551
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Walker JE, Skehel JM, Buchanan SK. Structural analysis of NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase from bovine heart mitochondria. Methods Enzymol 1995; 260:14-34. [PMID: 8592442 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(95)60127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Walker
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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552
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Schulte U, Weiss H. Generation and characterization of NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase mutants in Neurospora crassa. Methods Enzymol 1995; 260:3-14. [PMID: 8592454 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(95)60126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U Schulte
- Institut für Biochemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
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553
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554
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Taylor KD, Pikó L. Mitochondrial biogenesis in early mouse embryos: expression of the mRNAs for subunits IV, Vb, and VIIc of cytochrome c oxidase and subunit 9 (P1) of H(+)-ATP synthase. Mol Reprod Dev 1995; 40:29-35. [PMID: 7535541 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080400105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mouse egg contains about 90,000 mitochondria which undergo a buildup of mitochondrial cristae and increase in respiratory activity during cleavage. The mitochondrial DNA does not replicate during preimplantation development but is transcribed actively from the two-cell stage onward (Pikó and Taylor, 1987: Dev Biol 123:364-374). To gain further insight into mitochondrial biogenesis, we have now determined the steady state amounts of the mRNAs for the cytochrome c oxidase (COX) subunits IV, Vb and VIIc and the H(+)-ATPase subunit 9 (P1) (all encoded by nuclear genes) in slot hybridization experiments of total RNA from oocytes and early embryos. All four mRNAs showed a similar developmental pattern of prevalence, characterized by a steady decline in mRNA copy numbers from the late growth-phase oocyte through the two-cell embryo, and an about 30-fold rise during cleavage through the blastocyst stage. However, the ATPase subunit 9 (P1) mRNA was about three times more prevalent in cleavage-stage embryos than the COX mRNAs. A similar pattern was obtained previously for the mitochondrial-encoded COX I and II mRNAs, but the latter accumulate at a 30-50-fold excess over the nuclear-encoded COX subunit mRNAs during the cleavage stages. The results suggest a coordinated activation and transcription of the mitochondrial and nuclear genes for the components of the respiratory apparatus beginning with the two-cell stage. It is estimated that new respiratory chains are produced at a rate of 50-100 chains hr-1/mitochondrion in the early blastocyst, accounting for 3.5-7% of the total protein synthetic activity at this stage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Taylor
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Sepulveda, CA 91343
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555
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Beattie P, Tan K, Bourne RM, Leach D, Rich PR, Ward FB. Cloning and sequencing of four structural genes for the Na(+)-translocating NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase of Vibrio alginolyticus. FEBS Lett 1994; 356:333-8. [PMID: 7805867 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)01275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide probes based on the N-terminal amino acid sequences of the NqrA and NqrC subunits were used to clone genes for the Na(+)-dependent NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex from Vibrio alginolyticus. Four consecutive ORFs were identified encoding subunit proteins of 48.6, 46.8, 27.7 and 22.6 kDa, respectively (NqrA-D). A further ORF, showing 71% homology to the BolA protein of Escherichia coli, was located upstream. From sequence comparisons, we conclude that the Na(+)-dependent NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex of V. alginolyticus is clearly distinct from the corresponding H(+)-dependent enzymes of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Beattie
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Edinburgh University, UK
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556
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Videira A, Azevedo JE. Two nuclear-coded subunits of mitochondrial complex I are similar to different domains of a bacterial formate hydrogenlyase subunit. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 26:1391-3. [PMID: 7890119 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(94)90182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A computer comparison of protein sequences revealed similarity between the 30.4 kDa subunit of complex I from the fungus Neurospora crassa and the ORF5 subunit of formate hydrogenlyase from Escherichia coli. The ORF5 protein was previously known to be homologous to the 49 kDa component of the mitochondrial enzyme. We show that the 30.4 kDa corresponds to the N-terminal part while the 49 kDa subunit corresponds to the C-terminal portion of the bacterial protein. Thus, this bacterial protein represents a fusion of the two mitochondrial polypeptides suggesting that the two complex I genes arose from a single ancestor. Our results indicate that the 30.4 kDa and 49 kDa subunits are part of a structural and functional unit in complex I.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Videira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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557
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Finel M, Majander AS, Tyynelä J, De Jong AM, Albracht SP, Wikström M. Isolation and characterisation of subcomplexes of the mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 226:237-42. [PMID: 7957254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb20046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Enzymically active subcomplexes were purified from bovine mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) by sucrose-gradient centrifugation in the presence of detergents. These subcomplexes, named I lambda, IS, and I lambda S, catalyse ferricyanide and ubiquinone-1 (Q-1) reduction by NADH at similar rates to complex I, but do not catalyse the reduction of decylubiquinone. In addition, the Q-1 reductase activity of all the subcomplexes is insensitive to rotenone. Chemical and EPR analyses of the subcomplexes show that FMN and all the Fe-S clusters of complex I are present, but that the line shape of cluster 2 is modified. The smallest subcomplex, I lambda S, contains only approximately 13 subunits, as compared to approximately 22 in the previously described subcomplex I alpha [Finel, M., Skehel, J. M., Albracht, S. J. P., Fearnley, I. M. & Walker, J. E. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 11425-11434], but it retains the 75-, 51-, 49-, 30-, 24-, 23- (TYKY) and 20-kDa (PSST) subunits, which are suggested to form a functional core that comprises the EPR-detectable Fe-S clusters 1-4, and FMN. The structural and functional implications of such an arrangement are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Finel
- Helsinki Bioenergetics Group, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
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558
