501
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Moazeni M, Alipour-Chaharmahali MR. Echinococcus granulosus: in vitro effectiveness of warm water on protoscolices. Exp Parasitol 2010; 127:14-7. [PMID: 20599992 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydatid disease is one of the most important helminthic diseases worldwide. Hydatid cysts may be found anywhere in the body. The most effective treatment of hydatid cyst is surgical operation. Spillage of live protoscolices during the operation is the major cause of recurrence. Instillation of scolicidal agent into hydatid cyst is the most commonly employed measure to prevent this complication. To date, many scolicidal agents have been used for inactivation of the hydatid cyst content, however, most common scolicidal agents may cause unacceptable side-effects, limiting their use. In this study the scolicidal effect of warm water (45, 50, 55, and 60 °C) at different exposure times (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 15 min) is investigated. Protoscolices were collected aseptically from sheep livers containing hydatid cyst. Viability of protoscolices was determined by 0.1% eosin staining. Even though the highest scolicidal activity of warm water at 45 °C was 40.4% at the end of 15 min, the best scolicidal effect (100%) of warm water at 50, 55, and 60 °C was obtained after 5, 2, and 1 min, respectively. The results of this in vitro study showed that warm water at 50-60 °C can be regarded as an effective scolicidal agent. Warm water is commonly available, easily prepared, and inexpensive. In vivo scolicidal activity of warm water and also the possible side effects need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moazeni
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345-1731, Iran.
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502
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Schneider R, Gollackner B, Schindl M, Tucek G, Auer H. Echinococcus canadensis G7 (pig strain): an underestimated cause of cystic echinococcosis in Austria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 82:871-4. [PMID: 20439969 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anamnesis data of 104 patients with Cystic Echinococcosis were correlated retrospectively with the detected species/strain of Echinococcus. Ninety-two percent (N = 23) of autochthonous Austrian and 33% (N = 9) of patients with former Yugoslavian (YU) origin were infected with E. canadensis G7, the pig strain. All patients originating from Turkey harbored E. granulosus G1, the sheep strain. All E. canadensis G7-infected patients showed small liver cysts (ø 5.9 cm), only one of them an additional lung cyst. The median age at the time of operation of the Austrian patients was 55 years, of the Turkish patients 30 years, and of the former YU patients 23 years in the E. canadensis and 42 years in the E. granulosus-infected patients, respectively. The unexpected high number of E. canadensis G7-infected patients and the immigrants' young age show the importance of E. canadensis as a cause of human Cystic Echinococcosis in Central Europe and accordingly this new species has to be included into future echinococcosis control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Schneider
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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503
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A molecular survey of cystic echinococcosis in Sudan. Vet Parasitol 2010; 169:340-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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504
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Distribution and intensity of Echinococcus granulosus infections in dogs in Moroto District, Uganda. Trop Anim Health Prod 2010; 42:1451-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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505
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Brunetti E, Kern P, Vuitton DA. Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Acta Trop 2010; 114:1-16. [PMID: 19931502 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1185] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The earlier recommendations of the WHO-Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis (WHO-IWGE) for the treatment of human echinococcosis have had considerable impact in different settings worldwide, but the last major revision was published more than 10 years ago. Advances in classification and treatment of echinococcosis prompted experts from different continents to review the current literature, discuss recent achievements and provide a consensus on diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Among the recognized species, two are of medical importance -Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis - causing cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), respectively. For CE, consensus has been obtained on an image-based, stage-specific approach, which is helpful for choosing one of the following options: (1) percutaneous treatment, (2) surgery, (3) anti-infective drug treatment or (4) watch and wait. Clinical decision-making depends also on setting-specific aspects. The usage of an imaging-based classification system is highly recommended. For AE, early diagnosis and radical (tumour-like) surgery followed by anti-infective prophylaxis with albendazole remains one of the key elements. However, most patients with AE are diagnosed at a later stage, when radical surgery (distance of larval to liver tissue of >2cm) cannot be achieved. The backbone of AE treatment remains the continuous medical treatment with albendazole, and if necessary, individualized interventional measures. With this approach, the prognosis can be improved for the majority of patients with AE. The consensus of experts under the aegis of the WHO-IWGE will help promote studies that provide missing evidence to be included in the next update.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Brunetti
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Pavia, IRCCS S.Matteo Hospital Foundation, WHO Collaborating Center for Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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506
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507
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Li T, Chen X, Zhen R, Qiu J, Qiu D, Xiao N, Ito A, Wang H, Giraudoux P, Sako Y, Nakao M, Craig PS. Widespread co-endemicity of human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, northwest Sichuan/southeast Qinghai, China. Acta Trop 2010; 113:248-56. [PMID: 19941830 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) or hydatid disease is known to be cosmopolitan in its global distribution, while alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a much rarer though more pathogenic hepatic parasitic disease restricted to the northern hemisphere. Both forms of human echinococcosis are known to occur on the Tibetan Plateau, but the epidemiological characteristics remain poorly understood. In our current study, abdominal ultrasound screening programs for echinococcosis were conducted in 31 Tibetan townships in Ganze and Aba Tibetan Autonomous Prefectures of northwest Sichuan Province during 2001-2008. Hospital records (1992-2006) in a major regional treatment centre for echinococcosis in Sichuan Province were also reviewed. Of 10,186 local residents examined by portable ultrasound scan, 645 (6.3%) were diagnosed with echinococcosis: a prevalence of 3.2% for CE, 3.1% for AE and 0.04% for dual infection (both CE and AE). Human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in pastoral areas was highly co-endemic, in comparison to much lower prevalences in semi-pastoral or farming regions. The high ultrasound prevalence in these co-endemic areas in northwest Sichuan Province was also reflected in the hospital study, and hospital records furthermore indicated another possible highly co-endemic focus in Guoluo Prefecture of Qinghai Province, located at the border of northwest Sichuan. These chronic cestode zoonoses constitute an unparalleled major public health problem for pastoral Tibetan communities, and pose great difficulties for adequate treatment access and effective transmission control in such remote regions.
