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Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment to sites of infection or tissue damage plays a crucial role for the innate immune response. Chemokine-dependent signaling in immune cells is a very important mechanism leading to integrin activation and leukocyte recruitment. CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) is a prominent chemokine receptor on neutrophils. During the last years, several studies were performed investigating the role of CXCR2 in different diseases. Until now, many CXCR2 inhibitors are tested in animal models and clinical trials and promising results were obtained. This review gives an overview of the structure of CXCR2 and the signaling pathways that are activated following CXCR2 stimulation. We discuss in detail the role of this chemokine receptor in different disease models including acute lung injury, COPD, sepsis, and ischemia-reperfusion-injury. Furthermore, this review summarizes the results of clinical trials which used CXCR2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Stadtmann
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Münster Münster, Germany
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503
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CXCR2 in acute lung injury. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:740987. [PMID: 22719179 PMCID: PMC3375097 DOI: 10.1155/2012/740987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In pulmonary inflammation, recruitment of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes is essential for host defense and initiates the following specific immune response. One pathological hallmark of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome is the uncontrolled transmigration of neutrophils into the lung interstitium and alveolar space. Thereby, the extravasation of leukocytes from the vascular system into the tissue is induced by chemokines that are released from the site of inflammation. The most relevant chemokine receptors of neutrophils are CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR) 1 and CXCR2. CXCR2 is of particular interest since several studies implicate a pivotal role of this receptor in development and promotion of numerous inflammatory disorders. CXCR2 gets activated by ELR(+) chemokines, including MIP-2, KC (rodents) and IL-8 (human). Since multiple ELR(+) CXC chemokines act on both receptors--CXCR1 and CXCR2--a pharmacologic agent blocking both receptors seems to be advantageous. So far, several CXCR1/2 antagonists have been developed and have been tested successfully in experimental studies. A newly designed CXCR1 and CXCR2 antagonist can be orally administered and was for the first time found efficient in humans. This review highlights the role of CXCR2 in acute lung injury and discusses its potential as a therapeutic target.
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504
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van Golen RF, van Gulik TM, Heger M. The sterile immune response during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:69-84. [PMID: 22609105 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia and reperfusion elicits an immune response that lacks a microbial constituent yet poses a potentially lethal threat to the host. In this sterile setting, the immune system is alarmed by endogenous danger signals that are release by stressed and dying liver cells. The detection of these immunogenic messengers by sentinel leukocyte populations constitutes the proximal trigger for a self-perpetuating cycle of inflammation, in which consecutive waves of cytokines and chemokines orchestrate the influx of various leukocyte subsets that ultimately confer tissue destruction. This review focuses on the temporal organization of sterile hepatic inflammation, using surgery-induced trauma as a template disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F van Golen
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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505
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Veenstra M, Ransohoff RM. Chemokine receptor CXCR2: physiology regulator and neuroinflammation controller? J Neuroimmunol 2012; 246:1-9. [PMID: 22445294 PMCID: PMC3335977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is a crucial component of inflammatory reactions, while the central nervous system (CNS) is the most vulnerable site of the body to inflammatory tissue injury. Neuroinflammatory brain pathologies are disorders in which the CNS is threatened by its own immune system. Chemokine receptor CXCR2 and its ligands have been implicated in several neuroinflammatory brain pathologies, as well as in neutrophil recruitment and in the developmental positioning of neural cells. This review focuses on the basics of CXCR2, its regulating role in bone marrow neutrophil recruitment, oligodendrocyte progenitor cell positioning and neural repair mechanisms, as well as its diverse roles in neuroinflammatory brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Veenstra
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Richard M. Ransohoff
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
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506
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Day RB, Link DC. Regulation of neutrophil trafficking from the bone marrow. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1415-23. [PMID: 22045556 PMCID: PMC11114822 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0870-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are an essential component of the innate immune response and a major contributor to inflammation. Consequently, neutrophil homeostasis in the blood is highly regulated. Neutrophil number in the blood is determined by the balance between neutrophil production in the bone marrow and release from the bone marrow to blood with neutrophil clearance from the circulation. This review will focus on mechanisms regulating neutrophil release from the bone marrow. In particular, recent data demonstrating a central role for the chemokines CXCL12 and CXCL2 in regulating neutrophil egress from the bone marrow will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B. Day
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, Saint Louis, 63110 MO USA
| | - Daniel C. Link
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, Saint Louis, 63110 MO USA
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507
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Proper desensitization of CXCR4 is required for lymphocyte development and peripheral compartmentalization in mice. Blood 2012; 119:5722-30. [PMID: 22438253 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-01-403378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Desensitization controls G protein-dependent signaling of chemokine receptors. We investigate the physiologic implication of this process for CXCR4 in a mouse model harboring a heterozygous mutation of the Cxcr4 gene, which engenders a desensitization-resistant receptor. Such anomaly is linked to the warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome, a human rare combined immunodeficiency. Cxcr4(+/mutant(1013)) mice display leukocytes with enhanced responses to Cxcl12 and exhibit leukopenia as reported in patients. Treatment with CXCL12/CXCR4 antagonists transiently reverses blood anomalies, further demonstrating the causal role of the mutant receptor in the leukopenia. Strikingly, neutropenia occurs in a context of normal bone marrow architecture and granulocyte lineage maturation, indicating a minor role for Cxcr4-dependent signaling in those processes. In contrast, Cxcr4(+/1013) mice show defective thymopoiesis and B-cell development, accounting for circulating lymphopenia. Concomitantly, mature T and B cells are abnormally compartmentalized in the periphery, with a reduction of primary follicles in the spleen and their absence in lymph nodes mirrored by an unfurling of the T-cell zone. These mice provide a model to decipher the role of CXCR4 desensitization in the homeostasis of B and T cells and to investigate which manifestations of patients with WHIM syndrome may be overcome by dampening the gain of CXCR4 function.