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Azevedo JE, Duarte M, Belo JA, Werner S, Videira A. Complementary DNA sequences of the 24 kDa and 21 kDa subunits of complex I from Neurospora. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1188:159-61. [PMID: 7947902 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)90034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have cloned and sequenced cDNAs coding for two subunits of the peripheral arm of Neurospora crassa complex I. The two polypeptides are synthesized as precursor proteins which are processed to mature forms with predicted molecular masses of 24331 and 20982 Da.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Azevedo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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559
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Kuhn M, Fromme P, Krabben L. A 'membrane attached' alpha-helix: a conserved structural motif in bacterial reaction centres, photosystem I and chloroplast NADH-plastoquinone oxidoreductase. Trends Biochem Sci 1994; 19:401-2. [PMID: 7817394 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0004(94)90085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Kuhn
- TU Berlin, Max Volmer Institut, Germany
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560
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Schulte U, Fecke W, Krüll C, Nehls U, Schmiede A, Schneider R, Ohnishi T, Weiss H. In vivo dissection of the mitochondrial respiratory NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1187:121-4. [PMID: 8075104 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)90096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U Schulte
- Institut für Biochemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany
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561
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Degli Esposti M, Ghelli A. The mechanism of proton and electron transport in mitochondrial complex I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1187:116-20. [PMID: 8075103 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)90095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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562
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Grohmann L, Thieck O, Herz U, Schröder W, Brennicke A. Translation of nad9 mRNAs in mitochondria from Solanum tuberosum is restricted to completely edited transcripts. Nucleic Acids Res 1994; 22:3304-11. [PMID: 8078764 PMCID: PMC523722 DOI: 10.1093/nar/22.16.3304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The pool of partially and completely edited mRNAs present in plant mitochondria could potentially be translated into a mixture of divergent proteins. This possibility was investigated for the nad9 gene in potato by characterization of the mRNA population and the corresponding protein sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence of the nad9 gene product has significant similarity to the nuclear-encoded 30 kDa subunit of the bovine and Neurospora NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) and to the chloroplast ndhJ gene product. Immunoprecipitation of a 27 kDa in-organello 35S labelled mitochondrial translation product with an antibody directed against the wheat nad9 gene product demonstrates its functional expression in potato and wheat. Comparison of the nad9 genomic DNA and cDNA sequences reveals seven codons to be changed by a C to U RNA-editing. Direct sequencing of RT-PCR products derived from cDNAs of different tissues of potato plants shows the presence of a significant portion of only partially edited nad9 transcripts in the various tissues. Amino acid sequencing of internal peptides of the isolated 27 kDa protein from potato tubers demonstrates homogenous translation products of only completely edited nad9 mRNAs even in the presence of partially edited mRNAs. This result suggests a pretranslational selection between edited and incompletely edited mRNAs in plant mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Grohmann
- Institut für Genbiologische Forschung Berlin, Germany
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563
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Sled VD, Rudnitzky NI, Hatefi Y, Ohnishi T. Thermodynamic analysis of flavin in mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). Biochemistry 1994; 33:10069-75. [PMID: 8060976 DOI: 10.1021/bi00199a034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the first direct characterization of flavin (noncovalently bound FMN) in energy coupling site I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Thermodynamic parameters of its redox reactions were determined potentiometrically monitoring the g = 2.005 signal of its free radical form in isolated bovine heart NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). The midpoint redox potentials of consecutive one-electron reduction steps are Em1/0 = -414 mV and Em2/1 = -336 mV at pH 7.5. This corresponds to a stability constant of the intermediate flavosemiquinone state of 4.5 x 10(-2). The pK values of the free radical (Fl.-<==>FlH.) and reduced flavin (FlH-<==>FlH2) were estimated as 7.7 and 7.1, respectively. The potentiometrically obtained g = 2.005 flavin free radical EPR signal revealed an unusually broad (2.4 mT) and pH-independent peak-to-peak line width. The spin relaxation of flavosemiquinone in complex I is much faster than that of flavodoxin due to strong dipole-dipole interaction with iron-sulfur cluster N3. Guanidine, an activator of NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity of complex I, was found to have a strong stabilizing effect on the flavin free radical generated both by equilibration with the NADH/NAD+ redox couple and by potentiometric redox titration. The addition of guanidine also leads to a slight modification of the EPR spectrum of iron-sulfur cluster N3. Anaerobic titration of flavosemiquinone free radical with the strictly n = 2 NADH/NAD+ and APADH/APAD+ redox couples revealed that nucleotide binding narrows the EPR signal line width of the flavin free radical to 1.7 mT and changes a shape of the titration curve.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- V D Sled
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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564
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Majander A, Finel M, Wikström M. Diphenyleneiodonium inhibits reduction of iron-sulfur clusters in the mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex I). J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31926-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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565
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de Jong AM, Kotlyar AB, Albracht SP. Energy-induced structural changes in NADH:Q oxidoreductase of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1186:163-71. [PMID: 8043590 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)90175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of coupled submitochondrial particles (SMP) with NADH was studied in the absence and presence of the uncoupler gramicidin, both in pre-steady-state and steady-state experiments. It was shown that the formation of ubisemiquinones associated with NADH:Q oxidoreductase is insensitive to uncouplers. It was found, however, that in the absence of gramicidin the ubisemiquinone showed a noticeably faster relaxation than in the presence of this uncoupler. During steady-state oxidation of NADH by coupled submitochondrial particles, the EPR signal of iron-sulphur cluster 2 of complex I, the cluster that is generally believed to be the electron donor for ubiquinone, showed some remarkable changes. Its gz line seemed to disappear from the spectrum, although the gxy line remained clearly present. Detailed EPR analysis indicated that (a component of) the gz line shifted to higher field. The temperature dependence of the EPR signal of cluster 2 was affected as well. In the presence of uncoupler the EPR properties of cluster 2 were indistinguishable from those in particles that showed no intrinsic coupling. These experiments strongly indicate that the coordination of cluster 2 is different in energized and non-energized SMP. The pre-steady-state reaction between these submitochondrial particles and NADH showed that the uncoupler-sensitive changes in both the ubisemiquinone and cluster 2 became effective between 9 ms and 30 ms. Similar changes were observed during succinate-driven reverse electron transfer. This report shows, for the first time, energy-induced structural changes in NADH:Q oxidoreductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M de Jong
