The number of released fluorescent EVs was determined by flow cytometry following careful calibration. Physical properties and size of EVs were investigated by flow cytometry, dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. Functional properties of EVs were tested by bacterial survival assay. Results Storage at +20°C or +4°C resulted in a significant decrease of EV number and antibacterial effect after 1 day. Storage at −20°C did not influence the EV number up to 28 days, but induced a shift in EV size and almost complete loss of antibacterial function by 28 days. Storage at −80°C had no significant effect either on EV number or size and allowed partial preservation of the antibacterial function up to 28 days. Snap-freezing did not improve the results, whereas the widely used cryoprotectants induced EV lysis. Conclusion Storage significantly alters both the physical and functional properties of EVs even if the number of EVs stays constant. If storage is needed, EVs should be kept at −80°C, preferably not longer than 7 days. For functional tests, freshly prepared EVs are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos M Lőrincz
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba I Timár
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Dániel S Veres
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Otrokocsi
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Kittel
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Ligeti
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; ;
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509
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van der Meel R, Krawczyk-Durka M, van Solinge WW, Schiffelers RM. Toward routine detection of extracellular vesicles in clinical samples. Int J Lab Hematol 2014; 36:244-53. [PMID: 24750670 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The majority, if not all, of human cell types secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) into their environment, at least partly as a means of intercellular communication. These secreted vesicles can be detected in most bodily fluids including blood, urine, and saliva. The number of secreted vesicles and their composition is altered in various pathological conditions, raising opportunities to exploit EVs as diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers. For this to become a reality, it is important to reach consensus regarding the standardization of protocols for sample collection, EV isolation, handling, and storage for valid comparison and interpretation of measurements. Depending on the information required, there are several detection options including EV number and size distribution, molecular surface markers, procoagulation activity, and RNA content. For these purposes, different techniques are currently utilized or under development. This review discusses the techniques that have the potential to become standard EV detection methods in a clinical diagnostic setting. In addition to the accuracy of the detection technique, other factors such as high-throughput, cost-effectiveness, time consumption, and required operator skill are important to consider. A combination of increasing fundamental knowledge, technological progress, standardization of sample collection, and processing protocols is required for EVs to become reliable predictors of altered physiology or development of disease suitable for routine clinical diagnostics. Cancer and (cardio)vascular disorders are examples of pathologies where EV detection may be applied in the near future for diagnosis and/or prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R van der Meel
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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510
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Nawaz M, Camussi G, Valadi H, Nazarenko I, Ekström K, Wang X, Principe S, Shah N, Ashraf NM, Fatima F, Neder L, Kislinger T. The emerging role of extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for urogenital cancers. Nat Rev Urol 2014; 11:688-701. [PMID: 25403245 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2014.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge gained from comprehensive profiling projects that aim to define the complex genomic alterations present within cancers will undoubtedly improve our ability to detect and treat those diseases, but the influence of these resources on our understanding of basic cancer biology is still to be demonstrated. Extracellular vesicles have gained considerable attention in past years, both as mediators of intercellular signalling and as potential sources for the discovery of novel cancer biomarkers. In general, research on extracellular vesicles investigates either the basic mechanism of vesicle formation and cargo incorporation, or the isolation of vesicles from available body fluids for biomarker discovery. A deeper understanding of the cargo molecules present in extracellular vesicles obtained from patients with urogenital cancers, through high-throughput proteomics or genomics approaches, will aid in the identification of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and can potentially lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hadi Valadi
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Karin Ekström
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simona Principe
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, 101 College Street, TMDT 9-807, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Kislinger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, 101 College Street, TMDT 9-807, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
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511