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508
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Krasniqi A, Limani D, Gashi-Luci L, Spahija G, Dreshaj IA. Primary hydatid cyst of the gallbladder: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2010; 4:29. [PMID: 20205877 PMCID: PMC2827429 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-4-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Echinococcosis, or hydatid disease, is endemic in some regions of the world, and has been a common pathology of surgical wards in Kosovo. Primary hydatid cyst of the gallbladder is an unusual and very rare localization of hydatid disease. So far, only five cases that fulfill the criteria of primary gallbladder hydatidosis have been published in the English medical literature. Case presentation We report a case of a 39-year-old Kosovan Albanian woman referred to the Abdominal Surgery Division of the University Clinical Center of Kosovo for "a calcified hydatid cyst of the liver with gallbladder involvement". Her history was significant for chronic right upper quadrant pain, characterized as intermittently colicky pain, accompanied by nausea. The patient underwent right subcostal laparotomy. Intra-operatively, a calcified primary hydatid cyst of the gallbladder was found. Its pericyst was tightly attached to the liver. Complete pericystectomy with cholecystectomy followed. The histopathology confirmed the presence of calcified hydatid cyst of the gallbladder, and that the cyst had developed entirely extra-mucosally. Five year follow-up showed no recurrence of disease. Conclusion Primary hydatid cyst of the gallbladder is a very rare clinical entity. Accurate preoperative diagnostic localization is not always easy, particularly in centers with limited diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avdyl Krasniqi
- University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Division of Abdominal Surgery, Medical School University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo.
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509
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Moazeni M, Larki S. In vitro effectiveness of acidic and alkline solutions on scolices of hydatid cyst. Parasitol Res 2010; 106:853-6. [PMID: 20111875 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1723-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The most confident way for treatment of hydatid cyst is surgical operation. Spillage of the cyst contents during the operation is the major cause of recurrence after hydatid cyst surgery. Instillation of scolicidal agent into hydatid cyst is the most commonly employed measure to prevent this complication. In the present study, the scolicidal effect of highly acidic and alkaline solutions is investigated. Protoscoleces were collected aseptically from sheep livers containing hydatid cyst. Acidic solutions with pH 1, 2, 3, and 4 and alkaline solutions with pH 11, 12, 13, and 14 were used for 5,10, and 15 min in the experiments. Viability of protoscoleces was assessed by 0.1% eosin staining. Scolicidal effect of acidic solution with pH 1 after 5 min and with pH 2 and 3 after 10 min was 100%. Scolicidal effect of acidic solution with pH 2 and 3 after 5 min was 99.6% and 98.7%, respectively. Acidic solution with pH 4 after 5, 10, and 15 min killed 15.5%, 21.5%, and 22.6% of protoscoleces, respectively. Alkaline solution with pH 14 after 5 min and with pH 13 after 15 min killed all protoscoleces. The scolicidal effect of alkaline solution with pH 13 after 5 and 10 min was also 97.5% and 99.7%, respectively. These values for alkaline solution with pH 12 were 29.33%, 33.44% and 37.09%, respectively. The scolicidal effect of solution with pH 11 was 24.5%, 30.5%, and 31.3%, respectively. Although the in vitro scolicidal effect of highly acidic or alkaline solutions was satisfactory in our study, in vivo efficacy of these solutions and also possible side effects, remain to be more investigated.
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510
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Stadelmann B, Scholl S, Müller J, Hemphill A. Application of an in vitro drug screening assay based on the release of phosphoglucose isomerase to determine the structure-activity relationship of thiazolides against Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:512-9. [PMID: 20085998 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The disease alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by the larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis, is fatal if treatment is unsuccessful. Current treatment options are, at best, parasitostatic, and involve taking benzimidazoles (albendazole, mebendazole) for the whole of a patient's life. In conjunction with the recent development of optimized procedures for E. multilocularis metacestode cultivation, we aimed to develop a rapid and reliable drug screening test, which enables efficient screening of a large number of compounds in a relatively short time frame. METHODS Metacestodes were treated in vitro with albendazole, the nitro-thiazole nitazoxanide and 29 nitazoxanide derivatives. The resulting leakage of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) activity into the medium supernatant was measured and provided an indication of compound efficacy. RESULTS We show that upon in vitro culture of E. multilocularis metacestodes in the presence of active drugs such as albendazole, the nitro-thiazole nitazoxanide and 30 different nitazoxanide derivatives, the activity of PGI in culture supernatants increased. The increase in PGI activity correlated with the progressive degeneration and destruction of metacestode tissue in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, which allowed us to perform a structure-activity relationship analysis on the thiazolide compounds used in this study. CONCLUSIONS The assay presented here is inexpensive, rapid, can be used in 24- and 96-well formats and will serve as an ideal tool for first-round in vitro tests on the efficacy of large numbers of antiparasitic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Stadelmann
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
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511
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McManus DP. Echinococcosis with Particular Reference to Southeast Asia. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2010; 72:267-303. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(10)72010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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512
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Abstract