- E.C. Slater Institute, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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566
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Kunow J, Linder D, Stetter KO, Thauer RK. F420H2: quinone oxidoreductase from Archaeoglobus fulgidus. Characterization of a membrane-bound multisubunit complex containing FAD and iron-sulfur clusters. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 223:503-11. [PMID: 8055920 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb19019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Archaeoglobus fulgidus, a hyperthermophilic sulfate-reducing archaeon, was found to contain a membrane-bound F420H2: quinone oxidoreductase complex presumed to be involved in energy conservation during growth on lactate plus sulfate. After solubilization with dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside the complex was purified 32-fold with a yield of 24%. Using both gel filtration and native PAGE, an apparent molecular mass of approximately 270 kDa was determined. SDS/PAGE revealed the presence of at least seven polypeptides with apparent molecular masses 56, 45, 41, 39, 37, 33, and 32 kDa. The purified complex contained 1.6 mol FAD, 9 mol non-heme iron and 7 mol acid-labile sulfur/mol complex. It did not contain cytochromes, which were, however, present in the membrane fraction of A. fulgidus (3 nmol/mg membrane protein). The purified F420H2: quinone oxidoreductase complex catalyzed the reduction of 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (apparent Km 190 microM) with reduced coenzyme F420 (apparent Km 50 microM) exhibiting a specific activity of 500 U/mg (apparent Vmax) at pH 8.0 (pH optimum) and 65 degrees C (temperature optimum). 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione), 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone, 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4- benzoquinone, and 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone (decyl-ubiquinone) were also reduced with F420H2, albeit with lower rates. The physiological electron acceptor of the F420H2: quinone oxidoreductase complex is most likely the menaquinone found in the membrane fraction of A. fulgidus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kunow
- Laboratorium für Mikrobiologie des Fachbereichs Biologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
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567
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Bonen L, Williams K, Bird S, Wood C. The NADH dehydrogenase subunit 7 gene is interrupted by four group II introns in the wheat mitochondrial genome. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1994; 244:81-9. [PMID: 8041365 DOI: 10.1007/bf00280190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have characterized a wheat mitochondrial gene, designated nad7, capable of encoding a 394-amino acid subunit of the respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase complex. It contains four introns possessing group II features and their positions differ from those in both the liverwort mitochondrial nad7 pseudogene and the nuclear gene encoding the homologous 49 kDa subunit of complex I in Neurospora. The derived amino acid sequence of the wheat nad7 gene is strongly conserved relative to its nuclear or organellar counterparts in other organisms. C-to-U type RNA editing, which is observed at 32 positions within the coding region of wheat nad7 transcripts, strengthens protein sequence similarity. RNA editing is also predicted to improve base-pairing within the domain V/VI regions of all four introns.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bonen
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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568
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Gäbler L, Herz U, Liddell A, Leaver CJ, Schröder W, Brennicke A, Grohmann L. The 42.5 kDa subunit of the NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) in higher plants is encoded by the mitochondrial nad7 gene. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1994; 244:33-40. [PMID: 8041359 DOI: 10.1007/bf00280184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The N-terminal amino acid sequence of a 42.5 kDa subunit of the NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) from potato has been determined by direct protein sequencing. The sequence was found to be homologous to that of the nuclear-encoded 49 kDa complex I subunit of bovine and Neurospora mitochondria and to the sequence deduced from the mitochondrial nad7 gene identified in the mitochondrial (mt) DNA of tryp anosomes and the moss Marchantia. An oligonucleotide probe derived from the potato N-terminal protein sequence hybridized only to the plant mtDNA. Immunoprecipitation of in-organello 35S-labelled potato and wheat mitochondrial translation products with an antibody directed against the Neurospora 49 kDa complex I subunit indicates that at least in these plants the NAD7 protein is synthesized within the organelle. Comparisons of genomic, cDNA and protein sequences of the 5' coding region reveal three codons that are changed by RNA-editing and confirm translation of the edited transcripts in plant mitochondria. The NAD7 protein appears to undergo post-translational processing since the N-terminal methionine residue is absent from the mature mitochondrial protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gäbler
- Institut für Genbiologische Forschung Berlin, Germany
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569
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Degli Esposti M, Ghelli A, Ratta M, Cortes D, Estornell E. Natural substances (acetogenins) from the family Annonaceae are powerful inhibitors of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I). Biochem J 1994; 301 ( Pt 1):161-7. [PMID: 8037664 PMCID: PMC1137156 DOI: 10.1042/bj3010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Natural products from the plants of the family Annonaceae, collectively called Annonaceous acetogenins, are very potent inhibitors of the NADH-ubiquinone reductase (Complex I) activity of mammalian mitochondria. The properties of five of such acetogenins are compared with those of rotenone and piericidin, classical potent inhibitors of Complex I. Rolliniastatin-1 and rolliniastatin-2 are more powerful than piericidin in terms of both their inhibitory constant and the protein-dependence of their titre in bovine submitochondrial particles. These acetogenins could be considered therefore the most potent inhibitors of mammalian Complex I. Squamocin and otivarin also have an inhibitory constant lower than that of piericidin, but display a larger protein-dependence of the titre. Squamocin and otivarin, contrary to the other acetogenins, behave qualitatively like rotenone. Rolliniastatin-2 shows unique properties as its interaction, although mutually exclusive to that of piericidin, appears to be mutually non-exclusive to that of rotenone. It is the first time that a potent inhibitor of Complex I is found not to overlap the active site of rotenone.