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Agarwal A, Fanelli G, Letizia M, Tung SL, Boardman D, Lechler R, Lombardi G, Smyth LA. Regulatory T cell-derived exosomes: possible therapeutic and diagnostic tools in transplantation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:555. [PMID: 25414702 PMCID: PMC4220709 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by many cells of the body. These small vesicles play an important part in intercellular communication both in the local environment and systemically, facilitating in the transfer of proteins, cytokines as well as miRNA between cells. The observation that exosomes isolated from immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) modulate the immune response has paved the way for these structures to be considered as potential immunotherapeutic reagents. Indeed, clinical trials using DC derived exosomes to facilitate immune responses to specific cancer antigens are now underway. Exosomes can also have a negative effect on the immune response and exosomes isolated from regulatory T cells (Tregs) and other subsets of T cells have been shown to have immune suppressive capacities. Here, we review what is currently known about Treg derived exosomes and their contribution to immune regulation, as well as highlighting their possible therapeutic potential for preventing graft rejection, and use as diagnostic tools to assess transplant outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akansha Agarwal
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital , London , UK
| | - Giorgia Fanelli
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital , London , UK
| | - Marilena Letizia
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital , London , UK
| | - Sim Lai Tung
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital , London , UK
| | - Dominic Boardman
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital , London , UK
| | - Robert Lechler
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital , London , UK
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital , London , UK
| | - Lesley A Smyth
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital , London , UK
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512
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Ailawadi S, Wang X, Gu H, Fan GC. Pathologic function and therapeutic potential of exosomes in cardiovascular disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1852:1-11. [PMID: 25463630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The heart is a very complex conglomeration of organized interactions between various different cell types that all aid in facilitating myocardial function through contractility, sufficient perfusion, and cell-to-cell reception. In order to make sure that all features of the heart work effectively, it is imperative to have a well-controlled communication system among the different types of cells. One of the most important ways that the heart regulates itself is by the use of extracellular vesicles, more specifically, exosomes. Exosomes are types of nano-vesicles, naturally released from living cells. They are believed to play a critical role in intercellular communication through the means of certain mechanisms including direct cell-to-cell contact, long-range signals as well as electrical and extracellular chemical molecules. Exosomes contain many unique features like surface proteins/receptors, lipids, mRNAs, microRNAs, transcription factors and other proteins. Recent studies indicate that the exosomal contents are highly regulated by various stress and disease conditions, in turn reflective of the parent cell status. At present, exosomes are well appreciated to be involved in the process of tumor and infection disease. However, the research on cardiac exosomes is just emerging. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the pathologic effects of exosomes on cardiac remodeling under stress and disease conditions, including cardiac hypertrophy, peripartum cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy and sepsis-induced cardiovascular dysfunction. In addition, the cardio-protective effects of stress-preconditioned exosomes and stem cell-derived exosomes are also summarized. Finally, we discuss how to epigenetically reprogram exosome contents in host cells which makes them beneficial for the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaina Ailawadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Haitao Gu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Guo-Chang Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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513
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Han KY, Dugas-Ford J, Seiki M, Chang JH, Azar DT. Evidence for the Involvement of MMP14 in MMP2 Processing and Recruitment in Exosomes of Corneal Fibroblasts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 56:5323-9. [PMID: 25015352 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 14 has been shown to promote angiogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated exosomal transport of MMP14 and its target, MMP2, from corneal fibroblasts to vascular endothelial cells as a possible mechanism governing MMP14 activity in corneal angiogenesis. METHODS We isolated MMP14-containing exosomes from corneal fibroblasts by sucrose density gradient and evaluated exosome content and purity by Western blot analysis. We then investigated exosome transport in vitro from corneal fibroblasts to two populations of vascular endothelial cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells (CPAECs). Western blot analysis and gelatin zymography were used to determine levels of MMP14 and MMP2, respectively, in exosomal fractions derived from cultured wild-type, MMP14 enzymatic domain-deficient (MMP14Δexon4), and MMP14-null corneal fibroblasts. RESULTS Matrix metalloproteinase 14-containing exosomes isolated from corneal fibroblasts were readily taken up in vitro by HUVECs and CPAECs. We found that MMP14 was enriched in exosomal fractions of cultured corneal fibroblasts. Moreover, loss of the MMP14 enzymatic domain resulted in accumulation of pro-MMP2 protein in exosomes, whereas MMP2 was nearly undetectable in exosomes of MMP14-null fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that exosomes secreted by corneal fibroblasts can transport proteins, including MMP14, to vascular endothelial cells. In addition, recruitment of MMP2 into corneal fibroblast exosomes is an active process that depends, at least in part, on the presence of MMP14. The role of exosomal MMP14 transport in corneal angiogenesis has important implications for therapeutic applications targeting angiogenic processes in the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Jennifer Dugas-Ford
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Motoharu Seiki