Population medicine is an important component of veterinary care in livestock (farm animals) and companion animals (pets). This chapter covers some of the chemotherapeutic approaches undertaken at population level to control infectious diseases in domestic animals. Optimisation of health, productivity and welfare in livestock commonly entails implementation of whole-herd or whole-flock strategies to effectively counter the negative impact of infectious diseases. Gastro-intestinal and liver parasites of grazing cattle and sheep are endemic in most parts of the world and can result in significant production losses. Strategically timed anthelmintic treatments are instituted with the double objective of reducing worm burdens in infected animals and ensuring reduction of pasture contamination with infective larvae. Mastitis is another major endemic problem, particularly in cattle, which causes significant economic losses to dairy farmers globally. As a painful inflammatory condition of the cow's udder, clinical mastitis also raises animal welfare concerns. Prevention of clinical mastitis requires rigorous post-milking hygiene, identification and culling of chronically infected cows, attention to the cow's environment and therapeutic management of udder health during the dry period. A third condition that can cause high levels of morbidity and mortality is bacterial respiratory disease. Pneumonia in young livestock is often exacerbated by stressful transportation and co-mingling of animals from different herds. The welfare consequences and production losses can be significant. Antimicrobial treatment of pneumonic animals and, when appropriate, of in-contact animals living in the same air-space is an integral part of whole-herd respiratory disease management. The role of the veterinary profession is to also ensure that principles of population medicine are understood and adhered to by pet owners. The increase in pet ownership and the importance of the human-animal bond in modern developed societies give rise to zoonotic risks, which require vigilance and intervention. Regular internal parasite control in dogs and cats, particularly in endemic areas, contributes to animal welfare and minimises public health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafid Benchaoui
- Novartis Animal Health Inc., Schwarzwaldallee 215, WRO-1032.2.44, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.
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513
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cystic echinococcosis, or cystic hydatidosis, is a complex, chronic disease with a cosmopolitan distribution. In humans, its clinical spectrum ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe, rarely even fatal disease. Four approaches in clinical management exist: surgery, percutaneous techniques and drug treatment for active cysts, and the so-called watch and wait approach for inactive cysts. Allocation of patients to these treatments should be based on cyst stage, size and location, available clinical expertise and comorbidities. However, clinical decision algorithms, efficacy, relapse rates, and costs have never been properly evaluated.We review the currently available evidence for clinical decision-making and discuss ways to improve standards of care of one of the most neglected infectious diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Data are mostly derived from case series and small clinical trials, and treatment guidelines remain at the level of expert opinion. No single high-quality comparative clinical trial of the four treatment options is available to resolve important questions such as stage-specific allocation of treatments, adverse events and long-term relapse rates. Recent work is beginning to acknowledge this problem. SUMMARY Currently, four treatment modalities are available for cystic echinococcosis. The level of evidence on which clinicians have to rely is low. For the time being patients should thus be treated in referral centres. Proper comparative clinical trials are urgently needed.
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514
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Ernest E, Nonga HE, Kynsieri N, Cleaveland S. A Retrospective Survey of Human Hydatidosis Based on Hospital Records During The Period 1990-2003 in Ngorongoro, Tanzania. Zoonoses Public Health 2009; 57:e124-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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515
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Maudlin I, Eisler MC, Welburn SC. Neglected and endemic zoonoses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:2777-87. [PMID: 19687045 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemic zoonoses are found throughout the developing world, wherever people live in close proximity to their animals, affecting not only the health of poor people but often also their livelihoods through the health of their livestock. Unlike newly emerging zoonoses that attract the attention of the developed world, these endemic zoonoses are by comparison neglected. This is, in part, a consequence of under-reporting, resulting in underestimation of their global burden, which in turn artificially downgrades their importance in the eyes of administrators and funding agencies. The development of cheap and effective vaccines is no guarantee that these endemic diseases will be eliminated in the near future. However, simply increasing awareness about their causes and how they may be prevented-often with very simple technologies-could reduce the incidence of many endemic zoonoses. Sustainable control of zoonoses is reliant on surveillance, but, as with other public-sector animal health services, this is rarely implemented in the developing world, not least because of the lack of sufficiently cheap diagnostics. Public-private partnerships have already provided advocacy for human disease control and could be equally effective in addressing endemic zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Maudlin
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK.
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516
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Perry B, Grace D. The impacts of livestock diseases and their control on growth and development processes that are pro-poor. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:2643-55. [PMID: 19687035 PMCID: PMC2865091 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Poverty is now at the heart of development discourse; we discuss how it is measured and understood. We next consider the negative and positive impacts of livestock on pro-poor development. Taking a value-chain approach that includes keepers, users and eaters of livestock, we identify diseases that are road blocks on the 'three livestock pathways out of poverty'. We discuss livestock impacts on poverty reduction and review attempts to prioritize the livestock diseases relevant to the poor. We make suggestions for metrics that better measure disease impact and show the benefits of more rigorous evaluation before reviewing recent attempts to measure the importance of disease to the poor. High impact of a disease does not guarantee high benefits from its control; other factors must be taken into consideration, including technical feasibility and political desirability. We conclude by considering how we might better understand and exploit the roles of livestock and improved animal health by posing three speculative questions on the impact of livestock diseases and their control on global poverty: how can understanding livestock and poverty links help disease control?; if global poverty reduction was the aim of livestock disease control, how would it differ from the current model?; and how much of the impact of livestock disease on poverty is due to disease control policy rather than disease itself?
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Perry
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, , PO Box 437, Gilgil 20116, Kenya.