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570
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De Jong AM, Albracht SP. Ubisemiquinones as obligatory intermediates in the electron transfer from NADH to ubiquinone. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 222:975-82. [PMID: 8026508 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Until now ubisemiquinones associated with NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) have been reported to occur in isolated enzyme and in tightly coupled submitochondrial particles. In this report it is shown that ubisemiquinones are always detectable during steady-state electron transfer from NADH to ubiquinone, independent of the type of inner-membrane preparation used. The EPR signal of the rotenone-sensitive ubisemiquinones could be detected not only in coupled MgATP submitochondrial particles, but also in routine preparations of uncoupled submitochondrial particles and in mitochondria. The ubisemiquinone formation in coupled preparations was completely insensitive to uncouplers. The maximal radical concentration during steady-state electron transfer from NADH to quinone was equal to that of iron-sulphur cluster 2. Experiments with antimycin, myxothiazol and 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone demonstrated that about half of this radical was associated with complex I, giving a ubisemiquinone concentration of about 0.5 mol semiquinone/mol cluster 2. Uncoupled submitochondrial particles, prepared by extensive sonification, never showed radical signals within 100 ms after mixing with NADH. This was due to the reversible inactivation of the enzyme, caused by elevated temperatures during sonification. In preparations with deliberately heat-inactivated complex I, no radical signals were detected within 200 ms after mixing with NADH; at 1 s, however, radical formation was maximal. Yet, depending on the procedure of reactivation of the complex, in preparations previously treated to inactivate them ubisemiquinone concentrations were always less than in untreated particles. When complex I was in the active state the ubisemiquinone signal was maximal within 40 ms. The results described in this report lead to the conclusion that ubisemiquinones form obligatory intermediates in the reaction of NADH dehydrogenase with ubiquinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M De Jong
- E. C. Slater Institute, BioCentrum Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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571
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Azevedo JE, Eckerskorn C, Werner S. In organello assembly of respiratory-chain complex I: primary structure of the 14.8 kDa subunit of Neurospora crassa complex I. Biochem J 1994; 299 ( Pt 1):297-302. [PMID: 8166654 PMCID: PMC1138054 DOI: 10.1042/bj2990297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding the 14.8 kDa subunit of complex I from Neurospora crassa was cloned and sequenced. The deduced primary structure of this subunit reveals a predominantly hydrophilic protein containing no obvious membrane-spanning domain. In agreement with this characteristic, we have localized the 14.8 kDa subunit in the peripheral arm of the enzyme. The 14.8 kDa subunit was found to be conserved in mammalian complex I. The conservation of this subunit in such distantly related organisms suggests that the 14.8 kDa subunit is an important component of complex I. We have used an in organello system to study the biosynthetic pathway of this subunit. The 14.8 kDa polypeptide could be efficiently imported into isolated mitochondria. Furthermore, a fraction of the in-vitro-imported subunit was found to assemble in complex I. This is the first time that assembly in complex I of an in-vitro-synthesized subunit is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Azevedo
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universität München, Federal Republic of Germany
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572
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Azevedo JE, Videira A. Characterization of a membrane fragment of respiratory chain complex I from Neurospora crassa. Insights on the topology of the ubiquinone-binding site. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 26:505-10. [PMID: 8013735 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(94)90007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
1. A membrane fragment of complex I from the fungus Neurospora crassa was isolated by immunoprecipitation from alkaline-extracted mitochondrial membranes. 2. Analysis of the polypeptide composition of this hydrophobic domain of complex I has brought insights on the topology of two subunits of the enzyme, namely the 20.8 and 9.3 kDa components. 3. Our results indicate that the ubiquinone-binding site of complex I resides in the interface of the peripheral and membrane arms of the enzymes. The significance of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Azevedo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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573
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Alves P, Videira A. Disruption of the gene coding for the 21.3-kDa subunit of the peripheral arm of complex I from Neurospora crassa. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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574
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Saier MH. Computer-aided analyses of transport protein sequences: gleaning evidence concerning function, structure, biogenesis, and evolution. Microbiol Rev 1994; 58:71-93. [PMID: 8177172 PMCID: PMC372954 DOI: 10.1128/mr.58.1.71-93.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional structures have been elucidated for very few integral membrane proteins. Computer methods can be used as guides for estimation of solute transport protein structure, function, biogenesis, and evolution. In this paper the application of currently available computer programs to over a dozen distinct families of transport proteins is reviewed. The reliability of sequence-based topological and localization analyses and the importance of sequence and residue conservation to structure and function are evaluated. Evidence concerning the nature and frequency of occurrence of domain shuffling, splicing, fusion, deletion, and duplication during evolution of specific transport protein families is also evaluated. Channel proteins are proposed to be functionally related to carriers. It is argued that energy coupling to transport was a late occurrence, superimposed on preexisting mechanisms of solute facilitation. It is shown that several transport protein families have evolved independently of each other, employing different routes, at different times in evolutionary history, to give topologically similar transmembrane protein complexes. The possible significance of this apparent topological convergence is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Saier
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0116
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575