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508
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509
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Autenrieth SE, Warnke P, Wabnitz GH, Lucero Estrada C, Pasquevich KA, Drechsler D, Günter M, Hochweller K, Novakovic A, Beer-Hammer S, Samstag Y, Hämmerling GJ, Garbi N, Autenrieth IB. Depletion of dendritic cells enhances innate anti-bacterial host defense through modulation of phagocyte homeostasis. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002552. [PMID: 22383883 PMCID: PMC3285606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) as professional antigen-presenting cells play an important role in the initiation and modulation of the adaptive immune response. However, their role in the innate immune response against bacterial infections is not completely defined. Here we have analyzed the role of DCs and their impact on the innate anti-bacterial host defense in an experimental infection model of Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye). We used CD11c-diphtheria toxin (DT) mice to deplete DCs prior to severe infection with Ye. DC depletion significantly increased animal survival after Ye infection. The bacterial load in the spleen of DC-depleted mice was significantly lower than that of control mice throughout the infection. DC depletion was accompanied by an increase in the serum levels of CXCL1, G-CSF, IL-1α, and CCL2 and an increase in the numbers of splenic phagocytes. Functionally, splenocytes from DC-depleted mice exhibited an increased bacterial killing capacity compared to splenocytes from control mice. Cellular studies further showed that this was due to an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by neutrophils. Adoptive transfer of neutrophils from DC-depleted mice into control mice prior to Ye infection reduced the bacterial load to the level of Ye-infected DC-depleted mice, suggesting that the increased number of phagocytes with additional ROS production account for the decreased bacterial load. Furthermore, after incubation with serum from DC-depleted mice splenocytes from control mice increased their bacterial killing capacity, most likely due to enhanced ROS production by neutrophils, indicating that serum factors from DC-depleted mice account for this effect. In summary, we could show that DC depletion triggers phagocyte accumulation in the spleen and enhances their anti-bacterial killing capacity upon bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella E Autenrieth
- Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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510
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Transcriptomic analysis comparing tumor-associated neutrophils with granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells and normal neutrophils. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31524. [PMID: 22348096 PMCID: PMC3279406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of myeloid cells in supporting cancer growth is well established. Most work has focused on myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) that accumulate in tumor-bearing animals, but tumor-associated neutrophils (TAN) are also known to be capable of augmenting tumor growth. However, little is known about their evolution, phenotype, and relationship to naïve neutrophils (NN) and to the granulocytic fraction of MDSC (G-MDSC). In the current study, a transcriptomics approach was used in mice to compare these cell types. Our data show that the three populations of neutrophils are significantly different in their mRNA profiles with NN and G-MDSC being more closely related to each other than to TAN. Structural genes and genes related to cell-cytotoxicity (i.e. respiratory burst) were significantly down-regulated in TAN. In contrast, many immune-related genes and pathways, including genes related to the antigen presenting complex (e.g. all six MHC-II complex genes), and cytokines (e.g. TNF-α, IL-1-α/β), were up-regulated in G-MDSC, and further up-regulated in TAN. Thirteen of the 25 chemokines tested were markedly up-regulated in TAN compared to NN, including striking up-regulation of chemoattractants for T/B-cells, neutrophils and macrophages. This study characterizes different populations of neutrophils related to cancer, pointing out the major differences between TAN and the other neutrophil populations.
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511
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Mei J, Liu Y, Dai N, Hoffmann C, Hudock KM, Zhang P, Guttentag SH, Kolls JK, Oliver PM, Bushman FD, Worthen GS. Cxcr2 and Cxcl5 regulate the IL-17/G-CSF axis and neutrophil homeostasis in mice. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:974-86. [PMID: 22326959 DOI: 10.1172/jci60588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are essential for maintaining innate immune surveillance under normal conditions, but also represent a major contributor to tissue damage during inflammation. Neutrophil homeostasis is therefore tightly regulated. Cxcr2 plays a critical role in neutrophil homeostasis, as Cxcr2(-/-) mice demonstrate mild neutrophilia and severe neutrophil hyperplasia in the bone marrow. The mechanisms underlying these phenotypes, however, are unclear. We report here that Cxcr2 on murine neutrophils inhibits the IL-17A/G-CSF axis that regulates neutrophil homeostasis. Furthermore, enterocyte-derived Cxcl5 in the gut regulates IL-17/G-CSF levels and contributes to Cxcr2-dependent neutrophil homeostasis. Conversely, G-CSF was required for Cxcl5-dependent regulation of neutrophil homeostasis, and inhibition of IL-17A reduced plasma G-CSF concentrations and marrow neutrophil numbers in both Cxcl5(-/-) and Cxcr2(-/-) mice. Cxcr2(-/-) mice constitutively expressed IL-17A and showed increased numbers of IL-17A-producing cells in the lung, terminal ileum, and spleen. Most IL-17-producing splenocytes were responsive to IL-1β plus IL-23 in vitro. Depletion of commensal microbes by antibiotic treatment in Cxcr2(-/-) mice markedly decreased IL-17A and G-CSF expression, neutrophilia, and marrow myeloid hyperplasia. These data suggest a critical role for Cxcr2, Cxcl5, and commensal bacteria in regulation of the IL-17/G-CSF axis and neutrophil homeostasis at mucosal sites and have implications for the development of treatments for pathologies resulting from either excessive or ineffective neutrophil responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Mei
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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512
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Salvucci O, Jiang K, Gasperini P, Maric D, Zhu J, Sakakibara S, Espigol-Frigole G, Wang S, Tosato G. MicroRNA126 contributes to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-induced hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization by reducing the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. Haematologica 2012; 97:818-26. [PMID: 22271895 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2011.056945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mobilization of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow to the peripheral blood by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is the primary means to acquire stem cell grafts for hematopoietic cell transplantation. Since hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells represent a minority of all blood cells mobilized by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, the underlying mechanisms need to be understood in order to develop selective drugs. DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed phenotypic, biochemical and genetic changes in bone marrow cell populations from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized and control mice, and linked such changes to effective mobilization of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. RESULTS We show that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor indirectly reduces expression of surface vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 on bone marrow hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, stromal cells and endothelial cells by promoting the accumulation of microRNA-126 (miR126)-containing microvescicles in the bone marrow extracellular compartment. We found that hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, stromal cells and endothelial cells readily incorporate these miR126-loaded microvescicles, and that miR126 represses vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 expression on bone marrow hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, stromal cells and endothelial cells. In line with this, miR126-null mice displayed a reduced mobilization response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. CONCLUSIONS Our results implicate miR126 in the regulation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell trafficking between the bone marrow and peripheral sites, clarify the role of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 in granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mediated mobilization, and have important implications for improved approaches to selective mobilization of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombretta Salvucci
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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513
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Sanz MJ, Kubes P. Neutrophil-active chemokines in in vivo imaging of neutrophil trafficking. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:278-83. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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514