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517
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Echinococcus metacestodes as laboratory models for the screening of drugs against cestodes and trematodes. Parasitology 2009; 137:569-87. [PMID: 19765346 DOI: 10.1017/s003118200999117x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Among the cestodes, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis and Taenia solium represent the most dangerous parasites. Their larval stages cause the diseases cystic echinococcosis (CE), alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cysticercosis, respectively, which exhibit considerable medical and veterinary health concerns with a profound economic impact. Others caused by other cestodes, such as species of the genera Mesocestoides and Hymenolepis, are relatively rare in humans. In this review, we will focus on E. granulosus and E. multilocularis metacestode laboratory models and will review the use of these models in the search for novel drugs that could be employed for chemotherapeutic treatment of echinococcosis. Clearly, improved therapeutic drugs are needed for the treatment of AE and CE, and this can only be achieved through the development of medium-to-high throughput screening approaches. The most recent achievements in the in vitro culture and genetic manipulation of E. multilocularis cells and metacestodes, and the accessability of the E. multilocularis genome and EST sequence information, have rendered the E. multilocularis model uniquely suited for studies on drug-efficacy and drug target identification. This could lead to the development of novel compounds for the use in chemotherapy against echinococcosis, and possibly against diseases caused by other cestodes, and potentially also trematodes.
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518
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Kebede N. A retrospective survey of bovine hydatidosis in three abattoirs of Amhara National Regional State, northwestern Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 42:323-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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519
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Sarıözkan S, Yalçın C. Estimating the production losses due to cystic echinococcosis in ruminants in Turkey. Vet Parasitol 2009; 163:330-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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520
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Ceballos L, Elissondo M, Bruni SS, Denegri G, Alvarez L, Lanusse C. Flubendazole in cystic echinococcosis therapy: pharmaco-parasitological evaluation in mice. Parasitol Int 2009; 58:354-8. [PMID: 19628054 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by the parasite Echinococcus granulosus is an important public health problem worldwide. Flubendazole has shown poor in vivo efficacy against CE in humans and mice. However, flubendazole causes marked in vitro damage on E. granulosus protoscoleces. The goals of the current work were: a) to compare the plasma pharmacokinetic behaviour of flubendazole formulated as a hydroxipropyl-beta-cyclodextrin aqueous solution or as a carboxymethyl celullose suspension, both given by the oral route to mice, b) to compare flubendazole clinical efficacy in secondary CE in mice after its administration as both formulations, c) to evaluate the flubendazole-induced morphological changes in hydatid cysts recovered from infected mice treated with both drug formulations. Flubendazole administration as a solution resulted in significantly higher plasma maximum concentration (C(max)) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) values compared to those obtained after the flubendazole-suspension treatment. This enhanced drug availability correlated with an increased efficacy against secondary CE in mice observed for the flubendazole-solution formulation, while the suspension formulation did not reach differences with the untreated control group. Similar ultrastructural changes were observed in cysts recovered from flubendazole (both formulations) treated mice after 3, 6 and 9months of infection, although the damage extension was greater after treatment with the flubendazole-solution formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ceballos
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina.
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521
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Battelli G. Echinococcosis: costs, losses and social consequences of a neglected zoonosis. Vet Res Commun 2009; 33 Suppl 1:47-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-009-9247-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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522
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Torgerson P, Ziadinov I, Aknazarov D, Nurgaziev R, Deplazes P. Modelling the age variation of larval protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus in sheep. Int J Parasitol 2009; 39:1031-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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523
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Torgerson PR, Deplazes P. Echinococcosis: diagnosis and diagnostic interpretation in population studies. Trends Parasitol 2009; 25:164-70. [PMID: 19269248 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis is a basic component of population studies on echinococcosis. Other than careful necropsy in animals, there is no perfect gold standard. In the definitive host, techniques for direct parasite identification include copro-antigen and copro-DNA detection. In intermediate hosts, necropsy is typically used. In humans, diagnostic imaging and serology are both widely employed. The use of multiple parallel testing or an additional confirmatory test (or tests) in a diagnostic strategy can overcome the lack of a perfect gold standard. This will yield valuable information at population and individual levels, providing the study is well designed and any shortcomings of the tests are incorporated into the analysis. Here, we discuss analytical approaches to population studies of echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Torgerson
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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524
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Echinococcosis in pigs and intestinal infection with Echinococcus spp. in dogs in southwestern Lithuania. Vet Parasitol 2009; 160:237-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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525
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526
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Torgerson PR, Rosenheim K, Tanner I, Ziadinov I, Grimm F, Brunner M, Shaiken S, Shaikenov B, Rysmukhambetova A, Deplazes P. Echinococcosis, toxocarosis and toxoplasmosis screening in a rural community in eastern Kazakhstan. Trop Med Int Health 2009; 14:341-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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527
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Nonga HE, Karimuribo ED. A retrospective survey of hydatidosis in livestock in Arusha, Tanzania, based on abattoir data during 2005-2007. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 41:1253-7. [PMID: 19184507 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9308-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A 3-year (2005-2007) retrospective study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in cattle and shoats (sheep and goats) slaughtered at Arusha municipal abattoir, Tanzania. A total of 115,186 cattle and 99,401 shoats were slaughtered. Cattle liver, lungs, spleen and heart condemnation rate was 16.35%, 13.04%, 2.09% and 3.06% respectively while 17.63%, 7.63%, 0.38% and 0.04% of shoats' liver, lungs, spleen and heart respectively were condemned. A highly significant (p < 0.001) cystic echinococcosis (CE) infection rate was recorded in shoats (6.02%) than in cattle (4.2%) probably because of differences in grazing patterns. Cattle lungs were more affected by CE (22.5%) than liver (19.7%) while shoats liver were found to be more affected (21%) than the lungs (19.3). A significant (p < 0.001) higher CE infection rate was observed in cattle spleen (15.5%) than shoats (9.7%). There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference between condemnation rates due to hydatidosis during rain and dry seasons probably because of chronicity of the disease. The study have established that CE is prevalent in animals slaughtered at Arusha abattoir and causes higher condemnation rates of edible offals. This merit for more extensive epidemiological investigations to better determine the prevalence, economic impact and public health importance of the disease in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Nonga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania.