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Fecke W, Sled VD, Ohnishi T, Weiss H. Disruption of the gene encoding the NADH-binding subunit of NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase in Neurospora crassa. Formation of a partially assembled enzyme without FMN and the iron-sulphur cluster N-3. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 220:551-8. [PMID: 8125114 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the gene of the 51-kDa NADH-binding subunit of the mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) in Neurospora crassa was inactivated by homologous replacement with a defective gene copy. The resulting mutant, nuo51, lacks the 51-kDa subunit and shows no complex I activity but still grows at one third of the wild-type growth rate. The enzyme activity of the alternative NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase(s) is increased twofold while the activities of the other mitochondrial respiratory enzymes are normal. Complex I is almost completely assembled except for the NADH-binding subunit and still possesses three out of the four EPR-detectable iron-sulphur clusters. Since the deleted subunit contains the sequence motif for one tetranuclear iron-sulphur cluster, the missing cluster N-3 is considered to be bound to this subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Fecke
- Institut für Biochemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany
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576
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Yano T, Sled VD, Ohnishi T, Yagi T. Expression of the 25-kilodalton iron-sulfur subunit of the energy-transducing NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase of Paracoccus denitrificans. Biochemistry 1994; 33:494-9. [PMID: 8286379 DOI: 10.1021/bi00168a014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The energy-transducing NADH-ubiquinone (Q) oxidoreductase of Paracoccus denitrificans is composed of 14 dissimilar subunits and contains at least four iron-sulfur clusters [Yagi, T. (1993) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1141, 1-17]. The complete DNA sequence of the gene cluster encoding the energy-transducing NADH-Q oxidoreductase of P. denitrificans has been determined. This paper reports the expression of the 25-kilodalton (kDa) (NQO2) subunit of the P. denitrificans enzyme complex in Escherichia coli and the characterization of the iron-sulfur cluster bound to the expressed subunit. The 25-kDa subunit was expressed in the cytoplasmic phase but not in the membrane fraction of E. coli cells and then purified using an affinity nickel chelation column. The purified subunit contains 1.44 mol of non-heme iron and 1.33 mol of acid-labile sulfide/mol of subunit. EPR analysis of the reduced form of this subunit indicates that the expressed subunit contains a single binuclear [2Fe-2S] cluster. This cluster exhibits a spectrum of rhombic symmetry with g values of gx,y,z = 1.913, 1.942, and 1.996, which is very similar to the spectrum of the [2Fe-2S] cluster in the resolved flavoprotein II subfraction (subunit 24 + 9 kDa) of bovine heart complex I [Ragan, C. I., Galante, Y. M., Hatefi, Y., & Ohnishi, T. (1982) Biochemistry 21, 590-594; Ohnishi, T., Ragan, C. I., & Hatefi, Y. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 2782-2788]. The assignment of the binuclear iron-sulfur cluster of the 25-kDa subunit to an EPR-visible iron-sulfur cluster in the Paracoccus NADH-Q oxidoreductase in situ is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yano
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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577
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Friedrich T, van Heek P, Leif H, Ohnishi T, Forche E, Kunze B, Jansen R, Trowitzsch-Kienast W, Höfle G, Reichenbach H. Two binding sites of inhibitors in NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). Relationship of one site with the ubiquinone-binding site of bacterial glucose:ubiquinone oxidoreductase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 219:691-8. [PMID: 8307034 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb19985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ten naturally occurring and two synthetic inhibitors of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) of bovine heart, Neurospora crassa and Escherichia coli and glucose:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (glucose dehydrogenase) of Gluconobacter oxidans was investigated. These inhibitors could be divided into two classes with regard to their specificity and mode of action. Class I inhibitors, including the naturally occurring piericidin A, annonin VI, phenalamid A2, aurachins A and B, thiangazole and the synthetic fenpyroximate, inhibit complex I from all three species in a partially competitive manner and glucose dehydrogenase in a competitive manner, both with regard to ubiquinone. Class II inhibitors including the naturally occurring rotenone, phenoxan, aureothin and the synthetic benzimidazole inhibit complex I from all species in an non-competitive manner, but have no effect on the glucose dehydrogenase. Myxalamid PI could not be classified as above because it inhibits only the mitochondrial complex I and in a competitive manner. All inhibitors affect the electron-transfer step from the high-potential iron-sulphur cluster to ubiquinone. Class I inhibitors appear to act directly at the ubiquinone-catalytic site which is related in complex I and glucose dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Friedrich
- Institut für Biochemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany
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578
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Bakker HD, Scholte HR, Jeneson JA, Busch HF, Abeling NG, van Gennip AH. Vitamin-responsive complex I deficiency in a myopathic patient with increased activity of the terminal respiratory chain and lactic acidosis. J Inherit Metab Dis 1994; 17:196-204. [PMID: 7967474 DOI: 10.1007/bf00711617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An 11-year-old girl with exercise intolerance, fatiguability from early childhood, had high blood lactate levels. Histochemistry showed increased activity of succinate dehydrogenase at the periphery of the muscle fibres, whereas aggregates of mitochondria were seen by electron microscopy. Biochemical investigation of isolated mitochondria and homogenate from muscle showed evidence of a severe complex I deficiency. In contrast, succinate dehydrogenase, complex II+III and complex IV were increased in activity. Therapy with biotin, riboflavin, nicotinamide, carnitine and amino acids resulted in an improvement of her endurance. 31P NMR spectroscopy of her forearm muscle showed a decreased ratio of phosphocreatine (PCr) over ATP. After exercise the PCr recovery rate was 26% of the average rate in 20 healthy untrained controls. When the therapy was suspended the PCr/ATP ratio at rest decreased from 2.60 to 2.34, and the PCr recovery rate after exercise decreased to 21% of the average control rate. The therapy was reinstituted but only riboflavin and carnitine were given. The PCr/ATP ratio increased to 2.60 and the PCr recovery rate increased to 32% of the control rate. Improvement of the energy metabolism in patients with defects in the oxidative phosphorylation may add to the quality of life; 31P NMR spectroscopy can measure these improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Bakker
- Emma Kinderziekenhuis, Children's Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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579
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Herz U, Schröder W, Liddell A, Leaver C, Brennicke A, Grohmann L. Purification of the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) of the respiratory chain from the inner mitochondrial membrane of Solanum tuberosum. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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580