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Ratajczak MZ, Kim C. The use of chemokine receptor agonists in stem cell mobilization. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:287-97. [PMID: 22263752 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.657174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacological mobilization has been exploited as a means to obtain hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) for hematopoietic reconstitution. HSPCs mobilized from bone marrow into peripheral blood (PB) are a preferred source of stem cells for transplantation, because they are easily accessible and evidence indicates that they engraft faster after transplantation than HSPCs directly harvested from bone marrow (BM) or umbilical cord blood (UCB). AREAS COVERED Since chemokine-chemokine receptor axes are involved in retention of HSPCs in the BM microenvironment, chemokine receptor agonists have been proposed as therapeutics to facilitate the mobilization process. These compounds include agonists of the CXCR4 receptor expressed on HSPCs (CTCE-0021 and ATI-2341) or chemokines binding to chemokine receptors expressed on granuclocytes and monocytes (e.g., CXCL2, also known as the growth-related oncogene protein-beta (Gro-β); CCL3, also known as macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α); or CXCL8, also known as IL-8) could be employed alone or in combination with other mobilizing agents (e.g., G-CSF or Plerixafor (AMD3100)). We discuss the current state of knowledge about chemokine receptor agonists and the rationale for their application in mobilization protocols. EXPERT OPINION Evidence is accumulating that CXCR4 receptor agonists could be employed alone or with other agents as mobilizing drugs. In particular they may provide an alternative for patients that are poor mobilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- University of Louisville, Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, 500 S. Floyd Street, Room. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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515
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Pancreatic adenocarcinoma induces bone marrow mobilization of myeloid-derived suppressor cells which promote primary tumor growth. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1373-85. [PMID: 22215137 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a heterogeneous population of immunosuppressive cells that are upregulated in cancer. Little is known about the prevalence and importance of MDSC in pancreas adenocarcinoma (PA). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Peripheral blood, bone marrow, and tumor samples were collected from pancreatic cancer patients, analyzed for MDSC (CD15(+)CD11b(+)) by flow cytometry and compared to cancer-free controls. The suppressive capacity of MDSC (CD11b(+)Gr-1(+)) and the effectiveness of MDSC depletion were assessed in C57BL/6 mice inoculated with Pan02, a murine PA, and treated with placebo or zoledronic acid, a potent aminobisphosphonate previously shown to target MDSC. The tumor microenvironment was analyzed for MDSC (Gr1(+)CD11b(+)), effector T cells, and tumor cytokine levels. RESULTS Patients with PA demonstrated increased frequency of MDSC in the bone marrow and peripheral circulation which correlated with disease stage. Normal pancreas tissue showed no MDSC infiltrate, while human tumors avidly recruited MDSC. Murine tumors similarly recruited MDSC that suppressed CD8(+) T cells in vitro and accelerated tumor growth in vivo. Treatment with zoledronic acid impaired intratumoral MDSC accumulation resulting in delayed tumor growth rate, prolonged median survival, and increased recruitment of T cells to the tumor. This was associated with a more robust type 1 response with increased levels of IFN-γ and decreased levels of IL-10. CONCLUSIONS MDSC are important mediators of tumor-induced immunosuppression in pancreatic cancer. Inhibiting MDSC accumulation with zoledronic acid improves the host anti-tumor response in animal studies suggesting that efforts to block MDSC may represent a novel treatment strategy for pancreatic cancer.
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516
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Mercier FE, Ragu C, Scadden DT. The bone marrow at the crossroads of blood and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 12:49-60. [PMID: 22193770 DOI: 10.1038/nri3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Progenitor cells that are the basis for all blood cell production share the bone marrow with more mature elements of the adaptive immune system. Specialized niches within the bone marrow guide and, at times, constrain the development of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and lineage-restricted immune progenitor cells. Specific niche components are organized into distinct domains to create a diversified landscape in which specialized cell differentiation or population expansion programmes proceed. Local cues that reflect the tissue and organismal state affect cellular interactions to alter the production of a range of cell types. Here, we review the organization of regulatory elements in the bone marrow and discuss how these elements provide a dynamic means for the host to modulate stem cell and adaptive immune cell responses to physiological challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois E Mercier
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Christine Ragu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - David T Scadden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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517
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Mercier FE, Ragu C, Scadden DT. The bone marrow at the crossroads of blood and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2011. [PMID: 22193770 DOI: 10.1038/nri4132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Progenitor cells that are the basis for all blood cell production share the bone marrow with more mature elements of the adaptive immune system. Specialized niches within the bone marrow guide and, at times, constrain the development of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and lineage-restricted immune progenitor cells. Specific niche components are organized into distinct domains to create a diversified landscape in which specialized cell differentiation or population expansion programmes proceed. Local cues that reflect the tissue and organismal state affect cellular interactions to alter the production of a range of cell types. Here, we review the organization of regulatory elements in the bone marrow and discuss how these elements provide a dynamic means for the host to modulate stem cell and adaptive immune cell responses to physiological challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois E Mercier
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Christine Ragu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - David T Scadden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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518
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Zhang S, Condac E, Qiu H, Jiang J, Gutierrez-Sanchez G, Bergmann C, Handel T, Wang L. Heparin-induced leukocytosis requires 6-O-sulfation and is caused by blockade of selectin- and CXCL12 protein-mediated leukocyte trafficking in mice. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:5542-53. [PMID: 22194593 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.314716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytosis refers to an increase in leukocyte count above the normal range in the blood and is a common laboratory finding in patients. In many cases, the mechanisms underlying leukocytosis are not known. In this study, we examined the effects, the structural determinants, and the underlying mechanisms of heparin-induced leukocytosis, a side effect occurring in 0.44% of patients receiving heparin. We observed that heparin induced both lymphocytosis and neutrophilia, and the effects required heparin to be 6-O-sulfated but did not require its anticoagulant activity. Cell mobilization studies revealed that the lymphocytosis was attributable to a combination of blockage of lymphocyte homing and the release of thymocytes from the thymus, whereas the neutrophilia was caused primarily by neutrophil release from the bone marrow and demargination in the vasculature. Mechanistic studies revealed that heparin inhibits L- and P-selectin, as well as the chemokine CXCL12, leading to leukocytosis. Heparin is known to require 6-O-sulfate to inhibit L- and P-selectin function, and in this study we observed that 6-O-sulfate is required for its interaction with CXCL12. We conclude that heparin-induced leukocytosis requires glucosamine 6-O-sulfation and is caused by blockade of L-selectin-, P-selectin-, and CXCL12-mediated leukocyte trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Zhang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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519
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight A Towler
- Department of Medicine/Endocrine Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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520
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Abstract
Monocytes originate from progenitors in the bone marrow and traffic via the bloodstream to peripheral tissues. During both homeostasis and inflammation, circulating monocytes leave the bloodstream and migrate into tissues where, following conditioning by local growth factors, pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbial products, they differentiate into macrophage or dendritic cell populations. Recruitment of monocytes is essential for effective control and clearance of viral, bacterial, fungal and protozoal infections, but recruited monocytes also contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory and degenerative diseases. The mechanisms that control monocyte trafficking under homeostatic, infectious and inflammatory conditions are being unravelled and are the focus of this Review.