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528
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Isolation of antibodies specific to a single conformation-dependant antigenic determinant on the EG95 hydatid vaccine. Vaccine 2008; 27:1024-31. [PMID: 19095030 PMCID: PMC2670974 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
EG95 is a recombinant vaccine protein that elicits protection against hydatid disease in sheep. Previous studies have shown that the host-protective epitopes on EG95 depend on correct conformation and cannot be represented by simple “linear” peptides. By screening random peptide phage display libraries with polyclonal antibodies directed against conformation-dependant epitopes of EG95, we have selected a number of peptides that mimic these epitopes. The selected peptides did not show sequence homology to EG95. Antigen binding assays involving these peptides have provided evidence of at least four conformationally-dependant epitope regions on EG95. One of the selected peptides, E100, has been used to purify antibodies from anti-sera raised in sheep vaccinated with EG95. This yielded monospecific antibodies capable of recognizing recombinant EG95 in ELISA and native EG95 in Western blot assays. This antibody was demonstrated to be effective in antibody-dependant complement-mediated in vitro killing of Echinococcus granulosus oncospheres. Peptide E100 may represent the basis for a quality control assay for EG95 production, and has the potential to become a component of a synthetic peptide-based vaccine against E. granulosus.
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529
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Craig PS, Li T, Qiu J, Zhen R, Wang Q, Giraudoux P, Ito A, Heath D, Warnock B, Schantz P, Yang W. Echinococcosis and Tibetan communities. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:1674-5. [PMID: 18826849 PMCID: PMC2609884 DOI: 10.3201/eid1410.071636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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530
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Zhang W, McManus DP. Vaccination of dogs against Echinococcus granulosus: a means to control hydatid disease? Trends Parasitol 2008; 24:419-24. [PMID: 18678528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2008.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 05/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydatid disease continues to be a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Elimination is difficult with current control options, but reducing egg production by Echinococcus granulosus (Eg) in canines might help to reduce transmission in areas where the parasite is endemic. Recently obtained data using recombinant protein-based and live attenuated Salmonella vaccines are preliminary but encouraging and auger well for the future development of an effective dog vaccine against Eg, although much additional work is required before this becomes a reality. New approaches to control and for the prevention of hydatidosis have been described recently, and important additional gains should be expected if the efficacy of the dog vaccines is confirmed and leads to their incorporation into future control options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbao Zhang
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
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531
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Cabrera G, Cabrejos ME, Morassutti AL, Cabezón C, Orellana J, Hellman U, Zaha A, Galanti N. DNA damage, RAD9 and fertility/infertility of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts. J Cell Physiol 2008; 216:498-506. [PMID: 18348165 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydatidosis, caused by the larval stage of the platyhelminth parasite Echinococcus granulosus, affects human and animal health. Hydatid fertile cysts are formed in intermediate hosts (human and herbivores) producing protoscoleces, the infective form to canines, at their germinal layers. Infertile cysts are also formed, but they are unable to produce protoscoleces. The molecular mechanisms involved in hydatid cysts fertility/infertility are unknown. Nevertheless, previous work from our laboratory has suggested that apoptosis is involved in hydatid cyst infertility and death. On the other hand, fertile hydatid cysts can resist oxidative damage due to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. On these foundations, we have postulated that when oxidative damage of DNA in the germinal layers exceeds the capability of DNA repair mechanisms, apoptosis is triggered and hydatid cysts infertility occurs. We describe a much higher percentage of nuclei with oxidative DNA damage in dead protoscoleces and in the germinal layer of infertile cysts than in fertile cysts, suggesting that DNA repair mechanisms are active in fertile cysts. rad9, a conserved gene, plays a key role in cell cycle checkpoint modulation and DNA repair. We found that RAD9 of E. granulosus (EgRAD9) is expressed at the mRNA and protein levels. As it was found in other eukaryotes, EgRAD9 is hyperphosphorylated in response to DNA damage. Our results suggest that molecules involved in DNA repair in the germinal layer of fertile hydatid cysts and in protoscoleces, such as EgRAD9, may allow preserving the fertility of hydatid cysts in the presence of ROS and RNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Cabrera
- Programa Disciplinario de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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532