- Division of Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
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514
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Wyss R, Grasso L, Wolf C, Grosse W, Demurtas D, Vogel H. Molecular and dimensional profiling of highly purified extracellular vesicles by fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7229-33. [PMID: 25001505 DOI: 10.1021/ac501801m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) into their microenvironment that act as mediators of intercellular communication under physiological conditions and in this context also actively participate in spreading various diseases. Large efforts are currently made to produce reliable EV samples and to develop, improve, and standardize techniques allowing their biophysical characterization. Here, we used ultrafiltration and size-exclusion chromatography for the isolation and a model-free fluorescence fluctuation analysis for the investigation of the physical and biological properties of EVs secreted by mammalian cells. Our purification strategy produced enriched samples of morphologically intact EVs free of extravesicular proteins and allowed labeling of marker molecules on the vesicle surface for single-vesicle analysis with single-molecule sensitivity. This novel approach provides information on the distribution profile of both EV size and relative expression level of a specific exosomal marker, deciphering the overall heterogeneity of EV preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Wyss
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers and Membranes, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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515
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Mu J, Zhuang X, Wang Q, Jiang H, Deng ZB, Wang B, Zhang L, Kakar S, Jun Y, Miller D, Zhang HG. Interspecies communication between plant and mouse gut host cells through edible plant derived exosome-like nanoparticles. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1561-73. [PMID: 24842810 PMCID: PMC4851829 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Exosomes, small vesicles participating in intercellular communication, have been extensively studied recently; however, the role of edible plant derived exosomes in interspecies communication has not been investigated. Here, we investigate the biological effects of edible plant derived exosome-like nanoparticles (EPDENs) on mammalian cells. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, exosome-like nanoparticles from four edible plants were isolated and characterized. We show that these EPDENs contain proteins, lipids, and microRNA. EPDENs are taken up by intestinal macrophages and stem cells. The results generated from EPDEN-transfected macrophages indicate that ginger EPDENs preferentially induce the expression of the antioxidation gene, heme oxygenase-1 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10; whereas grapefruit, ginger, and carrot EPDENs promote activation of nuclear factor like (erythroid-derived 2). Furthermore, analysis of the intestines of canonical Wnt-reporter mice, i.e. B6.Cg-Tg(BAT-lacZ)3Picc/J mice, revealed that the numbers of β-galactosidase(+) (β-Gal) intestinal crypts are increased, suggesting that EPDEN treatment of mice leads to Wnt-mediated activation of the TCF4 transcription machinery in the crypts. CONCLUSION The data suggest a role for EPDEN-mediated interspecies communication by inducing expression of genes for anti-inflammation cytokines, antioxidation, and activation of Wnt signaling, which are crucial for maintaining intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Mu
- Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Xiaoying Zhuang
- Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Qilong Wang
- Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Hong Jiang
- Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Zhong-Bin Deng
- Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Baomei Wang
- Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Sham Kakar
- Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Yan Jun
- Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Donald Miller
- Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Huang-Ge Zhang
- Louisville Veterans Administration Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206
- Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
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516
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Ullal AJ, Marion TN, Pisetsky DS. The role of antigen specificity in the binding of murine monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies to microparticles from apoptotic cells. Clin Immunol 2014; 154:178-87. [PMID: 24873886 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies to DNA (anti-DNA) are the serological hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus and markers of underlying immune system disturbances. These antibodies bind to both single-stranded and double-stranded DNA, mediating pathogenesis by forming immune complexes. As shown recently, DNA in blood exists in both free and particulate forms, with DNA representing an important component of microparticles. Microparticles are membrane-bound vesicles containing nuclear molecules, released by membrane blebbing during cell death and activation. A panel of monoclonal NZB/NZW F1 anti-DNA antibodies was tested for binding to microparticles generated from apoptotic THP-1 and Jurkat cells. These studies showed that only certain anti-DNA antibodies in the panel, specific for double-stranded DNA, bound to microparticles. Binding to particles was reduced by soluble DNA or DNase treatment. Together, these results indicate that particle binding is a feature of only certain anti-DNA antibodies, reflecting immunochemical properties of the antibodies and the nature of the exposed DNA antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh J Ullal
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tony N Marion
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - David S Pisetsky
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Medical Research Service, Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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