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Mitochondrial Myopathies: Biochemical Aspects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152517-0.50007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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581
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Hall RE, Henriksson KG, Lewis SF, Haller RG, Kennaway NG. Mitochondrial myopathy with succinate dehydrogenase and aconitase deficiency. Abnormalities of several iron-sulfur proteins. J Clin Invest 1993; 92:2660-6. [PMID: 8254022 PMCID: PMC288463 DOI: 10.1172/jci116882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we described a patient with severe exercise intolerance and episodic myoglobinuria, associated with marked impairment of succinate oxidation and deficient activity of succinate dehydrogenase and aconitase in muscle mitochondria (1). We now report additional enzymatic and immunological characterization of mitochondria. In addition to severe deficiency of complex II, manifested by reduction of succinate dehydrogenase and succinate:coenzyme Q oxidoreductase activities to 12 and 22% of normal, respectively, complex III activity was reduced to 37% and rhodanese to 48% of normal. Furthermore, although complex I activity was not measured, immunoblot analysis of complex I showed deficiency of the 39-, 24-, 13-, and 9-kD peptides with lesser reductions of the 51- and 18-kD peptides. Immunoblots of complex III showed markedly reduced levels of the mature Rieske protein in mitochondria and elevated levels of its precursor in the cytosol, suggesting deficient uptake into mitochondria. Immunoreactive aconitase was also low. These data, together with the previous documentation of low amounts of the 30-kD iron-sulfur protein and the 13.5-kD subunit of complex II, compared to near normal levels of the 70-kD protein suggest a more generalized abnormality of the synthesis, import, processing, or assembly of a group of proteins containing iron-sulfur clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Hall
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201
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582
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Archer CD, Wang X, Elliott T. Mutants defective in the energy-conserving NADH dehydrogenase of Salmonella typhimurium identified by a decrease in energy-dependent proteolysis after carbon starvation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:9877-81. [PMID: 8234329 PMCID: PMC47675 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.21.9877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
NADH dehydrogenase is the first component of the respiratory chain. It transfers electrons from NADH to ubiquinone and concomitantly establishes a proton motive force across the membrane. Salmonella typhimurium mutants defective in this enzyme were isolated in a screen for strains with increased expression of beta-galactosidase from a hemA-lacZ protein fusion. This unexpected phenotype results from stabilization of the hybrid protein during carbon starvation and is apparently due to an energy requirement for proteolytic attack. Sequence analysis of DNA fragments cloned from an insertion mutant indicates that S. typhimurium has a large cluster of genes encoding the energy-conserving NADH dehydrogenase, similar to one recently described in Paracoccus denitrificans. These findings establish the potential for genetic analysis of a complex enzyme whose function, especially in proton efflux, is poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Archer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294
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583
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Estornell E, Fato R, Pallotti F, Lenaz G. Assay conditions for the mitochondrial NADH:coenzyme Q oxidoreductase. FEBS Lett 1993; 332:127-31. [PMID: 8405427 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80498-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The assay of Complex I activity requires the use of artificial acceptors, such as short-chain coenzyme Q homologs and analogs, because the physiological quinones, such as CoQ10, are too insoluble in water to be added as substrates to the assay media. The medical interest raised in the last years on the pathological changes of Complex I activity has focussed on the requirement of easy reliable assays for its analysis. We have undertaken a systematic examination of the assay conditions of Complex I in mitochondrial membranes, using a series of quinones as electron acceptors, particularly the coenzyme Q homologs CoQ0, CoQ1 and CoQ2, and the analogs duroquinone and decylubiquinone. Our findings have pointed out that the most suitable electron acceptor for the NADH:CoQ reductase assay is the homolog CoQ1. The analog DB, commercially available, although yielding a high activity, nevertheless causes some problems for the standardization of the assay conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Estornell
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Università di Bologna, Italy
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584
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Hassinen IE, Vuokila PT. Reaction of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide with mitochondrial proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1144:107-24. [PMID: 8396439 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(93)90164-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I E Hassinen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Oulu, Finland
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585
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Van Walraven HS, Lutter R, Walker JE. Organization and sequences of genes for the subunits of ATP synthase in the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6716. Biochem J 1993; 294 ( Pt 1):239-51. [PMID: 8363578 PMCID: PMC1134591 DOI: 10.1042/bj2940239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The sequences of the genes for the nine subunits of ATP synthase in the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6716 have been determined. The genes were identified by comparison of the encoded proteins with sequences of ATP synthase subunits in other species, and confirmed for subunits alpha, beta, delta and epsilon, by determining their N-terminal sequences. They are arranged at three separate loci. Six of them are in one cluster in the order a: c: b': b: delta: alpha, and those for the beta and epsilon subunits form a second and separate cluster. The gene for the gamma-subunit is at a third site. As in other bacteria, the gene for subunit a is immediately preceded by a gene coding for a small hydrophobic protein of unknown function, known as uncI in Escherichia coli. The gene orders in Synechococcus 6716 are related to the orders of ATP synthase genes in the plastid genomes of higher plants, and particularly of a red alga and a diatom. The sequences of the subunits are similar to those of chloroplast ATP synthase, the alpha, beta and c subunits being particularly well conserved. Differences in the primary structures of the Synechococcus 6716 and chloroplast gamma subunits probably underlie different mechanisms of activation of ATP synthase. The nucleotide sequences that are presented also contain 12 other open reading frames. One of them encodes a protein sequence related to the E. coli DNA repair enzyme, photolyase, and another codes for a protein that contains internal repeats related to sequences in the myosin heavy chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Van Walraven