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Torgerson PR, Schweiger A, Deplazes P, Pohar M, Reichen J, Ammann RW, Tarr PE, Halkic N, Müllhaupt B. Alveolar echinococcosis: from a deadly disease to a well-controlled infection. Relative survival and economic analysis in Switzerland over the last 35 years. J Hepatol 2008; 49:72-7. [PMID: 18485517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a serious liver disease. The aim of this study was to explore the long-term prognosis of AE patients, the burden of this disease in Switzerland and the cost-effectiveness of treatment. METHODS Relative survival analysis was undertaken using a national database with 329 patient records. 155 representative cases had sufficient details regarding treatment costs and patient outcome to estimate the financial implications and treatment costs of AE. RESULTS For an average 54-year-old patient diagnosed with AE in 1970 the life expectancy was estimated to be reduced by 18.2 and 21.3 years for men and women, respectively. By 2005 this was reduced to approximately 3.5 and 2.6 years, respectively. Patients undergoing radical surgery had a better outcome, whereas the older patients had a poorer prognosis than the younger patients. Costs amount to approximately Euro108,762 per patient. Assuming the improved life expectancy of AE patients is due to modern treatment the cost per disability-adjusted life years (DALY) saved is approximately Euro6,032. CONCLUSIONS Current treatments have substantially improved the prognosis of AE patients compared to the 1970s. The cost per DALY saved is low compared to the average national annual income. Hence, AE treatment is highly cost-effective in Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Torgerson
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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533
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Infectivity of Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices under different conditions of temperature and humidity. J Helminthol 2008; 82:297-300. [PMID: 18519005 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x08995055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of different temperatures and humidities on the infectivity of Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices. Eighteen dogs (6 groups, n = 3 each) were fed with offal mince harbouring approximately 20,000 protoscolices of E. granulosus of different viabilities. Dogs were infected with E. granulosus protoscolices of: (1) 5% viability at -10 degrees C and 50% relative humidity (RH); (2) 30% viability at 0 degrees C and 60% RH; (3) 20% viability at +10 degrees C and 65% RH; (4) 15% viability at +30 degrees C and 75% RH; (5) 11% viability at +40 degrees C and 80% RH; (6) 68% viability (control group). Dogs in each group were necropsied at 29-49 days post-infection. Mean intensities of E. granulosus recovered from dogs were 256.7 +/- 60.3 in the second group; 32.7 +/- 7.1 in the third group; 40.3 +/- 15.5 in the fourth group and 1533 +/- 513 in the control group. However, no parasites were recovered from the first and fifth groups. Results obtained in the present study show that larval stages could be infective for 1 to 4 weeks during spring, autumn or winter months when maximal temperatures are approximately 0-10 degrees C. In conclusion, cold-storage depots in slaughterhouses and abattoirs where sheep carcasses might be discarded should be kept at -20 degrees C for 2-3 days, dogs should be properly controlled and adequate control programmes must be established in areas where the disease is endemic.
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534
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Elissondo MC, Albani CM, Gende L, Eguaras M, Denegri G. Efficacy of thymol against Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. Parasitol Int 2008; 57:185-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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535
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Hüttner M, Nakao M, Wassermann T, Siefert L, Boomker JD, Dinkel A, Sako Y, Mackenstedt U, Romig T, Ito A. Genetic characterization and phylogenetic position of Echinococcus felidis Ortlepp, 1937 (Cestoda: Taeniidae) from the African lion. Int J Parasitol 2008; 38:861-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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536
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hemphill
- University of Bern, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Medicine, Institute of Parasitology, Laengass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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537
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Carmena D, Sánchez-Serrano LP, Barbero-Martínez I. Echinococcus granulosus Infection in Spain. Zoonoses Public Health 2008; 55:156-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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538
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Yang YR, Craig PS, Sun T, Vuitton DA, Giraudoux P, Jones MK, Williams GM, McManus DP. Echinococcosis in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, northwest China. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008; 102:319-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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539
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Gavidia CM, Gonzalez AE, Zhang W, McManus DP, Lopera L, Ninaquispe B, Garcia HH, Rodríguez S, Verastegui M, Calderon C, Pan WKY, Gilman RH. Diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis, central Peruvian Highlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:260-6. [PMID: 18258119 PMCID: PMC2600205 DOI: 10.3201/eid1402.061101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
High prevalence was confirmed by ultrasonography, radiography, and 2 serologic tests, although usefulness of serologic testing in the field was limited. We evaluated prevalence of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in a central Peruvian Highland district by using 4 diagnostic methods: ultrasonography for 949 persons, radiography for 829, and 2 serologic tests for 929 (2 immunoblot formats using bovine hydatid cyst fluid [IBCF] and recombinant EpC1 glutathione S-transferase [rEpC1-GST] antigens). For the IBCF and rEpC1-GST testing, prevalence of liver and pulmonary CE was 4.7% and 1.1% and seropositivity was 8.9% and 19.7%, respectively. Frequency of seropositive results for IBCF and rEpC1-GST testing was 35.7% and 16.7% (all hepatic cysts), 47.1% and 29.4% (hepatic calcifications excluded), and 22.2% and 33.3% (lung cysts), respectively. Weak immune response against lung cysts, calcified cysts, small cysts, and cysts in sites other than lung and liver might explain the poor performance of the serodiagnostic tests. We confirm that CE is highly endemic to Peru and emphasize the limited performance of available serologic assays in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar M Gavidia
- Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, San Borja, Lima, Peru.