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521
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Johns JL, Borjesson DL. Downregulation of CXCL12 signaling and altered hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell trafficking in a murine model of acute Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. Innate Immun 2011; 18:418-28. [PMID: 21964802 DOI: 10.1177/1753425911413794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with a variety of bacterial pathogens results in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) mobilization. The mechanism and kinetics of HSPC mobilization during infection are largely unknown. Previously, we found altered HSPC activity in bone marrow, spleen and blood during infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis. We hypothesized that altered CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling, a central pathway for HSPC homing to, and retention within, the bone marrow, plays a role in infection-induced alterations in HSPC number and trafficking. Mice were infected with A. phagocytophilum. Lineage-cKit+ HSPCs were enumerated and proliferation determined. CXCL12 and CXCR4 mRNA were quantified along with CXCL12 protein, and CXCR4 surface, intracellular and total protein expression in HSPCs was determined. Increased bone marrow proliferation of HSPCs began at 2 d post-infection followed by HSPC mobilization and splenic homing. Proliferation of resident HSPCs contributed to increased splenic HSPC numbers. Bone marrow CXCL12 mRNA and protein levels were decreased at 4-8 d post-infection concurrent with HSPC mobilization. CXCR4 protein parameters were decreased in bone marrow HSPCs throughout 2-6 d post-infection. Reduction of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling simultaneously occurs with HSPC mobilization from bone marrow. Findings suggest that deranged CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling plays a causal role in HSPC mobilization during acute A. phagocytophilum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Johns
- Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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522
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Toh B, Wang X, Keeble J, Sim WJ, Khoo K, Wong WC, Kato M, Prevost-Blondel A, Thiery JP, Abastado JP. Mesenchymal transition and dissemination of cancer cells is driven by myeloid-derived suppressor cells infiltrating the primary tumor. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1001162. [PMID: 21980263 PMCID: PMC3181226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to metastasize, cancer cells need to acquire a motile phenotype. Previously, development of this phenotype was thought to rely on the acquisition of selected, random mutations and thus would occur late in cancer progression. However, recent studies show that cancer cells disseminate early, implying the existence of a different, faster route to the metastatic motile phenotype. Using a spontaneous murine model of melanoma, we show that a subset of bone marrow-derived immune cells (myeloid-derived suppressor cells or MDSC) preferentially infiltrates the primary tumor and actively promotes cancer cell dissemination by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). CXCL5 is the main chemokine attracting MDSC to the primary tumor. In vitro assay using purified MDSC showed that TGF-β, EGF, and HGF signaling pathways are all used by MDSC to induce EMT in cancer cells. These findings explain how cancer cells acquire a motile phenotype so early and provide a mechanistic explanation for the long recognized link between inflammation and cancer progression. Cancer progression has been depicted as a linear process, during which the incipient cancer cell sequentially accumulates mutations that confer the ability to metastasize. However, recent studies show that cancer cells disseminate early, before such mutations can accumulate, implying the existence of a different, faster route to the metastatic phenotype. Using a mouse model of melanoma, we show that the primary tumor attracts a subset of immune cells that actively promote cancer cell motility, dissemination, and metastasis. These tumor-infiltrating immune cells do so by reactivating a cellular program (mesenchymal transition) used by melanocytes during their development to colonize the skin, and also believed to be an essential step in cancer cell dissemination and metastasis. Once the melanoma cells migrate out of the primary tumor, they can lapse back to their original phenotype and lose their migratory potential. This transient phenotypic switch may accelerate carcinogenesis and participate in the plasticity of cancer. It explains how cancer cells might spread to other organs even before the original tumor is detected. In addition to the evidence gleaned from our mouse melanoma model, we show that these immune cells induce typical features of epithelial-mesechymal transition in both melanoma and bladder human cell lines when examined in culture dishes. These findings provide an underlying mechanism for the long-recognized link between inflammation and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Toh
- Singapore Immunology Network, BMSI, A-STAR, Singapore
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Singapore Immunology Network, BMSI, A-STAR, Singapore
| | - Jo Keeble
- Singapore Immunology Network, BMSI, A-STAR, Singapore
| | - Wen Jing Sim
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, BMSI, A-STAR, Singapore
| | - Karen Khoo
- Singapore Immunology Network, BMSI, A-STAR, Singapore
| | | | - Masashi Kato
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Jean-Paul Thiery
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, BMSI, A-STAR, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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523
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Sadik CD, Kim ND, Luster AD. Neutrophils cascading their way to inflammation. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:452-60. [PMID: 21839682 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are pivotal effector cells of innate immunity. Their recruitment into peripheral tissues is indispensable for host defense. Given their destructive potential, neutrophil entry into tissue must be tightly regulated in vivo to avoid damage to the host. An array of chemically diverse chemoattractants is active on neutrophils and participates in recruitment. Neutrophil chemoattractants were thought redundant in the control of neutrophil recruitment into peripheral tissue, based on their often indistinguishable effects on neutrophils in vitro and their frequently overlapping patterns of expression at inflammatory sites in vivo. Recent data, however, suggest that neutrophil chemoattractants have unique functions in the recruitment of neutrophils into inflammatory sites in vivo, dictated by their distinct patterns of temporal and spatial expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian D Sadik
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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524
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525
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Delano MJ, Kelly-Scumpia KM, Thayer TC, Winfield RD, Scumpia PO, Cuenca AG, Harrington PB, O'Malley KA, Warner E, Gabrilovich S, Mathews CE, Laface D, Heyworth PG, Ramphal R, Strieter RM, Moldawer LL, Efron PA. Neutrophil mobilization from the bone marrow during polymicrobial sepsis is dependent on CXCL12 signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:911-8. [PMID: 21690321 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are essential for successful host eradication of bacterial pathogens and for survival to polymicrobial sepsis. During inflammation, the bone marrow provides a large reserve of neutrophils that are released into the peripheral circulation where they traverse to sites of infection. Although neutrophils are essential for survival, few studies have investigated the mechanisms responsible for neutrophil mobilization from the bone marrow during polymicrobial sepsis. Using a cecal ligation and puncture model of polymicrobial sepsis, we demonstrated that neutrophil mobilization from the bone marrow is not dependent on TLR4, MyD88, TRIF, IFNARα/β, or CXCR2 pathway signaling during sepsis. In contrast, we observed that bone marrow CXCL12 mRNA abundance and specific CXCL12 levels are sharply reduced, whereas splenic CXCR4 mRNA and cell surface expression are increased during sepsis. Blocking CXCL12 activity significantly reduced blood neutrophilia by inhibiting bone marrow release of granulocytes during sepsis. However, CXCL12 inhibition had no impact on the expansion of bone marrow neutrophil precursors and hematopoietic progenitors. Bone marrow neutrophil retention by CXCL12 blockade prevented blood neutrophilia, inhibited peritoneal neutrophil accumulation, allowed significant peritoneal bacterial invasion, and increased polymicrobial sepsis mortality. We concluded that changes in the pattern of CXCL12 signaling during sepsis are essential for neutrophil bone marrow mobilization and host survival but have little impact on bone marrow granulopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Delano