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, U.K
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586
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Prömper C, Schneider R, Weiss H. The role of the proton-pumping and alternative respiratory chain NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductases in overflow catabolism of Aspergillus niger. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 216:223-30. [PMID: 8365409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria of fungi contain two respiratory chain enzymes concerned with the oxidation of matrix NADH. These are the proton-pumping NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, also called complex I, which has a high affinity for NADH, and a non-proton-pumping NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, called alternative NADH dehydrogenase, which has a low affinity for NADH. The role of these two enzymes in normal and overflow catabolism has been studied in Aspergillus niger. Three strains were investigated, the wild-type 732, the mutant nuo51 that was generated from the wild-type by disrupting the gene of the (51-kDa) NADH-binding subunit of complex I and the citric acid over-producing strain B60 that looses complex I concomitantly with the onset of the over-production. Under standard growth conditions, respiratory energy transduction in the mutant nuo51 was decreased by 40% compared to the parental wild-type and the strain B60. Respiratory electron transfer in the mutant nuo51, however, meets standard catabolic requirements. The intracellular levels of citric acid cycle intermediates in the mutant nuo51 were the same as in the other two strains. Under growth conditions which lead to uncontrolled catabolic flux through glycolysis, a dramatic catabolic overflow occurred in the mutant nuo51. Intracellular levels of citric acid cycle intermediates increased to 20-fold normal levels. The strain B60, likewise lacking complex I under these conditions, excretes large amounts of citrate to moderate the intracellular catabolic overflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Prömper
- Institut für Biochemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany
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587
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Friedrich T, Weidner U, Nehls U, Fecke W, Schneider R, Weiss H. Attempts to define distinct parts of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). J Bioenerg Biomembr 1993; 25:331-7. [PMID: 8226714 DOI: 10.1007/bf00762458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is made up of a peripheral part and a membrane part. The two parts are arranged perpendicular to each other and give the complex an unusual L-shaped structure. The peripheral part protrudes into the matrix space and constitutes the proximal segment of the electron pathway with the NADH-binding site, the FMN and at least three iron-sulfur clusters. The membrane part constitutes the distal segment of the electron pathway with at least one iron-sulfur cluster and the ubiquinone-binding site. Both parts are assembled separately and relationships of the major structural modules of the two parts with different bacterial enzymes suggest, that both parts also emerged independently in evolution. This assumption is further supported by the conserved order of bacterial complex I genes, which correlates with the topological arrangement of the corresponding subunits in the two parts of complex I.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Friedrich
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Institut für Biochemie, Germany
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588
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Synthesis of (−)-bullatacin: The enantiomer of a potent, antitumor, 4-hydroxylated, Annonaceous acetogenin. Tetrahedron Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)60671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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589
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ohnishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Johnson Research Foundation, Philadelphia 19104-6089
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590
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Sled VD, Friedrich T, Leif H, Weiss H, Meinhardt SW, Fukumori Y, Calhoun MW, Gennis RB, Ohnishi T. Bacterial NADH-quinone oxidoreductases: iron-sulfur clusters and related problems. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1993; 25:347-56. [PMID: 8226716 DOI: 10.1007/bf00762460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Many bacteria contain proton-translocating membrane-bound NADH-quinone oxidoreductases (NDH-1), which demonstrate significant genetic, spectral, and kinetic similarity with their mitochondrial counterparts. This review is devoted to the comparative aspects of the iron-sulfur cluster composition of NDH-1 from the most well-studied bacterial systems to date.: Paracoccus denitrificans, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Escherichia coli, and Thermus thermophilus. These bacterial systems provide useful models for the study of coupling Site I and contain all the essential parts of the electron-transfer and proton-translocating machinery of their eukaryotic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- V D Sled
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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591
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Finel M. The proton-translocating NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase: a discussion of selected topics. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1993; 25:357-66. [PMID: 8226717 DOI: 10.1007/bf00762461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The proton-translocating NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is a large, multi-subunit and multi-redox centre enzyme which is found in the mitochondrial inner membrane and plasma membrane of some bacteria. In this minireview an attempt has been made to critically discuss selected topics in the structure and function of this enzyme. A special emphasis is given to the iron-sulphur cluster and to the proteins that may bind them. Previous suggestions for the mechanism of proton-translocation by complex I are discussed. Subcomplexes that contain several but not all of the subunits of the intact mitochondrial enzyme are described and analysed in order to identify the functional core of the enzyme. The data on the trans-membrane organisation of several subunits is examined. It is hoped that most of the suggestions as well as the questions raised here could be experimentally tested in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Finel
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
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592