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540
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Fèvre EM, Odiit M, Coleman PG, Woolhouse MEJ, Welburn SC. Estimating the burden of rhodesiense sleeping sickness during an outbreak in Serere, eastern Uganda. BMC Public Health 2008; 8:96. [PMID: 18366755 PMCID: PMC2322978 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic sleeping sickness, or HAT (Human African Trypanosomiasis), caused by infection with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, is an under-reported and neglected tropical disease. Previous assessments of the disease burden expressed as Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) for this infection have not distinguished T.b. rhodesiense from infection with the related, but clinically distinct Trypanosoma brucei gambiense form. T.b. rhodesiense occurs focally, and it is important to assess the burden at the scale at which resource-allocation decisions are made. METHODS The burden of T.b. rhodesiense was estimated during an outbreak of HAT in Serere, Uganda. We identified the unique characteristics affecting the burden of rhodesiense HAT such as age, severity, level of under-reporting and duration of hospitalisation, and use field data and empirical estimates of these to model the burden imposed by this and other important diseases in this study population. While we modelled DALYs using standard methods, we also modelled uncertainty of our parameter estimates through a simulation approach. We distinguish between early and late stage HAT morbidity, and used disability weightings appropriate for the T.b. rhodesiense form of HAT. We also use a model of under-reporting of HAT to estimate the contribution of un-reported mortality to the overall disease burden in this community, and estimate the cost-effectiveness of hospital-based HAT control. RESULTS Under-reporting accounts for 93% of the DALY estimate of rhodesiense HAT. The ratio of reported malaria cases to reported HAT cases in the same health unit was 133:1, however, the ratio of DALYs was 3:1. The age productive function curve had a close correspondence with the HAT case distribution, and HAT cases occupied more patient admission time in Serere during 1999 than all other infectious diseases other than malaria. The DALY estimate for HAT in Serere shows that the burden is much greater than might be expected from its relative incidence. Hospital based control in this setting appears to be highly cost-effective, highlighting the value of increasing coverage of therapy and reducing under-reporting. CONCLUSION We show the utility of calculating DALYs for neglected diseases at the local decision making level, and emphasise the importance of improved reporting systems for acquiring a better understanding of the burden of neglected zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Fèvre
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Martin Odiit
- Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
- Uganda AIDS Control Project, P.O. Box 25589, Kampala, Uganda; formerly Sleeping Sickness Programme, Livestock Health Research Institute, P. O. Box 96 Tororo, Uganda
| | - Paul G Coleman
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, Keppel Street, WC1 7HT, UK
| | - Mark EJ Woolhouse
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Susan C Welburn
- Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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Petavy AF, Hormaeche C, Lahmar S, Ouhelli H, Chabalgoity A, Marchal T, Azzouz S, Schreiber F, Alvite G, Sarciron ME, Maskell D, Esteves A, Bosquet G. An oral recombinant vaccine in dogs against Echinococcus granulosus, the causative agent of human hydatid disease: a pilot study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008; 2:e125. [PMID: 18235847 PMCID: PMC2217674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs are the main source of human cystic echinococcosis. An oral vaccine would be an important contribution to control programs in endemic countries. We conducted two parallel experimental trials in Morocco and Tunisia of a new oral vaccine candidate against Echinococcus granulosus in 28 dogs. The vaccine was prepared using two recombinant proteins from adult worms, a tropomyosin (EgTrp) and a fibrillar protein similar to paramyosin (EgA31), cloned and expressed in a live attenuated strain of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. In each country, five dogs were vaccinated with the associated EgA31 and EgTrp; three dogs received only the vector Salmonella; and six dogs were used as different controls. The vaccinated dogs received two oral doses of the vaccine 21 d apart, and were challenged 20 d later with 75,000 living protoscoleces. The controls were challenged under the same conditions. All dogs were sacrificed 26–29 d postchallenge, before the appearance of eggs, for safety reasons. We studied the histological responses to both the vaccine and control at the level of the duodenum, the natural localization of the cestode. Here we show a significant decrease of parasite burden in vaccinated dogs (70% to 80%) and a slower development rate in all remaining worms. The Salmonella vaccine EgA31-EgTrp demonstrated a high efficacy against E. granulosus promoting its potential role in reducing transmission to humans and animals. In many countries in the world, livestock and humans are affected with hydatid disease, which is caused by the development, in the viscera, of the larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus. They become infected by ingesting the eggs of this parasite, which are passed in the feces of the dog—the host of the adult worm. Domestic dogs are key in the transmission to livestock and humans. This disease remains a major economic and public health problem in affected countries. Because dogs are quickly reinfected, control programs in these locations include monthly anthelmintic deworming. These control measures, however, are burdensome for the owner, so they often fail. In contrast, vaccination can take place in control programs at different stages of the parasite life cycle. For example, currently an effective recombinant vaccine for sheep has been developed that should work indirectly to reduce infection in dogs, which tend to eat sheep offal. However, we propose that a recombinant oral vaccine given to the small number of dogs keeping the herd would decrease the number of Echinococcus granulosus adult worms and, consequently, the number of infective eggs. This measure would help reduce the contamination risk factors for humans and livestock, and would be cost-effective for the owners of the dogs.
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542
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Stein C, Kuchenmüller T, Hendrickx S, Prüss-Ustün A, Wolfson L, Engels D, Schlundt J. The Global Burden of Disease assessments--WHO is responsible? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2007; 1:e161. [PMID: 18160984 PMCID: PMC2154395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) concept has been used by the World Health Organization (WHO) for its reporting on health information for nearly 10 years. The GBD approach results in a single summary measure of morbidity, disability, and mortality, the so-called disability-adjusted life year (DALY). To ensure transparency and objectivity in the derivation of health information, WHO has been urged to use reference groups of external experts to estimate burden of disease. Under the leadership and coordination of WHO, expert groups have been appraising and abstracting burden of disease information. Examples include the Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG), the Malaria Monitoring and Evaluation Reference Group (MERG), and the recently established Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (FERG). The structure and functioning of and lessons learnt by these groups are described in this paper. External WHO expert groups have provided independent scientific health information while operating under considerable differences in structure and functioning. Although it is not appropriate to devise a single "best practice" model, the common thread described by all groups is the necessity of WHO's leadership and coordination to ensure the provision and dissemination of health information that is to be globally accepted and valued.