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0286, USA
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526
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Reiner AP, Lettre G, Nalls MA, Ganesh SK, Mathias R, Austin MA, Dean E, Arepalli S, Britton A, Chen Z, Couper D, Curb JD, Eaton CB, Fornage M, Grant SFA, Harris TB, Hernandez D, Kamatini N, Keating BJ, Kubo M, LaCroix A, Lange LA, Liu S, Lohman K, Meng Y, Mohler ER, Musani S, Nakamura Y, O'Donnell CJ, Okada Y, Palmer CD, Papanicolaou GJ, Patel KV, Singleton AB, Takahashi A, Tang H, Taylor HA, Taylor K, Thomson C, Yanek LR, Yang L, Ziv E, Zonderman AB, Folsom AR, Evans MK, Liu Y, Becker DM, Snively BM, Wilson JG. Genome-wide association study of white blood cell count in 16,388 African Americans: the continental origins and genetic epidemiology network (COGENT). PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002108. [PMID: 21738479 PMCID: PMC3128101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Total white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil counts are lower among individuals of African descent due to the common African-derived "null" variant of the Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) gene. Additional common genetic polymorphisms were recently associated with total WBC and WBC sub-type levels in European and Japanese populations. No additional loci that account for WBC variability have been identified in African Americans. In order to address this, we performed a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) of total WBC and cell subtype counts in 16,388 African-American participants from 7 population-based cohorts available in the Continental Origins and Genetic Epidemiology Network. In addition to the DARC locus on chromosome 1q23, we identified two other regions (chromosomes 4q13 and 16q22) associated with WBC in African Americans (P<2.5×10(-8)). The lead SNP (rs9131) on chromosome 4q13 is located in the CXCL2 gene, which encodes a chemotactic cytokine for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Independent evidence of the novel CXCL2 association with WBC was present in 3,551 Hispanic Americans, 14,767 Japanese, and 19,509 European Americans. The index SNP (rs12149261) on chromosome 16q22 associated with WBC count is located in a large inter-chromosomal segmental duplication encompassing part of the hydrocephalus inducing homolog (HYDIN) gene. We demonstrate that the chromosome 16q22 association finding is most likely due to a genotyping artifact as a consequence of sequence similarity between duplicated regions on chromosomes 16q22 and 1q21. Among the WBC loci recently identified in European or Japanese populations, replication was observed in our African-American meta-analysis for rs445 of CDK6 on chromosome 7q21 and rs4065321 of PSMD3-CSF3 region on chromosome 17q21. In summary, the CXCL2, CDK6, and PSMD3-CSF3 regions are associated with WBC count in African American and other populations. We also demonstrate that large inter-chromosomal duplications can result in false positive associations in GWAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Michael A. Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Santhi K. Ganesh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rasika Mathias
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Austin
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Institute for Public Health Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eric Dean
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sampath Arepalli
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Angela Britton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhao Chen
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - David Couper
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - J. David Curb
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Charles B. Eaton
- Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Houston Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Struan F. A. Grant
- Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory for Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Naoyuki Kamatini
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine (CGM), Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Brendan J. Keating
- Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, CGM, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Andrea LaCroix
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Leslie A. Lange
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Simin Liu
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kurt Lohman
- Center for Human Genomics, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yan Meng
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emile R. Mohler
- Cardiovascular Division, Vascular Medicine Section, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Solomon Musani
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christopher J. O'Donnell
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine (CGM), Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Cameron D. Palmer
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - George J. Papanicolaou
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kushang V. Patel
- Laboratory for Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew B. Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine (CGM), Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Herman A. Taylor
- Jackson State University, Tougaloo College, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Kent Taylor
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Thomson
- Nutritional Sciences, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lisa R. Yanek
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lingyao Yang
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elad Ziv
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alan B. Zonderman
- Laboratory of Personality and Cognition, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aaron R. Folsom
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michele K. Evans
- Health Disparities Research Section, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Center for Human Genomics, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Diane M. Becker
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Beverly M. Snively
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - James G. Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
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527
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CXCR3-dependent plasma blast migration to the central nervous system during viral encephalomyelitis. J Virol 2011; 85:6136-47. [PMID: 21507985 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00202-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin in cerebral spinal fluid and antibody secreting cells (ASC) within the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma are common hallmarks of microbial infections and autoimmune disorders. However, the signals directing ASC migration into the inflamed CNS are poorly characterized. This study demonstrates that CXCR3 mediates CNS accumulation of ASC during neurotropic coronavirus-induced encephalomyelitis. Expansion of CXCR3-expressing ASC in draining lymph nodes prior to accumulation within the CNS was consistent with their recruitment by sustained expression of CXCR3 ligands during viral persistence. Both total and virus-specific ASC were reduced greater than 80% in the CNS of infected CXCR3(-/-) mice. Similar T cell CNS recruitment and local T cell-dependent antiviral activity further indicated that the ASC migration defect was T cell independent. Furthermore, in contrast to the reduction of ASC in the CNS, neither virus-specific ASC trafficking to bone marrow nor antiviral serum antibody was reduced relative to levels in control mice. Impaired ASC recruitment into the CNS of infected CXCR3(-/-) mice coincided with elevated levels of persisting viral RNA, sustained infectious virus, increased clinical disease, and mortality. These results demonstrate that CXCR3 ligands are indispensable for recruitment of activated ASC into the inflamed CNS and highlight their local protective role during persistent infection.