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Azevedo JE, Abrolat-Scharff J, Eckerskorn C, Werner S. Cloning, in vitro mitochondrial import and membrane assembly of the 17.8 kDa subunit of complex I from Neurospora crassa. Biochem J 1993; 293 ( Pt 2):501-6. [PMID: 8343129 PMCID: PMC1134389 DOI: 10.1042/bj2930501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have cloned and sequenced a cDNA encoding a 17.8 kDa subunit of the hydrophobic fragment of complex I from Neurospora crassa. The deduced primary structure of this subunit was partially confirmed by automated Edman degradation of the isolated polypeptide. The sequence data obtained indicate that the 17.8 kDa subunit is made as an extended precursor of 20.8 kDa. Resistance of the polypeptide to alkaline extraction from mitochondrial membranes and the existence of a putative membrane-spanning domain suggests that the 17.8 kDa subunit is an intrinsic (bitopic) membrane protein. The in vitro synthesized precursor of the 17.8 kDa subunit can be efficiently imported into isolated mitochondria, where it is cleaved to the mature species by the metal-dependent matrix-processing peptidase. The in vitro imported mature subunit is found mainly exposed to the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, a significant fraction of the imported polypeptide acquires the same membrane topology as the endogenous subunit, indicating that correct assembly in the mitochondrial inner membrane did occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Azevedo
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universität München, Germany
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593
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Berger S, Ellersiek U, Kinzelt D, Steinmüller K. Immunopurification of a subcomplex of the NAD(P)H-plastoquinone-oxidoreductase from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. FEBS Lett 1993; 326:246-50. [PMID: 8325373 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81800-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An antibody against the NDH-K subunit of the NAD(P)H-dehydrogenase from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 was used to isolate a subcomplex of the enzyme from Triton X-100 solubilized total membranes by immunoaffinity chromatography. The isolated subcomplex consisted of seven major polypeptides with molecular masses of 43, 27, 24, 21, 18, 14 and 7 kDa. The amino-terminal amino acid sequences of the polypeptides were determined. By comparing the sequences with the amino acid sequences deduced from DNA, three proteins were identified as NDH-H (43 kDa), NDH-K (27 kDa) and NDH-I (24 kDa). A fourth subunit (NDH-J, 21 kDa) was identified by Western blot analysis with an NDH-J antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Berger
- Institut für Entwicklungs- und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Germany
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594
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Schluchter WM, Zhao J, Bryant DA. Isolation and characterization of the ndhF gene of Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 and initial characterization of an interposon mutant. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:3343-52. [PMID: 8501038 PMCID: PMC204731 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.11.3343-3352.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The ndhF gene of the unicellular marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 was cloned and characterized. NdhF is a subunit of the type 1, multisubunit NADH:plastoquinone oxidoreductase (NADH dehydrogenase). The nucleotide sequence of the gene predicts an extremely hydrophobic protein of 664 amino acids with a calculated mass of 72.9 kDa. The ndhF gene was shown to be single copy and transcribed into a monocistronic mRNA of 2,300 nucleotides. An ndhF null mutation was successfully constructed by interposon mutagenesis, demonstrating that NdhF is not required for cell viability under photoautotrophic growth conditions. The mutant strain exhibited a negligible rate of oxygen uptake in the dark, but its photosynthetic properties (oxygen evolution, chlorophyll/P700 ratio, and chlorophyll/P680 ratio) were generally similar to those of the wild type. Although the ndhF mutant strain grew as rapidly as the wild-type strain at high light intensity, the mutant grew more slowly than the wild type at lower light intensities and did not grow at all under photoheterotrophic conditions. The roles of the NADH:plastoquinone oxidoreductase in photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Schluchter
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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Walker JE, Arizmendi JM, Dupuis A, Fearnley IM, Finel M, Medd SM, Pilkington SJ, Runswick MJ, Skehel JM. Sequences of 20 subunits of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase from bovine heart mitochondria. Application of a novel strategy for sequencing proteins using the polymerase chain reaction. J Mol Biol 1992; 226:1051-72. [PMID: 1518044 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(92)91052-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, the first enzyme in the respiratory electron transport chain of mitochondria, is a membrane-bound multi-subunit assembly, and the bovine heart enzyme is now known to contain about 40 different polypeptides. Seven of them are encoded in the mitochondrial DNA; the remainder are the products of nuclear genes and are imported into the organelle. The primary structures of 12 of the nuclear coded subunits have been described and those of a further 20 are described here. The subunits have been sequenced by following a strategy based on the polymerase chain reaction. This strategy has been tailored from existing methods with the twofold aim of avoiding the use of cDNA libraries, and of obtaining a cDNA sequence rapidly with minimal knowledge of protein sequence, such as can be determined in a single N-terminal sequence experiment on a polypeptide spot on a two-dimensional gel. The utility and speed of this strategy have been demonstrated by sequencing cDNAs encoding 32 nuclear-coded-membrane associated proteins found in bovine heart mitochondria, and the procedures employed are illustrated with reference to the cDNA sequence of the 20 subunits of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase that are presented. Extensive use has also been made of electrospray mass spectrometry to measure molecular masses of the purified subunits. This has corroborated the protein sequences of subunits with unmodified N terminals, and their measured molecular masses agree closely with those calculated from the protein sequences. Nine of the subunits, B8, B9, B12, B13, B14, B15, B17, B18 and B22 have modified alpha-amino groups. The measured molecular masses of subunits B8, B13, B14 and B17 are consistent with the post-translational removal of the initiator methionine and N-acetylation of the adjacent amino acid. The initiator methionine of subunit B18 has been removed and the N-terminal glycine modified by myristoylation. Subunits B9 and B12 appear to have N-terminal and other modifications of a hitherto unknown nature. The sequences of the subunits of bovine complex I provide important clues about the location of iron-sulphur clusters and substrate and cofactor binding sites, and give valuable information about the topology of the complex. No function has been ascribed to many of the subunits, but some of the sequences indicate the presence of hitherto unsuspected biochemical functions. Most notably the identification of an acyl carrier protein in both the bovine and Neurospora crassa complexes provides evidence that part of the complex may play a role in fatty acid biosynthesis in the organelle, possibly in the formation of cardiolipin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Walker
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, U.K
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