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543
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Viability of Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices at different conditions. Vet Parasitol 2007; 150:84-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Revised: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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544
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Schelling E, Grace D, Willingham AL, Randolph T. Research approaches for improved pro-poor control of zoonoses. Food Nutr Bull 2007; 28:S345-56. [PMID: 17658081 DOI: 10.1177/15648265070282s214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing countries face difficulties in sustainably utilizing tools to effectively implement control measures for zoonoses. This is mainly due to dispersed and heterogeneous smallholder livestock systems, predominance of informal markets, poor infrastructure and lack of resources to deliver information, interventions, and regulations. In addition, developing countries lack an evidence base for planning and targeting control efforts. Zoonotic infections are receiving more and more international attention as diseases of neglected and impoverished communities, at the intersection between livestock production, human health, and poverty. OBJECTIVE To review research innovations and trends that can help identify and test targeted control strategies for zoonoses tailored to poor communities, focusing particularly on Africa. METHODS Review of recommendations of relevant working groups and scientific literature. RESULTS New and innovative research approaches promise to better capture the impact of zoonoses from a societal perspective and the perspective of poor livestock owners through more comprehensive frameworks that consider benefits of the control of zoonoses to the public health, livestock, and private sectors. It is challenging to better assure food safety in informal markets. Risk-based approaches with participatory elements provide a framework in which stakeholders can decide an appropriate level of protection to balance the needs for safe food, cheap food, and pro-poor economic growth. Appropriate information for all stakeholders and capacity-building of national and regional authorities is an important element of this process. New diagnostic tools that are accurate and easily used in developing-country health centers and markets can assist in reporting of cases, detection of patients, and testing of control strategies. CONCLUSIONS A research agenda on zoonoses of the livestock sector should be interdisciplinary and participatory and include intersectoral collaborations, notably between the livestock and public health sectors.
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545
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Craig PS, McManus DP, Lightowlers MW, Chabalgoity JA, Garcia HH, Gavidia CM, Gilman RH, Gonzalez AE, Lorca M, Naquira C, Nieto A, Schantz PM. Prevention and control of cystic echinococcosis. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2007; 7:385-94. [PMID: 17521591 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(07)70134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human cystic echinococcosis (hydatid disease) continues to be a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world. Elimination is difficult to obtain and it is estimated that, using current control options, achieving such a goal will take around 20 years of sustained efforts. Since the introduction of current (and past) hydatid control campaigns, there have been clear technological improvements made in the diagnosis and treatment of human and animal cystic echinococcosis, the diagnosis of canine echinococcosis, and the genetic characterisation of strains and vaccination against Echinococcus granulosus in animals. Incorporation of these new measures could increase the efficiency of hydatid control programmes, potentially reducing the time required to achieve effective prevention of disease transmission to as little as 5-10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip S Craig
- Cestode Zoonoses Research Group, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK
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Craig PS, Budke CM, Schantz PM, Li T, Qiu J, Yang Y, Zeyhle E, Rogan MT, Ito A. Human Echinococcosis: A Neglected Disease? Trop Med Health 2007. [DOI: 10.2149/tmh.35.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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547
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) and of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on “Review of the Community Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Antimicrobial Resistance in th. EFSA J 2006. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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548
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Lahmar S, Chéhida FB, Pétavy AF, Hammou A, Lahmar J, Ghannay A, Gharbi HA, Sarciron ME. Ultrasonographic screening for cystic echinococcosis in sheep in Tunisia. Vet Parasitol 2006; 143:42-9. [PMID: 16973283 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sheep from the areas of Fondouk-Jeddid, Bir Mchergua and El Fahs, located in the Northeast of Tunisia, were examined by ultrasonography between 2001 and 2004 in order to assess their infection with Echinococcus granulosus, the agent of hydatid disease, and to evaluate this method as an efficient aire for hydatid cysts. A total of 1039 sheep, aged between 1 and 14 years was examined. The highest prevalence was found in sheep aged more than 8 years. The least infected animals were aged between 1 and 2 years. All hydatid cysts detected by ultrasound were located in the liver. In all age-groups, the dead cysts were more numerous than viable cysts. Eighteen positive sheep were autopsied and a comparison between ultrasound and autopsy results was performed. The results showed a prevalence of about 40% for the three areas. Ultrasonography allowed the cysts, deep or superficial to localize in the central or left part in relation to the caudal vena cava of the animals. Consequently, all the cysts were not detected with this technique. This work shows that ultrasonography confirms the importance of ovine hydatid cyst in Tunisia and that its use as a mass screening approach for cystic echinococcosis in sheep could be helpful for the monitoring of this disease in a hydatid control program without great stress for the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lahmar
- Parasitology Laboratory, National Veterinary School, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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549
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Engels D, Savioli L. Reconsidering the underestimated burden caused by neglected tropical diseases. Trends Parasitol 2006; 22:363-6. [PMID: 16798088 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It is generally acknowledged that the burden caused by neglected tropical diseases needs to be reassessed. Not only are there several important diseases unaccounted for, but new information suggests they have a more substantial impact on health than initially thought. Looking at the tropical diseases as a group makes sense: they tend to cluster in the same poor populations and, to make progress with their control, they will have to be dealt with in an integrated manner. Measuring the effect of such integrated control is likely to reveal the real impact of tropical diseases on human health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Engels
- Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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