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528
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Experimental stroke-induced changes in the bone marrow reveal complex regulation of leukocyte responses. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:1036-50. [PMID: 21045863 PMCID: PMC3070970 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stroke induces a systemic response that involves rapid activation of inflammatory cascades, followed later by immunodepression. Experimental stroke-induced responses in the bone marrow, which is the primary source of circulating monocytes and granulocytes, have not been investigated previously. We show that cerebral ischaemia induced early (4 hours) release of CXCR2-positive granulocytes from the bone marrow, which was associated with rapid systemic upregulation of CXCL1 (a ligand for CXCR2) and granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, a key cytokine involved in the mobilisation of bone marrow leukocytes. This process involves rapid activation of nuclear factor-κB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in bone marrow myeloid cells. T-cell numbers in the bone marrow increased after stroke, and bone marrow cells did not show suppressed cytokine response to bacterial endotoxin stimulation in vitro. Stroke-induced laterality observed in the brain stem and in the bone marrow indicates direct involvement of the autonomic nervous system in stroke-induced cell mobilisation. We also show that systemic inflammatory changes and leukocyte responses in the bone marrow are profoundly affected by both anaesthetic and surgical stress. We conclude that stroke influences leukocyte responses in the bone marrow through multiple mechanisms and suggest that preclinical studies should take into consideration the effect of surgical manipulation in experimental models of stroke.
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529
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Noels H, Weber C. Catching up with important players in atherosclerosis: type I interferons and neutrophils. Curr Opin Lipidol 2011; 22:144-5. [PMID: 21415605 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e328344780b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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530
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Shi C, Jia T, Mendez-Ferrer S, Hohl TM, Serbina NV, Lipuma L, Leiner I, Li MO, Frenette PS, Pamer EG. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells induce monocyte emigration in response to circulating toll-like receptor ligands. Immunity 2011; 34:590-601. [PMID: 21458307 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory (Ly6C(hi) CCR2+) monocytes provide defense against infections but also contribute to autoimmune diseases and atherosclerosis. Monocytes originate from bone marrow and their entry into the bloodstream requires stimulation of CCR2 chemokine receptor by monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP1). How monocyte emigration from bone marrow is triggered by remote infections remains unclear. We demonstrated that low concentrations of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands in the bloodstream drive CCR2-dependent emigration of monocytes from bone marrow. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their progeny, including CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)12-abundant reticular (CAR) cells, rapidly expressed MCP1 in response to circulating TLR ligands or bacterial infection and induced monocyte trafficking into the bloodstream. Targeted deletion of MCP1 from MSCs impaired monocyte emigration from bone marrow. Our findings suggest that bone marrow MSCs and CAR cells respond to circulating microbial molecules and regulate bloodstream monocyte frequencies by secreting MCP1 in proximity to bone marrow vascular sinuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shi
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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531
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Ueha S, Shand FHW, Matsushima K. Myeloid cell population dynamics in healthy and tumor-bearing mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:783-8. [PMID: 21406269 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor growth is often associated with the aberrant systemic accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which are a heterogenous population of cells composed of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and early myeloid precursors. These MDSCs are thought to suppress anti-tumor T cell responses in both tumor tissues and secondary lymphoid tissues. Accumulation of MDSCs in these target tissues is a dynamic process associated with medullary and extramedullary myelopoiesis and subsequent cellular migration. Here, we review the current understanding of the cellular, molecular, hematological and anatomical principles of MDSC development and migration in tumor-bearing mice. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of chemokines that influence the balance between MDSC subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ueha
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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532
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Chistiakov DA. How to fight with senescent cells? Geriatr Gerontol Int 2011; 11:233-5. [PMID: 21414121 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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533
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Hoggatt J, Pelus LM. Mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow niche to the blood compartment. Stem Cell Res Ther 2011; 2:13. [PMID: 21418553 PMCID: PMC3226284 DOI: 10.1186/scrt54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in specialized niches within the bone marrow during steady state, maintaining lifelong blood cell production. A small number of HSCs normally traffic throughout the body; however, exogenous stimuli can enhance their release from the niche and entry into the peripheral circulation. This process, termed mobilization, has become the primary means to acquire a stem cell graft for hematopoietic transplant at most transplant centers. Currently, the preferred method of HSC mobilization for subsequent transplantation is treatment of the donor with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. The mobilizing effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is not completely understood, but recent studies suggest that its capacity to mobilize HSCs, at least in part, is a consequence of alterations to the hematopoietic niche. The present article reviews some of the key mechanisms mediating HSC mobilization, highlighting recent advances and controversies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hoggatt
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, R2-302, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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534
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Hasenberg M, Köhler A, Bonifatius S, Borucki K, Riek-Burchardt M, Achilles J, Männ L, Baumgart K, Schraven B, Gunzer M. Rapid immunomagnetic negative enrichment of neutrophil granulocytes from murine bone marrow for functional studies in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17314. [PMID: 21383835 PMCID: PMC3044161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) mediate early immunity to infection but can also cause host damage if their effector functions are not controlled. Their lack or dysfunction is associated with severe health problems and thus the analysis of PMN physiology is a central issue. One prerequisite for PMN analysis is the availability of purified cells from primary organs. While human PMN are easily isolated from peripheral blood, this approach is less suitable for mice due to limited availability of blood. Instead, bone marrow (BM) is an easily available reservoir of murine PMN, but methods to obtain pure cells from BM are limited. We have developed a novel protocol allowing the isolation of highly pure untouched PMN from murine BM by negative immunomagnetic isolation using a complex antibody cocktail. The protocol is simple and fast (∼1 h), has a high yield (5–10*106 PMN per animal) and provides a purity of cells equivalent to positive selection (>80%). Most importantly, cells obtained by this method are non-activated and remain fully functional in vitro or after adoptive transfer into recipient animals. This method should thus greatly facilitate the study of primary murine PMN in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Hasenberg
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anja Köhler
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Bonifatius
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Borucki
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Monika Riek-Burchardt
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Research Group Neuropharmacology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Julia Achilles
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Linda Männ
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kathleen Baumgart
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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535
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Fox J, Gordon JR, Haston CK. Combined CXCR1/CXCR2 antagonism decreases radiation-induced alveolitis in the mouse. Radiat Res 2011; 175:657-64. [PMID: 21342009 DOI: 10.1667/rr2449.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms leading to the radiation-induced lung responses of alveolitis and fibrosis are largely unknown. Herein we investigated whether CXC receptor 1 and 2 antagonism with CXCL8((3-72))K11R/G31P (G31P), a protein that reduces neutrophil chemotaxis in acute inflammatory response models, decreases the lung response to radiation. Mice of the AKR/J (alveolitis/pneumonitis responding) and KK/HIJ (fibrosis) strains received 18 Gy whole-thorax irradiation and a subset of these mice were treated with G31P (500 µg/kg) three times per week from the day of irradiation until euthanasia due to respiratory distress symptoms or 20 weeks after radiation treatment. Irradiated mice of both strains receiving G31P survived longer than mice receiving radiation alone. Radiation- and G31P-treated AKR/J mice surviving to the end of the experiment developed significantly less alveolitis, as measured histologically, than mice receiving radiation alone, but this difference was not evident in KK/HIJ mice. Using immunohistochemistry, G31P treatment was shown to increase the numbers of Gr-1-positive cells (neutrophils) in the lungs of unirradiated mice relative to control mice injected with saline, but the antagonist did not alter the numbers of Gr-1-positive cells in the lungs of radiation-treated mice. We conclude that G31P treatment reduces radiation-induced alveolitis but not fibrosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Fox
- Department of Medicine and the Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, 3626 St. Urbain Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2X 2P2
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536
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G-CSF-mediated thrombopoietin release triggers neutrophil motility and mobilization from bone marrow via induction of Cxcr2 ligands. Blood 2011; 117:4349-57. [PMID: 21224471 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-09-308387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergency mobilization of neutrophil granulocytes (neutrophils) from the bone marrow (BM) is a key event of early cellular immunity. The hematopoietic cytokine granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) stimulates this process, but it is unknown how individual neutrophils respond in situ. We show by intravital 2-photon microscopy that a systemic dose of human clinical-grade G-CSF rapidly induces the motility and entry of neutrophils into blood vessels within the tibial BM of mice. Simultaneously, the neutrophil-attracting chemokine KC (Cxcl1) spikes in the blood. In mice lacking the KC receptor Cxcr2, G-CSF fails to mobilize neutrophils and antibody blockade of Cxcr2 inhibits the mobilization and induction of neutrophil motility in the BM. KC is expressed by megakaryocytes and endothelial cells in situ and is released in vitro by megakaryocytes isolated directly from BM. This production of KC is strongly increased by thrombopoietin (TPO). Systemic G-CSF rapidly induces the increased production of TPO in BM. Accordingly, a single injection of TPO mobilizes neutrophils with kinetics similar to G-CSF, and mice lacking the TPO receptor show impaired neutrophil mobilization after short-term G-CSF administration. Thus, a network of signaling molecules, chemokines, and cells controls neutrophil release from the BM, and their mobilization involves rapidly induced Cxcr2-mediated motility controlled by TPO as a pacemaker.
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537
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Abstract
Neutrophils are produced in the bone marrow from stem cells that proliferate and differentiate to mature neutrophils fully equipped with an armory of granules. These contain proteins that enable the neutrophil to deliver lethal hits against microorganisms, but also to cause great tissue damage. Neutrophils circulate in the blood as dormant cells. At sites of infection, endothelial cells capture bypassing neutrophils and guide them through the endothelial cell lining whereby the neutrophils are activated and tuned for the subsequent interaction with microbes. Once in tissues, neutrophils kill microorganisms by microbicidal agents liberated from granules or generated by metabolic activation. As a final act, neutrophils can extrude stands of DNA with bactericidal proteins attached that act as extracellular traps for microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Borregaard
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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538
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Abstract
Under normal conditions, the great majority of hematopoietic stem/progenitors cells (HSPCs) reside in the bone marrow. The number of HSPCs in the circulation can be markedly increased in response to a number of stimuli, including hematopoietic growth factors, myeloablative agents and environmental stresses such as infection. The ability to 'mobilize' HSPCs from the bone marrow to the blood has been exploited clinically to obtain HSPCs for stem cell transplantation and, more recently, to stimulate therapeutic angiogenesis at sites of tissue ischemia. Moreover, there is recent interest in the use of mobilizing agents to sensitize leukemia and other hematopoietic malignancies to cytotoxic agents. Key to optimizing clinical mobilizing regimens is an understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of HSPC mobilization. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), the prototypical mobilizing agent, induces HSPC mobilization.
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539
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Drechsler M, Megens RT, van Zandvoort M, Weber C, Soehnlein O. Hyperlipidemia-Triggered Neutrophilia Promotes Early Atherosclerosis. Circulation 2010; 122:1837-45. [PMID: 20956207 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.961714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background—
Inflammation and activation of immune cells are key mechanisms in the development of atherosclerosis. Previous data indicate important roles for monocytes and T lymphocytes in lesion formation, whereas the contribution of neutrophils remains to be firmly established. Here, we investigate the effect of hypercholesterolemia on peripheral neutrophil counts, neutrophil recruitment to atherosclerotic lesions, and the importance of neutrophils in atherosclerotic lesion formation in
Apoe
−/−
mice.
Methods and Results—
Hypercholesterolemia induces neutrophilia, which was attributable to enhanced granulopoiesis and enhanced mobilization from the bone marrow. The degree of hypercholesterolemia-induced neutrophilia was positively correlated with the extent of early atherosclerotic lesion formation. In turn, neutropenic mice display reduced plaque sizes at early but not late stages of atherosclerotic lesion formation. Flow cytometry of enzymatically digested aortas further shows altered cellular plaque composition in neutropenic mice with reduced numbers of inflammatory monocytes and macrophages. Aortic neutrophil infiltration peaks 4 weeks after the start of a high-fat diet and decreases afterward. The recruitment of neutrophils to large arteries was found to depend on CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR2, which contrasts to peripheral venous recruitment, which requires CCR2 and CXCR2 only. The involvement of CCR1 and CCR5 corresponded to the endothelial deposition of the platelet-derived chemokine CCL5 in arteries but not in veins.
Conclusions—
Our data provide evidence that hypercholesterolemia-induced neutrophilia is multifactorial and that neutrophils infiltrate arteries primarily during early stages of atherosclerosis. Collectively, these data suggest an important role of neutrophils in the initiation of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Drechsler
- From the Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.D., R.T.A.M., M.v.Z., C.W., O.S.) and Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (R.T.A.M.), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (C.W.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands (M.v.Z., C.W.)
| | - Remco T.A. Megens
- From the Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.D., R.T.A.M., M.v.Z., C.W., O.S.) and Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (R.T.A.M.), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (C.W.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands (M.v.Z., C.W.)
| | - Marc van Zandvoort
- From the Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.D., R.T.A.M., M.v.Z., C.W., O.S.) and Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (R.T.A.M.), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (C.W.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands (M.v.Z., C.W.)
| | - Christian Weber
- From the Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.D., R.T.A.M., M.v.Z., C.W., O.S.) and Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (R.T.A.M.), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (C.W.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands (M.v.Z., C.W.)
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- From the Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.D., R.T.A.M., M.v.Z., C.W., O.S.) and Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (R.T.A.M.), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (C.W.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands (M.v.Z., C.W.)
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540
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Sogawa Y, Ohyama T, Maeda H, Hirahara K. Inhibition of neutrophil migration in mice by mouse formyl peptide receptors 1 and 2 dual agonist: indication of cross-desensitization in vivo. Immunology 2010; 132:441-50. [PMID: 21039475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that the stimulation of neutrophils with N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLF), an agonist for formyl peptide receptor (Fpr) 1, renders cells unresponsive to other chemoattractants in vitro. This is known as cross-desensitization, but its functional relevance in neutrophil migration in vivo has not been investigated. Here, we show that precedent stimulation of mouse neutrophils with compound 43, a non-peptidyl agonist for mouse Fpr1 and Fpr2, rendered the cells unresponsive to a second stimulation with C5a, leukotriene B₄, or keratinocyte-derived cytokine (KC) in calcium mobilization and chemotaxis assays in vitro. The expression of chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2 (CXCR2) on the surface of neutrophils was concomitantly diminished by stimulating the cells with the compound. Moreover, oral administration of the compound to mice before they were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) aerosol resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in the neutrophil count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The expression of CXCR2 on blood neutrophils was also reduced in the compound-administered mice. The recipient mice that underwent adoptive transfer of fluorescence-labelled neutrophils that had been incubated with the compound showed a substantial decrease in neutrophil counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after they were exposed to LPS, when compared with the control mice to which vehicle-treated neutrophils had been transferred. These results are consistent with the idea that the agonist for Fpr1 and Fpr2 induced cross-desensitization in neutrophils and attenuated neutrophil migration into the airways. Our results also revealed the unpredicted effect of an Fpr1 and Fpr2 dual agonist, which may act as a functional antagonist for multiple chemoattractant receptors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Sogawa
- Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo, Co., Ltd, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo
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541
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Kränkel N, Spinetti G, Amadesi S, Madeddu P. Targeting stem cell niches and trafficking for cardiovascular therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 129:62-81. [PMID: 20965213 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative cardiovascular medicine is the frontline of 21st-century health care. Cell therapy trials using bone marrow progenitor cells documented that the approach is feasible, safe and potentially beneficial in patients with ischemic disease. However, cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation strategies should aim to conserve the pristine healing capacity of a healthy organism as well as reactivate it under disease conditions. This requires an increased understanding of stem cell microenvironment and trafficking mechanisms. Engagement and disengagement of stem cells of the osteoblastic niche is a dynamic process, finely tuned to allow low amounts of cells move out of the bone marrow and into the circulation on a regular basis. The balance is altered under stress situations, like tissue injury or ischemia, leading to remarkably increased cell egression. Individual populations of circulating progenitor cells could give rise to mature tissue cells (e.g. endothelial cells or cardiomyocytes), while the majority may differentiate to leukocytes, affecting the environment of homing sites in a paracrine way, e.g. promoting endothelial survival, proliferation and function, as well as attenuating or enhancing inflammation. This review focuses on the dynamics of the stem cell niche in healthy and disease conditions and on therapeutic means to direct stem cell/progenitor cell mobilization and recruitment into improved tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle Kränkel
- Institute of Physiology/Cardiovascular Research, University of Zürich, and Cardiovascular Center, Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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542
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Ratajczak MZ, Kim CH, Wojakowski W, Janowska-Wieczorek A, Kucia M, Ratajczak J. Innate immunity as orchestrator of stem cell mobilization. Leukemia 2010; 24:1667-75. [PMID: 20703253 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), as well as other types of stem cells, circulate under steady-state conditions at detectable levels in peripheral blood (PB), with their numbers increasing in response to stress, inflammation and tissue/organ injury. This mobilization process may be envisioned as a danger-sensing response mechanism triggered by hypoxia or mechanical or infection-induced tissue damage that recruits into PB different types of stem cells that have a role in immune surveillance and organ/tissue regeneration. Mobilization is also significantly enhanced by the administration of pharmacological agents, which has been exploited in hematological transplantology as a means to obtain HSPCs for hematopoietic reconstitution. In this review we will present mounting evidence that innate immunity orchestrates this evolutionarily conserved mechanism of HSPC mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Biology Program at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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